SS1 FURTHER MATHEMATICS NOTE

SECOND TERM

Scheme of Work for 2ND Term

1. Partial Fractions: Basic definition, proper rational functions with denominator as

linear factors
2. Partial fractions continued: Distinct and repeated factor at the denominator;
Non factorizable denominator; Improper fraction
3. Quadratic inequalities: Inequality in one and two dimensions; Solving using table
method; Solving using linear graph method
4. Sequence: Definition and illustration with sequential pattern; Finding nth term
of sequences Tn) which includes sequences of multiples of powers, square root
and triangular numbers (example of triangular numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, …)
5. Sequence: Arithmetic progression; Arithmetic mean; Geometric progression;
Geometric mean.
6. Series: Sum of terms of an arithmetic progression; Sum of n terms of a
geometric progression; Limit of series
7. Vectors in two dimensions: Scalars and vectors; Zero vector; Negative vectors;
Magnitude of vectors; Addition and subtraction of vectors; Multiplication of vectors by a
scalar; Position vectors.

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 WEEK1: PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Learning objectives: Students should be able to
 Understand the concept of partial fractions as the
decomposition of a rational expression into simpler
fractions.
 Identify different types of partial fractions based on the denominator:
 Distinct linear factors
 Repeated linear factors
 Quadratic factors
 Decompose rational expressions

Partial and Compound Fractions

𝑥+1 and
𝑥5
The fractions 3 4
are said to be partial fractions of the fraction 7𝑥+19 . The fraction
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+5)

𝑥+1 𝑥+5
7𝑥+19 on the other hand is said to be the compound fraction of 3
and 4 .
(𝑥+1)
(𝑥+5)
Splitting a Fraction

The process of transforming a compound algebraic fraction into sum of partial fractions is
called resolution into partial fractions.

By convention, our partial fractions must be proper in the sense that the degree of the numerator
must be less than the degree of the denominator. The partial fractions for any compound
fraction will be determined strictly by the nature of the factors of the denominator.

TYPES OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1. Those with non-repeated linear factors at the denominator

2. Those with non-linear factors that are not repeated
3. Those with repeated factors; linear or non-linear
4. Improper fractions

TYPE 1: Those with non-repeated linear factors at the denominator

Example 1
2 x+3
Resolve
( x +1)(x+ 4)

2
Solution
2 x+3 A B
= +
( x +1)(x+ 4) (x +1) (x +4 )
❑❑
❑❑
2x+3 = A(x+4) + B(x+1)

To find B, put x = −4; −3B = −5;

B = 5/3

To find A, pit x = −1; 3A = 1 ; A = 1/3

1 5
1 5
Hence, 2 x+3 3 3 = +
= + 3(x +1) 3 (x+ 4)
( x +1)(x+ 4) (x +1) (x +4 )

This method of finding the constants is called the method of direct substitution.

Example 2

7𝑥−1
Use the method of comparing coefficients to resolve
(3𝑥−1)(2𝑥+3) into partial fraction.

Example 2

7𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3) 3𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 + 3

7x − 1Ξ A(2x+3) + B(3x – 1) Ξ (2A + 3B)x + 3A – B

Equating coefficients of x: 2A + 3B = 7-------(1)

Equating constant terms: 3A – B = −1-----------(2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously

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A=
11 and B = 23
11

4 23
Hence, 7 x−3 11 11 4 23
= + = +
(3 x−1)(2 x +3) (3 x−1) (2 x +3) 11(3 x −1) 11(2 x+3)
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 Example 3: Cover-Up Method
Use the cover-up method to resolve the following into partial fractions:

3x − 2 / ((x + 3)(x − 1)(x + 2))

Solution: We rewrite the given fraction as a sum of partial fractions:

3x − 2 / ((x + 3)(x − 1)(x + 2)) = A / (x + 3) + B / (x − 1) + C / (x + 2)

To find the constants A, B, and C, we use the cover-up method:

Step 1: Find A
A = (3x − 2) / ((x − 1)(x + 2)) at x = −3

A = [3(−3) − 2] / [(−3 − 1)(−3 + 2)] = (−9 − 2) / (−4)(−1) = −11 / 4

Step 2: Find B

B = (3x − 2) / ((x + 3)(x + 2)) at x = 1

B = [3(1) − 2] / [(1 + 3)(1 + 2)] = (3 − 2) / (4)(3) = 1 / 12

Step 3: Find C

C = (3x − 2) / ((x + 3)(x − 1)) at x = −2

C = [3(−2) − 2] / [(−2 + 3)(−2 − 1)] = (−6 − 2) / (1)(−3) = 8 / 3

Hence, the resolved partial fractions are:

3x − 2 / ((x + 3)(x − 1)(x + 2)) = −11 / (4(x + 3)) + 1 / (12(x − 1)) + 8 / (3(x + 2))

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 This method of finding the constants is called the Cover Method.

Example 4
2
2 x −3 x−10
Resolve 2 into partial fractions
( x +2)(x −9)

Solution 4

Although one of the factors at the denominator (i.e. 𝑥2 − 9) is not linear, yet it can be split into
two linear factors, since 𝑥2 − 9 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)

2 2
2 x −3 x−10 2 x −3 x−10 A B C
Hence, = = + +
2
( x +2)(x −9) (x+ 2)( x +3)(x−3) X +2 x−3 x+3

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 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
4
To find A, put x = −2; −5A = 4; A=−
5
1
To Find B, put x = 3; 30B = −1; B=−
30

To find C, put x = −3; 6C = 17; C = 17

6
2 2
2 x −3 x−10 2 x −3 x−10 −4 1 17
Hence, = = − +
2
( x +2)(x −9) (x+ 2)( x +3)(x−3) 5 ( x +2 ) 30(x−3) 6 (x+ 3)

WEEK 2: INEQUALITIES

Performance Objectives Students should be able to:

1. Solve quadratic inequalities

2. Solve inequalities in two dimensions.

Content

Quadratic Inequality

A quadratic inequality is an inequality in which one side is a quadratic polynomial and the other side
is zero

A quadratic inequality can take any of the following forms:

1. ax2+ bx + c > 0
2. ax2 + bx + c < 0
3. ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0
4. ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0

Quadratic inequalities are a type of algebraic inequality that involves quadratic

expressions. A quadratic inequality looks like ax 2+bx+c>0, ax2+bx+c<0, ax2+bx+c≥0 or
ax2+bx+c≤, where a, b, and c are constants, and a≠0.
It is a fundamental concept in mathematics, particularly in algebra and calculus. They
involve expressions containing quadratic polynomials and inequality signs. It is often required in
solution sets that fulfill specific criteria. Lets know more about Quadratic Inequalities in detail
below.
Quadratic Inequalities
Quadratic Inequalities are mathematical expressions involving quadratic equations that contain
inequality symbols such as ≠, <, >, ≤, or ≥. They are represented in the form ax2 + bx + c < 0, >
0, ≤ 0, or ≥ 0, where ‘aʼ, ‘bʼ, and ‘cʼ are constants, and ‘xʼ is the variable raised to the power of
2.
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 These inequalities present relationships between quadratic functions and describe regions or intervals
where the quadratic expression is less than, greater than, less than or equal to, or greater than or not
equal to a specified value. Solving quadratic inequalities involves determining the sets of values for
which the given inequality holds, considering various algebraic methods and graphical
interpretations. If there is an equal to sign present we call it an Equation.

Quadratic Inequalities Definition

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An expression where a quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c is equated to any variable of degree 2 or
less or number with an inequality symbol such as ≠, <, ≤, >, ≥ is called Quadratic Inequality. For
Example – 3:2 + 2x ≥ 0

Standard Form of Quadratic Inequalities

A quadratic inequality can assume any of the following standard forms:

● ax2 + bx + c > 0
● ax2 + bx + c < 0
● ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0
● ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0

How to solve Quadratic Inequality?

We can solve a Quadratic Inequality using the following steps:

Step 1. Set the quadratic expression: Write the quadratic inequality in the form ax2 + bx + c < 0, >
0, ≤ 0, or ≥ 0.

Step 2. Factor or find roots: Factorize the quadratic expression or use the quadratic formula to
find the roots (if possible).

Step 3. Determine critical points: Identify critical points or values of ‘xʼ where the inequality may
change, considering the roots and the sign of ‘aʼ.

Step 4. Create intervals: Use critical points to create intervals on the number line, dividing it into
sections where the inequality might change.

Step 5. Choose test values: Select test values within each interval to check the inequalityʼs validity. Use
values like endpoints, zeros, or convenient numbers within each interval.

Step 6. Evaluate the inequality: Substitute the test values into the original inequality to
determine if they satisfy the inequality.

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 Step 7. Determine solution regions: Identify intervals where the inequality holds based on the
test valuesʼ outcomes.

Step 8. Express solution set: Present the solution set either as an inequality on the number line or in set
notation, considering the intervals where the inequality is valid.

Solve Quadratic Inequalities

Solving Quadratic Inequalities means finding the value of x for which it satisfies the given inequality.
We can solve a Quadratic Inequality using three methods:

● Graphical Method
● Algebraic Method

Graphical Method

In Graphical Method, we first draw the graph of the inequality and then find the solution of the given
inequality using the graph. Lets see how to solve Quadratic Inequalities using the Graphical method
with the help of an example.

Example: x2 – 3x – 4 > 0

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Solution:

We can solve the above example using graphical methods

Step 1: Plotting the graph of the quadratic function y = x2 – 3x – 4 Finding the

x-intercepts:

Given quadratic function:

y = x2 – 3x– 4 To find the roots, solve for y =

0:

x2 – 3x – 4 = 0

Factorizing the equation or using the quadratic formula:

x2 – 4x + x – 4 = 0

x(x – 4) + 1(x – 4) = 0

(x – 4)(x + 1) = 0

Therefore, the roots are x = 4 and x = -1

Plotting the graph:

 Step 2: Identifying regions where the graph lies above the x-axis (where y > 0) We are

looking for the regions where the quadratic function is positive (y > 0). The function is y =

x2 – 3x – 4. We know the roots are x = 4 and x = -1.

Step 3: Determining the x-values within these regions to obtain the solution set Based on the

graph, the regions where y > 0 are:

– x < -1

–x>4

Therefore, the solution set for x2 – 3x – 4 > 0 is x < -1 or x > 4.

This solution is derived from observing the parts of the graph where the quadratic function y = x 2 –
3x – 4 is above the x-axis.
WEEK THREE
DATE……………
TOPIC: SEQUENCE & SERIES
CONTENT

 Sequence and series

 Arithmetic Progression (AP)
 Arithmetic Mean
 Sum of terms in an AP
Learning objectives: students should be able to
1. Explain and define sequence and series
2. Finding the nth term of sequences which include sequence of multiple powers, square root and
triangular numbers e.g 1,3,6,10,15,…
3. Determine the nth term of an arithmetic progression (AP), arithmetic mean, geometric progression
(GP), geometric mean
4. Find the sum of an arithmetic mean, geometric mean and sum to infinity

Sequence & Series

A sequence is a pattern of numbers arranged in a particular order. Each of the number in the sequence is
called a term. The terms are related to one another according to a well defined rule.
Consider the sequence 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 …., 1 is the first term,(T1) 4 is the second term(T2), 7 is the third term
(T3).
The sum of the terms in a sequence is regarded as series. The series of the above sequence is
1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 = 35

The nth term of a Sequence

The nth term of a sequence whose rule is stated may be represented by Tnso that T1, T2, T3etc represent the
first term, second term, third term … etc respectively.
Consider the sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 ……..
T1 = 5 + 4(0)
T2 = 5 + 4(1)
T3 = 5 + 4 (2)
T4 = 5 + 4 (3)
Tn = 5 + 4 (n – 1)
Tn = 5 + 4n – 4 = 4n +1
when n = 30
T30 = 4(30) + 1
T30 = 121

