MOOKAMBIGAICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING

SrinivasaNagar,Kalamavur,Pudukkottai– 622502

Department of Information Technology

CS3591–Computer Networks
(Regulation–2021)
 SYLLABUS
CS3591 COMPUTER NETWORKS LTPC
0042
OBJECTIVES:
 Tolearnandusenetworkcommands.
 Tolearnsocket programming.
 Toimplementandanalyzevariousnetworkprotocols.
 Tolearnandusesimulationtools.
 Tousesimulationtoolstoanalyzetheperformanceofvariousnetworkprotocols.
LISTOFEXPERIMENTS
1. Learn to use commands like tcpdump, netstat, ifconfig, nslookup and
traceroute.CapturepingandtraceroutePDUsusinganetworkprotocol
analyzer and examine.
2. WriteaHTTPwebclientprogramtodownloadawebpageusingTCPsockets.
3. ApplicationsusingTCPsocketslike:
 Echoclientandechoserver
 Chat
4. SimulationofDNSusingUDPsockets.
5. Illustrate a tool like wireshark to capture and examine the packets.
6. WriteacodesimulatingARP/RARPprotocols.
7. StudyofNetworksimulator(NS)andSimulationofCongestionControlAlgorithms using
NS.
8. StudyofTCP/UDPperformanceusingSimulationtool.
9. SimulationofDistanceVector/LinkStateRoutingalgorithm.
10. Simulationoferrorcorrectioncode(likeCRC).
TOTAL:60PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
UponCompletionofthecourse,thestudentswillbeable to:
 ImplementvariousprotocolsusingTCPandUDP.
 Comparetheperformanceofdifferenttransportlayerprotocols.
 Usesimulationtoolstoanalyzetheperformanceofvariousnetworkprotocols.
 Analyzevariousroutingalgorithms.
 Implementerrorcorrectioncodes.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30

STUDENTS:LABORATORYREQUIREMENTFOR

BATCHOF30STUDENTS:
HARDWARE:
1. Standalonedesktops 30 Nos

SOFTWARE:
2. C/C++/Java/Python/EquivalentCompiler 30
3. NetworksimulatorlikeNS2/Glomosim/OPNET/PacketTracer/Equivalent
Exp #1 Networking Commands
Date:

1. ping
VerifiesIP-levelconnectivity toanotherTCP/IPcomputer by sending InternetControl Message
Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages. The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages
aredisplayed,along with round-trip times.Ping is theprimary TCP/IP command used to
troubleshoot connectivity, reachability, and name resolution.

TotestaTCP/IPconfiguration,pingtheloopbackaddressby typingping127.0.0.1
Theresultsshouldtelliftheconnectionwassuccessfulorifthereisanylostpacketsdueto poor network
connection or congestion.

2. ifconfig/ipconfig
Displays basic current TCP/IP network configuration. It is very useful to troubleshoot
networking problems.ipconfig/allis used to provide detailed information such as IP
address, subnet mask, MAC address, DNS server, DHCP server, default gateway etc.
ipconfig/renew is used to renew a DHCP assigned IP address whereas
ipconfig/releaseis used to discardthe assigned DHCP IP address.

3. traceroutet/tracert
Displays the path taken to a destination by sending ICMP Echo Request messages to the
destination with TTL field values. The path displayed is the list of nearest router interfacestaken
along each hop in the path between source host and destination.

1
4. netstat
DisplaysactiveTCPconnections,portsonwhichthecomputerislistening,Ethernet statistics, IP
routing table, IPv4 statistics and IPv6 statistics. It indicates state of a TCP
connection.it'sahelpfultoolin findingproblemsanddeterminingtheamountoftrafficon the network
as a performance measurement.

5. nslookup
It provides a command-line utility for querying DNS table of a DNS Server. It returns IPaddress
for the given host name.

2
6. tcpdump
tcpdumpisa most powerful andwidely usedcommand-linepacketssniffer orpackage
analyzertoolwhichisusedtocaptureorfilterTCP/IPpacketsthatreceivedortransferred over a
network on a specific interface for analysis.

Result
ThusTCP/IPnetworkcommandutilitieswereexecuted.

3
Exp# 1a PingCommand
Date:

Aim
TotestthecommunicationbetweenhostsatIPlevelusingPingcommand.

Algorithm
1. GetIPaddress/domainnamefromtheuser.
2. Createaruntimeenvironment.
3. Executepingcommandwithgiveninputas parameter.
4. Analysetheoutput
5. Stop

4
Program

// PingServer.java : Simple Ping Program

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

classPingServer
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
try
{
Stringstr;
System.out.print("Enter IP address/domain name: ");
BufferedReader buf1=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String ip = buf1.readLine();
Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = rt.exec("ping " + ip);
InputStream in = p.getInputStream();
BufferedReaderbuf2=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(in));while((
str=buf2.readLine()) != null)
{
System.out.println(""+str);
}
}
catch(Exceptione)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

5
Output

$javacPingServer.java
$javaPingServer
EnterIPaddress/domainname:gmail.com

PINGgmail.com(216.58.199.165)56(84)bytesofdata.

64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=1ttl=58 time=34.7ms

64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=2ttl=58 time=36.2ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=3ttl=58 time=32.0ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=4ttl=58 time=32.4ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=5ttl=58 time=31.5ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=6ttl=58 time=32.8ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=7ttl=58 time=31.1ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=8ttl=58 time=32.7ms
64 bytes from bom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net (216.58.199.165): icmp_req=9ttl=58 time=31.8ms
64bytesfrombom05s08-in-f5.1e100.net(216.58.199.165):icmp_req=10ttl=58time=31.4ms

^C

---gmail.compingstatistics---

10 packets transmitted, 10 received, 0% packet loss, time

9011ms

rttmin/avg/max/mdev=31.148/32.724/36.287/1.547ms

Result
ThususingPingcommand,connectiveandcommunicativestatusisdetermined.

6
Exp# 1b TracerouteCommand
Date:

Aim
TotracethepathtraversedbyapacketfromhosttodestinationusingTraceroute command.

