Unit 3

Install operating system and application Software

3.1. Operating Systems and Installation
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the
computer hardware, enabling the implementation of applications and coordinating various
system components. An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files,
processes, and memory. Thus, the operating system acts as the manager of all the resources. It
is one of the most required software that is present in the device.
3.1.1 Types of operating systems:
There are different types of operating systems, including:
 Windows: Developed by Microsoft and widely used in personal computers.
 Mac OS: Developed by Apple and used in Mac computers.
 Linux: An open-source operating system available in various distributions, Like Ubuntu.
Known for its flexibility and customization options. Linux offers a command-line
interface (CLI) along with graphical user interfaces (GUIs), catering to both novice and

advanced users.
 UNIX: A multi-user and multitasking operating system used in servers and enterprise
environments.
1. Windows

 Developer: Microsoft
 Release Date: 1985 (Windows 1.0)
 Type: Proprietary, Closed Source (but with open components like Windows
Subsystem for Linux)
 User Interface: Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Key Features:
 Widespread Compatibility: Windows is the most widely used OS for personal
computers, with extensive support for hardware and software, including a vast range of
third-party applications.

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  User-Friendly: Known for its ease of use, especially for non-technical users, due to its
graphical interface and consistent design.
 Software Ecosystem: Offers support for a large number of applications, from business
tools like Microsoft Office to high-end video games.
 Enterprise Integration: Windows is dominant in enterprise environments, with
enterprise management tools like Active Directory, Group Policy, and more.
 Security: Historically criticized for security vulnerabilities, though Windows 10 and 11
have added stronger security features like Windows Defender, Bit Locker, and regular
security patches.
 Customizability: Although not as open as Linux or mac OS, Windows allows extensive
customization of settings, and recent versions offer features like the Windows Subsystem
for Linux (WSL), enabling Linux utilities on Windows.
Common Use Cases:
 Personal computers, workstations, gaming, and business environments.
 Enterprise applications, especially in corporate and government sectors.

2. Linux
 Developer: Linus Torvalds (initially), with contributions from thousands of developers
worldwide.
 Release Date: 1991
 Type: Open Source, Free Software (most distributions)
 User Interface: Primarily command-line-based, but many suppliers offer graphical user
interfaces.
Key Features:
 Open Source: The source code is freely available to the public.
 Multiple Distributions (suppliers): Linux comes in various "distributions" or
“suppliers," each catering to different user needs, such as Ubuntu, and Arch Linux.
 Security: Linux is known for its robust security model. It's widely used for servers due to
its stability, security, and the availability of security tools like SELinux (Security-
Enhanced Linux).

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  Command-Line Power: While many Linux suppliers have graphical interfaces, much of
its power comes from using the terminal for advanced control and automation through
scripting.
 Performance: Highly efficient and can run on a wide range of hardware, from
supercomputers to embedded systems.
 Server Dominance: Linux powers a significant portion of the world's servers, including
web servers, databases, and cloud infrastructure.
Common Use Cases:
 Servers (web servers, databases, and file servers).
 Development environments, especially for programmers, system administrators, and
developers.
 Desktop computing (although it's not as common on desktops as Windows or mac OS,
Linux is popular among tech-savvy users).

3. Mac OS (formerly OS X)
 Developer: Apple Inc.
 Release Date: 2001 (OS X), rebranded as mac OS in 2016.
 Type: Proprietary, Closed Source (but has open components like Darwin)
 User Interface: Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Key Features:

 Built on UNIX: mac OS is based on BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) UNIX,

giving it a strong foundation in terms of stability, security, and performance.
 User Experience: Known for its polished, intuitive, and user-friendly interface. Mac OS
focuses on design, making it popular among designers, artists, and media professionals.
 Hardware-Software Integration: mac OS is designed specifically for Apple hardware,
which ensures seamless performance, optimized battery life, and better system
integration.
 Security: mac OS is regarded as a more secure system than Windows, partially because
of its UNIX-based architecture, fewer virus/malware threats, and strict App Store
policies.

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  Integration with Apple Ecosystem: mac OS works well with other Apple products
(iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch)
 Command-Line Access: mac OS has a powerful command-line interface.
Common Use Cases:
 Creative professionals (designers, filmmakers, photographers, musicians).
 Developers (especially I OS and mac OS app development).
 General personal use, especially for those already embedded in the Apple ecosystem.

