Youth Competition Times

nd
RRB JE
2 Stage (CBT-II)

CAPSULE
ELECTRICAL &
ALLIED ENGINEERING
Theory + MCQ's
Study Material and Question Bank
Chief Editor
A.K. Mahajan
Compiled & Written by
Er. Anil Kumar, Er. Ajeet Kumar
Computer Graphics by
Balkrishna, Charan Singh
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 INDEX
Basic Concepts .................................................................................................................................................3-34
Circuit Law ....................................................................................................................................................35-68
Magnetic Circuit ............................................................................................................................................69-98
AC Fundamental .........................................................................................................................................99-133
Measurement and Measuring Instruments ............................................................................................134-180
Electrical Machines ...................................................................................................................................181-330
(a) D.C. Machines ............................................................................................................................................. 181
(b) 1-phase and 3-phase Transformers ......................................................................................................... 230
(c) Three-Phase Induction Motor and Single-Phase Induction Motor ........................................................ 275
Synchronous Machine ...............................................................................................................................331-372
Generation, Transmission and Distribution............................................................................................373-481
Estimation and Costing .............................................................................................................................482-510
Utilization of Electrical Energy ................................................................................................................511-548
Basic Electronics ........................................................................................................................................549-608

Syllabus for Electrical & Allied Engineering Exam Group–JE

Basic concepts:
Concepts of resistance, inductance, capacitance, and various factors affecting them. Concepts of current, voltage, power,
energy and their units.
Circuit law:
Kirchhoff‘s law, Simple Circuit solution using network theorems.
Magnetic Circuit:
Concepts of flux, mmf, reluctance, Different kinds of magnetic materials, Magnetic calculations for conductors of different
configuration e.g. straight, circular, solenoidal, etc. Electromagnetic induction, self and mutual induction.
AC Fundamentals:
Instantaneous, peak, R.M.S. and average values of alternating waves, Representation of sinusoidal wave form, simple series
and parallel AC Circuits consisting of R.L. and C, Resonance, Tank Circuit. Poly Phase system – star and delta connection,
3 phase power, DC and sinusoidal response of R-Land R-C circuit.
Measurement and measuring instruments:
Measurement of power (1 phase and 3 phase, both active and reactive) and energy, 2 wattmeter method of 3 phase power
measurement. Measurement of frequency and phase angle. Ammeter and voltmeter (both moving oil and moving iron type),
extension of range wattmeter, Multimeters, Megger, Energy meter AC Bridges. Use of CRO, Signal Generator, CT, PT and
their uses. Earth Fault detection.
Electrical Machines:
(a) D.C. Machine – Construction, Basic Principles of D.C. motors and generators, their characteristics, speed control and
starting of D.C. Motors. Method of braking motor, Losses and efficiency of D.C. Machines.
(b) 1 phase and 3 phase transformers – Construction, Principles of operation, equivalent circuit, voltage regulation, O.C. and
S.C. Tests, Losses and efficiency. Effect of voltage, frequency and wave form on losses. Parallel operation of 1 phase/3
phase transformers. Auto transformers. (c) 3 phase induction motors, rotating magnetic field, principle of operation,
equivalent circuit, torque-speed characteristics, starting and speed control of 3 phase induction motors. Methods of braking,
effect of voltage and frequency variation on torque speed characteristics, Fractional Kilowatt Motors and Single Phase
Induction Motors: Characteristics and applications.
Synchronous Machines:
Generation of 3-phase e.m.f. armature reaction, voltage regulation, parallel operation of two alternators, synchronizing,
control of active and reactive power. Starting and applications of synchronous motors.
Generation, Transmission and Distribution:
Different types of power stations, Load factor, diversity factor, demand factor, cost of generation, inter-connection of power
stations. Power factor improvement, various types of tariffs, types of faults, short circuit current for symmetrical faults.
Switchgears and Protection: Rating of circuit breakers, Principles of arc extinction by oil and air, H.R.C. Fuses, Protection
against earth leakage / over current, etc. Buchholz relay, Merz-Price system of protection of generators & transformers,
protection of feeders and bus bars. Lightning arresters, various transmission and distribution system, comparison of
conductor materials, efficiency of different system. Cable – Different type of cables, cable rating and derating factor.
Estimation and costing:
Estimation of lighting scheme, electric installation of machines and relevant IE rules. Earthing practices and IE Rules.
Utilization of Electrical Energy:
Illumination, Electric heating, Electric welding, Electroplating, Electric drives and motors.
Basic Electronics:
Working of various electronic devices e.g. P N Junction diodes, Transistors (NPN and PNP type), BJT and JFET. Simple
circuits using these devices.
2
 Units and Dimensions
V
Quantities Unit Dimension I=
Ohm R
Resistance  ML2 T −3 A −2 
 
