09/01/2017

Learning Outcomes
►Describe ideal gas mixture composition in terms
of mass fractions and mole fractions.
8. Ideal Gas Mixture and ►Use the Dalton model to relate pressure, volume,
and temperature and to calculate changes in U,
Psychrometric Applications
H, and S for ideal gas mixtures.
►Apply mass, energy, and entropy balances to
systems involving ideal gas mixtures, including
mixing processes.

Learning Outcomes, cont. Describing Mixture Composition

►Consider a system consisting of a
►Demonstrate understanding of psychrometric number of gases within a container of
terminology, including humidity ratio, relative volume V. The temperature and
humidity, mixture enthalpy, and dew point pressure of the gas mixture are T and
Gas 1: n1, m1
temperature. p, respectively. Gas 2: n2, m2
►The composition of the mixture can

…
►Use the psychrometric chart to represent be described by giving the mass m i or
Gas j: nj, mj
Sum: n m
common air-conditioning processes and to the number of moles ni for each
retrieve data. component present.
►The mass m i, number of moles ni, and molecular weight Mi
►Apply mass, energy, and entropy balances to
of component i are related by
analyze air-conditioning processes and cooling
►ni is in kmol when m i is in
towers. m
kg and Mi is in kg/kmol.
i n  i (Eq. 12.1)
Mi

Describing Mixture Composition Describing Mixture Composition

►The mass fraction is the relative amount of each ►Alternatively, the mole fraction can
ni
component in the mixture. The mass fraction mfi of be used to describe the relative amount yi 
of each component in the mixture. The n
component i is
mole fraction yi of component i is (Eq. 12.6)
mi
mf i  (Eq. 12.3) where n is the total moles of mixture.
m
►The sum of the mole fractions of all components in
where m is the total mass of mixture. a mixture equals unity.
►The sum of the mass fractions of all components ►The apparent (or average) molecular j
in a mixture equals unity. weight M of a mixture is determined as M   yi M i
i 1
a mole-fraction average of the
component molecular weights: (Eq. 12.9)

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Describing Mixture Composition Describing Mixture Composition

(b) Although the actual amount of mixture is not known, the
Example: The molar analysis of a gas mixture is calculations can be based on any convenient amount. We use
50% N2, 35% CO2, and 15% O2. Determine 1 kmol of mixture.
(a) the apparent molecular weight of the mixture and ►Then, the amount ni of each component, in kmol, is equal to its
mole fraction, as shown in column (ii).
(b) the analysis in terms of mass fractions. ►Column (iii) lists the respective molecular weights.
►Column (iv) gives the mass mi of each component, in kg per
Solution: kmole of mixture, obtained using mi = niMi (Eq. 12.1).
(a) The apparent molecular weight of the mixture is ►The mass fractions, listed as percentages in column (v), are
obtained by dividing the values in column (iv) by the column total
found using Eq. 12.9 and molecular weights and multiplying by 100.
(rounded) from Table A-1 (i) (ii) × (iii) = (iv) (v)
Component ni Mi mi mfi %

N2 0.50 × 28 = 14 40.94
M  0.5028   0.3544   0.1532  = 34.2 kg/kmol CO2 0.35 × 44 = 15.4 45.03
O2 0.15 × 32 = 4.8 14.04
1.00 34.2 100

Relating p, V, and T for Ideal Gas Mixtures Relating p, V, and T for Ideal Gas Mixtures
►Accordingly, with the Dalton model
►Many systems of practical
the individual components do not exert
interest involve mixtures where the
the mixture pressure p but rather a
overall mixture and each of its partial pressure denoted by pi: Gas 1: n1, m1
Gas 1: n1, m1 Gas 2: n2, m2
components can be modeled as Gas 2: n2, m2