Find the nth term of these sequences:

(i) 3, 5, 7, 9 …… 2n + 1
(ii) 0, 1, 4, 9 ……… (n -1)2
(iii) 1/3, 3/4, 1, 7/6 ………………2n - 1
n+2
Examples
Write down the first four terms of the sequence whose general term is given by:
(i) Tn = n+1 (ii) Tn = 5 x (1/2)n-2
3n +2
T4 = 4 + 1 = 5/14
Solution
i. Tn = n+1
3n + 2 (ii) Tn = 5 x (1/2)n-2
2
T1 = 1 + 1 = /5 T1 = 5 x (1/2)1-2 = 5(1/2)-1 = 5(2-1)-1 = 5 x 2 = 10
3(1) + 2 T2 = 5 x (1/2)2-2 = 5(1/2)0 = 5 x 1 = 5
3
T2 = 2 + 1 = /8 T3 = 5 x (1/2)3-2 = 5 x (1/2) = 5/2
3(2) +2 T4 = 5 x (1/2)4-2 = 5(1/2)2 = 5/4
4
T3 = 3 + 1 = /11 The sequence is 10, 5, 5/2, 5/4 ………
3(3) + 2
3(4) + 2
The sequence is 2/5, 3/8, 4/11, 5/14 ……..

Evaluation
Find the first term of the sequence whose general term is given by
(i) 50 – (½)n (ii) 2 + 3/2(n+1)

Arithmetic Progression (A.P) or Linear Sequence

An arithmetic progression (A.P) is generated by adding or subtracting a constant number to a preceding term
to get a term. This constant number is called the common difference designated by the letter d. The first term
is designated by a.
Ex: A.P d (common difference) a (first term)
6½, 5, 3½, 2 …. -1½ 6½
-2, -3/4, ½, 1 ¾ 1¼ -2

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
a a+d a + 2d a + 3d a + 4d

So for any A.P, the nth term (Tn = Un) is given by

Tn =Un= a + (n – 1) d. Tn= Un= nth term
a = first term
d = common difference
n = no of terms
Examples
1. What is the 10th term of the sequence 10, 6, 2, -4 …..
2. Find the term of the A.P 3½, 7, 10½ ….. Which is 77.
3. The fist term of an A.P is 3 and the 8th term is 31. Find the common difference.

Solution
(1.) The A.P = 10, 6, 2, -4
a = 10, d = 6 – 10 = - 4, n = 10
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
T10 = 10 + (10 – 1) (-4)
T10 = 10 +9(-4) = 10 – 36
T10 = -26.
(2.) A.P = 3 ½, 7, 10½ ……………… 77
a = 3½, d = 7 – 3½ = 3½, n =? Tn = 77
Tn = a + (n-1)d
77 = 3½ + (n-1)3½
77 = 3½ + 3½n - 3½
77 = 3½ n
n = 77/3½ = 77/7/2
n = 77 x 2/7 = 22

(3) a = 3, T8 = 31, d = ? n = 8
Tn = a + (n-1) d
31 = 3 + (8-1) d
31 – 3 = 7d
d = 28/7 = 4
Evaluation
(i) Find the 15th term of the A.P 5, 2, -1, -4 …………
(ii) Find the term of the A.P 1, 6, 11, 16…. which is 66.

Arithmetic Mean
If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of an A.P, then the common difference, d, equals
b – a = c – b = common difference.
b + b = a +c
2b = a + c
b = ½(a +c)
Examples
(i) Insert four arithmetic means between -5 and 10.
(ii) The 8th term of a linear sequence is 18 and the 12th term is 26. Find the first term, the common
difference and the 20th term.

Solution
(i) Let the sequence be -5, a, b, c, d, 10. (ii) T8 = a + 7d = 18, T12 = a +11d = 26
a = -5, T6 = 10, n =6. a + 7d = 18 ……………….. (i)
Tn = a + (n-1) d a + 11d =26 ……………….. (ii)
10 = -5 + (6 – 1) d Subtract (i) from (ii)
15 = 5d 4d = 8
d = 15/5 = 3 d=2
a = -5 + 3 = -2 Substitute for d = 2 in (i)
b = -2 + 3 = 1 a + 7 (2) = 18
c=1+3=4 a = 18 – 14
d=4+3=7 a=4
The numbers will be -5, -2, 1, 4, 7, 10. T20 = a + (n – 1) d = a + 19d
T20 = 4 + (20 – 1) 2
= 4 + 19 x 2
T20 = 42
Evaluation
(1) Given that 4, p, q, 13 are consecutive terms of an A.P, find the values of p and q.
(2) The sum of the 4th and 6th terms of an A.P is 42. The sum of the 3rd and 9th terms of the progression is
52. Find the first term, the common difference and the twentieth term of the progression.

Sum of terms in an A.P

To find an expression for the sum of n terms of a linear sequence, Let Sn be the sum, then
Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ……. + Tn ………….. (i)
Also
Sn = Tn+ (Tn- d) + (Tn- 2d) + ……… a ………. (ii)
Adding (1) and (2)
2Sn = (a + Tn) + (a + Tn) + (a + Tn) + ………… + (a + Tn)
\2Sn = n (a + Tn)
\Sn = n/2 (a + Tn)
But Tn = a + (n-1) d
Sn = n/2 (2a + (n-1) d)

Examples
(1) Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the A.P 3, 10, 17 ……….
(2) Find the sum of the first eight terms of a linear sequence whose first term is 6 and last term is 46.
(3) The sum of the first ten terms of an arithmetic progression is 255. Find the sum of the next twenty
term of the A.P if the sum of the first twenty terms is 1010.