Resistivity Ohm-meter  ML3T −3A −2 
 
–1 –3 3 2
Conductivity Mho/m or [M L T A ] Slop = resistance
Siemens/m Vector form of Ohm's law-
Voltage Volt [ML2T–3A–1]
j = σE ,
Current Ampere [A]
Electric Power Watt [ML2 T–3] where, j = current density
Electric Energy kWh [ML2T–2] E = electric field
Permittivity Farad/meter [M–1L–3T4A2] σ = Conductivity
Electric field V/m or N/C [MLT–3A–1] Limitations
intensity It is not applicable to unilateral electrical
Capacitance Farad –1 –2 4
[M L T A ] 2 components like diode and transistor etc.
Inductance Henry [ML2T–2A–2] It is not applicable to non-linear, non-metallic,
vacuum tubes, electrolytes, semi-conductor etc.
Permeability Henry/meter [MLT–2A–2]
Applicable
Magnetic field Wb/m2 [MT–2 A–1]
It is applicable to both AC and DC circuit and
Density
bilateral elements.
mmf AT or Gilbert [A]
It is also applicable to metallic conductor and linear
Reluctance AT/Wb or per [M–1L–2T2A2] elements such as resistor.
Henry
Symbol of resistance:
Permeance Wb/AT or [ML2T–2A–2]
Henry
Luminous flux Lumen [ML2T–3]
Low value (up to 1Ω) → Conductor
Illumination Lux or Lumen/ [MT–3]
m2 Medium value (1Ω to 0.1MΩ) → Resistor
High value (0.1MΩ above)→Insulator
Resistance
The unit of Resistance
It may be defined as the property of a substance due
The practical unit of Resistance is Ohm (Ω).
to which it opposes the flow of electricity through it.
1 Mega ohm = 106 Ohm 1 Kilo ohm = 103 Ohm.
It is represented by R.
1 Milli ohm = 10–3 Ohm. 1 Micro ohm = 10–6 Ohm.
Ohm's Law-
Law of Resistance
Ohm's law states that current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the ℓ ℓ
R∝ or R = ρ ...(i)
potential difference across its ends, provided all A A
physical conditions and temperature, remain Where, ρ is a constant depending on the nature of
constant. the material of the conductor and temperature it is
I∝V known as specific resistance or resistivity.
Basic Concept 3 YCT
 Factors affecting resistance- Connection of Resistor
Cross section area Series Same current flows through all parts
connection of the circuit.
1
R∝ Different resistors have their
A individual voltage drops.
It varies inversely as the cross-section area of the Voltage drops are additive.
conductor. Applied voltage equals the sum of
Length different voltage drops.
Resistance are additive.
R ∝l Power are additive.
It varies directly as its length l.
Temperature
It also depends on the temperature of the conductor. Req = R1+R2+R3+........+Rn
Nature of material Parallel Same voltage acts across all parts
It depends on the nature of the material. connection of the circuit.
Behaviour of Resistor Different resistors have their
Resistor is a linear, bilateral and passive element individual current.
Branch current are additive.
Units of Resistivity Power are additive.
l AR
R =ρ ,ρ =
A l
A(meter) 2 × R(ohm) AR
ρ= = ohm-meter
l (meter) l
Hence the unit of resistivity is Ohm-meter (Ω-m).
Resistivity of some conductor, 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ........ +
semiconductor and insulating materials R eq R1 R2 R3 Rn
Material Resistivity Classification Types of resistor
(Ωm) Carbon composition resistor
Silver 1.6×10-8 Deposited carbon resistor
High voltage thick film resistor
Copper 1.7×10-8
Conductor Metal film resistor
Gold 2.4×10-8 Metal glaze resistor
Aluminium 2.6×10-8 Wire wound resistor
Tungsten 4.9×10-8 Ceramic metal resistor
Germanium 0.65 Semiconductor Varistor
It is made of carborundum crystals.
Silicon 2×103
It is non-linear, non-ohmic voltage dependent
Porcelain 3×109 resistor(VDR).
Glass 1.7×1011 Conversion of Resistance
Mica 9×1012 Insulator
Hard rubber 1×1016
Conductance and Conductivity
Conductance (G) is reciprocal of resistance.
1
G= Delta to Star Star to Delta
R
It offers to the flow of current. R AB × R CA RARB
ℓ A σA RA = R AB = R A + R B +
R = ρ or G = = ...(i) R AB + R BC + R CA RC
A ρℓ ℓ
R AB × R BC R BR C
σ = conductivity or specific conductance RB = R BC = R B + R C +
The unit of conductance is Siemens (S) or Mho. R AB + R BC + R CA RA
in equation ………….(i) R BC × R CA R CR A
The conductivity of a material is given by. RC = R CA = R C + R A +
R AB + R BC + R CA RB
ℓ G(Siemens) × ℓ(meter)
σ=G = = Siemens/metre For same value of resistance-
A A ( meter 2 )
R ∆ = 3R y
The unit of conductivity is Siemens/meter (S/m).
Basic Concept 4 YCT
 Effect of Temperature on Conductor, Different Combinations of Resistance
semiconductor and Insulator Type-I
Effect When the temperature increases then
resistance also increases.
For metal temperature coefficient of
resistance (α) is positive. Solution–
For semiconductor and insulator
temperature coefficient of resistance
(α) is negative.
For alloys temperature coefficient of
resistance is small and positive.
Formula

Slope of Graph
α0 = ,
Original Resistance Type-II
Slope of Graph
α1 =
R1
α0R0 = α1R1
α0 Solution
α1 =
1 + α1 t1
R1 = R0[1+α0t1]
In case Ro is not given the relation between the
known Resistance R1 at t1ºC and the unknown
resistance R2 at t2ºC can be found as follows.
R2 = Ro(1 + α0t2) and R1 = Ro (1 + α0t1)
R 2 1 + α0 t 2
= R 2 = R1 1 + α 0 ( t 2 – t1 ) 
R 1 1 + α 0 t1
Unit of temperature coefficient (α) of resistance per
unit ºC.
Colour Coding of Resistance
Colour Value Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 1 –
Brown 1 10 ± 1%
Red 2 102 ± 2%
Orange 3 103 ± 3% According to the balance Wheatstone bridge rule,
Yellow 4 104 ± 4% the resistance between C and D will be negligible.
Green 5 105 ± 0.5%
Blue 6 106 ± 0.25%
Violet 7 107 ± 0.10%
Grey 8 108 ± 0.05 %
White 9 109 –
Gold – 10–1 ± 5%
Silver – 10–2 ± 10%
(None) – ± 20%
Formula for 4 Band Resistor Type-III
R = AB × 10C ± Tolerance
Where, A → Ist significant digit
B → 2nd Significant digit
10C → multiplier