…
ni R T
…

Gas j: nj, mj
ideal gases. For such mixtures the Gas j: nj, mj
pi  (Eq. 12.11) Sum: n m
Dalton mixture model is Sum: n m V
commonly used. ►By combining Eqs. 12.10 and 12.11 the partial pressure
►The overall mixture is considered an ideal gas pi can be determined alternatively from

p
nR T pi  yi p (Eq. 12.12)
(Eq. 12.10)
V where the sum of the partial pressures equals the mixture
►The Dalton model also assumes each component pressure j
behaves as an ideal gas as if it were alone at p   pi (Eq. 12.13)
temperature T and volume V. i 1

Evaluating U, H, and S for Ideal Gas Mixtures Evaluating U, H, and S for Ideal Gas Mixtures
(Molar Basis)
►For an ideal gas mixture, the values of U, H, ►Accordingly, when working on a molar basis expressions for
and S are evaluated by adding the contribution U, H, and S of a mixture consisting of several components are:
of each component at the condition at which the
component exists in the mixture.
►Evaluation of the specific internal energy or
specific enthalpy of a mixture component i
requires only a single intensive property: the
mixture temperature, T.
►Evaluation of the specific entropy of a mixture
component i requires two intensive properties.
We will use the mixture temperature, T, and the
partial pressure, pi.

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Evaluating U, H, and S for Ideal Gas Mixtures Evaluating U, H, and S for Ideal Gas Mixtures
(Molar Basis) (Mass Basis)
►The mixture specific heats cv and c p are mole- ►When working on a mass basis the expressions for U, H, S,
and specific heats of a mixture consisting of two components
fraction averages of the respective component
– a binary mixture – are:
specific heats. Table 12.2

(Eq. 12.23) (Eq. 12.24)

►See Sec. 12.4 for applications using these

expressions for U, H, S, and the specific heats.

Engineering Applications of Ideal Gas Psychrometric Applications

Mixtures
►The remainder of this presentation centers on
►We encounter ideal gas mixtures in many
systems involving moist air. A condensed water
important areas of application. Two of these are:
phase may also be present in such systems.
1. Systems involving chemical reactions and, in
►The term moist air refers to a mixture of dry air
particular, combustion. For these applications we
and water vapor in which the dry air is treated as a
typically work on a molar basis. Combustion
pure component.
systems are considered in Chapter 13.
►The Dalton model applies to moist air.
2. Systems for air-conditioning and other
applications requiring close control of water vapor in ►By identifying gas 1 with dry air and gas 2
gas mixtures. For these applications we typically with water vapor, Table 12.2 gives moist air
work on a mass basis. Systems of this type are property relations on a mass basis.
considered in the second part of Chapter 12. ►The study of systems involving moist air is known
as psychrometrics.

Moist Air Moist Air

1. The overall mixture and each component, dry air
►Consider a closed system and water vapor, obey the ideal gas equation of state.
consisting of moist air occupying
a volume V at mixture pressure p 2. Dry air and water vapor within the mixture are
and mixture temperature T. considered as if they each exist alone in volume V at
the mixture temperature T while each exerts part of
►In moist air the amount of
the mixture pressure.
water vapor present is much
less than the amount of dry air: 3. The partial pressures pa and pv of dry air and
water vapor are, respectively
mv << ma nv << na.
pa = ya p pv = yv p (Eq. 12.41b)
►The Dalton model applies to the mixture of dry air where ya and yv are the mole fractions of the dry air and
and water vapor: water vapor, respectively. These moist air expressions
conform to Eqs. (c) of Table 12.2.

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Moist Air Moist Air

4. The mixture pressure is the sum of the partial Mixture pressure, p
6. When pv corresponds
pressures of the dry air and the water vapor:
to pg at temperature T,
p = pa + pv the mixture is said to be T
,

saturated.
Mixture pressure, p
5. A typical state of water 7. The ratio of pv and pg
vapor in moist air is fixed is called the relative
using partial pressure pv T
,
humidity, :
and the mixture pv 
Typical state of
 (Eq. 12.44)
temperature T. the water vapor
in moist air pg 
T, p
The water vapor is
superheated at this state. Relative humidity is usually expressed as a percent and
ranges as dry air only
(pv = 0)
0 ≤  ≤ 100% saturated air
(pv = pg)