Algorithm
1. Getdomainnamefromtheuser.
2. Createaruntimeenvironment.
3. Executetraceroutecommandwithgiveninputasparameter.
4. Analysetheoutput
5. Stop

7
Program

// TraceServer.java : Traceroute Program

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

classTraceServer
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
try
{
Stringstr;
System.out.print("Enter domain name : ");
BufferedReader buf1=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String ip = buf1.readLine();
Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = rt.exec("tracert " + ip);
InputStream in = p.getInputStream();
BufferedReaderbuf2=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(in));while((
str=buf2.readLine()) != null)
{
System.out.println(""+str);
}
}
catch(Exceptione)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

8
Output

$javacTraceServer.java
$javaTraceServer
Enterdomainname:yahoo.com

Tracingroutetoyahoo.com[206.190.36.45]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 <1ms <1ms <1ms172.16.4.4

2 18ms 17ms 10ms182.19.59.114
3 154ms 184ms 158ms182.19.115.233
4 158ms 156ms 155msae5-xcr2.lsw.cw.net[166.63.217.41]
5 232ms 224ms 230msae11-xcr1.lns.cw.net[195.2.25.206]
6 155ms 155ms 170msae1-xcr1.ltw.cw.net[195.2.24.125]
7 233ms 234ms 232mset-9-1-0-xcr2.nyk.cw.net[195.2.8.46]
8 243ms 230ms 228mspat1.nyc.yahoo.com[198.32.118.24]
9 230ms 260ms 231msae7.pat1.dce.yahoo.com[216.115.104.120]
10 243ms 245ms 244msae-6.pat1.che.yahoo.com[216.115.96.81]
11 334ms 318ms 294msae-5.pat1.dnx.yahoo.com[216.115.96.34]
12 303ms 313ms 335msae-8.pat2.gqb.yahoo.com[216.115.96.204]
13 314ms 319ms 316mset-18-1-0.msr2.gq1.yahoo.com[66.196.67.115]
14 * 301ms 304mset-19-1-0.clr2-a-gdc.gq1.yahoo.com[67.195.37.99]
15 306ms 311ms 305msUNKNOWN-67-195-1-X.yahoo.com[67.195.1.251]
16 307ms 309ms 300mspo-16.bas2-7-prd.gq1.yahoo.com[206.190.32.43]
17 303ms 312ms 303msir1.fp.vip.gq1.yahoo.com[206.190.36.45]

Tracecomplete.

Result
Thususingtraceroutecommand,pathtraversedbythepacketisdetermined.

9
Exp#2 WebPageDownload
Date:

Aim
TodownloadawebpageusingjavaURLmethod.

Algorithm
1. GetURLfromtheuser.
2. Createafileinstancetostorethedownloadedpage.
3. DownloadthepageusingjavaURLmethods.
4. Viewthedownloadpage
5. Stop

10
Program

// Java file to download a Web page – DownloadPage.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

classMyDownload
{
publicvoidDownload()throwsException
{
try
{
StringWebPage,MyPage;
BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));

// URL Instance
System.out.print("Enter the URL : ");
WebPage = br.readLine();
URLurl=newURL(WebPage);

//FileInstance
System.out.print("Enter filename to store : ");
MyPage = br.readLine();
FileOut=newFile(MyPage);
FileOutputStreamFOS=newFileOutputStream(Out);

//Dowloadthepage
InputStream in = url.openStream();
byte buf[] = new byte[1024];
inti,len;
while((len=in.read(buf))>0)
{
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
FOS.write((char)buf[i]);
}
}

// Close the streams

in.close();
FOS.close();

}
catch(MalformedURLExceptionM)
{
System.out.println(M);
}

11
 catch(ExceptionE)
{
System.out.println(E);
}
}
}

classDownloadPage
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsException
{
StringChoice;
BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));MyDownloa
d MDP = new MyDownload();
MDP.Download();
System.out.println("Downloadcomplete.Viewthefile");
}
}

12
Output

$javacDownloadPage.java
$javaDownloadPage
Enter the URL : http://www.google.co.in
Enter filename to store : mypage.html
Download complete. View the file

Result
ThususingjavaURLmethods,awebpageisdownloaded.

13
 TCPSockets

A socketis an endpointof a two-way communication link between twoprograms running on

thenetwork.Socketis bound toa port number sothatthe TCPlayer can identify the application that
data is destined to be sent. User-level process/services generally use port number value > 1024.
TCP provides a reliable, point-to-point communication channel that client-serverapplicationon
theInternet use tocommunicatewith each other.Examples are FTP and Telnet.

To communicate over TCP, a client program anda server program establish a connection toone
another. Each program binds a socket to its end of the connection. A server runs on a specific
computer and has a socket that is bound to a specific port number. The server waits, listening to
the socket for a connection request from the client.

On the client-side,theclientknows thehostnameof the machineon which theserveris running

andtheport number on which theserveris listening.Tomakea connection request,
theclienttriestomakecontactwiththeserverontheserver'smachineandport.Theclient alsoneeds
toidentify itselftotheserversoitbinds toalocal portnumberthatitwill use during this connection.

If everything goes well, the server accepts the connection. Upon acceptance, the server gets a
newsocketboundtothesamelocal portandalsohasitsremoteendpointsettothe address andport of the
client. It needs anew socket so that it can continue to listen to the original socket for connection
requests while tending to the needs of the connectedclient.

On the client side, if the connection is accepted, a socket is successfully created and the client
canusethesockettocommunicatewiththeserver.Theclientandservercannow communicate by
writing to or reading through I/O streams from their sockets and eventually close it.

The two key classes from the java.net package used in creation of server and client programs
are:
 ServerSocket
 Socket

14
Exp# 3a TCPEchoServer/Client
Date:

Aim
ToimplementechoserverandclientinjavausingTCPsockets.

Algorithm

Server
1. Createaserversocket.
2. Waitforclienttobeconnected.
3. Readtextfromtheclient
4. Echothetextbacktotheclient.
5. Repeatsteps 4-5until‘bye’or‘null’isread.
6. ClosetheI/Ostreams
7. Closetheserversocket
8. Stop

Client
1. Createasocketandestablishconnectionwiththeserver
2. Getinputfromuser.
3. If equaltobyeornull,thengotostep7.
4. Sendtexttotheserver.
5. Displaythetextechoedbytheserver
6. Repeatsteps2-4
7. ClosetheI/Ostreams
8. Closetheclientsocket
9. Stop

15
Program

// TCP Echo Server--tcpechoserver.java

import java.net.*;
importjava.io.*;

publicclasstcpechoserver
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]arg)throwsIOException
{
ServerSocket sock = null;
BufferedReader fromClient = null;
OutputStreamWriter toClient = null;
Socket client = null;
try
{
sock = new ServerSocket(4000);
System.out.println("Server Ready");
client = sock.accept();
System.out.println("Client Connected");
fromClient = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
toClient = new
OutputStreamWriter(client.getOutputStream());
String line;
while(true)
{
line=fromClient.readLine();
if ( (line == null) || line.equals("bye"))
break;
System.out.println ("Client [ " + line + " ]");
toClient.write("Server [ "+ line +" ]\n");
toClient.flush();
}
fromClient.close();
toClient.close();
client.close();
sock.close();
System.out.println("ClientDisconnected");
}
catch(IOExceptionioe)
{
System.err.println(ioe);
}
}
}