Basic Concept 5 YCT

Solution– Solution–

Type-IV

Solution–

Type-VI

Solution–

Type-V

Basic Concept 6 YCT

■ Insulation Resistance of cable Faraday's Law For an Inductor
ρ r 2.303 ρ r t
VL dt + i ( 0− )
R= log e 2 = di 1
log10 2 MΩ i(t) =
L ∫0
VL = L
2πℓ r1 2πℓ r1 dt
■ Some Important Facts Regarding the Types of Inductance
Conductor Self Nφ V N 2 µ 0µ r AN 2
If the resistance of a conductor is R1 and its Inductance L= = L = =
i di / dt S ℓ
length is increased n times, then the
Where N = no. of turns in the
resistance of the conductor (R2)-
coil, 'A' is cross sectional area
∵ l2 = nl1
2
and ℓ is the length of the coil.
R2 = n R1 a
∴ a2 = 1 Also,
n
µr = Relative permeability
If the resistance of a conductor is R1 and its
area is increased n times, then the resistance µ0 = 4π × 10–7 Henry/meter
of the conductor (R2)- S = Reluctance
Mutual N 2 φ1 VL2 µ µ N N π r2
∵ a2 = na1 M= = = o r 1 2
R1 Inductance i1 di1 / dt ℓ1
R2 = l1
n2 ∴ l2 =
n µo µ r N1 N 2 A
M=
If the resistance of a conductor is R1 and its ℓ1
diameter is increased n times, then the
resistance of the conductor (R2)- Coupling M
factor of K=
∵ d 2 = nd1 L1L 2
R1 Inductance
R2 = ∴ A2 = n 2 A1
n 4 Factor affecting of inductance
& l2 = l1 / n 2 Core material
L∝µ
If wire is stretched n times then R' = n2R It varies directly as its core material.
If wire is compressed n times then R' = Coil area
R L∝A
n2 A greater coil area result in greater inductance.
RAC = 1.6 RDC Coil length-
Inductance 1
L∝
● Inductors are important because they can resist l
sudden changes in the current in an electrical circuit. The longer the coil length the less inductance.
● Inductance is a property of an inductor (passive Number of turn in a coil-
component) that is used in most electrical circuit to
L ∝ N2
store energy in the form of magnetic field when
electric current flows through it. A greater number of turn of coil result in greater
inductance.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Behaviour of Inductor
Induction
First law Change of magnetic flux linked to a
Inductor at t = 0+ → act as a current source
with initial at t = ∞→ act as short circuit
coil induced an emf across a coil.
condition
Second The emf induced across the coil is
law equal to rate of change of flux in the Inductor at t = 0 → act as an open circuit
coil. without at t = ∞ → act as short circuit
dφ initial
e = −N condition
dt
Where, negative sign shows that emf induced always 1 2
Energy stored in Inductor- E = Li Joules
oppose the change in flux. 2
Basic Concept 7 YCT
 Magnetic Coupling of Inductor The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the
Series Connection of Inductor charge stored per unit voltage (potential difference
i. Aiding nature ii. Opposing nature across its plate).
L = L1 + L 2 + 2M L = L1 + L 2 − 2M Q∝V
Q = CV
Q
C=
V
Parallel Connection of Inductor ε0 ε r A
C=
i. Aiding nature ii. Opposing nature d
L L −M 2
L L − M2 Power dissipation in the ideal capacitor is zero.
L eq = 1 2 L eq = 1 2
L1 + L 2 − 2M L1 + L 2 + 2M Capacitor stored energy in the form of electrostatic
field.
Charge stored of capacitor in metal plate only.
Dielectric is insulating material which increase the
capacity of plate to store charge.
Capacitor does not allow sudden change of voltage
because sudden change of voltage required infinite
Transient Equation for Inductor value of current source.
i L ( t ) = i L ( ∞ ) + i L ( 0+ ) − i L ( ∞ )  e − t / τ t > 0 Factor Affecting of Capacitance
Area a plate-
Charging and Discharging of Inductor
C∝A
Charging Discharging
When area of capacitor plate increases then
Current Current I L ( t ) = Io e − t / τ capacitance of capacitor increases.
I L ( t ) = Io (1 − e − t / τ )
Distance between plates-
Voltage VL (t) = Vo e − t / τ Voltage VL ( t ) = − Vo e− t / τ 1
C∝
I d
I0 The capacitance of capacitor is inversely
63%I 0 proportional to the distance between plates.
Relative permittivity of dielectric
37%I 0
C∝ ε0
t When relative permittivity of dielectric increases
L then capacitance of capacitor increases.
Time constant for inductor τ = second
R Types of Capacitor
Behaviour of Inductor
Inductor is linear, bilateral and passive
element.
Inductor opposes the sudden change of
current. I L (0 − ) = IL (0 + )
Inductor allows the sudden change of
voltage.
Inductor is an energy storing element.
Inductor does not dissipate any power, it
only stores energy.
Capacitance
● A capacitor is a two terminal electrical device that Ceramic capacitor is used for generation of large
can store energy in the form of an electrical charge. power.
● The unit of electrical capacitance is the Farad. Electrolyte capacitors are generally used for DC
voltage.
Electrolytic capacitor is high capacitance to size
ratio.
Ceramic capacitor is mostly used for coupling and
de-coupling.
Variable capacitor is called trimmer.
Basic Concept 8 YCT
 Mica capacitor is used as high accuracy capacitor. Charging and Discharging of Capacitor
Capacitance of εεA Charging Discharging Time
Capacitor C = o r Farad
d constant
Capacitance of different εo A for
Dielectric having C= Farad capacitor
t1 t 2 t 3
different thickness and + +
ε r1 ε r2 εr3 Current equation Current equation τ = R th Ceq
relative permittivities
IC ( t ) = I0e − t / τ IC ( t ) = − I0e − t / τ
When some part of εo A
parallel plate capacitor C= Farad
  t  Voltage equation Voltage equation
have air medium and d −  t − 
some part have another   ε r 
VC ( t ) = V0 (1 − e −t / τ
) VC ( t ) = V0 e − t / τ
medium then Charge equation Charge equation
capacitance
q c ( t ) = Q0 (1 − e −t / τ
) q c( T ) = Q0 e− t / τ
When some part of ε A 1 + ε r 
C= o 
d  2 
parallel plate capacitor
have air medium in Transient Equation for Capacitor
1 + ε r 
Vc ( t ) = Vc ( ∞ ) +  Vc ( 0 + ) − Vc ( ∞ )  e− t / τ t > 0
horizontal direction and = Cair   Farad
some part have another  2 
medium then
Concept of Short Circuit and Open
capacitance
Capacitance of 2πε o ε r ℓ
Circuit of Capacitor with Respect to
cylindrical capacitor C= Farad Time
log e b / a
t
i c ( t ) dt + V ( 0− )
CdV 1
2πε o ε r ℓ Vc ( t ) =
C ∫0
C= Farad ic = ;
2.303log10 b / a dt
Behaviour of Capacitor
Capacitance of variable ( n − 1) ε o ε r A With initial at t = 0 + → act as a voltage source
capacitor C= Farad
d condition at t = ∞ → act as open circuit
Where n = no. of plates
Combination of Capacitors
without initial at t = 0 → act as short circuit
Series 1 1 1 1 1 condition
= + + + ........ + at t = ∞ → act as open circuit
Ceq C1 C 2 C3 Cn
Some Important Points Regarding to
Parallel Ceq = C1 + C 2 + C3 + ....... + C n
Capacitor
Conversion of Capacitors
Capacitor opposes rate of change of voltage.
VC (0–) =VC (0+)
Capacitor Stores the energy in electrostatic
field.
CdVC ( t )
While charging, IC ( t ) = decreased
dt
and IC(t) must be positive.
Delta to Star Star to Delta
CdVC ( t )
C C CA CB While discharge, IC ( t ) = decreased
C A = C AB + C CA + AB CA C AB = dt
C BC C A + C B + CC
but IC(t) must be negative.
C C C B CC While a capacitor charge and discharge
C B = C AC + C BC + AC BC C BC =
C AB C A + C B + CC polarity of dc voltage of capacitor never
C BC C AB CC C A change.
CC = C BC + C AB + CCA =
C AC C A + C B + CC Energy Stored in Capacitor
1 1 1 1 Q2
For same value of capacitance- C ∆ = E = CV 2 = QV = Joules
3C Y 2 2 2 C