Humidity Ratio Mixture Enthalpy

►The humidity ratio w of a moist air sample is the ►Values for U, H, and S for moist air can be found by
ratio of the mass of the water vapor to the mass of adding contributions of each component.
the dry air. m ►For example, the enthalpy H is
w v (Eq. 12.42)
ma H  H a  H v  ma ha  mv hv (Eq. 12.45)
Since m v << m a, the value of w is typically << 1. which conforms to Eq. (d) in Table 12.2.
►Using the ideal gas equation of state and the ►Dividing by ma and introducing w, the mixture enthalpy
relationship pa = p – pv 18.02/28.97 = 0.622 per unit mass of dry air is
H m
 ha  v hv  ha  whv
mv M v pvV / R T M v p v  M v  p v  (Eq. 12.46) ma
w      ma
ma M a paV / R T M a pa  M a  p  p v 
►For moist air, the enthalpy hv is very closely given by the
pv saturated vapor value corresponding to the given
w  0.622
p  pv (Eq. 12.43) temperature. h  h T 
v g (Eq. 12.47)

Heating Moist Air in a Duct Heating Moist Air in a Duct

Example: Moist air enters a duct at 10oC, 80% Solution:
relative humidity, is heated as it flows through the (a) At steady state, mass rate balances for the dry air
duct, and exits at 30oC. No moisture is added or and water vapor read:
removed and the mixture pressure remains constant m a1  m a2 (dry air)
at 1 bar. For steady-state operation and ignoring m v1  m v2 (water vapor)
kinetic and potential energy changes, determine
(a) the humidity ratio, w2, and Since the mass flow rates of the dry air and water
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in kJ per kg of dry air. vapor do not change from inlet to exit, they are
denoted for simplicity as m∙ a and m∙ v. Moreover, since
no moisture is added or removed, the humidity ratio
does not change from inlet to exit: w1 = w2. The
common humidity ratio is denoted by w. m
w v
m a

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Heating Moist Air in a Duct Heating Moist Air in a Duct

The humidity ratio is evaluated using data at the (b) The steady-state form of the energy rate balance
inlet: reduces to:
0
•The partial pressure of the water vapor at the inlet,
0  Q cv  W cv  (m a ha1  m v hv1 )  (m a ha2  m v hv2 )
pv1, can be evaluated from the given inlet relative
humidity 1 and the saturated pressure pg1 at 10oC ∙
•Solving for Qcv
from Table A-2:

pv1 = 1pg1 = 0.8(0.01228 bar) = 0.0098 bar Q cv  m a (ha2  ha1 )  m v (hv2  hv1 )
•The humidity ratio can be found from: •Noting that m∙ v = wm∙ a, we get
pv  0.0098  kg (vapor)
w  0.622  0.622   0.00616 Q cv
p  pv  1  0.0098  kg (dry air)  (ha2  ha1 )  w (hv2  hv1 )
m a

Heating Moist Air in a Duct Dew Point Temperature

Q cv ►When moist air is cooled, partial condensation of the water
 (ha2  ha1 )  w (hv2  hv1 ) vapor initially present can occur. This is observed in
m a condensation of vapor on window panes, pipes carrying cold
water, and formation of dew on grass.
For the dry air, ha1 and ha2 For the water vapor, hv1 and hv2 are
are obtained from ideal gas obtained from steam table Table A-2 ►An important special case is cooling of moist air at constant
table Table A-22 at 10oC and at 10oC and 30oC, respectively, using mixture pressure, p.
30oC, respectively. hv ≈ hg ►The figure shows a sample of moist air, initially at State 1,
where the water vapor is superheated. The accompanying T-v
Q cv kJ
 (303 .2  283 .1)  The diagram locates
m a kg (dry air) contribution of
states of water.
 kg (vapor)  kJ the water vapor
 0.00616 (2556 .3  2519 .8) to the heat ►Let’s study this
 kg (dry air)  kg (vapor) transfer system as it is
magnitude is
Q cv kJ kJ relatively cooled in stages
 (20.1  0.22)  20 .32 minor. from its initial
m a kg (dry air) kg (dry air)
temperature.

