Engineering Physics (FIC 102)

L-T-P-C 2 0 1 3

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 Course Objectives
• Objective 1: To understand the fundamental concepts of physics and their application in
engineering.
• Objective 2: To develop problem-solving skills through physics-based problems.
• Objective 3: To enhance practical knowledge through laboratory experiments and real-world
applications.
• Objective 4: To foster analytical and critical thinking skills.
Course Outcome (COs)
• Demonstrate understanding of core physics principles in mechanics, waves, modern physics,
and electromagnetism
• Apply physics principles to analyse and solve engineering physics problems
• Demonstrate problem-solving skills using mathematical tools
• Evaluate experimental data to interpret and explain the underlying physics concepts
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 UNIT I – CLASSICAL PHYSICS
CONTENT UNIT II – OPTICS

UNIT III – ELECTROMAGNETISM I

UNIT IV – ELECTROMAGNETISM II

UNIT V – MODERN PHYSICS

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 MARK DISTRIBUTION
(A) Continuous Conducting Converting
Assessment tool Final Conversion
Evaluation Marks Marks
Mid-term 25 20
CLA-I
Theory
Class test(30%) , Poll/Quiz (15%), Assignments (15%), 15 15
+ Lab performance (15%), Model exam (15%),
Observation note (10%) 50
Practical CLA-II
Class test(30%) , Poll/Quiz (15%), Assignments (15%), 15 15
Lab performance (15%), Model exam (15%),
Observation note (10%)
Total 50
(B) End Semester Assessment tool Conducting Marks Final Conversion
End semester theory exam Final exam 100 30
Exam performance (60%)

End semester Practical exam Practical record (20%) 100 20

Viva (20%)

Total 50
Total Marks = (A) + (B) = 100
 Syllabus

Unit 1 CLASSICAL PHYSICS

1. Introduction

2. Newton’s laws of mechanics, Free body force diagram

3. Momentum and Impulse, Conservation of linear momentum

4. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem and related problems

5. Conservation of mechanical energy: Worked out problems

6. Elastic properties of solids, Stress-strain relationship, elastic constants, and their

significance
 Syllabus

Unit 2 OPTICS

7. Concept of Electromagnetic waves & EMW Spectra

8. Geometrical & Wave Optics: Laws of reflection and refraction

9. Concept of Interference

10. Phase Difference and Path Difference

11. Double-Slit Interference

12. Diffraction: types and single slit

 Syllabus

Unit 3 MODERN PHYSICS

13. Black Body Radiation; Wien’s displacement law

14. Discussion on failure of classical laws to explain Black Body Radiation, and concept of
Planck’s Hypothesis
15. What is Light? Photon and Overview on Planck Constant

16. Photoelectric effect – Concept and Experimental Setup

17. Photoelectric effect – Intensity vs Current, Frequency vs Kinetic Energy, the drawback of
Wave theory to explain Photoelectric effect
18. Wave properties of particle: De Broglie wave
 Syllabus

Unit 4 ELECTRO-MAGNETISM – I

19. Focus on Maxwell’s Equation I: Discuss lines of force and Electrostatic flux, Introduce
Gauss’s law (differential and integral form)
20. Application of Gauss Law: ES field due to infinite wire and sheet.

21. Electrostatic field due to conducting and insulating sphere.

22. Concept of Electrostatic Potential and Potential Energy, corelation with electrostatic field.

23. Capacitor and Capacitance

24. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor

 Syllabus

Unit 5 ELECTRO-MAGNETISM – II

25. Introduce Biot-Savart Law as an alternative approach to calculate magnetic field.

26. Calculate Magnetic field due to finite current element using Biot Savart Law.

27. Focus on Maxwell’s Equation IV: Discuss Ampere’s circuital law.

28. Calculate Magnetic field due to Infinite wire and Solenoid using Ampere’s Law.

29. Focus on Maxwell’s Equation III: Lenz’s Law and Faraday’s law: Induced EMF and Current

30. Describe Maxwell Equations as the foundation of electro-magnetism. Derive differential forms
starting from Integral forms. Discuss Physical Significance.
 Hooke’s law and determine spring constant for a given spring
List of
Experiments
: Faraday law & Induced E.M.F: Measurement of the induced voltage and calculation of the magnetic
flux induced by a falling magnet

To study the magnetic field variation along the axis of Helmholtz coil., magnetic field along the axis of
the circular coils, when the distance between them a = R, a=2R, a=R/2 (R=radius of the coils).

Dielectric constant of air using dielectric constant kit.