Basic Concept 9 YCT

 Common Potential in Joining Capacitor Alternating Current (AC)
Common C1V1 + C 2 V2 I
potential (for V= 0
C1 + C 2 →t
parallel)
Alternating current is a current that changes
direction in time.
Flows in a sine wave pattern.
Common source-household electrical.
Current remains same in series circuits.
Current Divider Rule for Two Parallel
Connection of C V − C 2 V2 Resistances
two capacitor V= 1 1
C1 + C 2
parallel/anti-
parallel

According to current division rule-

R2 R1
I1 = I I2 = I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Energy Lost in Joining Capacitor ,
For parallel 1 C1C 2 Concept of Voltage
( V1 − V2 )
2
∆E =
2 ( C1 + C 2 ) The electric potential difference per unit charge
between two points in an electric field is called
For anti-parallel 1 C1C 2 voltage.
( V1 + V2 )
2
∆E = Mathematically voltage is defined as the ratio of the
2 ( C1 + C 2 ) work done to the electric charge.
Active element Passive element W
V=
They can generate They can not generate Q
electrical energy, amplify electrical energy but can According to Ohm’s law product of resistance and
signals. store, dissipate it. current is called voltage.
They require an external They do not require an V=IR
SI unit for voltage is the Volt.
power supply to operate. external power supply to Voltage remains same in parallel combination.
operate.
Voltage Divider Rule
Example- Voltage source, Example- Resistor,
current source, FET, capacitor, Inductor,
MOSFET, diode, op-amp, transformer, fuses etc.
transistor, SCR etc.
Concept of Current
Current is the rate of the flow of electrons. Req = R1 + R2 + R3
It is measured in ampere (A).  R   R    R  
When 1 Coulomb of charge passes through cross V1 =  1  V V2 =  2  V  V3 =  3  V
 Req   R eq   R eq 
section of conductor in 1 second then current is said      
to be 1 ampere. Electrical Power
One Coulomb is equal to 6.25 × 1018 charge carriers. Electrical power is the rate at which work is done in
Q = it W
Q an electrical circuit. Its SI unit is Watt. P =
i= t
t Where, P→ Power, W→Work done
Conventional flow of electric current is from t→ time in second
positive to negative terminal.
Current of voltage are two types-
1. Direct current
2. Alternating current
Direct Current
Flows only in one direction.
Common source Battery or DC generator.
I
V2
P = VI = I 2 R =
0 t R