16
//TCPEchoClient--tcpechoclient.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

publicclasstcpechoclient
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsIOException
{
BufferedReader fromServer = null, fromUser = null;
PrintWriter toServer = null;
Socket sock = null;
try
{
if(args.length==0)
sock=newSocket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(),
4000);
else
sock=newSocket(InetAddress.getByName(args[0]),
4000);
fromServer=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(sock.getInputStream()));fromUse
r = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
toServer = new PrintWriter(sock.getOutputStream(),
true
String Usrmsg, Srvmsg;
System.out.println("Type \"bye\" to quit");
while (true)
{
System.out.print("Enter msg to server : ");
Usrmsg = fromUser.readLine();
if(Usrmsg==null||Usrmsg.equals("bye"))
{
toServer.println("bye");
break;
}
else
toServer.println(Usrmsg);
Srvmsg = fromServer.readLine();
System.out.println(Srvmsg);
}
fromUser.close();
fromServer.close();
toServer.close();
sock.close();
}
catch(IOExceptionioe)
{
System.err.println(ioe);
}

17
 }
}

Output

ServerConsole
$javactcpechoserver.java
$ java tcpechoserver
Server Ready
Client Connected
Client [ hello ]
Client [ how are you ]
Client [ i am fine ]
Client [ ok ]
ClientDisconnected

ClientConsole
$javactcpechoclient.java
$ java tcpechoclient
Type "bye" to quit
Enter msg to server : hello
Server [ hello ]
Enter msg to server : how are you
Server [ how are you ]
Enter msg to server : i am fine
Server [ i am fine ]
Enter msg to server : ok
Server [ ok ]
Entermsgtoserver:bye

Result
Thus data from client toserver is echoed back to the client to check reliability/noise level
of the channel.

18
Exp# 3b TCPChatServer/Client
Date:

Aim
Toimplementachatserverandclientin javausingTCPsockets.

Algorithm

Server
1. Createaserversocket
2. Waitforclienttobeconnected.
3. ReadClient'smessageanddisplayit
4. Getamessagefromuserandsendittoclient
5. Repeatsteps 3-4untiltheclientsends"end"
6. Closeall streams
7. Closetheserverandclientsocket
8. Stop

Client
1. Createaclientsocketandestablishconnectionwiththeserver
2. Getamessagefromuserandsendittoserver
3. Readserver'sresponseanddisplay it
4. Repeatsteps2-3untilchatisterminatedwith"end"message
5. Closeallinput/outputstreams
6. Closetheclientsocket
7. Stop

19
Program
// TCP Chat Server--tcpchatserver.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class tcpchatserver
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsException
{
PrintWritertoClient;BufferedReader
fromUser, fromClient; try
{
ServerSocket Srv = new ServerSocket(5555);
System.out.print("\nServer started\n");
Socket Clt = Srv.accept();
System.out.println("Client connected");
toClient = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new
OutputStreamWriter(Clt.getOutputStream())), true);
fromClient=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(Clt.getInputStream()));fro
mUser = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String CltMsg, SrvMsg;
while(true)
{
CltMsg= fromClient.readLine();
if(CltMsg.equals("end"))
break;
else
{
System.out.println("\nServer<<<"+
CltMsg);
System.out.print("Message to Client : ");
SrvMsg = fromUser.readLine();
toClient.println(SrvMsg);
}
}
System.out.println("\nClient Disconnected");
fromClient.close();
toClient.close();
fromUser.close();
Clt.close();
Srv.close();
}
catch(ExceptionE)
{
System.out.println(E.getMessage());
}
}
}

20
// TCP Chat Client--tcpchatclient.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class tcpchatclient
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsException
{
Socket Clt;
PrintWriter toServer;
BufferedReader fromUser, fromServer;
try
{
if(args.length>1)
{
System.out.println("Usage: java hostipaddr");
System.exit(-1);
}
if(args.length==0)
Clt = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(),5555);
else
Clt=newSocket(InetAddress.getByName(args[0]),
5555);
toServer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new
OutputStreamWriter(Clt.getOutputStream())), true);
fromServer=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(Clt.getInputStream()));fro
mUser = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String CltMsg, SrvMsg;
System.out.println("Type \"end\" to Quit");
while (true)
{
System.out.print("\nMessage to Server : ");
CltMsg = fromUser.readLine();
toServer.println(CltMsg);
if (CltMsg.equals("end"))
break;
SrvMsg = fromServer.readLine();
System.out.println("Client <<<" + SrvMsg);
}
}
catch(ExceptionE)
{
System.out.println(E.getMessage());
}
}
}

21
Output

ServerConsole
$javactcpchatserver.java
$ java tcpchatserver
Server started
Client connected

Server<<<hi
MessagetoClient:hello

Server <<< how r u?

Message to Client : fine

Server <<< me too

Message to Client : bye

ClientDisconnected

ClientConsole
$javactcpchatclient.java
$ java tcpchatclient
Type "end" to Quit

Message to Server : hi
Client <<< hello

Message to Server : how r u?

Client <<< fine

Message to Server : me too

Client <<< bye

MessagetoServer:end

Result
ThusboththeclientandserverexchangedatausingTCPsocketprogramming.

22
 UDPSockets

TCP guarantees the delivery of packets and preserves their order on destination. Sometimes
thesefeaturesarenotrequired,sincetheydonotcomewithoutperformancecosts,itwould
bebettertousealightertransportprotocolsuchasUDP(UserDatagramProtocol).UDPis an unreliable
protocol, i.e., it does not include software mechanisms for retrying ontransmissionfailuresor
datacorruption (unlikeTCP),andhasrestrictionson messagelength (<
65536bytes).ExamplesareNFS,DNS,SNMP,Clock Server,Ping,VoIP,onlinegames etc.

Unlike TCP there is no concept of a connection, UDPis a protocol that sends independent
packetsof data,calleddatagrams,fromonecomputertoanotherwithnoguarantees about arrival and
sequencing. No packet has any knowledge of the preceding or following
packet.Therecipientdoesnotacknowledgepackets,thereby thesenderdoesnotknow whether the
transmission was successful. The format of datagram packet is

Message Length Host ServerPort

A program can use a single UDP socket to communicate with more than one host and port
number, butitisconvenientformostUDPclientprogramstomaintain thefictionthatthereis a
connection, by keeping a local record of each serverhost and port number.A UDP server
doesnothavetolistenforandacceptclientconnections,andaUDPclientneednotconnect to a server.

Javasupportsdatagramcommunicationthroughthefollowingclasses:
 DatagramPacket
 DatagramSocket

TheDatagramPacketobjectisthedatacontainer,whiletheDatagramSocketisthe mechanism used to send or

receive the DatagramPackets.

23
Exp#4 UDPDNSServer/Client
Date:

Aim
ToimplementaDNSserverandclientinjavausingUDPsockets.

