Maths Notes
Maths Notes
Mathematics
● Algebra:
○ Variables, constants, coefficients, expressions, and equations.
○ Solving linear and quadratic equations.
○ Functions and their graphs.
● Calculus:
○ Differentiation: Finding the rate of change (slope) of a function.
○ Integration: Finding the area under a curve or the accumulation of quantities.
● Geometry:
○ Shapes, angles, lines, and their properties.
○ Theorems like Pythagorean theorem, area and volume formulas.
● Statistics and Probability:
○ Mean, median, mode, standard deviation.
○ Probability rules, permutations, and combinations.
2. Physics
● Mechanics:
○ Motion, forces, energy, and momentum.
○ Newton’s laws of motion.
○ Kinetic and potential energy.
● Electromagnetism:
○ Electric fields, magnetic fields, and circuits.
○ Ohm’s law, Coulomb's law, Faraday's law of induction.
● Thermodynamics:
○ Heat, temperature, and the laws of thermodynamics.
○ Concepts like entropy, enthalpy, and work.
● Wave Physics:
○ Sound, light, and electromagnetic waves.
○ Properties of waves: frequency, wavelength, amplitude.
3. Chemistry
● Atomic Structure:
○ Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
○ Electron configuration and the periodic table.
● Chemical Bonding:
○ Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
○ Polar and nonpolar molecules.
● Acids and Bases:
○ pH scale, strong/weak acids and bases.
○ Acid-base reactions and neutralization.
● Organic Chemistry:
○ Hydrocarbons, functional groups, isomerism.
○ Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
4. Computer Science
● Programming:
○ Writing code in languages like Python, Java, or C++.
○ Basic concepts: variables, loops, conditionals, functions, and classes.
● Data Structures:
○ Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, and trees.
○ Searching and sorting algorithms.
● Operating Systems:
○ Processes, memory management, file systems, and networking.
● Database Management:
○ Relational databases, SQL queries, and normalization.
5. Economics
● Microeconomics:
○ The study of individual markets and consumer behavior.
○ Supply and demand, elasticity, and market equilibrium.
● Macroeconomics:
○ The study of the entire economy.
○ GDP, inflation, unemployment, and fiscal policies.
● International Economics:
○ Trade, exchange rates, and global economic policies.
● Public Finance:
○ Government spending, taxation, and budget deficits.
6. History
● Ancient Civilizations:
○ Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
○ Key events and figures, such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar.
● Middle Ages:
○ Feudalism, the rise of the Byzantine Empire, and the Black Death.
● Modern History:
○ The Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, World Wars, and the Cold War.
● World History:
○ The study of global interactions and movements such as colonialism,
revolutions, and human rights movements.
7. Literature
● Literary Analysis:
○ Analyzing themes, symbols, character development, and plot structure.
● Genres:
○ Poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction.
○ Classic works like Shakespeare, Homer, and modern literature.
● Writing Skills:
○ Compositions, essays, and creative writing.
○ Grammar, punctuation, and style.
8. Social Studies
● Geography:
○ Physical geography (mountains, rivers, climate).
○ Human geography (population, migration, urbanization).
● Political Science:
○ Study of government systems, political theories, and international relations.
○ The U.S. Constitution, political ideologies, and global organizations.
● Sociology:
○ The study of society, cultures, institutions, and social behavior.
○ Social change, inequality, and gender studies.
9. Business Studies
● Marketing:
○ The 4 Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
○ Market research, segmentation, and consumer behavior.
● Accounting:
○ Financial statements, balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow.
○ Budgeting, bookkeeping, and financial analysis.
● Management:
○ Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources.
○ Leadership styles, motivation theories, and organizational behavior.
10. Psychology
● Introduction to Psychology:
○ Study of the brain, behavior, and mental processes.
○ Theories of learning, memory, and perception.
● Developmental Psychology:
○ Stages of human development (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood).
○ Nature vs. nurture debates.
● Abnormal Psychology:
○ Mental health disorders: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, etc.
● Social Psychology:
○ Study of how people are influenced by others, group dynamics, and prejudice.