Basic Concept 10 YCT

 The general unit of power is Joule/second. The movement of electrons from one point to
The industrial unit of electrical power is H.P.(Horse another point generates the energy.
power) The Joule or Watt second is the fundamental unit of
1 kW= 1000W electrical energy.
1 H.P. (metric) = 735.5 Watt or Joule/second The SI unit of electrical energy is kWh.
1H.P. (British) = 746 Watt or Joule/second. It is represented by ‘E’.
Brightness of different wattages bulbs V2
E =VIt = I2Rt = t
connected in series or parallel- R
6
If we have bulbs of different wattages; W1 and W2 1 kWh = 3.6×10 Joule
(if W1>W2) connected in a circuit the brighter bulb 1 kWh = 860 kilo calories
will be W1 (the higher wattage). The electron volt (eV) is a smallest unit of energy.
In series- The W2 bulb will be brighter because it Joule’s law of Heating
have more power (resistance increases). P ↑= I 2 R ↑ According to this law, when a current ‘I’ passes
In parallel- The W1 bulb will be brighter because it through a conductor of resistance ‘R’ for time ‘t’
V2 then the heat developed in the conductor is equal to
has more power (resistance decreases). P ↑= the product of the square of the current, resistance
R↓
and time.
Electrical Energy H ∝ I2 , H ∝ R, H ∝ t, H ∝ I2Rt
It is defined as the work done by the source of 2
electricity to maintain the rate of flow of charge in I Rt
H = I 2 Rt Joule = Calories
an electrical circuit. 4.18

The most important properties of insulating material The potential difference is –

