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VIBRATION

The document provides an overview of vibration engineering, discussing the significance of vibration in mechanical systems, measurement techniques, and control methods to enhance performance and safety. It outlines the differences between free and forced vibrations, various measurement sensors, and advanced tools like laser vibrometers. Additionally, it highlights applications across industries such as automotive, aerospace, and structural engineering, emphasizing the importance of effective vibration control.

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Vince Ian Tan
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8 views6 pages

VIBRATION

The document provides an overview of vibration engineering, discussing the significance of vibration in mechanical systems, measurement techniques, and control methods to enhance performance and safety. It outlines the differences between free and forced vibrations, various measurement sensors, and advanced tools like laser vibrometers. Additionally, it highlights applications across industries such as automotive, aerospace, and structural engineering, emphasizing the importance of effective vibration control.

Uploaded by

Vince Ian Tan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VIBRATION

ENGINEERING

Submitted by : Tan, Ace Jann L. Submitted to: Ronnel Lucero

Section: P3
1. Introduction to Vibration Engineering

Vibration is a critical phenomenon in mechanical systems that can affect their performance,
safety, and longevity. It occurs when an object moves back and forth around a central point. The
study of vibration engineering involves identifying, analyzing, and controlling these oscillations
to ensure optimal system performance. Vibration can arise from numerous sources, such as
external forces, operational imbalances, or environmental conditions, leading to problems like
excessive noise, wear, and even structural failure.

There are two main types of vibration: free and forced. Free vibrations occur when a system is
disturbed and then allowed to oscillate on its own. Forced vibrations, on the other hand, are
induced by continuous external forces, such as the operation of machinery or the impact of
environmental factors like wind or seismic activity. Both types can have detrimental effects on
structures and machinery, which is why effective measurement and control are essential.

Comparison of Curves

The following table summarizes the key differences in the oscillation curves for free and forced
vibrations:

Feature Free Vibrations Forced Vibrations

Driving Force None (internal forces only) External periodic force

Frequency Natural frequency Frequency of external force

Amplitude Decreases over time


Can increase significantly near resonance
Behavior (damped)

Graph Appearance Damped sinusoidal wave Peaks at resonance; depends on damping


2. Measurement Techniques in Vibration Engineering

Accurate vibration measurement is crucial to diagnose problems and prevent failures. Various
sensors and tools are employed for this purpose, each suited for specific applications.

2.1. Overview of Vibration Measurement Methods


Vibration measurement is generally performed using sensors that detect displacement, velocity,
or acceleration. These signals are then processed to identify the frequency, amplitude, and phase
of the vibration, which are critical for analysis.

2.2. Types of Sensors Used

● Accelerometers are the most commonly used sensors in vibration measurement. They
measure the acceleration of the vibrating surface, which can be integrated to obtain
velocity and displacement.
● Velocity Sensors are often used when it is essential to measure the speed of vibration
directly, typically using electromagnetic induction or capacitive techniques.
● Displacement Sensors are used for high-precision measurements in applications where
small displacements are critical, such as in rotor dynamics or structural health
monitoring.

2.3. Advanced Measurement Tools

● Laser Vibrometers: These non-contact sensors are used for measuring surface velocity
and displacement in high-precision applications. They are particularly useful when direct
contact with the vibrating surface is not possible.

2.4. Data Acquisition Systems (DAQ) and Signal Processing


To interpret the data gathered from vibration sensors, a DAQ system is employed. It collects
and digitizes analog signals for further analysis. FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is often used to
break down the vibration signal into its constituent frequencies. This technique helps identify
dominant frequencies, which are essential for diagnosing issues like imbalance or misalignment.

3. Control Methods for Vibration Engineering

Control methods are designed to mitigate unwanted vibrations and improve system performance
and lifespan. These methods can be broadly categorized into passive and active techniques.

3.1. Importance of Vibration Control


Uncontrolled vibration can cause damage to mechanical systems, reduce comfort in structures,
and lead to premature fatigue in components. By controlling vibration, we can improve both the
safety and efficiency of systems.

3.2. Vibration Isolation Methods

● Passive Isolation: Involves using materials or systems (e.g., rubber mounts or spring
systems) that absorb vibration energy. For example, automotive suspension systems use
rubber or metal springs to isolate the car’s body from road-induced vibrations.
● Active Isolation: This uses sensors and actuators to adjust in real-time, counteracting
vibrations. Active systems are often used in high-precision environments like
semiconductor manufacturing.

3.3. Damping Techniques


Damping reduces the amplitude of vibrations, converting kinetic energy into heat. Common
damping systems include:

● Viscoelastic Damping: Uses materials like rubber or polymers to absorb vibration


energy.
● Hysteretic Damping: Involves materials that exhibit non-linear stress-strain behavior,
absorbing energy through internal friction.

3.4. Tuned Mass Dampers


A tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device that reduces resonant vibrations in structures. It
consists of a mass connected to a spring and damper system, tuned to the same frequency as the
structure's natural frequency. A common application is in skyscrapers, like the Taipei 101, where
TMDs are used to reduce the sway caused by wind.

3.5. Active Vibration Control Systems


Active control systems use real-time feedback to adjust actuator forces and minimize vibrations.
These systems are commonly found in aerospace and high-performance engineering
applications.
4. Applications of Vibration Control

Vibration control is applied across numerous industries to improve performance, safety, and
reliability. Some notable examples include:

4.1. Automotive Industry


Vibration control in vehicles is critical for comfort and safety. Active suspension systems,
vibration isolators, and damping materials are used in modern cars to reduce road noise and
improve ride quality.

4.2. Aerospace Industry


Aircraft and spacecraft must be designed to withstand dynamic loads caused by engine
vibrations and aerodynamic forces. Vibration control systems, including active dampers and
vibration isolators, are integrated into these vehicles to reduce vibrations and improve
performance.

4.3. Industrial Equipment and Manufacturing


Vibration is a major concern in heavy machinery like pumps, motors, and turbines. Monitoring
and controlling vibrations can prevent equipment failure and increase efficiency. Vibration
isolators and damping systems are commonly used in industrial settings to improve the
operational life of machines.

4.4. Structural Engineering and Building Design


In large buildings, bridges, and towers, vibrations from wind, traffic, or seismic activity can
cause discomfort or even structural damage. Engineers use techniques like tuned mass dampers
and damping systems to mitigate these effects. For example, the CN Tower in Toronto is
equipped with a damping system to manage wind-induced vibrations.

Conclusion

Vibration engineering plays a vital role in designing systems that are safe, reliable, and efficient.
Through accurate measurement, effective control methods, and diverse applications across
industries, vibration engineering ensures that machines, structures, and systems perform
optimally. As technology advances, the field of vibration engineering will continue to grow, with
innovations such as smart materials and advanced control systems improving our ability to
manage vibrations.
6. References

This section should contain IEEE-style citations of the sources used in your report. For example:

1. J. Smith and R. Brown, "Principles of Vibration Engineering," Journal of Vibration


Control, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 123-145, 2022.
2. A. Kumar et al., "Vibration Damping Techniques in Automotive Design," International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 50-65, 2023.
3. H. Zhang, "Applications of Tuned Mass Dampers in Skyscraper Design," Structural
Engineering Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 200-215, 2021.

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