Michelson interferometer kit with diode laser

He-Ne laser kit: Optical Interference and Diffraction

Diffraction by Grating and Particle size measurement

Verification of Stefan's Law

Recommended Resources
1. Physics for Scientist and Engineers - Raymond A.
Serway, John W. Jewett, XIX Edition (2017), Publisher -
Cengage India Private Limited
2. University Physics with Modern Physics with Mastering
Physics - D Young, Roger A Freedman And Lewis Ford,
XII Edition (2018), Publisher – PEARSON
3. Concept of Modern Physics - Arthur Beiser, Shobhit
Mahajan, S Rai, 2017 Edition, Publisher - Tata McGraw
Hill

Other Sources
4. Introduction to Electrodynamics – David J. Griffiths. 4th
Edition (2012), Publisher - PHI Eastern Economy
Editions
5. Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics, B. K.
Mathur, 7 Edition, Gopal Printing
 UNIT 1
LECTURE-01

Introduction to Vector and

Coordinate systems

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 CONCEPT QUESTION
Find out the only vector from the following list
A. Temperature
B. Time
C. Velocity
D. Speed
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CONCEPT QUESTION
Which one of these are
unit vector(s)?

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Vector Analysis

θ
X

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Vector Analysis

θ
X

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Summary: Vector Operations

ADDITION SUBTRACTION

VECTOR ANALYSIS
DOT CROSS
PRODUCT PRODUCT

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Vector Algebra

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 INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION

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https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/vector-addition/latest/vector-addition_en.html
 Choosing Coordinate system
Magnitude = Fg
Used to describe the position of a point in space
A coordinate system consists of:
1. An origin at a particular point in space
2. A set of coordinate axes with scales and
labels
3. Choice of positive direction for each axis:
unit vectors
4. Choice of type: Cartesian or Polar or
Spherical or cylindrical

Example: Cartesian One-Dimensional

Coordinate System

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 POLL QUESTION
Given two vectors

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 POLL QUESTION

Find out value of X if vector A & B are orthogonal

A. X=0

B. X=-1

C. X=-2

D. X=-3

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Practice problems

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The unit vector along the direction shown in the figure is

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25
Find Components given the Magnitude and Direction
LECTURE-02
Newton’s Law
Free Body Force Diagram

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 CONCEPT QUESTION
Mass mA is hanging from a rope and resting without any motion or
acceleration – equilibrium force pair TA and Fg represent

A. Newton’s First Law

B. Newton’s Second Law T

A
C. Newton’s Third Law

D. None of the above Fg

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Contact & Non-contact Forces

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 st
‘Newton’s Laws of Motion’
Newton’s 1 law of motion
In the absence of an external force, the body is in equilibrium and has zero acceleration. If the body is initially at
rest , it remains at rest, if it is initially in motion, it continuously to move with constant velocity.

Newton’s 2nd law of motion

When a net external force acts on a body, the body
accelerates

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 Four common types of forces in Mechanics
Normal force: Directed perpendicular to Frictional force: Directed parallel to the
the surface surface that opposes sliding

Tension force (or pulling force) Gravitational force: The force that
earth exerts on the body (weight)

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 Static and Kinetic Friction
When the two objects are moving relative to each other; the friction in
that case is called kinetic friction or sliding friction.

When the two surfaces are non-moving but there is still a lateral force as
in the example of the block at rest on an inclined plane, the force is
called, static friction.

Friction ∝ Normal force

|Friction| = Friction coefficient * |Normal force|

 Frictional force
• Most important contact force in mechanics.
• Always, work opposite to the applied force F.
• Static friction (fS) and kinetic friction (fk)

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Newton’s law from free body diagram
a

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 Object hanging and at rest

T
A

m Ag

The block pulls the rope down and the rope pull the block up.
This is true whether it is at rest or move upward/downward
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 INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/forces-and-motion-basics/latest/forces-and-motion-basics_en.html
 Ideal Pulley system
• Rope-pulley is frictionless and pulley at rest.
• Rope/string is massless i.e., uniform tension.

m
M
T1 = T
T2 = T
Eqn 1 Eqn 2

A B
M>m
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Problem: Find the acceleration of the system of masses neglecting the mass of the
string and the inertia of the pulley.

N T
fk T m
M
mg
Mg

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QUIZ 01

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 Object on an inclined plane

Free body force diagram:

Find the generic expression for the

static frictional force when the
block is resting on an inclined plane
with friction?
 Object on an inclined plane

Free body force diagram:

Find the generic expression for the

acceleration of a block slipping on
an inclined plane with friction?
Object on an inclined plane
Practice problems

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45
Calculate tension in the rope of A (TA) and B (TB) when mA=3 kg and mB = 5 kg.