used electrically is-. It is the difference of potential between
High resistivity and high dielectric strength two points in an electric circuit
[LT–2] is the dimension of which quantities - The unit of electrical energy is– kWh
Acceleration Formula of energy is– Power × time
One angstrom is– 1 Å = 0.1 nm The ability of a material to absorb a large amount of
5400 Kilojoule is– 1.5 kWh energy is defined as its - Toughness
The dimensional formula [ML2T–2] may correspond An atom of hydrogen has……….in its first orbit -
to - Torque, Energy, Work 1 Electron
The resistance of an ideal conductor is - Zero
The SI unit of which quantity is 'Newton'- Force
The dimension of electrical conductivity is -
1 kWh = 860 kCal = ............ [M–1L–3T3A2]
3600 kJ (3.6 × 106 Joule) The electrical resistivity of very pure silver near 0
joule Kelvin temperature is - Very low but measurable
10 is equal to- 10 V
coulomb The change in the resistance of a conductor per unit
1 Volt is equal to - 1 Joule/Coulomb original resistance per degree rise in temperature is
Which electrical quantities is represented by σ called– Temperature coefficient of resistance
(Sigma) - Conductivity The hot resistance of an incandescent lamp is about
Components which obey ohm's law known as- .............. of its cold resistance– 10 times
Ohmic components The resultant charge in a body is whenever the
number of protons equals the number of electron in
The speed of electricity is– 2,97,842 km/s it– Zero charge
Specific resistance is the resistance offered between If one of the parallel resistors in any parallel circuit
the two ends of material having– is removed from the circuit, then the total
Area of 1 cm2 and length 1 cm resistance– Increases
The SI unit of electric charge is - Coulomb A............is an fundamental quantity which flows
The average resistance of a human body is- 1000 Ω through the material when electrical energy is
The unit of conductivity is- applied and has a unit........... Charge, Coulomb
The law governing the force between electric charge
Siemens/m or mho/meter is known as.- Coulomb's law
The value of temperature coefficient of resistance of The condition for the application of Ohm's law is–
a given conductor– Constant Temperature
Different at different given temperatures If 12.25 × 1016 electrons pass through a conductor in
The unit of specific resistance is– Ohm-meter 1 s, then how much current (in mA) will– 19.6
The unit of electric current– Ampere Static electricity is produced by..............
1 coulomb is equivalent to – 1 ampere second Both friction and induction
Basic Concept 11 YCT
 The correct Law of ohm's is......... V ∝ I and V = IR A Charged particle of charged q moving with a
Electric charge measured in Coulombs has the charge velocity v along the axis of a current carrying
of how many electron– 6.25 × 1018 solenoid, The magnetic force on the particle is– 0
If the resistor obeys Ohm's law, it is called a– Whenever a charged particle moves in a Electric
Linear resistor Potential– Particle gets kinetic energy
The ability of a charged particle to do work is The maximum number of electrons which the
known as– Electric potential energy valence shell of an atom can have is – 8
No current flows through two charged bodies if they A hollow sphere of charge does not produce an
have equal– Potential electric field at– Interior point
A group of passive devices only is– Electron are held in atom due to – Coulombs force
Transformer, Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor The thermal noise is due to random..............
What is meant by zero initial condition for a Motion of free electrons
system– System is at rest and no energy is Ohm's Law is applicable to –
stored in any of its components Resistive Circuits & Reactive Circuits
Reciprocal of resistivity – Conductivity ♦ The force of attraction between two charge particles
♦ Analogous to conductivity is – Permeability is– Directly proportional to the amount of charge
The value of temperature coefficient of resistance The value of relative permittivity of vacuum is – 1
(α) depends upon – Electric field is defined as the electric force per
Nature of material and temperature unit.............. Charge
Ohm's law is valid for – All conductors The total energy of a revolving electron in an atom–
The specific resistance of a copper conductor Can never be positive
is.......... More than the specific resistance of silver The resistivity of lead is– 20.8 × 10–8 Ω m
The force between two charges is true– Current always flow in direction –
A force of repulsion exists between Opposite to that of Electron
two like Charges Conduction of electricity through conductor takes
The electrons revolve around the nucleus with high place by– Free electrons
velocity. Which type of force acts against centrifugal Conduction will not occur when bodies are –
force– Electrostatic force of attraction At same temperature
The difference between an atom and an ion is– The excessive neutral current is caused by –
Ions are always charged particles while Electronic ballasts
the atoms are neutral as a whole Two wires A and B of the same material but of
A charge exists on a conductor. The best way to different lengths L and 2L have the radius r and 2r
remove this charge is to.... Ground the conductor respectively. The ratio of specific resistance will
Midway between two equal and similar charges, a be– 1:1
third equal and similar charge is placed. Then this Specific resistance of a conductor depends upon –
third charge will............. Composition of conductor material
Remain in stable equilibrium and temperature
The electrical conductivity of metals typically of the .............. particle act as a current carrier in a metallic
order of (in ohm–1m–1)............. 107 conductor– Only free electrons
If an atom losses one or more electrons, it When alternating current pass through a conductor–
becomes............ Electrically positive Portion of conductor near the surface
The lines of force due to charged particles are........... carries more current as compared to the core
Always curved The charge q1 exerts a slight force on the charge q2,
The charge of a stable atom is – Uncharged if the charge q3 is brought near them, then the force
Electric charge of a body is a condition due to – of q1 exerted on q2– Will be constant
Deficiency or excess of electrons The potential inside a charged hollow sphere is –
In any electric circuit the flow of electron Same as that on the surface
constitutes– An electric current For a hollow charged thin metallic sphere with
An electric current can be classified as – center O and a point on the surface of sphere as, R,
Conduction, Convection and the magnitude of Electric Field and Potential from O
Displacement current to R is respectively– Zero, Constant
The effect on electric potential energy of charges Mobility is highest– Electron
when the separation between two charge increases Ampere-second could be the unit of – Charge
is– It decreases An electric current is– The movement of free
One commercial unit of electrical energy converted electrons predominantly in one direction
to Joule is equal to– 3.6 × 106 J An electric current is the flow of–
The three fundamental quantities are– Both positive and negative charges
Mass, Length, Time The material which offers very low resistance to the
One kWh of electrical energy equals – 860 kcal flow of electron is known as– Conductor
Basic Concept 12 YCT
 The resistance of a conductor, when its temperature In a copper atom, first orbit contains– Two electrons
is increased – Increases A thermistor has–
When an electric current flows through a conductor, Negative temperature co–efficient
its temperature rises. This is because of– The colour bands on a fixed carbon resistor are red,
Collisions between conduction red, gold, Its value is– 2.2 Ω
electrons and atoms Current velocity through a copper conductor is–
Which V-I curve is a straight line according to Of the order of a few µm/s
ohm’s law – Conductors Ohm's law is not applicable to– Semi–conductors
A free electron means– Valence electrons which If the number of valence electrons of an atom is less
are loosely attached to the nucleus than 4, the substance is usually– A conductor
Electrically charged atom is generally termed as– Ion If the number of valence electrons of an atom is
The quality of a good conductor is– more than 4, the substance is usually– An insulator
Low specific resistance If the number of valence electrons of an atom is 4,
On application of heat on electrolyte it exhibit– then the substance is usually– Semiconductor
Negative temperature Coefficient Electric current is a– Scalar quantity
A source of emf is required in order to– The electric current in a discharge tube containing a gas