Dew Point Temperature Dew Point Temperature

►In the first part of the cooling process, the mixture pressure ►At the final temperature, the system consists of the dry air
and water vapor mole fraction remain constant. initially present plus saturated water vapor and saturated liquid.
►Since pv = yv p, the partial pressure of the water vapor ►Since some of the water vapor initially present has
remains constant. condensed, the partial pressure of the water vapor at the final
►Accordingly, the water vapor cools at constant pv from state, pg2, is less than the partial pressure initially, pv1.
state 1 to state d, called the dew point. ►The amount of water that condenses, m w, equals the
►The temperature at state d is called the dew point difference in the initial and final amounts of water vapor:
temperature.
mw = mv1 – mv2
►As the system cools
below the dew point
temperature, some of
the water vapor initially
present condenses.
The rest remains a
vapor.

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Dew Point Temperature Dry-bulb Temperature and

Wet-bulb Temperature
►Using mv = wma and the fact that the amount of dry
air remains constant, the amount of water condensed ►In engineering applications involving moist air, two
per unit mass of dry air is readily-measured temperatures are commonly used:
the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures.
mw
 w1  w 2 ►The dry-bulb temperature, Tdb, is simply the
ma
temperature measured by an ordinary
where thermometer placed in contact with the moist air.
►The wet-bulb temperature, Twb, is the
 p v1   pg2 
w1  0.622 
 w 2  0.622  temperature measured by a thermometer whose
 p  pg2 
 p  p v1    bulb is enclosed by a wick moistened with water.

and p denotes the mixture pressure, which remains

constant while cooling occurs.

Dry-bulb Temperature and

Psychrometric Chart
Wet-bulb Temperature
►Graphical representations of moist-air data are provided by
►The figure shows wet-bulb and dry-bulb psychrometric charts.
thermometers mounted on an instrument called a ►Psychrometric charts are given in Fig. A-9. These charts are
psychrometer. Flow of moist air over the two constructed for a moist air mixture pressure of 1 atm.
►Several important features of the psychrometric chart are
thermometers is induced by a battery-operated fan. discussed in Sec. 12.7, including
►Owing to evaporation
from the wet wick to the
moist air, the wet-bulb
Moist
temperature reading is Air in

less than the dry-bulb

temperature: Twb < Tdb.
►Each temperature is
easily read from its
respective thermometer.

Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Chart

►Dry-bulb temperature, Tdb. ►Humidity ratio, w.

Moist air Moist air

state state
w

Tdb

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Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Chart

►Dew point temperature, Tdp. ►Relative humidity, .
►Since the dew point is the state where moist air
becomes saturated when cooled at constant pressure, the
dew point for a given state is determined from the chart by
following a line of constant w (constant pv) to the
saturation line where  = 100%.

Moist air
state
Moist air
state

Tdp

Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Chart

►Mixture enthalpy per unit mass of dry air, (ha + whv). ►Wet-bulb temperature, Twb.
The value of (ha + whv) is calculated using ►Lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are
ha = cpaT approximately lines of constant mixture enthalpy.
Fig. 12.9: T in oC, cpa = 1.005 kJ/kg-K

(ha + whv)

Twb
Moist air Moist air
state state

Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Chart

►Volume per unit mass of dry air, V/m a. Example: Using Fig. A-9, determine relative humidity,
humidity ratio, and mixture enthalpy, in kJ/kg (dry air)
►Lines giving V/m a can be interpreted as the volume of
corresponding to dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures of 30oC
dry air or of water vapor (each per unit mass of dry air) and 25oC, respectively.
because in keeping with the Dalton model each
component is considered to fill the entire volume.

Moist air
state

V/ma

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Psychrometric Chart Analyzing Air-Conditioning Systems

Solution:
►The next series of slides demonstrates the
(ha + w hv) = 76 kJ/kg dry air application of mass and energy rate balances
 = 67% together with property data to typical air-conditioning
25oC
w = 0.0181 kg water/kg dry air systems using the psychrometric principles
introduced thus far.
►Featured applications include
►Dehumidification
►Humidification
►Mixing of two moist air streams
►An application of psychrometric principles to a
cooling tower is also considered.