Algorithm

Server
1. DefineaarrayofhostsanditscorrespondingIPaddressinanotherarray
2. Createadatagramsocket
3. Createadatagrampackettoreceiveclientrequest
4. Readthedomainnamefromclienttoberesolved
5. Lookupthehostarrayforthedomainname
6. Iffoundthenretrievecorrespondingaddress
7. Constructadatagrampackettosendresponsebacktotheclient
8. Repeatsteps3-7toresolvefurtherrequestsfromclients
9. Closetheserversocket
10. Stop

Client
1. Createadatagramsocket
2. Getdomainnamefromuser
3. Constructadatagrampackettosenddomainnametotheserver
4. Createadatagrampackettoreceiveservermessage
5. IfitcontainsIPaddressthendisplayit,elsedisplay"Domaindoesnotexist"
6. Closetheclientsocket
7. Stop

24
Program

// UDP DNS Server -- udpdnsserver.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

publicclassudpdnsserver
{
privatestaticintindexOf(String[]array,Stringstr)
{
str=str.trim();
for(inti=0;i<array.length;i++)
{
if (array[i].equals(str))
return i;
}
return-1;
}

publicstaticvoidmain(Stringarg[])throwsIOException
{
String[]hosts={"yahoo.com","gmail.com",
"cricinfo.com", "facebook.com"};
String[] ip = {"68.180.206.184", "209.85.148.19",
"80.168.92.140","69.63.189.16"};
System.out.println("PressCtrl+CtoQuit");

while(true)
{
DatagramSocket serversocket=new DatagramSocket(1362);
byte[] senddata = new byte[1021];
byte[]receivedata=newbyte[1021];

DatagramPacket recvpack = new

DatagramPacket(receivedata, receivedata.length);
serversocket.receive(recvpack);
String sen = new String(recvpack.getData());
InetAddress ipaddress = recvpack.getAddress();
int port = recvpack.getPort();
Stringcapsent;
System.out.println("Requestforhost"+sen);

if(indexOf(hosts,sen)!=-1) capsent =
ip[indexOf (hosts, sen)];
else
capsent = "Host Not Found";
senddata=capsent.getBytes();
DatagramPacketpack=newDatagramPacket(senddata,
senddata.length,ipaddress,port);
serversocket.send(pack);

25
 serversocket.close();
}
}
}

//UDP DNS Client -- udpdnsclient.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

publicclassudpdnsclient
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsIOException
{
BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
DatagramSocket clientsocket = new DatagramSocket();
InetAddress ipaddress;
if(args.length==0)
ipaddress = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
else
ipaddress = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
byte[] senddata = new byte[1024];
byte[] receivedata = new byte[1024];
int portaddr = 1362;

System.out.print("Enter the hostname : ");

String sentence = br.readLine();
Senddata=sentence.getBytes();
DatagramPacketpack=newDatagramPacket(senddata,
senddata.length, ipaddress,portaddr);
clientsocket.send(pack);

DatagramPacketrecvpack=newDatagramPacket(receivedata,
receivedata.length);
clientsocket.receive(recvpack);
String modified = new String(recvpack.getData());
System.out.println("IP Address: " + modified);
clientsocket.close();
}
}

26
Output

ServerConsole
$javacudpdnsserver.java
$ java udpdnsserver
Press Ctrl + C to Quit
Requestforhostyahoo.com

ClientConsole
$javacudpdnsclient.java
$javaudpdnsclient
Enter the hostname : yahoo.com
IP Address: 68.180.206.184

Result
Thusdomainnamerequestsbytheclientareresolvedintotheirrespectivelogical address using
lookup method.

27
 EXP #5: Illustrate wireshark tool to capture and examine the packets

Aim:

To Illustrate a tool like wireshark to capture and examine the packets.

Algorithm:

 Open Wireshark.
 Set a capture filter, and select the interface on which to capture.
 Start the capture.
 Generate traffic by connecting to a website, pinging a remote device or attempting any
other network connection.
 Stop the capture.

28
Result:
Thus the above experiment was successfully executed and completed.

29
 AddressResolution

 Ahost orroutertosendan IPdatagram,needs toknowboththelogicalandphysical address of

the destination.

AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)
 AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)enablesasourcehosttoknowthephysical address of
another node when the logical address is known.
 ARP relies on broadcast support from physical networks such as ethernet, token
ring,etc.
 ARPisarequest/replyprotocol
o ARPRequestpacketisbroadcastedbythesourcehost
o ARPReplypacketissentbydestinationhosttosourcehost
 ARPenables eachhoston anetwork tobuildupa mappingtablebetweenIPaddress and
physical address.

ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol(RARP)
 AdisklessworkstationbootedfromitsROMornewlybootedworkstationdoesnot know its IP
address as it is assigned by the network administrator.
 ReverseAddressResolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahosttofinditsIPaddress using RARP
request (broadcasted) and RARP reply.
 RARPisreplacedbyprotocolssuchasBOOTPandDHCP.

30
Exp# 6a ARPClient/Server
Date:

Aim
ToknowthephysicaladdressofahostwhenitslogicaladdressisknownusingARP protocol.

Algorithm

Target/Server
1. Createaserversocket.
2. Acceptclientconnection.
3. ReadIPaddressfromtheclientrequest
4. Checkitsconfigurationfileandcomparewithitslogicaladdress.
5. Ifthereisamatch,sendthehostphysicaladdress.
6. Stop

Client
1. Createasocket.
2. SendIPaddresstothetargetmachine
3. Receivetarget'sresponse
4. IfitisaMACaddressthendisplayitandgotostep6
5. Display "Hostnotfound"
6. Stop

31
Program

// ARP Server -- arpserver.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

classarpserver
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsIOException
{
try
{
ServerSocket soc = new ServerSocket(2500);
System.out.println("Server started");
Socket client = null;
client = soc.accept();
String str;

PrintStreamps=new
PrintStream(client.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = r.exec("ifconfig eth0");
BufferedReader pin=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));S
tring haddr = "";
String ipaddr = br.readLine();
int flag = 0;

while((str=pin.readLine())!=null)
{
System.out.println(str);
if((str.indexOf("HWaddr")) != -1)
{
int tlen = str.length();
int hlen = tlen - 19;
haddr=str.substring(hlen,tlen);
}
elseif((str.indexOf(ipaddr))!=-1)
{
flag=1;
}
}
if (flag == 1)
ps.println(haddr);

ps.close();
br.close();
pin.close();
client.close();

32
 soc.close();
}
catch(IOExceptionio)
{
System.err.println("Exception:"+io.toString());
}
}
}

// ARP Client -- arpclient.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

classarpclient
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
try
{
Socket client = new Socket("localhost", 2500);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
PrintStreamps=new
PrintStream(client.getOutputStream());St
ring ipaddr,haddr = null;
BufferedReader sin = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));

System.out.print("Enter the IP address : ");

ipaddr = br.readLine();
ps.println(ipaddr);
haddr = sin.readLine();
if (haddr == null)
System.out.println("Host does not exist");
else
System.out.println("Physical Address " + haddr);
ps.close();
br.close();
client.close();
}
catch(IOExceptionio)
{
System.err.println(io.toString());
}
}
}

33
Output

Server
$javacarpserver.java
$ java arpserver
Server started
eth0 Linkencap:EthernetHWaddrB8:AC:6F:1B:AB:06
inetaddr:172.16.12.251Bcast:172.255.255.255Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6addr:fe80::baac:6fff:fe1b:ab06/64Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICASTMTU:1500Metric:1
RX packets:450 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TXpackets:127errors:0dropped:0overruns:0carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RXbytes:48118(46.9KiB)TXbytes:21025(20.5KiB)
Interrupt:16

Client
$javacarpclient.java
$javaarpclient
Enter the IP address : 172.16.12.251
Physical Address B8:AC:6F:1B:AB:06

Result
ThususingARPprotocol,server’sMACaddressisobtained.