Get the electrons into motion is due to– Electrons, negative and positive ions
For a two terminal device, resistance decreases The quantity of charge that will be transferred by a
when the temperature increases, the device is– current flow of 10A over 1 hour period is–3.6 × 104 C
A semiconductor The drift velocity of free electrons is of the order of–
In the case of direct current– Magnitude and 10-5 ms-1
direction of current remains constant The thermal speed of electrons is of the order of–
In a parallel bank with unequal branch resistances– 106 ms-1
The current is highest in the lowest R Rate of flow of electric charge through a given point
A tolerance of 20% in the value of carbon resistor is is known as– Current
represented by– Without any band A piece of aluminium (Al) and germanium (Ge) are
With the rise in temperature, the resistance of cooled fromT1 K to T2 K. The resistance of–
carbon– Decreases Aluminium decreases and that of
A substance whose molecules consist of dissimilar germanium increases
atoms is called– Compound The induction heat produced in a charge is given by
Boltzman constant represents the variation of Vx
voltage with– Temperature where V is voltage induced in the charge and R
The dimensions of force are – [MLT–2] R
Which have same dimensional formula – is the charge resistance. The value of 'X' is - 2
Work and Energy & Impulse and Momentum Find the resistance, if the colour code on a resistor
The device which does not have frequency reads Brown, Black, Red, Gold- 1000 Ω ± 5%
dependent properties on its own is– Resistor Convert 372°C into Kelvin Scale- 645K
n small droplets of same size are charged to the ........... expressions gives the Joule's law of heating?
same potential V. If they coalesce to form one drop, H∝I2Rt
then the potential of the drop will be– n2/3V Two resistors are said to be connected in series
Insulating materials have the function of– when – Same current passes in turn through both
Preventing a short circuit between Two unequal resistance are connected in parallel,
conducting wires then –
The minimum charge on an ion is– Large current flows through smaller resistance
Equal to the charge of an electron Which is true for the parallel connection of resistors-
............. conductor has lowest resistivity at 273K– Total power is equal to sum of
Silver individual branch power
Resistance of a material always decreases if– If two or more components are connected in they
Number of free electrons available becomes more have the same potential difference (voltage) across
.........are the materials having electrical conductivity their ends how is connected– Parallel
much less than most of the metals but much greater In which circuits is the total voltage drop equal to
than that of typical insulators– Semi-conductor the sum of the voltage drops in various element of
All good conductors have high– Conductance the circuits - Series electric circuit
International ohm is defined in terms of the The tolerance band of a colour-coded resistor having
resistance of– A column of mercury ±10% tolerance will be of ______colour- Silver
Pure metals generally have– High conductivity and One international ohm is equal to –
large temperature coefficient 1.00049 absolute ohm
The lightest particle is– Electron The SI unit of conductance is – Siemens
The heaviest particle is– Proton &Neutron The charge on one electron is – 1.602 × 10-19C
Basic Concept 13 YCT
 1 Joule of electrical energy equals – 1 Watt.sec ♦ One mega ohm equals to – 106 Ohm
An active element in a circuit is one which– If the energy is supplied from a source, whose
Supplies energy resistance is 1 Ohm, to a load of 100 Ohms the
Due to the properties of a conductor, does it pass source will be– A voltage source
current– Conductance Two long parallel conductors carrying currents in
The filament of an electric bulb is made up of opposite directions.............each other – Repel
tungsten because– Its melting point is high When a voltage is applied, the direction of electric
The fuse operate due to the...........effect of current- field is always from.........to..........Positive, Negative
Heating In parallel combination of resistance, the voltage –
The type of resistance has highest value of Same across each resistance
temperature coefficient is- Carbon Composition Electrical conductor opposes the flow of current
Ideal voltage source should have - through it – Resistance
Zero internal resistance Potential difference is measured in – Volts
……….was based upon the idea that the conduction In series combination of resistance, the current
through each resistance is – Same
of electric and thermal current in metals is by
The internal resistance of an ideal current source is –
electrons - Drude theory
Infinite
The symbol of current density is– J
The relationship between Electrical Power and
If the material has negative temperature coefficient, current is– Non-linear
the resistance….……with increase in temperature. When the current flows through the heater coil, it
Decreases will illuminate, but the power supply line will not
A practical current source is equivalent to an ideal illuminate because– Resistance of heater coil is
current source in parallel with… Low conductance more than supply wire
Is defining the unit of electric current. As the temperature of pure metal increases, the
Coulomb/sec, ampere and volt/Ω product of its resistivity and its conductivity–
Consider an element represent by the relationship Remains constant
between current i(t) and voltage v(t) as follows v(t) In series-parallel combination of resistance, the
= i2(t) this device is classified as - minimum number of resistance required is– Three
Non-linear time invariant If two equal resistances connected in series across a
For a given conductor, if the cross-sectional area certain supply are now connected in parallel across
increases, then– the same supply, the power produced will be............
Resistance of the conductor decreases that of series connection– Four times
If the voltage source has a very high internal Pertains to resistor only –
impedance when compared to the external load They can dissipate desirable amount of power
impedance, then it can be considered as: Determines total power in a series circuit –
Constant Current Source Multiplier of source voltage and current
Usually resistance used in electronic circuitly use - A current mirror can be used as an active load
Ohmic and wattage rating because – It has high AC resistance
If n identical resistance, each of resistance R are In a parallel circuit the potential difference across
connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance is. the resistance– Is always constant
An electromotive force is–
R
R-equivalent = The voltage produced by voltage source
n A current is said to be direct current when its–
In which circuits the transient currents may not Magnitude remains constant with time
occur– Pure resistive circuits For a voltage source –
If the voltage across an element in a circuit is Terminal voltage cannot exceed the source emf
linearly proportional to the current through it, then it Whenever current is supplied by a source its
is a– Resistor terminal voltage– Decreases
The ratio of voltage and current in a closed circuit– A conductors provides a path for flow of current in
Remains constant circuit due to property of– Conductance
The precision resistors are – Wire-wound resistors A circuit contains two unequal resistance in parallel,
The slope of the graphical representation of Ohm’s then– Potential difference across each is same
law represents .............. components– Resistance The resistance R offered by a conductor varies–
Electric field intensity at any point is equal to– Directly as the resistivity and length of the
Potential gradient at that point material and inversely as its cross sectional area
♦ Inside a conducting sphere, ................remains Reciprocal of resistance is called – Conductance
constant– Potential A practical voltage source consists of an ideal
♦ If a voltage changes instantly the current through a voltage source in– Series with internal resistance
resistor connected across it– Changes instantly To determine the polarity of the voltage drop across
♦ Under thermal and electrical system analogy, a resistor, it is necessary to know–
temperature is considered analogous to– Voltage Direction of current through the resistor
Basic Concept 14 YCT
 Two resistors are said to be connected in series Bulbs in street lighting are all connected in– Parallel
uniquely if– In resistance colour coding the value of 5 is
Same current passes in turn through both represented by– Green colour
To determine the value of the net resistance (R) for In............resistance increases with increase