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LECTURE-03
Momentum and Impulse
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 CONCEPT QUESTION
In a football game a 70 kg player is running at 36 km/hr. When he is hit by the other player
he bounces off in the opposite direction at 18 km/hr.
(a) What is the initial linear momentum of the player before this collision?
A. 350 Kg.m/s

B. 700 Kg.m/s

C. 1050 Kg.m/s

D. 1250 Kg.m/s

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 CONCEPT QUESTION
In a football game a 70 kg player is running at 36 km/hr when he is hit by another player.
When he is hit by the other player he bounces off in the opposite direction at 18 km/hr.
(b) What is the final linear momentum of the player after this collision?
A. 350 Kg.m/s

B. 900 Kg.m/s

C. 1050 Kg.m/s

D. 1250 Kg.m/s

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 CONCEPT QUESTION
In a football game a 70 kg player is running at 36 km/hr when he is hit by another player.
When he is hit by the other player he bounces off in the opposite direction at 18 km/hr.
(c) What is the change of linear momentum in this collision?
A. 350 Kg.m/s

B. 900 Kg.m/s

C. 1050 Kg.m/s

D. 1250 Kg.m/s

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 Linear Momentum (P)
• Momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity
• Momentum is a vector quantity. The direction of momentum is same as the direction of velocity

• If the particle has velocity components vx, vy, vz and then its momentum components px, py, pz (can be called
x-momentum, y-momentum, and z-momentum) are given by

From Newton’ s second law

The net force (vector sum of all forces) acting on a particle is equal to the time rate of change of momentum of the
particle

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 Impulse
• Impulse is a vector quantity
• The magnitude of the impulse is equal
to the area under the force-time curve
• The force may vary with time
• Dimensions of impulse are M L / T
• Impulse is not a property of the
particle, but a measure of the change in
momentum of the particle

Unit => Kg m/s

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 Impulse-momentum theorem

The change in momentum of a particle during a time interval equals the impulse of the net force
acting on the particle during that interval.
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• The force may vary with time. The magnitude of the impulse is equal to the area under the
force-time curve.

Force-momentum-impulse
• The impulse–momentum theorem also holds when forces are not constant.

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 POLL QUESTION
In a football game a 70 kg player is running at 36 km/hr when he is hit by another player.
When he is hit by the other player he bounces off in the opposite direction at 18 km/hr.
(a) What is the Impulse felt by the player?
A. 950 Kg.m/s

B. 1000 Kg.m/s

C. 1050 Kg.m/s

D. 1100 Kg.m/s

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 POLL QUESTION
In a football game a 70 kg player is running at 36 km/hr when he is hit by another player.
When he is hit by the other player he bounces off in the opposite direction at 18 km/hr.
(b) When the two players collide, there contact took 0.05 seconds. What average force was
exerted by each player in the collision?
A. 15000N

B. 17000N

C. 19000N

D. 21000N
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 Solved Example
Draw the impulse vector.

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 POLL QUESTION
An estimated force-time curve for a cricket ball by a bat is shown in Figure.
From this curve, determine the impulse delivered to the ball
A. 11.3 N.s

B. 13.5 N.s

C. 17.6 N.s

D. 19.4 N.s

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 POLL QUESTION
An estimated force-time curve for a cricket ball by a bat is shown in Figure. From this
curve, determine the average force exerted on the ball.

A. 5000N

B. 7000N

C. 9000N

D. 12000N

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 Conservation of Linear Momentum
If no net external force acts on a system of particles, the total linear
momentum, P, of the system cannot change.

If the component of the net external force on a closed system is zero along an axis, then the
component of the linear momentum of the system along that axis cannot change.

# Newton’s 3rd law

m1 m2

Net internal force acting on system of particles is zero

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 For a system of particles

If no external force is applied on the system

Case – 1 : System of two particles

v3
v1 v2
Collide and
stick together m3 = m 1 + m 2
m1
m2
Change in Momentum after collision

If collision is sustained for time Δt, then Impulse

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 m1 v3 y
Case-II : System of two particles
x
v1

2
v
Collide and
scatter v4
m1 m2
m2

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 POLL QUESTION
Two cars collide while going in the same direction. Car A has a mass of 1000 kg, velocity 5 m/s
whereas car B has a mass of 2000 kg and velocity 2 m/s. After collision, car A continues to move
at 3 m/s, then what is the speed of car B after the collision?
A. 3m/s

B. 5m/s

C. 7m/s

D. 11m/s

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 POLL QUESTION
Two cars collide in a head on collision as shown in figure. They lock together.
a. What is the speed and direction of the two cars after the collision?

