Operation and Analysis of Wastewater in Sewage Treatment Plant Davanagere city

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Sewage/ Wastewater are essentially the water supply of the community after it has been fouled by
a variety of uses. From the standpoint of sources of generation, waste water may be defined as a
combination of the liquid (or water) carrying wastes from residences, institutions, commercial and
industrial establishments, together with groundwater, surface water and storm water as may be
present. Generally, the wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions,
and commercial establishments is termed as “Sewage/Community wastewater”. It comprises of
99.9% water and 0.1% solids and organic matters because it consists of carbon compounds like
human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc. Besides community wastewater/sewage, there is
industrial wastewater in the region. Many industrial wastes are also organic in composition and
can be treated physio-chemically and/or by micro-organisms in the same way as sewage (Niraj S.
Topare et. Al, 2011)

Sewage is created by residences, institutions, hospitals and commercial and industrial

establishments. It can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks, biofilters or aerobic
treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to a
municipal treatment plant. Sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and
federal regulations and standards. Industrial sources of wastewater often require specialized
treatment processes.

The site where the raw wastewater is processed before it is discharged back to the environment is
called a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) or Sewage Water Treatment Plant (SWTP). It
comprises of mechanical, chemical and biological systems that comprise the wastewater treatment
plant.

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1.2 ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

The Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC), partly
financed by ADB bank proposed a phased scheme for development of basic infrastructure facilities
in 25 urban centers of Karnataka state. The proposed scheme includes construction of 20 MLD
capacities Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Shiva Nagar Boodhal road, Davanagere District.

The proposed STP will treat the wastewater generated in the district. The site selected for the plant
is of 5.025 acres in the existing STP premises at Shiva Nagar Boodhal road. The STP is proposed
to be Constructed adopting Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) technology.

HNB ENGINEERS PVT. LTD. an ISO 9001: 2008 Company established in 1973 with the
intentions to execute quality civil works by technically sound persons, having Head Office at Pune,
Maharashtra, India. The scope of work as per tender is construction of 20 MLD capacity STP and
its operation & maintenance for about 3 years. This is the 1st plant which is completely automated
and runs on the commands given by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). From the amount of
sewage that needs to be pumped, its screening and separation of floating material, removal of grit,
biological treatment, disinfection of treated water, sludge and treated water disposal works on the
centralized programmer driven by PLC.

Fig 1.1: Map Showing Location of Sewage Treatment Plant (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

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1.3 BACKGROUND

Fig 1.2: Overview of Sewage Treatment Plant,Shivanagar Davanagere (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Activated sludge process, oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons and oxidation ditches are the
commonly adopted suspended growth biological treatment systems. Compared to the pond and
lagoon systems, activated sludge systems also lend themselves for a number of design and
operational control measures to improve performance and achieve desired treated wastewater
quality. However, the flexibility in design and process control for these systems comes at the cost
of high external energy inputs and skilled operation requirements. Conventional activated sludge
process (ASP) is not designed to remove nitrogen. Further, due to its short detention time, the
sludge produced is not well digested warranting an additional sludge digestion treatment. Since
the 1970s, a modification of the conventional activated sludge process has made the emergence of
the Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) process.
Wastewater flow moves from one tank into the next on a continuous basis and virtually all
tanks have a predetermined liquid volume. The SBR, on the other hand, is a time-oriented system,
with flow, energy input, and tank volume varying according to some predetermined, periodic
operating strategy. Hence, SBR is best defined as a time-oriented, batch process, falling under the
broad category of an unsteady-state activated sludge system. (Chandaluri et al.,2011)

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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME

 To study the sources and effects that deteriorate wastewater quality leading to negative

impact on plant, animal, and human life.

 Evaluation of wastewater quality analysis for physical and chemical parameters.

 To suggest the control measures.

 To protect the environment by reducing impacts and threats to the public.

 To suggest the procedure that is followed in sewage treatment plant to treat wastewater.

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CHAPTER 2

SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR (SBR)

The SBR is a fill-and-draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. In this system,
wastewater is added to a single “batch or basin” reactor, treated to remove undesirable components
and then discharged. It consists of the following five basic steps

1. Fill (addition of new wastewater),

2. React (anoxic and/or aerobic phase),
3. Settle (mixing is stopped to let biomass settle down),
4. Draw (removing the clarified and treated water) and
5. Idle (during this phase sludge is usually removed).

Fig 2.1: Cyclic process involved in SBR (Source: Niraj S. Topare et al.2011)

2.1 FILL
During the fill phase, the basin receives influent wastewater. The influent brings food to
the microbes in the activated sludge, creating an environment for biochemical reactions to take

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place. Mixing and aeration can be varied during the fill phase to create the following three different
scenarios:
2.1.1 Static Fill – Under a static-fill scenario, there is no mixing or aeration while the influent
wastewater is entering the tank. Static fill is used during the initial start-up phase of a facility, at
plants that do not need to nitrify or denitrify, and during low flow periods to save power. Because
the mixers and aerators remain off, this scenario has an energy-savings component.