Dehumidification Dehumidification
►The aim of a dehumidifier is to remove some of ►The figure shows a control volume enclosing a
the water vapor in the moist air passing through dehumidifier operating at steady state.
the unit. ►Moist air enters at state 1.
►This is achieved by allowing the moist air to ►As the moist air flows
1 2
flow across a cooling coil carrying a refrigerant at over the cooling coil, some
a temperature low enough that some water vapor water vapor condenses. m∙ , T , w
 = 100%, 2
a 1 1T <T ,
►Saturated moist air exits
2 1
w <w
condenses. 2 1

at state 2 (T2 < T1).

3
►Condensate exits as
m∙
saturated liquid at state 3. w

Here, we take T3 = T2. T =T 3 2

Dehumidification Dehumidification
►Mass rate balances. At steady state, mass rate balances
►For the control volume, let us evaluate for the dry air and water are, respectively
►The amount of
m a1  m a 2 (dry air)
condensate exiting per unit
m v1  m w  m v 2 (water)
mass of dry air: m∙ w/m∙ a and 1 2
1 2

►The rate of heat transfer Solving for the mass flow rate of m∙ a, T1, w 1
 2 = 100%,
T2 < T1 ,
 2 = 100%,
between the moist air and m∙ , T , w the condensate w2 < w1
a 1 1 T2 < T1 ,
w2 < w1
mw  m v1  m
 v2
cooling coil, per unit mass
∙
of dry air: Qcv/m∙ a. Then, with m∙ v1 = w1m∙ a and m∙ v2 = w2m∙ a, where 3

m∙ a denotes the common mass flow rate of

3
m∙ w
m∙ w
the dry air, we get the following expression T3 = T2
T3 = T2 for the amount of water condensed per unit
mass of dry air m w
 w1  w 2 (1)
m a

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Dehumidification Dehumidification
►Energy rate balance. With W∙ cv = 0 and no significant Q cv
kinetic and potential energy changes, the energy rate  (ha  whv ) 2  (ha  whv )1  (w1  w2 )hw (3)
m a
balance for the control volume reduces at steady state to
►For the condensate, hw = hf (T2), where hf is obtained from
0  Q cv  (m a ha1  m v1hv1 )  m w hw  (m a ha2  m v 2 hv2 ) (2) Table A-2.
►Options for evaluating the underlined terms of Eq. (3) include
With m∙ v1 = w1m∙ a, m∙ v2 = w2m∙ a, and Eq. (1), Eq. (2) becomes ►w 1 and w 2 are known. Since T1 and
T2 are also known, ha1 and ha2 can be
Q cv obtained from ideal gas table Table
 (ha  whv ) 2  (ha  whv )1  (w1  w2 )hw (3) A-22, while hv1 and hv2 can be (ha + w hv)1
m a
obtained from steam table Table A-2
using hv = hg. (ha + w hv)2
Since heat transfer occurs from the moist air to the cooling
coil, Q∙ cv/m∙ a will be negative in value. ►Alternatively, using the respective
temperature and humidity ratio
values to fix the states, (ha + w hv) at
states 1 and 2 can be read from a T2 T1
psychrometric chart.

Humidification Humidification
►The aim of a humidifier is to increase the ►The figure shows a control volume enclosing a
amount of water vapor in the moist air passing humidifier operating at steady state.
through the unit. ►Moist air enters at state 1.
►This is achieved by injecting steam or liquid ►Steam or liquid water is injected.
water. ►Moist air exits at state 2 with greater humidity
ratio, w2 > w1.