three parallel resistor R1, R2, R3, we can use the temperature– Metals
equation– 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 The resistance of perfect insulator is– Infinite
The sum of currents entering a junction is 9A. If the The P.T.C. resistor is called– Sensistors
current leaves the junction from 3 different paths Constantan wire is used for making rheostat
having the same resistance, the current leaving from because– No change in resistance when
any one of the path will be– 3A temperature varies
For doubling the current in a circuit of constant When a voltage source is connected to a load, its
resistance the applied voltage must be – Doubled terminal voltage falls due to–
The combined resistance of two equal resistors High source impedance
connected in parallel is equal to– In a series circuit with unequal resistances–
1/2 the resistance of one resistors The highest resistance has the
In a four-branch parallel circuit, there are 50 mA of highest voltage drop
current in each branch. If one of the branches is Electric shock is– Sometimes fatal
open, the current in each of the other three branches
Voltage dependent resistors are usually made from–
is – Uneffected
Silicon carbide
If two or more components are connected in...........
Voltage dependent resistors are used–
then they have the same potential difference
(voltage) across their ends – Parallel To supress surges
An open inductive coil has– Infinite resistance When a voltage of one volt is applied, a circuit
For a human body the ear to ear resistance is about allows one microampere current to flow through it.
...........ohm– 100 ohm The conductance of the circuit is– 1 µ-℧
A resistance having rating 10 ohms, 10 W is likely The minimum requirements for causing flow of
to be– Wire wound resistor current are– A voltage source and a conductor
Resistance above..............is called high resistance– In absence of 150 Ω resistor it can build with–
0.1 Mega ohm Two 50 Ω in series and two 100 Ω parallel
Heat in a conductor is produced on the passes of
With the rise in temperature the insulating property
electric current due to– Resistance
of an insulator– Weakness
The thickness of insulation provided on the
If the voltage across a load is to be dropped, a
conductor depends on–
resistor should be placed in– Series
The magnitude of voltage on the conductor
For a dc voltage an inductor–
Resistance of a tungsten lamp...........as applied
voltage increase– Increases Is virtually a short circuit
Which one among Aluminium, Constantan, In a parallel combination of three resistances, the total
Mercury, Carbon have highest resistivity– Carbon resistance of a circuit is–
Keeping the length constant, the diameter of a wires R1 R 2 R 3
is reduced to one half. The new resistance will be– R1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R1 R 3
4 times of the original If the diameter of a metal wire of a given length is
For carbon resistance, The colour for 4 is– Yellow doubled, its resistance will– Be 1/4 th time
The length of a conductor is doubled and its area of If a number of resistors are connected in parallel, the
cross section is also doubled. Then its resistance will reciprocal of the combined resistance is equal to
be– Remain unchanged the– Sum of the reciprocal of the
Whether circuit may be AC or DC which is most individual resistances
effective in reducing the magnitude of the current– 1 Mega ohm, 1 Watt resistance is likely to be a–
Resistor Carbon resistor
When a low resistance is connected in parallel with In an electric circuit electrons flows from a point of–
a high resistance, the combined resistance is– Lower potential to higher potential
Always less than the low resistance When n numbers resistances of each value r are
In a lamp load when more than one lamp are connected in parallel, then the resultant resistance is
switched on the total resistance of the load– x. When these n resistances are connected in series.
Decreases total resistance is– n2x
When electric current passes through a bucket full of Four resistance R1, R2, R3 & R4 are connected in
water, lot of bubbling is observed. This suggests that series across a 220 V supply. The resistances are
the type of supply is– D.C. such that, R1 > R2 > R3 > R4. The least power
Resistance of carbon filament lamp............as the consumption will be in– R4
applied voltage increases– Decreases EMF in a circuit– Maintains potential difference
Basic Concept 15 YCT
 A resistance of 5 ohms is further drawn so that its Electron volt is the unit of – Energy
length becomes double. Its resistance will now be– Essential condition for the transfer of heat from
20Ω body to another by means of conduction–
For a fixed supply voltage the current flowing Both the bodies must be at different
through a conductor will increase when it– temperatures
Length is reduced The C.G.S. unit of heat is– Calorie
The substances which have a large number of free 1 newton is the same as– 105 dynes
electrons and offer a low resistance are called– One B.O.T. unit is – 1 kWh
Conductors SI symbol given by SI system for thermodynamic
............ happenes to the resistance of a conductor if temperature– K
its length is increased three times and diameter is .............. energy does a 100 watt bulb consume in
halved– Resistance is increased 12 times day – 2400 Wh
For current to flow, a circuit must be– Complete Electric current passing through the circuit
Temperature coefficient of resistance is defined as– produces–
Increase in resistance per ohm per 0C Magnetic effect, Luminous effect, Thermal effect
For a series as well as a parallel circuit–
If the efficiency of a machine is to be high, what
Powers are additive should be low– Losses
A resistor R1 dissipates the power P when connected
A heater with short circuited heating element is
to a certain generator. If resistance R2 is put in series
tested with a series test lamp, the test lamp will–
with R1, the power dissipated by R1– Decreases
Glow normally
Two resistances R1 and R2 are connected in series
across the voltage source where R2 > R1. The largest An electron having mass 'm' kg and charge 'e'
drop will be across– R2 coulomb travels from rest through a potential
The hot resistance of the bulb's filament is higher difference of 'V' volts. It has a kinetic energy of–
than its cold resistance because the temperature co- eV Joules
efficient of the filament is– Positive One newton meter is same as – One joule
Varistors are– Non-linear resistors The S.I. unit of electrical energy is – Joule
Insulating materials have the function of– 'Erg' is a unit of measurement for – Energy
Preventing a short circuit between conducting Sparking occurs when a load is switched off because
wires and leakage current the circuit has high– Inductance
In a conductor, current density is the– When resistance element of a heater fuses and then
Current flowing per unit area we reconnect it after removing a portion of it, the
R.a power of the heater will– Increase
Formula of specific resistance is– ρ= Ω-m If I, R and t are the current, resistance and time
ℓ
The resistivity of insulators at room temperature is– respectively, then according to joule's law heat
Between 109 to 1018 ohm cm produced will be proportional to– I2Rt
Which expression is electric field strength– E = D/ε If w is energy, t is time and q is charge in an element
In M.K.S. system one Kilo Watt is equal to– dw
then the voltage across the element is–
1.35 HP dq
Which material has 95% electrical conductivity - One unit of electrical energy equals – 1 KWh
Silver Insulation resistance is expressed by – Mega ohm
The element which is capable of delivering energy Conduct the electricity easily – Sea water
by its own is known as– Active element Production of heat due to current is related by which
Potential Difference is– Scalar Quantity law– Joule's law
In power control circuit the resistor used are– The resistors are normally specified by–
Wire wound resistor Nominal value of the resistor, tolerance limit for
A rheostat differs from potentiometer in the respect the resistance value, loading capacity in watts
that it– Has higher wattage rating For testing appliances, the wattage of test lamp
Find unit of power is – Watt should be– High
The rate of doing work is called – Power For determining of sign for emf a rise in potential
One calorie heat energy is equal to the electrical should be considered– Both positive and negative
10-3 The heating element of an electric heater should be
energy of - kWh
860 made with a material which should have–
Neutral is a circuit conductor that normally carries High specific resistance and high melting point
...........back to the source- Current Ampere-hour is the unit of– Energy
Basic Concept 16 YCT