Solution
1. A.P = 3, 10, 17 ………….. 2. A.P , a = 6, Tn = 46, n = 8
a = 3, d = 7, n = 25 Sn = n/2 (a + Tn)
Sn = n/2 (2a + (n-1) d) = 8/2 (6 + 46)
= 25/2 (2 x3 + (25 – 1) 7) Sn = 4 (52) = 208.
Sn = 25/2 (6 +24 x 7)
S25 =25/2 x174 = 2175 3. S10 = 10/2 (2a + (10 – 1) d) = 255
S20 = 20/2 (2a + (20 – 1) d) = 1010
 5 (2a + 9d) = 255 2a + 9 x 5 = 51
10 (2a + 19d) = 1010 2a = 51 – 45
2a = 6
a=3
2a + 9d = 51 …………….(i) Sum of the next 20 terms = S30 – S10
2a +19d = 101 ……………… (ii) S30 = 30/2 (2 x 3 + (30 -1) 5)
Subtract (i) from (ii) = 15 (6 + 29 x 5)
10d = 50 S30 = 2265
d=5 S30 – S10 = 2265 – 255
Substitute for d = 5 in (i) = 2010

Evaluation:
The sum of the first ten term of a linear sequence is -60 and the sum of the first fifteen term of the sequence
is -165. Find the 18th term of the sequence.

General Evaluation
1. The sum of the first four terms of a linear sequence (A.P) is 26 and that of the next four terms is 74.
Find the values of (i) the first term (ii) the common difference.
2. Calculate the (i) common difference (ii) the 20th term of the arithmetic progression;
100, 96, 92, 88, 86...
3. Solve the equation: log4(x2 + 6x + 11) = ½
4. Express 1 in the formm√5 + n√3 where m and n are rational numbers
3√5 + 5√3

Reading Assignment: Further Mathematics Project Book 1(New third edition).Chapter 28 -33 & 36 – 37

Weekend Assignment
1. Find T9 of the sequence -1, 2, 5, 8 ……………. A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24
2. The 10th term of an A.P is 68 and the common difference is 7, find the first term of the sequence.
A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 9
3. Find the sum of the first twelve term of the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11... A. 202 B. 212 C.222 D. 232
4. What is the general term of the sequence 31, 26, 21, 16, 11…………
A. 1 + 4n B. 3 x 2n-1 C. 36 – 5n D. 5(½)n-2
5. Find the sum of n terms of the A.P 3 + 6 +9 + 12 + ……….
A. 3n (n+1) B. 5n + 3/2 (n+1) C. n + 3(n-1) D. 2n + n (n-3)
2 2 3
Theory
1. The first three terms of an A.P are x, 2x+1, 4x+1, find x and the sum of the first 18 terms.
2. The sum of the first twenty –one terms of an A.P is 28, and the sum of the first twenty-eight terms is
21. Find which terms of the sequence is o and also the sum of the term proceeding it.

WEEK FOUR
DATE……………
TOPIC: SEQUENCE AND SERIES (II)
CONTENT
 Nth term of a G.P
 Geometric Mean
 Sum of n terms of a G.P
 Sum to infinity of a G.P
Nth term of a G.P
A Geometric Progression is a sequence generated by multiplying or dividing a preceding term by a constant
number to get a term. This constant number is called common ratio designated by letter r.

Examples: r a
8
4, 8, 16, 32, …………….. /4 = 2 4
4
8, 4, 2, 1, ½ /8 = ½ 8
3,-1, 11/3, -1/9 -1
/3 = -1/3 3

For any G.P, the nth term is given by T9 = 781250

Tn = arn-1
Tn = nth term
a = first term (2) G.P = 27, 81, 243 ………320
r = common ratio a = 27, r = 3, n =?, Tn = 320
n = number of terms Tn = arn-1
320 = 27(3)n-1
Examples: 320 = 33(3)n-1
1. Find the 9th term of the sequence G.P 2, - 320 = 33+n-1
10, 50 …………. 320 = 32+n
2. Find the number of term of the G.P 27, 81, 2+n = 20
243 …………. 320 n = 20 – 2 = 18
3. If 7, x, y, 189 are in G.P, find x and y
(3) The G.P = 7, x, y, 189.
Solution a = 7, n = 4, T4 = 189
(1) G.P = 2, -10, 50 ……………… Tn = arn-1 = 189
a = 2, r = -5, n = 9, T9 = ? 7(r)4-1 = 189
Tn = arn-1 r3 = 189/7 = 27 = 33
T9 = 2(-5)9-1 r=3
= 2 x 390625 T2 = x = ar = 7x 3 = 21
T3 = y ar2 = 7x3x3 = 63

Evaluation
(1) Find T9 of the G.P 5, 2½, 1¼, 5/8 …………..
(2) If 3, p, q, 24 are consecutive term of an exponential sequence, find the values of p and q.

Geometric Mean
Suppose x, y, z are consecutive terms of a geometric progression, then the common ratio r can be written as:
r = y/x = z/y
\y/x = z/y
y2 = xz
y = xz
y is the geometric mean of x and z.

Examples:
(1) Insert two geometric mean between 12 and 324.
(2) The 2nd term of an exponential sequence is 9 while the 4th term is 81. Find the common ratio and the
first term of the G.P

Solution (1) Let the G.P = 12, x, y, 324.

a = 12, T4 = 324, n = 4
 Tn = arn-1
324 = 12(r)4-1
r3 = 324/12 = 27 = 33
r=3
x = T2 = ar = 12 x 3 = 36
y = T3 = ar2 =12 x 3 x3 = 108
The geometric means are 36 and 108

2) T2 = 9, T4 = 81
T4 = ar3 = 81 ……………………(i)
T2 = ar = 9 …………………… (ii)
Divide (i) by (ii)
ar3 = 81/9
ar1
r2 = 9 Þ r = + √ 9 = +√3
ar = 9
a(+3) = 9
a=9 =+3
+3
The first term = + 3, the common ratio = + 3
Evaluation
(1) Insert two geometric mean between -3 and -8/9.
(2) The 4th term of a G.P in 75 and the 6th term is 192. Find the common ratio and the first
term of the G.P