1200 kg , 28 m/s 1500 kg, 20 m/s

A. 1.15m/s
B. 2.23m/s
C. 1.33 m/s
D. 4.34 m/s

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Practice problems

65
 Short Problems on Momentum conservation in 1D
• Two cars of mass M and 2M are moving along
a horizontal and frictionless surface in
opposite directions with speed Vi. After the
collision they stick together.

What is final velocity vf?

 Short Problems on Momentum conservation in 1D

Mass of the rifle, M = 5 kg

Mass of the bullet, m = 15 g = 0.015 kg
Velocity of the bullet afterwards, v₂ = 600 m/s
The momentum of the bullet and riffle before shooting will be equal to the momentum of the bullet and riffle after
shooting.
 Short Problems on Momentum conservation in 1D

2.
 Problem on Collision in 2D

M1

Hint: Apply momentum conservation in two dimensions. M2

70
LECTURE-04
Work and Kinetic Energy
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 CONCEPT QUESTION
An object of mass m on the surface of the earth. Suppose the object moves vertically
between two points at heights yi and yf as measured from the surface of the earth.

(a) What is the work done by gravity if the object is

moving up from yi to yf ?

(b) What is work done by gravity if the object is

moving down from yi to yf ?

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 CONCEPT QUESTION
Two carts of masses m1 and m2 (=2m1) are at rest on a horizontal and
frictionless surface. Both cars are pushed with equal forces for the same time
interval.
At the end of the time interval, which mass of cart will have larger kinetic
energy?

m1

m2

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Work done by a constant force

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 Work by a Constant Force
y
Force

x
xi xf
Area under the
Force vs. Distance curve

Force
The SI unit of work is the Joule (J), which is
defined as the work expended by a force of one x
newton through a displacement of one metre. xi xf
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Work by a Non-Constant Force

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 Solved Example

What is the amount of work done when the box moves from
(a) x = 0 to x = d, (b) x = d to x = 0, (c) x = d to x = -d
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 Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses because of its motion.
The kinetic energy of a point mass m is given by

Mass = m

Unit = [J] = kg (m/s)2

78
 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

Mass = m

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2.
QUIZ - 02

80
 Solved Example
A block of mass m is dragged along a rough horizontal surface by a constant force of
magnitude F applied at an angle θ above the horizontal as shown. The speed of the
block is constant and equals v. The block undergoes a displacement d.

(a) Find the work done on the block by external force

F during this process.
(b) Find the work done by the normal force.
(c) Find the work done on the block by the force of
friction during this process.
(d) Find total work done by all three forces.
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 Solved Example
A block of mass m is dragged along a rough horizontal surface by a constant force of
magnitude F applied at an angle θ above the horizontal as shown. The speed of the
block is constant and equals v. The block undergoes a displacement d.

(a) Find the work done on the block by external force

F during this process.
(b) Find the work done by the normal force.
(c) Find the work done on the block by the force of
friction during this process.
(d) Find total work done by all three forces.
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POLL QUESTIONS

83
 Application of Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Inclined Surface y

v
i x

mg*sinθ
v
f θ
mg*cosθ

84
Practice problems

85
Solved Example

86
Solved Example

87
 LECTURE-05

CONSERVATION OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY

88
 CONCEPT QUESTION
What is an example of mechanical energy
A. Electrical energy

B. Magnetic Energy

C. Thermal Energy

D. Potential Energy

89
 CONCEPT QUESTION
Does violation of conservation of mechanical energy also violate

overall energy conservation?

A. YES

B. NO

C. NOT POSSIBLE TO ANSWER

90
 Conservative and non-conservative forces Final position
Conservative force
A force is conservative if the work done by it on a particle
that moves between two points is the same for all paths
connecting these points W1
W2
W1 = W2 = …..= Wn
Example - Gravitational force, Spring force, and electric force

Non - conservative force Initial position

Whenever the work done by a force in moving an object
from an initial point to a final point depends on the path,
the force is called a non-conservative force.

Example - Friction force and air drag force W1 ≠ W2 ≠ ….. ≠ Wn

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 Conservation of Energy

Surroundings Surroundings

Systemi Systemf

Initial state (i) Final state (f)

When a system and its surroundings undergo a transition from an initial
state to a final state, the total change in energy is zero

ΔE = ΔE system + ΔE surroundings = 0
92
 Potential energy
The energy associated with the position of a object rather than its motion is known as potential
energy.