34
Exp# 6b RARPClient/Server
Date:

Aim
ToknowthelogicaladdressofahostwhenitsphysicaladdressisknownusingRARP protocol.

Algorithm

Target/Server
1. Createaserversocket.
2. Acceptclientconnection.
3. ReadMACaddressfromtheclientrequest
4. Checkitsconfigurationfileandcomparewithitsphysicaladdress.
5. Ifthereisamatch,sendthehostlogicaladdress.
6. Stop

Client
1. Createasocket.
2. Sendphysicaladdresstothetargetmachine
3. Receivetarget'sresponse
4. Ifit isaIPaddressthen displayitandgotostep6
5. Display "Hostnotfound"
6. Stop

35
Program

// RARP Server -- rarpserver.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;
classrarpserver
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsIOException
{
try
{
ServerSocket soc = new ServerSocket(2500);
System.out.println("Server started");
Socket client = null;
client = soc.accept();
String str;
PrintStreamps=new
PrintStream(client.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = r.exec("ifconfig eth0");
BufferedReader pin = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));S
tring ipaddr = "";
String haddr = br.readLine();
int flag = 0;
while((str=pin.readLine())!=null)
{
System.out.println(str);
if((str.indexOf(haddr))!=-1)
{
flag=1;
}
elseif((str.indexOf("inetaddr"))!=-1)
{
int pos = str.indexOf("inet addr:") + 10;
int offset = pos + 13;
ipaddr=str.substring(pos,offset);
}
}
if (flag == 1)
ps.println(ipaddr);
ps.close();
br.close();
pin.close();
client.close();
soc.close();

36
 }
catch(IOExceptionio)
{
System.err.println("Exception:"+io.toString());
}
}
}

// RARP Client -- rarpclient.java

import java.io.*;
importjava.net.*;

classrarpclient
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
try
{
Socket client = new Socket("localhost", 2500);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
PrintStreamps=new
PrintStream(client.getOutputStream());St
ring haddr,ipaddr = null;
BufferedReader sin = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
System.out.print("Enter the physical address : ");
haddr = br.readLine();
ps.println(haddr);ipaddr
= sin.readLine(); if
(ipaddr == null)
System.out.println("Host does not exist");
else
System.out.println("Logical Address " + ipaddr);
ps.close();
br.close();
client.close();
}
catch(IOExceptionio)
{
System.err.println(io.toString());
}
}
}

37
Output

Server
$javacrarpserver.java
$ java rarpserver
Server started
eth0 Linkencap:EthernetHWaddrB8:AC:6F:1B:AB:06
inetaddr:172.16.12.251Bcast:172.255.255.255Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6addr:fe80::baac:6fff:fe1b:ab06/64Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICASTMTU:1500Metric:1
RX packets:450 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TXpackets:127errors:0dropped:0overruns:0carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RXbytes:48118(46.9KiB)TXbytes:21025(20.5KiB)
Interrupt:16

Client
$javacrarpclient.java
$javararpclient
Enter the physical address : B8:AC:6F:1B:AB:06
Logical Address 172.16.12.251

Result
ThususingRARPprotocol,IPaddressoftheserverisobtained.

38
Exp#7 NS2SIMULATION
Date:

Asimulatorisadevice,softwareorsystemwhichbehavesoroperateslikeagivensystem when provided

with a set of controlled inputs. The need for simulators is:
 Provideuserswithpracticalfeedbacksuchasaccuracy,efficiency,cost,etc.,when designing
real world systems.
 Permitsystemdesignerstostudyatseveraldifferentlevelsofabstraction
 Simulationcangiveresultsthatarenotexperimentallymeasurablewithourcurrent level of
technology.
 Simulationstakethebuilding/rebuildingphaseoutoftheloopbyusingthemodel already
created in the design phase.
 Effectivemeansforteachingordemonstratingconceptstostudents.
 AfewpopularnetworksimulatorsareNS-2,OPNET,GLOMOSIM,etc.

NetworkSimulatorNS2
NS2 is an object-oriented, discrete event driven network simulator developed at UC Berkley
written in C++ and OTcl (Object-oriented Tool Command Language). NS is useful for
simulatinglocalandwideareanetworks.NS2isanopen-sourcesimulationtoolthat primarily runs on
Linux (cygwin for Windows). The features of NS2 are:
 Isadiscreteeventsimulatorfornetworkingresearch
 Worksatpacketlevel.
 ProvidesupporttosimulatebunchofprotocolslikeTCP,UDP,FTP,etc.
 Simulatewiredandwirelessnetwork.
 Isastandardexperimentenvironmentinresearchcommunity.
ClassHierarchy

NetworkAnimator(NAM)
NS together with NAM forms a very powerful set of tools for teaching networking concepts.
With NAM protocols can be visualized as animations. The NAM graphical editor is the latest
additiontoNAM.Withthiseditor,onecancreatetheirnetworktopologyandsimulate various protocols
and traffic sources by dragging the mouse.

39
 Create Visualize
 Terrestrial, satellite and wirelessnetwork  Packet flow, queue build-up and packet
with various routing algorithm (DV, LS, drops.
PIM,DSR).  Protocol behavior: TCP slow start, self-
 Traffic sources like web, ftp, telnet, cbr, clocking, congestion control, fast
and stochastic traffic. retransmit and recovery.
 Failures, including deterministic,  Nodemovementinwirelessnetworks.
probabilistic loss, link failure, etc.  Annotations to highlight important
 Variousqueuingdisciplines(drop-tail, events.
RED,FQ,SFQ,etc.)andQoS  Protocolstate(e.g.,TCPcwnd).

NS2Execution
The overall simulation procedure in NS is shown below. NS is composed of OTcl Script and
Interpreter.NSsimulation resultscanbeobservedthroughgraphsby analyzingthetracefile or
viewing animations with NAM.