Sum of n terms of a G.P

The sum of n terms of a G.P whose first term is a and whose common ratio is r is given by
Sn= a + ar + ar2 + ………………… arn-1 ……………..(i)
r Sn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + ………….. arn…………. (ii)
Subtracting (2) from (1)
Sn – rSn = a – arn
Sn (1- r) = a(1 - rn)
Sn = a(1 – rn) if r < 1
1–r
Sn = a(rn– 1) if r > 1
r–1
Examples:
1. The third term of a G.P is 63 and the fifth term is 567. Find the sum of the first six terms
of the
progression.
2. Find the sum of first 6 terms of the G.P 18, 6, 2 …………

Solution
1. T3 = 63, T5 = 567
T5 = ar4 = 567 ……………. (i)
T3 = ar2 = 63 ……………. (ii)
Divide (i) by (ii)
ar4= 567
2
ar 63
2
r =9
r=3
Substitute for r = 3 in (ii)
a (3)2 = 63
a = 63/9 = 7
S6 = a (rn – 1)
r–1
= 7 (36 – 1)
3–1
= 7(729 – 1)
2
S6 = 2548

2. G.P = 18, 6, 2 …….

a = 18, r = 6/18 = 1/3, n = 6, S6?
Sn = a (1 – rn)
 1–r

= 18(1- (1/3)6) = 18(1- 1/729)

1–1/32/3
S6 = 18 x 3 x 728
2 x 729
S6 = 26.9

Sum to Infinity
The sum of the n terms as n approaches infinity is called the sum to infinity of the series and is
designated S¥
Thus:
S¥ = a if r<1
1-r
S¥ = a if r>1
r-1

Examples:
Find the sum to infinity of the sequence 1, ¼, 1/16, 1/64.
Solution
a = 1, r = ¼
S¥ = 1 = 1
1–¼ ¾
S¥ = 4/3

Evaluation
1. The second and fourth terms of a G.P are 21 and 189. Find the sum of the first seven
terms.
2. Find the sum to infinity of 1+1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 …………

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Find the (a)sum of the first 8 terms (b)sum to infinity of the series: -5 , 5/2, -5/4 , 5/8…….
2. The sum of the first two terms of a G.P is 2½ and the sum of the first four terms is 311/18.
Find the G.P if r > 0.
3. Solve the following exponential equations (a) 22x -6(2x) + 8 = 0 (b) 22x+1 -5(2x) + 2 = 0

READING ASSIGNMENT: Further Mathematics Project Book 1(New third edition).Chapter

33-36 & 37-45

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The sum to infinity of a G.P is 60. If the first term of the series 12, find its second term of
the series 12, find its second term. A. 9.6 B. 6.9 C. 12.6 D. 8.6
2. A G.P has 6 terms. If the 3rd and 4th terms are 28 and -56 respectively, find the sum of the
G. P.
A. 471 B. -471 C. – 147 D. -741
3. Find the sum of the G.P 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + …………1458. A. 8216 B. 6218 C.1682
D. 2186
4. The 8th term of a G.P is -7/32. Find its common ratio if its first term is 28.
A. ½ B. -½ C. -2/3 D. 3/2
5. Given the geometric progression 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 …………….. find its nth term.
A. 2(5n+2) B. 5(2n+1) C. 5(2n-1) D. 2(5n-1)

THEORY
1. The fifth term of a G.P is greater than the fourth term by 13½, and the fourth term is
greater than the third by 9. Find (i) the common ratio (ii) the first term
2. The sum of the first two terms of an exponential sequence is 135 and the sum of the third
and the fourth terms is 60. Given that the common ratio is positive, calculate
(i) the common (ii) the limit of the sum of the first n terms as n becomes large
(iii) the least number of terms for which the sum exceeds 240

WEEK: FIVE

Topic: Vectors
Sub-topic: Modulus of a vector
Duration: 40 minutes
Learning Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to

1. Understand the concept of vector

2. Know and understand the types of vector
3. Perform simple operations on vectors.

Reference Materials: New Further Mathematics Project 2 by M. R Tuttuh Adegun

Content: MAGNITUDE OF A VECTOR
The magnitude of a vector a, sometimes called the modulus of the vector is represented by |a|.
Zero Vector: The zero vector is a vector with zero magnitude.
Unit Vector: The unit vector is the vector represented by a and is such that a = |a| a
Negative Vector: The negative vector of a is written as – a
Equality of vector: Two vectors are equal when they have same magnitude and direction.
Example: Find the modulus of each of the following vectors
1. 3i + 4j
2. -2i – 5j
3. isinθ− jcosθ
Solution
1. Let r = 3i + 4j ; then |r| = √ 3 +4 =√ 25=5
2 2

2. Let r = -2i – 5j ; then |r| = √−22−52= √ 4+25=√ 29

3. Let r = isinθ− jcosθ ; then |r| = √ sinθ 2 +¿ ¿
Example: If r 1=7 i+3 j , r 2=2 i−5 j ; find the modulus and direction cosines of:
r
1. 1 2+r
2. r 2−r 1

Solution
r 1=7 i+3 j , r 2=2 i−5 j
1. r 1 +r 2=9i−2 j

|r1 + r2| = √ 92 +¿ ¿
Let cosα 1∧cos β 1 be the direction cosines of r 1 +r 2
9
cosα 1=
√85
−2
cos β 1=
√ 85
3. r 2−r 1=−5 i−8 j

|r 2−r 1| = √ (−5)2 +¿ ¿
Let cosα 2∧cos β 2 be the direction cosines ofr 2−r 1
−5
cosα 2=
√ 89
−8
cos β 2=
√ 89
UNIT VECTOR
Example: Find the unit vectors in the directions of the following vectors
1. r = 21 + 3j
2. q = 4i – 5j
3. p = 7i + 2j – 3k
4. t = 3i -5j -3k