W∙ cv = 0, Q∙ cv = 0

∙
ma1

h3, m∙ 3

Humidification Humidification
►For adiabatic operation, the accompanying ►For the control volume, let us evaluate
psychrometric charts show states 1 and 2 for each
►The humidity ratio, w2, and
case.
►The temperature, T2.
►With relatively high-temperature steam injection, the
temperature of the moist air increases.
►With liquid injection the temperature of the moist air may
decrease because the liquid is vaporized by the moist air
W∙ cv = 0, Q∙ cv = 0
into which it is injected.
W∙ cv = 0, Q∙ cv = 0

∙
ma1

∙ 3
ma1
h3, m∙ 3
3

h3, m∙ 3

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Humidification Humidification
►Mass rate balances. At steady state, mass rate balances ►Energy rate balance. With no significant kinetic and
for the dry air and water are, respectively potential energy changes, the energy rate balance for the
control volume reduces to
m a1  m a 2 (dry air)
0  Q cv  W cv  (m a ha1  m v1hv1 )  m 3h3  (m a ha2  m v 2 hv2 )
m v1  m 3  m v 2 (water)
Since W∙ cv and Q∙ cv are each zero in this case
Then, since m∙ v1 = w1m∙ a and m∙ v2 = w2m∙ a, where m∙ a denotes
0  (m
 a ha1  m
 v1hv1)  m
 3h3  (m
 a ha2  m
 v2hv2 ) (2)
the common mass flow rate of the dry air, we get
m 3 W∙ cv = 0, Q∙ cv = 0
With m∙ v1 = w1m∙ a and m∙ v2 = w2m∙ a, Eq. (2) becomes
w 2  w1  (1)
m a 
m
0  (ha1  w1hv1)  ( 3 )h3  (ha2  w2 hv2 ) (3)
a
m
Since w1, m∙ a, and m∙ 3 are ∙
ma1

specified, the humidity ratio w2 3 Solving Eq. (3)

can be calculated from Eq. (1) h3, m∙ 3 
m
(ha2  w2 hv2 )  (ha1  w1hv1)  ( 3 )h3 (4)
a
m

Humidification Humidification

m 
m
(ha2  w2 hv2 )  (ha1  w1hv1)  ( 3 )h3 (4) (ha2  w2 hv2 )  (ha1  w1hv1)  ( 3 )h3 (4)
a
m a
m
►Options for determining T2 from Eq. (4) include ►Options for determining T2 from Eq. (4) include
►Use the psychrometric chart: ►An iterative solution using data from Table A-22: ha(T) for the
•The first term on the right side dry air and Table A-2: hv = hg(T) for the water vapor:
of Eq. (4) can be read from the w
• The value of the right side of Eq. (4) is known because the data are
chart using T1 and w 1 to fix the (ha2 + w 2hv2)

state. either known or can be obtained from the indicated tables using T1.
•Since the second term on the
(ha1 + w 1hv1)
2 • On the left side of Eq. (4), w 2 is known from the mass rate balance.
w2
right is known, the value of • Accordingly, the only unknown is T2, which can be found iteratively:
(ha2 + w 2hv2) can be calculated. For each assumed value of T2, Table A-22 gives ha2 and
w1
•This value together with w 2 fixes 1
Table A-2 gives hv2.
the exit state, which allows T2 to This allows the left side to be calculated.
be determined by inspection. T1 T2
Iteration with T2 continues until the calculated value on the left
agrees with the known value on the right.

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams
►Mass rate balances. At steady state, mass rate balances
►In air-conditioning systems, a frequent for the dry air and water vapor are, respectively
component is one that mixes moist air streams as
shown in the figure: m a1  m a 2  m a 3 (dry air)
m v1  m v 2  m v3 (water vapor)

With m∙ v = wm∙ a, these equations combine to give

w1m a1  w2 m a2  w3 (m a1  m a2 )

Alternatively
m a1 w3  w2
►For the case of adiabatic mixing, let us consider  (1)
m a2 w1  w3
how the following quantities at the exit of the control
volume, m∙ a3, w3, and T3, can be evaluated knowing These equations can be solved for w3 using known values of
the respective quantities at the inlets. w1, w2, m∙ a1, and m∙ a2.