$nsfilename.tcl

NS2ProgramElements

EventScheduler
a Creatingeventscheduler
setns[newSimulator]
b Scheduleevents
$nsattime"event"
c Startscheduler
$nsrun

40
CreatingNetwork
a CreatesetofNodes
set n0 [$ns node]
setn1[$nsnode]
b Createlinksandqueuing
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1bandwidth delay queue_type
Bandwidth is generally in MB
Delayisgenerallyinms
QueuetypeiseitherDropTail,RED,CBQ,FQ,SFQ,etc
$nsduplex-link$n0$n21Mb10msDropTail
c Layout
$nsduplex-link-op$n0$n2orientposition
where position is either right, right-up, right-down, left, left-
up, left-down, up, down
d Markingflows
$nscolor1Blue
$nscolor2Red
$udp0setclass_1
$udp1setclass_2
Tracing
a NAMTracealllinks(mustsucceedschedulercreation)
setnf[openout.namw]
$nsnamtrace-all$nf
b Tracealllinks(mustsucceedschedulercreation)
settf[openout.trw]
$nstrace-all$tf
Tracefileouputformat
event,time,from_node,to_node,pkttype,pktsize,flags,fid,src_addr,dst_addr, seq_num,
pkt_id
whereeventsarerreceived,+enqueued,-dequeued,ddropped
c Tracingspecificlinks
$nstrace-queue$n0$n1
$nsnamtrace-queue$n0$n1

41
Connection
a UDP
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
set null [new Agent/Null]
$nsattach-agent$n0$udp0
$nsattach-agent$n1$null
$nsconnect$udp0$null
b TCP
settcp0[newAgent/TCP/FullTcp]
$tcp0setwindow_30
$tcp0setsegsize_536
$nsattach-agent$n0$tcp0
setsink0[newAgent/TCP/FullTcp]
$nsattach-agent$n5$sink0
$sink0listen
$nsconnect$tcp0$sink0
TrafficGeneration
a UDP
setsrc[newApplication/Traffic/type]
$srcattach-agent$udp0
wheretypeiseitherCBR,Exponential,Pareto
b TCP
setftp[newApplication/FTP]
$ftpattach-agent$tcp
settelnet[newApplication/Telnet]
$telnetattach-agent$tcp
Finishprocedure
a Flush NS tracing, Close tracing files and execute any post-analysis programs
(displayresults, run NAM, etc)
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}

Result
ThussimulatorNS2anditsbasiccommandswasstudied.

42
Exp# 8a StudyofUDPPerformance
Date:

Aim
TostudytheperformanceofUDPbysimulatingasimplenetwork

Algorithm
1. Createasimulatorobject
2. Definedifferentcolorfordataflows
3. Tracealleventsin anamfile.
4. Createfournodesn0,n1,n2andn3
5. Describetheirlayouttopology
6. Specifythelinkcapacitybetweennodes
7. Monitorqueue onthelinkn2ton3vertically90°
8. CreateaUDPagentsudp0,udp1andattachittonodesn0andn1respectively
9. CreateaCBRtrafficcbr0,cbr1and attachittoudp0andudp1respectively
10. Createatrafficsinkandattachittonoden3
11. Connectsourcestothesink
12. Labelthenodes
13. Schedulecbr0tostartat0.5andstopat4.5seconds
14. Schedulecbr1tostartat1.0andstopat4.0seconds
15. Callfinishprocedureat5.0seconds
16. Runthesimulation
17. ExecuteNAMonthetracefile
18. ObservesimulatedeventsontheNAMandpacketflowonlinkn2ton3
19. Stop

43
Program

#Study of UDP performance - UDP.tcl

#Create a simulator object

setns[newSimulator]

#Definedifferentcolorsfordataflows
$nscolor1Blue
$nscolor2Red

#Open the nam trace file

set nf [open out.nam w]
$nsnamtrace-all$nf

#Create four nodes

set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]

#Createlinksbetweenthenodes
$nsduplex-link$n0$n21Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n1$n21Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n3$n21Mb10msSFQ

#Specifylayoutofnodes
$nsduplex-link-op$n0$n2orientright-down
$nsduplex-link-op$n1$n2orientright-up
$nsduplex-link-op$n2$n3orientright

#Monitorthequeueforthelink2—3vertically
$nsduplex-link-op$n2$n3queuePos0.5

#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n0

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$udp0setclass_1
$nsattach-agent$n0$udp0

# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0setpacketSize_500
$cbr0setinterval_0.005
$cbr0attach-agent$udp0

#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n1

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
$udp1setclass_2
$nsattach-agent$n1$udp1

44
# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp1
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1setpacketSize_500
$cbr1setinterval_0.005
$cbr1attach-agent$udp1

#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n3

set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$nsattach-agent$n3$null0

#Connecttrafficsourceswiththetrafficsink
$nsconnect$udp0$null0
$nsconnect$udp1$null0

#Define finish procedure

proc finish {}{
globalnsnf
$nsflush-trace

#Close the trace file

close $nf

#Execute nam on the trace file

exec nam -a out.nam &
exit0
}

#Definelabelfornodes
$nsat0.0"$n0labelSender1"
$nsat0.0"$n1labelSender2"
$nsat0.0"$n2labelRouter"
$nsat0.0"$n3labelReceiver"

#ScheduleeventsfortheCBRagents
$nsat0.5"$cbr0start"
$nsat1.0"$cbr1start"
$nsat4.0"$cbr1stop"
$nsat4.5"$cbr0stop"

#Callfinishprocedureafter5secondsofsimulationtime
$nsat5.0"finish"

#Runthesimulation
$nsrun

45
Output

$nsUDP.tcl

Result
ThustheperformanceofUDPandbasicnetworkterminologieswerestudiedusing
NS2.

46
Exp# 8b StudyofTCPPerformance
Date:

Aim
TostudytheperformanceofaTCPnetworkwithdroptailqueuemechanismonthe gateway

Algorithm
1. Createasimulatorobject
2. Definedifferentflowsfordataflows
3. Tracealleventsinanamfileandtext file
4. Createsourcenodes(s1,s2,s3),gateway(G)andreceiver(r)
5. Describetheirlayouttopology
6. Specifythelinkbetweennodes
7. DefinethequeuesizebetweennodesGandras 5
8. Monitorqueue onalllinksvertically90°
9. CreateTCPagentstcp1,tcp2,tcp3andattachittonodess1,s2ands3respectively
10. CreatethreeTCPsinksandattachittonoder
11. Connecttrafficsourcestothesink
12. CreateFTPagentsftp1, ftp2,ftp3andattachittotcp1,tcp2andtcp3respectively
13. Labelthenodesatstarttime
14. Scheduleftp1,ftp2,ftp3tostartat0.1andstopat5.0seconds
15. Callfinishprocedureat5.25seconds
16. Runthesimulation
17. ExecuteNAMonthetracefile
18. ObservethesimulatedeventsontheNAMeditorandpacketflowonlinkGtor
19. Viewthetracefileandanalysetheevents
20. Stop