Solution
1. Let r^ be the unit vector in the direction of r; then
r 1
r^ = = ( 2i+3 j )
|r| √13
2. Let q^ be the unit vector in the direction of q; then
q 1
q^ = = ( 4 i−5 j )
|q| √ 41
3. Let ^p be the unit vector in the direction of p; then
p 1
^p= = ( 7 i+2 j−3 k )
| p| √ 62
4. Let t^ be the unit vector in the direction of t; then
 t 1
t^ = = ( 3 i−5 j−3 k )
|t| √ 43
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON VECTORS
Example: If p = 2i - 3j; q = 3i + 5j and r = i + j; Find the values of
1. 2p + q + 3r
2. 3p – 2q
Solution
1. 2p = 2(2i – 3j ) = 4i – 6j
3r = 3( i + j ) = 3i + 3j
Therefore; 2p + q + 3r = (4i – 6j) + (3i + 5j) + (3i + 3j)
= 10i + 2j
2. 3p = 3(3i – 3j) = 9i – 9j
2q = 2(3i + 5j) = 6i + 10j
Therefore 3p – 2q = (9i – 9j) – (6i + 10j) =3i – 19j

Example: Given that ⃗

OC = a – b and ⃗
OD= 2a + 3b, where a = 2i + 3j and b = 3i – 2j, find
⃗
CD
⃗
CD=⃗
CO+ ⃗
OD=⃗
OD−⃗
OC
= (2a + 3b) – (a – b)
= 2a + 3b – a + b = a + 4b
= (2i + 3j) + 4(3i – 2j) = 14i – 5j
Evaluation: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 5
Conclusion: Teacher summarizes the topic, marks the students’ notes, does correction and
allows the students to copy.
Assignment: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 6

WEEK 6
MAGNITUDE OF A VECTOR
The magnitude of a vector a, sometimes called the modulus of the vector is represented by |a|.
Zero Vector: The zero vector is a vector with zero magnitude.
Unit Vector: The unit vector is the vector represented by a and is such that a = |a| a
Negative Vector: The negative vector of a is written as – a
Equality of vector: Two vectors are equal when they have same magnitude and direction.
Example: Find the modulus of each of the following vectors
 4. 3i + 4j
5. -2i – 5j
6. isinθ− jcosθ
Solution
4. Let r = 3i + 4j ; then |r| = √ 3 +4 =√ 25=5
2 2

5. Let r = -2i – 5j ; then |r| = √−22−52= √ 4+25=√ 29

6. Let r = isinθ− jcosθ ; then |r| = √ sinθ 2 +¿ ¿

Example: If r 1=7 i+3 j , r 2=2 i−5 j ; find the modulus and direction cosines of:
4. r 1 +r 2
5. r 2−r 1

Solution
r 1=7 i+3 j , r 2=2 i−5 j
2. r 1 +r 2=9i−2 j

|r1 + r2| = √ 92 +¿ ¿
Let cosα 1∧cos β 1 be the direction cosines of r 1 +r 2
9
cosα 1=
√85
−2
cos β 1=
√ 85
6. r 2−r 1=−5 i−8 j

|r 2−r 1| = √ (−5)2 +¿ ¿
Let cosα 2∧cos β 2 be the direction cosines ofr 2−r 1
−5
cosα 2=
√ 89
−8
cos β 2=
√ 89
Evaluation: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 10
Conclusion: Teacher summarizes the topic, marks the students’ notes, does correction and
allows the students to copy.
Assignment: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun
UNIT VECTOR
Example: Find the unit vectors in the directions of the following vectors
5. r = 21 + 3j
6. q = 4i – 5j
7. p = 7i + 2j – 3k
 8. t = 3i -5j -3k

Solution
5. Let r^ be the unit vector in the direction of r; then
r 1
r^ = = ( 2i+3 j )
|r| √13
6. Let q^ be the unit vector in the direction of q; then
q 1
q^ = = ( 4 i−5 j )
|q| √ 41
7. Let ^p be the unit vector in the direction of p; then
p 1
^p= = ( 7 i+2 j−3 k )
| p| √ 62
8. Let t^ be the unit vector in the direction of t; then
t 1
t^ = = ( 3 i−5 j−3 k )
|t| √ 43
Evaluation: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 10
Conclusion: Teacher summarizes the topic, marks the students’ notes, does correction and
allows the students to copy.
Assignment: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 12
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON VECTORS
Example: If p = 2i - 3j; q = 3i + 5j and r = i + j; Find the values of
3. 2p + q + 3r
4. 3p – 2q
Solution
3. 2p = 2(2i – 3j ) = 4i – 6j
3r = 3( i + j ) = 3i + 3j
Therefore; 2p + q + 3r = (4i – 6j) + (3i + 5j) + (3i + 3j)
= 10i + 2j
4. 3p = 3(3i – 3j) = 9i – 9j
2q = 2(3i + 5j) = 6i + 10j
Therefore 3p – 2q = (9i – 9j) – (6i + 10j) =3i – 19j