4. UNIX
 Developer: AT&T Bell Labs (initially), later developed by many organizations (e.g.,
IBM, Sun Microsystems, HP).
 Release Date: 1969
 Type: Originally proprietary, but today, there are both open and proprietary versions of
UNIX (e.g., AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, FreeBSD).
 User Interface: Originally text-based, though many versions offer graphical interfaces.
Key Features:
 Multi-User, Multi-Tasking: UNIX was designed as a multi-user, multitasking operating
system from the start. It allows many users to work simultaneously and efficiently.
 Stability and Reliability: UNIX is known for its stability and robustness, making it a
preferred choice for mission-critical applications and servers.
 Security: UNIX has a strong security model, including user permissions and access
controls. Security is a major focus in its implementation.
 Modular Design: UNIX systems are built around small, modular programs that can be
combined to perform complex tasks.
 Command-Line Interface: Like Linux, UNIX is heavily command-line-based, offering
powerful control over the system for advanced users.
Common Use Cases:
 Servers: UNIX is a staple in enterprise data centers, often running on large-scale systems
and mainframes.
 Telecommunications: Many telecommunications systems run UNIX due to its stability
and scalability.

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  Embedded Systems: UNIX is used in embedded systems in various industries.
 Academic and Research: UNIX has been widely used in academic settings for research
and development.

Summary
Feature Windows Linux Mac OS UNIX

Developers,
Designers,
General users, system admins, Enterprise, servers,
creative, Apple
User Base businesses, server telecommunications,
ecosystem
gamers environments research
users

Paid Free/Open Paid open and proprietary

Cost
(Proprietary) Source (Proprietary)

open, and proprietary

Source Code Closed Open Closed

Interface GUI + CLI CLI + GUI GUI CLI (most versions)

Security Moderate High High Very High

Limited Limited to
Highly
Customizability (without Apple Highly customizable
customizable
advanced tools) ecosystem

Each of these operating systems has unique strengths, and the right choice depends on the user’s
specific needs whether for general computing, enterprise use, creative work, or server
management.

3.1.2. Operating system installation:

Operating system installation involves preparing the installation media (such as a DVD or USB
drive) and following a step-by-step installation process.
The installation process typically includes selecting the installation type, partitioning the hard
drive, specifying the installation location, and configuring system settings.
Operating System Installation steps
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The steps for installing an operating system may vary depending on the specific operating system
you are installing. However, here is a general outline of the steps involved in installing an
operating system:
1. Prepare for installation:
 Ensure that you have a compatible hardware setup for the operating system you are
installing.
 Back up any important data from the existing operating system if you are
performing a clean installation.
2. Prepare the operating system:
Download the operating system installation files from the official website or obtain a physical
installation disc or USB drive.
3. Create installation media (if necessary):
• If you have downloaded the operating system files, create a bootable USB drive or burn the
files to a DVD or CD using appropriate software.
4. Configure the BIOS/UEFI settings:
• Restart your computer and access the BIOS or UEFI settings by pressing the designated key
(usually displayed during the boot process).
• Configure the boot order to prioritize the installation media (USB or DVD drive) to boot from.
5. Start the installation process:
• Insert the installation media into the computer and restart it.
• Follow the on-screen prompts to start the installation process.
6. Select language and region settings:
• Choose your preferred language and region settings for the operating system.
7. Accept the license terms:
• Read and accept the license agreement for the operating system.
8. Choose the installation type:
• For a clean installation, select the option to install the operating system on a new or formatted
partition.
• For an upgrade installation, choose the option to upgrade the existing operating system.
9. Select the installation location:
• Choose the disk or partition where you want to install the operating system.

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10. Customize installation settings (if available):
• Some operating systems may provide additional customization options, such as selecting
specific features or components to install.
11. Wait for the installation to complete:
• The installation process may take some time, during which the operating system files will be
copied and configured on your computer.
12. Set up user accounts and preferences:
• Follow the prompts to create a user account and set up additional preferences, such as computer
name, password, network settings, etc.
13. Complete the installation:
• Once the installation is finished, the computer may restart.
• Remove the installation media (USB or DVD) when prompted.
14. Install device drivers and updates:
After the operating system installation is complete, install necessary device drivers for hardware
components, such as graphics cards, sound cards, etc.
Apply any available operating system updates and security patches.
15. Restore data and settings (if applicable):
• If you performed a clean installation, restore your backed-up data and settings to the newly
installed operating system.
16. Restart the computer:
• Restart the computer to ensure that all changes and settings are applied correctly.
These steps provide a general overview of the installation process, but it's important to refer to
the specific documentation or instructions provided by the operating system manufacturer for
detailed guidance.
3.2 Application Software Installation
3.2.1. Types of Application software:
Application software refers to programs designed for specific tasks or purposes, such as word
processing, spreadsheet management, graphic design, and multimedia editing.
There are several types of application software, each designed to fulfill specific purposes and
cater to different user needs. Here are some common types of application software:

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Word Processing Software: This type of software allows users to create, edit, and format text
documents. Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and Apple Pages.
Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet software enables users to manage and analyze numerical
data in the form of tables. It provides functions for calculations, data visualization, and data
manipulation. Examples include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and Apple Numbers.
Presentation Software: Presentation software is used to create visually appealing slideshows or
presentations. Users can add text, images, charts, and multimedia elements to convey
information effectively. Examples include Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides.
Database Software: Database software helps users store, manage, and organize large amounts
of structured data efficiently. It allows for data entry, querying, and generating reports. Examples
include Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle Database.
Graphics and Design Software: Graphics and design software are used to create and edit visual
content, such as images, illustrations, and layouts. They provide tools for image editing, vector
graphics, and page layout. Examples include Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and Corel
DRAW.
Web Browsers: Web browsers enable users to access and navigate websites on the internet.
They provide a graphical interface for browsing web pages, displaying text, images, videos, and
interactive content. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.
Communication Software: Communication software facilitates communication between
individuals or groups. It includes email clients, instant messaging applications, video
conferencing tools, and collaboration platforms. Examples include Microsoft Outlook, Gmail,
Skype, and etc.
Multimedia Software: Multimedia software allows users to create, edit, and play various types
of media content, such as audio, video, and images. It includes media players, video editors,
audio editing software, and graphic editing tools. Examples include Adobe Premiere Pro,
Windows Media Player and Audacity.
Utility Software: Utility software provides essential tools for system maintenance, optimization,
and security. It includes antivirus software, disk cleaners, file compression tools, and backup
software. Examples include Norton Antivirus, CCleaner, and WinRAR.

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Educational Software: Educational software is designed to support teaching and learning
processes. It includes interactive learning programs, language learning software, educational
games, and simulation tools. Like Rosetta stone, Moodle, and Scratch.
These are just a few examples of the diverse range of application software available.
3.2.2. Types of Software licensing:
Software licensing determines the terms and conditions under which software can be used.
Common licensing types include proprietary licenses (commercial software), open-source
licenses (freely available source code), and freeware licenses (free to use without restrictions).
3.2.3. Accessing minimum and maximum hardware and operating system requirements:
Before installing application software, it is important to check the minimum and maximum
hardware requirements specified by the software vendor.
These requirements include processor speed, RAM, storage space, and operating system version
compatibility.
Example: Confirm Windows 10 requirements
If the device already has Windows 10, the following major update will likely meet the minimum
hardware requirements. However, if you're about to upgrade a computer running Windows 7 or
Windows 8.1, you want to check that the device meets the minimum requirements.
Here are the minimum requirements to install Windows 10 versions 21H2, 22H2, and higher:
• Processor: 1GHz or System on a Chip
• Memory: 1GB for 32-bit or 2GB for 64-bit.
• Storage: 32GB for 64-bit or 32-bit.
• Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver.
• Display: 800x600.
You can use these instructions to check the device technical specifications to confirm you can do
a clean install of Windows 10.
3.2.4. Install, configure, and launch office applications:
The installation process for office applications typically involves running the installation file,
following on-screen prompts, and entering license information if required.
After installation, configuring the application involves setting preferences, customizing settings,
and connecting to external services if necessary. Launching office applications can be done by
clicking on their respective icons or through the Start menu or application launcher.

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3.2.5. Update and Remove Software:
Regular software updates are essential to ensure security, stability, and access to new features.
Updates can be obtained through official software update mechanisms or by downloading and
installing updates from the software vendor's website.
Software removal can be done through the operating system's built-in uninstallation process or
using dedicated uninstaller programs.
3.3. Installing Device Drivers
Installing device drivers is the process of installing software that enables communication
between the operating system and hardware devices. It involves downloading or using the
installation CD provided with the device, running the installer, and following on-screen
instructions. This ensures that the computer can effectively utilize the connected hardware device
and ensure proper functionality.
3.3.1. Drivers and their use:
Device drivers are software programs that enable communication between hardware devices and
the operating system. They allow the operating system to understand and utilize the specific
features and capabilities of different hardware components.
3.3.2. Driver installation methods:
There are different methods for installing device drivers, depending on the operating system and
the device being installed. Here are a few common methods:
1. Automatic installation through operating system updates: Many operating systems, such
as Windows, have built-in mechanisms to automatically detect and install drivers for compatible
hardware devices. These drivers are often obtained through regular system updates.
2. Manual installation using driver installation files:
Device manufacturer's website: Most hardware manufacturers provide driver downloads on
their websites. Find the appropriate driver for your device and operating system, and download
the driver installation file (usually in the form of an executable or archive file).
Device manager: In Windows, you can access the Device Manager by right-clicking on the Start
button and selecting "Device Manager." From there, Find the device you want to install a driver
for, right-click on it, and select "Update driver." You can choose to search for drivers
automatically or browse your computer for driver software

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