47
Program

#Study of TCP performance - TCP.tcl

#Create a simulator object

setns[newSimulator]

#Opentracefiles
setf[opendroptail-queue-out.trw]
$nstrace-all$f

#Openthenamtracefile
setnf[opendroptail-queue-out.namw]
$nsnamtrace-all$nf

#s1, s2 and s3 act as sources.

set s1 [$ns node]
set s2 [$ns node]
sets3[$nsnode]

#G acts as a gateway
set G[$ns node]
#r acts as a receiver
set r [$ns node]

#Definedifferentcolorsfordataflows
$nscolor1red
$nscolor2SeaGreen
$nscolor3blue

#Createlinksbetweenthenodes
$nsduplex-link$s1$G6Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$s2$G6Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$s3$G6Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$G$r3Mb10msDropTail

#Definethelayoutofthenodes
$nsduplex-link-op$s1$Gorientright-up
$nsduplex-link-op$s2$Gorientright
$nsduplex-link-op$s3$Gorientright-down
$nsduplex-link-op$G$rorientright

#DefinethequeuesizeforthelinkbetweennodeGandr
$nsqueue-limit$G$r5

#Monitorthequeuesforlinksvertically
$nsduplex-link-op$s1$GqueuePos0.5
$nsduplex-link-op$s2$GqueuePos0.5
$nsduplex-link-op$s3$GqueuePos0.5
$nsduplex-link-op$G$rqueuePos0.5

48
#Create a TCP agent and attach it to node s1
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP/Reno]
$ns attach-agent$s1$tcp1
$tcp1setwindow_8
$tcp1setfid_ 1

#Create a TCP agent and attach it to node s2

set tcp2 [new Agent/TCP/Reno]
$ns attach-agent$s2$tcp2
$tcp2setwindow_8
$tcp2setfid_ 2

#Create a TCP agent and attach it to node s3

set tcp3 [new Agent/TCP/Reno]
$nsattach-agent$s3$tcp3
$tcp3setwindow_4
$tcp3setfid_ 3

#Create TCP sink agents and attach them to node r

set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
set sink2 [new Agent/TCPSink]
setsink3[newAgent/TCPSink]
$nsattach-agent$r$sink1
$nsattach-agent$r$sink2
$nsattach-agent$r$sink3

#Connectthetrafficsourceswiththetrafficsinks
$nsconnect$tcp1$sink1
$nsconnect$tcp2$sink2
$nsconnect$tcp3$sink3

#Create FTP applications and attach them to agents

set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1attach-agent$tcp1
setftp2[newApplication/FTP]
$ftp2attach-agent$tcp2
setftp3[newApplication/FTP]
$ftp3attach-agent$tcp3

#Define a 'finish'procedure
proc finish {} {
globalns
$nsflush-trace
puts"runningnam."
exec nam -a droptail-queue-out.nam &
exit 0
}

49
#Definelabelfornodes
$nsat0.0"$s1labelSender1"
$nsat0.0"$s2labelSender2"
$nsat0.0"$s3labelSender3"
$nsat0.0"$GlabelGateway"
$nsat0.0"$rlabelReceiver"

#Scheduleftpevents
$nsat0.1"$ftp1start"
$nsat0.1"$ftp2start"
$nsat0.1"$ftp3start"
$nsat5.0"$ftp1stop"
$nsat5.0"$ftp2stop"
$nsat5.0"$ftp3stop"

#Callfinishprocedureafter5secondsofsimulationtime
$nsat5.25"finish"

#Runthesimulation
$nsrun

50
Output

$nsTCP.tcl

Result
ThusthebehaviourofTCPwasobservedandthebasicterminologiesofTCPtransmission were
understood.

51
Exp# 9a DistanceVectorRoutingProtocol
Date:

Aim
Tosimulatealinkfailureandtoobservedistancevectorroutingprotocolinaction.

Algorithm
1. Createasimulatorobject
2. SetroutingprotocoltoDistanceVectorrouting
3. TracepacketsonalllinksontoNAMtraceandtexttracefile
4. Definefinishproceduretoclosefiles,flushtracingandrunNAM
5. Createeightnodes
6. Specifythelinkcharacteristicsbetweennodes
7. Describetheirlayouttopologyasaoctagon
8. AddUDPagentfornoden1
9. CreateCBRtrafficontopofUDPandsettrafficparameters.
10. Addasink agenttonoden4
11. Connectsourceandthesink
12. Scheduleeventsasfollows:
a. Starttrafficflowat0.5
b. Downthelinkn3-n4at1.0
c. Upthelinkn3-n4at2.0
d. Stoptrafficat3.0
e. Callfinishprocedureat5.0
13. Startthescheduler
14. Observethetrafficroutewhenlinkisupanddown
15. Viewthesimulatedeventsandtracefileanalyzeit
16. Stop

52
Program

#Distance vector routing protocol – distvect.tcl

#Create a simulator object

setns[newSimulator]

#Usedistancevectorrouting
$nsrtprotoDV

#Open the nam trace file

set nf [open out.nam w]
$nsnamtrace-all$nf

#Opentracefile
setnt[opentrace.trw]
$nstrace-all$nt

#Define 'finish'procedure
proc finish {} {
globalnsnf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the trace file
close $nf
#Execute nam on the trace file
exec nam -a out.nam &
exit0
}

# Create 8 nodes
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
set n6 [$ns node]
set n7 [$ns node]
setn8[$nsnode]

#Specifylinkcharacterestics
$nsduplex-link$n1$n21Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n2$n31Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n3$n41Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n4$n51Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n5$n61Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n6$n71Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n7$n81Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n8$n11Mb10msDropTail

53
#specifylayoutasaoctagon
$nsduplex-link-op$n1$n2orientleft-up
$nsduplex-link-op$n2$n3orientup
$nsduplex-link-op$n3$n4orientright-up
$nsduplex-link-op$n4$n5orientright
$nsduplex-link-op$n5$n6orientright-down
$nsduplex-link-op$n6$n7orientdown
$nsduplex-link-op$n7$n8orientleft-down
$nsduplex-link-op$n8$n1orientleft

#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n1

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$nsattach-agent$n1$udp0

#Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0setpacketSize_500
$cbr0setinterval_0.005
$cbr0attach-agent$udp0

#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n4

set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$nsattach-agent$n4$null0

#Connectthetrafficsourcewiththetrafficsink
$nsconnect$udp0$null0

#ScheduleeventsfortheCBRagentandthenetworkdynamics
$nsat0.0 "$n1labelSource"
$nsat0.0 "$n4labelDestination"
$nsat0.5"$cbr0start"
$nsrtmodel-at1.0down$n3$n4
$nsrtmodel-at2.0up$n3$n4
$nsat4.5"$cbr0stop"

#Callthefinishprocedureafter5secondsofsimulationtime
$nsat5.0"finish"

#Runthesimulation
$nsrun

54
Output

$nsdistvect.tcl

55
Result
Thus,performanceofdistancevectorprotocolandroutingpathwasstudiedusingNS2.

56
Exp.No.9b LinkStateRoutingProtocol
Date:

Aim
Tosimulatealinkfailureandtoobservelinkstateroutingprotocolinaction.