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Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams
►Energy rate balance. Ignoring the effects of kinetic and ►From study of Eqs. (1) and (2) we conclude that on
potential energy, the energy rate balance for the control a psychrometric chart state 3 lies on a straight line
volume reduces at steady state to
connecting states 1 and 2, as shown in the figure
0  Q cv  W cv  (m a1ha1  m v1hv1 )  (m a2 ha2  m v 2 hv2 )  (m a3 ha3  m v3hv3 )
Since W∙ cv and Q∙ cv are each zero in this case
 a1 (ha1  w1hv1)  m
 a2 (ha2  w2hv2 )  m
 a3 (ha3  w3hv3 ) (Eq. 12.56c) m a1 w3  w2
m  (1)
m a2 w1  w3
The enthalpies of the water vapor are evaluated using hv = hg.
With m∙ a3 = m∙ a1 + m∙ a2, Eq. 12.56c can be solved to give an
expression with the same form as Eq. (1) m a1 (ha3  w3 hg3 )  (ha2  w 2 hg2 )
 (2)
m a1 (ha3  w3 hg3 )  (ha2  w 2 hg2 ) m a2 (ha1  w1hg1 )  (ha3  w3 hg3 )
 (2)
m a2 (ha1  w1hg1 )  (ha3  w3 hg3 )

Using known data, this equation can be solved for (ha + whg)3,
from which T3 can be evaluated.

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams
Example: For adiabatic mixing of two moist air Solution:
streams with the data provided in the table below, (a) Inserting known values in Eq. (1),
use the psychrometric chart to determine 497 w3  0.002

(a) w3, in kg (vapor)/kg (dry air), and 180 0.0094  w3
(b) T3 in oC.
we get w3 = 0.0074 kg (vapor)/kg (dry air).
State T w ∙
m (ha + whg)* (b) Then from Fig. A-9
a
(oC) (kg (dry air)/kg (vapor)) (kg (dry air)/min) (kJ/kg (dry air))
1 24 0.0094 497 48
2 5 0.002 180 10
*Thevalues of (ha + whg) are read from Fig. A-9 using the respective
temperature and humidity ratio values.

T3 = 19oC

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams Cooling Towers

Solution:
►Moist air principles also play a
(a) Inserting known values in Eq. (1),
role in the analysis of cooling
497 w3  0.002 towers such as shown in the

180 0.0094  w3 figure.
we get w3 = 0.0074 kg (vapor)/kg (dry air). ►Major events occurring within
the control volume enclosing the
(b) Then from Fig. A-9
tower include the following:
Alternatively, Eq. (2) can ►The warm water to be cooled
be used to determine enters at 1 and is sprayed from the
(ha + whg)3 = 38 kJ/kg (dry air). top of the tower.
►Atmospheric air enters at 3 and flows counter to the
Then, from Fig. A-9 falling water.

T3 = 19oC

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Cooling Towers Cooling Towers

►As the liquid water and moist air ►Mass rate balances. To evaluate the mass flow rate of
interact within the tower, a fraction the makeup water, apply mass rate balances to the control
of the liquid evaporates, resulting in volume at steady state to get
• Liquid water that exits the m a 3  m a 4 (dry air)
tower at 2 with a lower m w1  m 5  m v3  m w2  m v4 (water)
temperature than the water
5  m
m  v4  m
 v3
entering at 1, which is the
objective. With m∙ v3 = w3m∙ a and m∙ v4 = w4m∙ a, where m∙ a is the common
• Moist air that exits the tower at mass flow rate of the dry air, this becomes
4 with a greater humidity ratio
than the air entering at 3. m  a (w4  w3 )
5  m
►Since some of the incoming water has evaporated, an
equivalent amount of makeup water is added at 5 so that ►Energy rate balance. Application of the energy rate
the return mass flow rate equals the mass flow rate entering balance to such a cooling tower is as follows
at 1.

The energy rate balance results in

Evaluating the enthalpies of the water vapor as the saturated vapor

values at the respective temperatures and the enthalpy of each liquid
stream as the saturated liquid enthalpy at each respective temperature,
the energy rate equation becomes

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