Force and potential energy

In three dimension

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 Potential energy due to Springs
Restoring force, F

Stretched Compressed

HOOKE’S LAW

Equilibrium
(Ui = 0)
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 Gravitational potential energy

2 U2 = mgh2
m
h0 Potential energy change (from 1 to 2)
h2 U12 = mg(h2 – h1) = mgh0
1 U1 = mgh1
m
h1

Potential energy change wrt a reference at 1: U0= mgh0

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 INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-skate-park/latest/energy-skate-park_en.html
96
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Slipping Object on Frictionless inclined surface

PEA + KEA = PEB + KEB

A B C D E

U K U K U K U K U K

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POLL QUESTION

400
m

98
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Simple Pendulum

Ui + K i = U f + K f

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 POLL QUESTION
A simple pendulum (bob mass, m = 0.2 kg) has a
velocity of v = 20 m/s at the lowest position.
Ignore air friction
(a)What is the height the pendulum reaches at
maximum position B w.r.t the lowest position?
A. 10m B

B. 20m
C
C. 30m A

D. 40m
2
Assume g=10m/s
100
Problem: The ballistic pendulum given in the figure is an apparatus used to measure the speed of fast moving
projectile such as bullet. A bullet of mass m1 is fired into a large block of wood of mass m2 suspended from some
light wires. The bullet embeds in the block and entire system swings through a height h. How can we determine the
speed of the bullet from a measurement of h?

101
LECTURE
06
Mechanical Properties
of Solids

102
 CONCEPT QUESTION
What are the units of mechanical stress and strain?
A. Newton and meter

B. Pascal and meter

C. Pascal and no unit

D. Newton and no unit

103
 MECHANICAL STRESS

• The restoring force (F) per

unit area (A) is called COMPRESSIVE
NORMAL
stress. (results shortening)

STRESS
(perpendicular to the
• The unit of stress in S.I surface)
TENSILE
Ex: pressure
system is N/m2 and in (results elongation

C.G.S-dyne/cm2. TANGENTIAL
• The dimension of stress = (parallel to the surface)
[M1L-1T-2]. Ex: Shear stress
• Stress = F/A
 MECHANICAL STRESS
STRESS

COMPRESSIVE
NORMAL
TENSILE
TANGENTIAL

ALSO ‘SHEAR’
STRESS
105
 MECHANICAL STRAIN
❑ The strain is the relative change in configuration due to the application of
deforming forces.
❑ It has no unit or dimensions.

STRAIN

Longitudinal Lateral Volumetric

Strain Strain Strain

106
 MECHANICAL STRAIN

LATERAL
LONG.
STRAIN
STRAIN

Longitudinal strain is change in the

length to the original length of an
object
 HOOKE’S LAW D
C
B
A E

Stress
HOOKE’S LAW
k is called elastic moduli Up to point B when
stress is released the
material comes back to
its original position!

O
Perm. Set
Strain
108
 D
HOOKE’S LAW
C
In the region BC, B
✔ the body does not regain its E
A
original dimension.

Stress
✔ Even with zero stress the strain
is not zero.
✔ The material is said to have a
permanent set.
✔ The deformation is said to be
plastic deformation. O
Perm. Set
Strain
109
 D
HOOKE’S LAW
C
B
A E

Stress
O
Perm. Set
Strain
 INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION

111
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/hookes-law/latest/hookes-law_en.html
 Elastic Moduli (k)
Elastic Moduli
YOUNG’S
MODULUS
RIGIDITY
MODULUS
BULK UNIT IS N/m2 => Unit of Stress
MODULUS
All elastic moduli
2
UNIT IS N/m => Unit of Stress
112
Elastic Moduli Elastic Moduli (k)

YOUNG’S
MODULUS
RIGIDITY
MODULUS
BULK
MODULUS L

113
 Elastic Moduli (k)
✔ when a body is submerged in a fluid, it
Elastic Moduli
undergoes a hydraulic Stress.
✔ This leads to the decrease in the volume of
YOUNG’S the body thus producing volume strain.
MODULUS ✔ Their ratio is called Bulk Modulus.
RIGIDITY
MODULUS
BULK
MODULUS

114
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
A structural steel rod has a radius of 10 mm and a length of 1.0 m. A 100 kN force
stretches it along its length. If the corresponding strain is 16% then
Calculate (a) stress, (b) Young’s Modulus and (c) elongation on the rod.

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