Algorithm
1. Createasimulatorobject
2. SetroutingprotocoltoLinkStaterouting
3. TracepacketsonalllinksontoNAMtraceandtexttracefile
4. Definefinishproceduretoclosefiles,flushtracingandrunNAM
5. Createtwelvenodes
6. Specifythelinkcharacteristicsbetweennodes
7. Describetheirlayouttopologyinanadhocmanner.
8. CreateCBRtrafficontopofUDPandsettrafficparameters.
9. Createsourceandsinkandconnectthem
10. Scheduleeventsasfollows:
a. Starttrafficflowsat1.0and2.0
b. Downthelinkn5-n11at10.0andrestoreitat30.0
c. Downthelinkn7-n6at15.0andrestoreitat20.0
d. Callfinishprocedureat45.0
11. Startthescheduler
12. Observethetrafficroutewhenlinkisupanddown
13. Viewthesimulatedeventsandtracefileanalyzeit
14. Stop

57
Program

set ns [new Simulator]

set nr [open thro.tr w]
$nstrace-all$nr
setnf[openthro.namw]

$ns namtrace-all $nf

proc finish { } {
globalnsnrnf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
close$nr
exec nam thro.nam &
exit 0
}

for { set i 0 } { $i < 12 } { incr i 1 } {

set n($i) [$ns node]}

for{seti0}{$i<8}{incri}{
$nsduplex-link$n($i)$n([expr$i+1])1Mb10msDropTail}

$nsduplex-link$n(0)$n(8)1Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n(1)$n(10)1Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n(0)$n(9)1Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n(9)$n(11)1Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n(10)$n(11)1Mb10msDropTail
$nsduplex-link$n(11)$n(5)1Mb10msDropTail

setudp0[newAgent/UDP]
$nsattach-agent$n(0)$udp0
setcbr0[newApplication/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0setpacketSize_500
$cbr0setinterval_0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$nsattach-agent$n(5)$null0
$nsconnect$udp0$null0

setudp1[newAgent/UDP]
$nsattach-agent$n(1)$udp1
setcbr1[newApplication/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1setpacketSize_500
$cbr1setinterval_0.005
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$nsattach-agent$n(5)$null0
$nsconnect$udp1$null0

58
$nsrtprotoLS

$nsrtmodel-at10.0down$n(11)$n(5)
$nsrtmodel-at15.0down$n(7)$n(6)
$nsrtmodel-at30.0up$n(11)$n(5)
$nsrtmodel-at20.0up$n(7)$n(6)

$udp0setfid_1
$udp1setfid_2
$nscolor1Red
$nscolor2Green

$nsat1.0"$cbr0start"
$nsat2.0"$cbr1start"

$nsat45"finish"
$nsrun

Output

$nsls.tcl

59
Result:

Thusperformanceoflinkstateprotocolanditsroutingpathwassimulatedusing NS2.

60
Exp# 10 CRCErrorDetection
Date:

Aim
TodetectwhetherthegivendataiscorruptedornotusingCRCmethod.

Algorithm
1. Readnumberofdatabits.
2. Readthedatabit-by-bit
3. Readnumberofdivisorbits
4. Enterthedivisorbit-by-bit
5. Appendzeroestothemessage
6. GenerateremainderbyusingXORdivision
7. SubtractremainderfrommessageusingXOR
8. DisplaytheCRCcodeword
9. Accepttransmittedmessageasreceiversidedata
10. PeroformpolynomialdivisionusingXOR
11. Ifremainderiszerothendisplay“Noerror”elsedisplay“Error”
12. Stop

61
Program

import java.io.*;
class crc_gen
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsIOException
{
BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
int[] data;
int[] div;
int[] divisor;
int[] rem;
int[]crc;
intdata_bits,divisor_bits,tot_length;

System.out.println("Enter number of data bits : ");

data_bits=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
data=newint[data_bits];

System.out.println("Enter data bits : ");

for(int i=0; i<data_bits; i++)
data[i]=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

System.out.println("Enter no. of bits in divisor: ");

divisor_bits=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
divisor=new int[divisor_bits];

System.out.println("Enter Divisor bits : ");

for(int i=0; i<divisor_bits; i++)
divisor[i]=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

tot_length=data_bits+divisor_bits-1;

div=new int[tot_length];
rem=new int[tot_length];
crc=newint[tot_length];

/* CRCGENERATION */
for(int i=0;i<data.length;i++)
div[i]=data[i];

System.out.print("Dividend (after appending 0's): ");

for(int i=0; i< div.length; i++)
System.out.print(div[i]);
System.out.println();

for(int j=0; j<div.length; j++)

rem[j] = div[j];

62
 rem=divide(div,divisor,rem);

for(inti=0;i<div.length;i++)//appenddividend&rem
{
crc[i]=(div[i]^rem[i]);
}

System.out.println();
System.out.println("CRC code : ");
for(int i=0;i<crc.length;i++)
System.out.print(crc[i]);

/* ERRORDETECTION */
System.out.println();
System.out.println("EnterCRCcodeof"+tot_length
+"bits:");
for(int i=0; i<crc.length; i++)
crc[i]=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

for(int j=0; j<crc.length; j++)

rem[j] = crc[j];

rem=divide(crc, divisor, rem);

for(int i=0; i< rem.length; i++)

{
if(rem[i]!=0)
{
System.out.println("Error");
break;
}
if(i==rem.length-1)
System.out.println("No Error");
}
}

staticint[]divide(intdiv[],intdivisor[],intrem[])
{
int cur=0;
while(true)
{
for(int i=0;i<divisor.length;i++)
rem[cur+i]=(rem[cur+i]^divisor[i]);

while(rem[cur]==0 &&cur!=rem.length-1)
cur++;

if((rem.length-cur)<divisor.length)
break;
}
returnrem;

63
 }
}

Output

$javaccrc_gen.java

$java crc_gen
Enter numberofdata bits:
8
Enter databits:
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
Enter no. of bits in divisor:
4
Enter Divisorbits:
1
1
0
1
Dividend(afterappending 0's): 10011010000

CRC code :
10011010101
EnterCRCcodeof11bits :
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
NoError

Result
Thuserrordetectionisdoneusingcyclicredundancycheckmethod.

64