Example: Given that ⃗

OC = a – b and ⃗
OD = 2a + 3b, where a = 2i + 3j and b = 3i – 2j, find
⃗
CD
⃗
CD=⃗
CO+ ⃗
OD=⃗
OD−⃗
OC
= (2a + 3b) – (a – b)
= 2a + 3b – a + b = a + 4b
 = (2i + 3j) + 4(3i – 2j) = 14i – 5j
Evaluation: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 5
Conclusion: Teacher summarizes the topic, marks the students’ notes, does correction and
allows the students to copy.
Assignment: New Further Mathematics Project 2, by M.R Tuttuh Adegun et al. Page 262,
Exercise 14, no 6
WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC:MECHANICS (VECTOR GEOMETRY)
SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
The scalar or dot product of two vectors a and b is written as a.b and pronounced as (a dot b).
Therefore, a.b =|a| |b| cosƟ dot is defined as a.b = a b cos Ɵ where Ɵ is the angle between
vectors a and b
If a = a1 I + a2j and b = b1 I b2j
Thus a .b = (a)1bi ii + ab2j I 1 + 2 bi I h +a2 b2 j
Recall that I and j are mutually perpendicular unit vector hence
i.i = |x| cos 0 =1
i.j = |x| cos 90 =0
j.i = |x| cos 90 =0
j.i =|x| cos 0 =1
Hence, a.b =a1b1 + a2 b2
Examples
1. Find the scale product of the following vectors 9i -2j + k and I – 3j -4k
Solution:
A=(9i- 2j +k) and b= (i-3j -4k)
a.b = (9i-2j +k) (i-3j-4k)
=9 (1) -2(-3) + 1(-4)=9+6-4a.b =11
2. Let a = 3i+2j, b = -4i+2j and c = i+4j, calculate a.b, a.c and a. (b+c)
Solution:
I a.b = (3i + 2j ) (-4i+2j) = 3 (-4) +2(2)
= -12+4
=-8
II a.c = (3i+2j) (I +4j)
= 3 (1) + 2 (4)
= 3+8 = 11
III a.(b+c)
Find (b+c) = -4i + 2j +i +4j
=-3i +6j
a. (b+c) = (3i+2j) (-3i +6j)
=3(-3) + 2(6)
= -9+12 = 3.

PERPENDICULARITY OF VECTORS:
If two vectors P and q are in perpendicular directions, thus p.q =0
Example 1: show that the vectors p = 3i+ 2j and q= -2i + 3j are perpendicular.
Solution:
P:q = (3i+2j) (-2i +3j)
=3(-2) + 2(3)
=-6+ =0
Since p.q=0, then the vectors p and q are perpendicular.
2. If p= 4i + kj and q=2i – 3j are perpendicular, find the value of k, where k is a scalar..
Solution:
p.q=0
(4i+kj)(2i-3j)=0
4(2) + k(-3)=0
-3k=-8
K=8/3.

EQUAL VECTORS: Vectors p ad q are equal if p is equal to q.

3
Example: find the value of the scalar K for which the vectors 2ki + 3j and 8i+ kj
4
Solution:
3
2ki +3j = 8i + kj
4
3
Hence, 2ki =8i, 3j= kj
4
2k = 8 12=3k
K=8/2 k=12/3
K=4 k=4
EVALUATION
1. The vectors AB and C are -2i+6j-3k and -2i-3j+6k respectively. Find the scalar product
AB.AC
2. Find the value of the scalar A for which the pairs of vectors 5i +3j and 2i-4Aj are
perpendicular.

ANGLES BETWEEN TWO VECTORS

θ Is the angle between two vectors and from dot product where a.b=|a|b| cos θ. Hence, Cos
a .b
θ=
|a|∨b∨¿ ¿
Where |a|= Magnitude of vector a= √ a21 +a 22
|b| =Magnitude of vector b=√ b21 +b 22

Example:
Find the angle between the vectors pp=2i – 2j + k and q=12i +4j – 3k
Solution:
p.q
Cos θ=
| p|∨q∨¿ ¿
p.q= (2i-2j+k)(12i+4j-3k)
=2(12) -2(4)_1(3)
= 24-8-3
=13
|p|= 22 + (-2)2 + 12=√ 4 +4+1 =√ 9=3
√
|q|= √ 122 + 42 + (-3) = √ 144+16+9= √ 169 =13
13
Cos θ
3 x 13
Cos θ=1/3. θ =Cos-1 (1/3)

DIRECTION COSINES A VECTOR:

The direction is specified by the angles which the vector makes wit x and y axes. If we represent
these angles by ∝ and β respectively then,
x y
Cos ∝ = Cos β =
|r| |r|
Example: find the direction cosine of the vector 4i + 3J – 11k
Solution:
Let a = 4i + 3J-11k
|a|= √ x2 + y2 +z2 = |=√ 4 2 + 32 + (-11)2 = √ 146
4 3 −11
Direction cosine, Cos ∝ Cos β = Cosγ =
√ 146 √ 146 √ 146

EVALUATION
1. Find the angle between the vectors 2i + 3j +6k and 3i+4j+12k
2. Find the direction cosine of vector a = 10i- j+2k

EVALUATION: find the projection of the vector a on the vector b if a=5i-4j+2k and b=6i – j +3k

GENERAL REVISION EVALUATION

1. Given that a=4i – 2j +k, b=2i – j +3k and c=5i +2k find (i) (a+b)c (ii) a=c+b.c
2. If a = 4i – 2j +k, b=6i +5j find (i) the unit vector in direction of b. (ii) the projection of a
on b (iii) the unit ve4xtor in the direction of a (iv) the projection of b on a.

READING ASSIGNMENT: Read vector Geometry, Further Mathematics project II page 236-240

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. If = 3i + 4j and b=gi +2k are perpendicular, what is the value of g? A.-4 B.3 C.-8/3
24 j
2. Find the value of the scalar k for which the vectors ki + 8j and 3i + are equal.
k
A. 3 B.6 C.9
3. Find the projection of the vector a on the vector if a = 4i + 6j and b=3i-2j.
A.-3\ √ 52 B.5\ √ 13 C. 0
4. Calculate the angle between a = -4i +2j and b =I -3j. A.450 B.600 C.1350
5. Find the scalar product of vectors – 2i-3j and 4i +5j? A.-23 B.23 C.7

THEORY
1a) Given that a = 4i – 5j + 2k and b = -7i + 3j – 6k find the scalar product of a and b (b) find the
direction cosine 2a + 3b
2 ) Find the angle between p = 6i + 2j – 4k and q = 9i + 5j
 WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC : MECHANICS ; VECTORS OR CROSS PRODUCT ON TWO OR THREE
DIMENSION , CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS AND APPLICATION OF
CROSS PRODUCT
Vector Product of two vectors
Given two vectors a andb whose directions are inclined at an angleθ , their vector productis defined as
a vector r whose magnitude isab sinθ and whose directions is perpendicular to both a andb and
also being positive relative to a rotation from themvectora and b also being positive relative to a
rotation from the vectora to the re
ctorb .
The vector product ofa and b is designated
a xb
Thus:
r = a x b =|a | |b | sin θ . Ũ whereŨ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b .
Properties of vector Product
(i) b x a = |b||a| sin(-θ )Ũ 0 <θ < π
= - |a||b| sin (-θ ) Ũ
= - ax b
Thus the vector product of two vectors is not commutative .
(ii) (ka ) x b = a x (k b )
= k (a xb )
= k |a ||b | sin θŨ )
Where k is a scalar.
(iii) a x (b + c) = ax b + ax c
Distribute law
(iv) i xi = jx j = k xk
jx j =k = - jx j, jx k = i =
- k x j
k xi= - l xk
(v) |a x b| = area of parallelogram with sides
a and b .
(vi) If a xb = 0 and a and b are non zero vectors, then a and b are parallel
(vii) If a = a1 i+ a2i + a3k
b = b1 + b2i +b3k then

i j k
a × ba1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

We shall make use of the following important result in determinant of order 2 x 2 and order 3 x 3
defined respectively as follows.
a b
c d = ad – bc

a b c e f -b d f +c d e
d e f =a h I g I g h
g h i

The expansion of the determinant of order 3 x 3 is along the first row.

Notwithstanding it can be along any other row or any column.

Example 1
Find the vector of a andb where:
a = 4I - 3j + 2k, b = i + 2 j – 5k
Solution
a=4I–3j+2k
b = I + 2j – 5k

axb= i j k
4 -3 2
1 2 -5

=i -3 2 4 2 4 -3
-j +k
2 -5 1 -5 1 2

= I (15 -4) –j (-20 -2) + k (8 + 3)

= 11i + 20j + 11k

If p =2i – 3j + 4k
q =5i – 4j – 3k
Find :
(a) p x q;
(b) |p x q|
Solution
(a) pxq= i j k
2 -3 4
5 4 -3
=i -3 4 2 4 2 -3
-j +k
4 -3 5 -3 5 4

= i (9 – 8) –j (- 6 -20) + k (8 + 15)
=i + 26j + 23 k

(b) |p x q| = |I + 26j + 23k|

= √ 1 +26 +232
2 2

= √ 1+676+529
` = √ 1206
= √ 9 x 134
= √3 134
Example
Show that (a x b)2 = a2b2 – (a.b)2
Solution
(a x b)2 = (absinθũ )2
= a2 b2 sin2θ
= a2 b2 (1 – cos2 θ )
= a2 b2 - a2 b2 cos2 θ
= a2 b2 – (a.b)2
Hence
(a x b)2 = a2 b2 – (a.b)2

EVALUATION
Given that p = 2i + 3j +4k and q= 5i – 6j +7k find ; (1) p x q ( 2) (p + q ) . ( p-q)

Application of vector product

Area of a parallelogram
Example
Show that the area of parallelogram with sides a andb is.
Solution
A c

a h
0
O b B
Area of parallelogram
OAC B= h/b
=/a/ sinθ /b/
=/a/ /b/sin θ
=/a x b/
Area of angle
Example
1
Show that the area of a triangle with sides a and b is |a x b|
A
2
Solution

a
h
O
b B

1
Area of = ∆ OAB = |b| x h
2
1
= |b||a| Sinθ
2
 1
= |a||b| Sinθ
2
1
= (a x b)
2

Example
The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
⃗
AB = 2 i – j – 6k and ⃗ AC = i + 3 j – k . Find
the area of the parallelogram.

Solution
B D

A C
AB = 2 i – j – 6k
AC = i+3j–k
Area of parallelogram = |AB x AC|
= ⃗
AB x ⃗
AC
i j k
2 -1 -6
1 3 -1
⃗
AB x⃗AC

=i -1 -6 -j 2 -6 +k 2 -1
3 -1 1 -1 1 3
= I (1 + 18) –j (-2 + 6) + k (6 + 1)
= 19 I – 4 j + 7 k
|AB x AC| = |19i - 4j + 7k|
= √ 1 92 + ¿
= √ 361+16+ 49
= √ 426
Hence
Area of parallelogram = √ 426 sq. Units

GENERAL EVALUATION
1) Find the vector product of a= 4i -3j +4k and b = -I + 2j +7k
2) Given that p = 7i + 2j + k and q = 3i – 2j + 4k find ; (i) p x q (ii) | p x q | (iii) the unit vector
perpendicular to both p and q
3) Find the sine of the angle between the vectors : a = I – j + k and b = 8i + 2j + 3k
4) The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are PQ= 4i + 3j + k and PR = -5i + 2j +3k find the area
of the parallelogram
5) The position vectors OA, OB and OC are 2i – 3j + 4k , 6i + 4j -8k and 3i + 2j + 5k
respectively find (i) vector AB (ii) vector BA (iii) vector BC (iv) AB x BC
Reading Assignment: New Further Maths Project 2 page 216 – 222
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Given that a = I + 2j + k and b = 2i +3j- 5k
1) find ( a x b ) . a a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
2) find ( a x b ) . b a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3
Given that p = I + 5j + 6k and q = - 2i + j + 3k
3) find p x q a) 15i +11j -11k b) 11i - 15j + 11k c) 11i – 11j + 15k d) 11i- 15j -11k
4) find q x p a) -11i + 15j – 11k b) 11i - 15j + 11k c) 15i – 11j-11k d) 15i+11j+11k
5) Given that a = i – j+ 3k and b = 6i + 2j – 2k find ( a + b ) . ( a x b ) a) 1 b) 0 c) 2 d)
3

THEORY
1) AB = 4i +3j+5k and AC= 2i-3j+k are two sides of a triangle ABC , find the area of the
triangle
2) PQ = 2i+5j+3k and PR = 3i-3j + k are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find the area
of the parallelogram.