2.1.2 Mixed Fill – Under a mixed-fill scenario, mechanical mixers are active, but the aerators
remain off. The mixing action produces a uniform blend of influent wastewater and biomass.
Because there is no aeration, an anoxic condition is present, which promotes denitrification.
Anaerobic conditions can also be achieved during the mixed fill phase. Under anaerobic conditions
the biomass undergoes a release of phosphorous. This release is reabsorbed by the biomass once
aerobic conditions are reestablished. This phosphorous release will not happen with anoxic
conditions.

2.1.3 Aerated Fill – Under an aerated-fill scenario, both the aerators and the mechanical mixing
unit are activated. The contents of the basin are aerated to convert the anoxic or anaerobic zone
over to an aerobic zone. No adjustments to the aerated fill cycle are needed to reduce organics and
achieve nitrification. However, to achieve denitrification, it is necessary to switch the oxygen off
to promote anoxic conditions for denitrification. By switching the oxygen on and off during this
phase with the blowers, oxic and anoxic conditions are created, allowing for nitrification and
denitrification. Dissolved oxygen (DO) should be monitored during this phase so it does not go
over 0.2 mg/L. This ensures that an anoxic condition will occur during the idle phase.

2.2 REACT
This phase allows for further reduction or "polishing" of wastewater parameters. During
this phase, no wastewater enters the basin and the mechanical mixing and aeration units are on.
Because there are no additional volume and organic loadings, the rate of organic removal increases
dramatically. Most of the carbonaceous BOD removal occurs in the react phase. Further
nitrification occurs by allowing the mixing and aeration to continue the majority of denitrification
takes place in the mixed fill phase. The phosphorus released during mixed fill, plus some additional
phosphorus, is taken up during the react phase.

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2.3 SETTLE
During this phase, activated sludge is allowed to settle under quiescent conditions no flow
enters the basin and no aeration and mixing takes place. The activated sludge tends to settle as a
flocculent mass, forming a distinctive interface with the clear supernatant. The sludge mass is
called the sludge blanket. This phase is a critical part of the cycle, because if the solids do not settle
rapidly, some sludge can be drawn off during the subsequent decant phase and thereby degrade
effluent quality.

2.4 DECANT
During this phase, a decanter is used to remove the clear supernatant effluent. Once the
settle phase is complete, a signal is sent to the decanter to initiate the opening of an effluent
discharge valve. There are floating and fixed arm decanters. Floating decanters maintain the inlet
orifice slightly below the water surface to minimize the removal of solids in the effluent removed
during the decant phase. Floating decanters offer the operator flexibility to vary fill and draw
volumes. Fixed-arm decanters are less expensive and can be designed to allow the operator to
lower or raise the level of the decanter. It is optimal that the decanted volume is the same as the
volume that enters the basin during the fill phase. It is also important that no surface foam or scum
is decanted. The vertical distance from the decanter to the bottom of the tank should be maximized
to avoid disturbing the settled biomass.

2.5 IDLE
This step occurs between the decant and the fill phases. The time varies, based on the
influent flow rate and the operating strategy. During this phase, a small amount of activated sludge
at the bottom of the SBR basin is pumped out a process called wasting. (Vigneswara et al., 2007)

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CHAPTER 3

TREATMENT PROCESS

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS

The proposed STP will receive wastewater in bypass chamber located approximately 250 m before
STP. collected from residential areas in the district of Davanagere City Corporation. The
wastewater/Sewage treatment is a process which includes receiving of sewage, removal of
inorganic floating material and segregation of waste, biological treatment, disinfection and then its
final disposal. Below outlined steps are carried out during treatment process.

A) Raw Sewage Receiving and Pumping Station

B) Primary Treatment Units
C) Secondary Treatment Units
D) Disinfection Arrangement
E) Sludge Dewatering (Solid liquid separation) Units
F) Final / Treated water disposal

3.2 CONCEPT
The raw sewage mainly consists of organic matters and suspended solids. The organic matter and
suspended solids are reduced with the help of microorganisms present in sewage by providing
suitable environment for their growth. The organic matter is consumed for the growth of the
microorganism’s i.e., Cell production and their metabolism i.e., energy production. The major
groups of microorganisms are (i) Aerobic and (ii) Anaerobic microorganisms. For the above
biological treatment process, aerobic microorganisms play a vital role. (Volume 1 Operation &
Maintenance)

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3.3 PROCESS DIAGRAM

RECEIVING / PRIMARY SECONDARY DISINFECTION

PUMPING OF TREATMENT TREATMENT ARRANGEMENT
SEWAGE SBR

SLUDGE
HANDELIN
G SYSTEM
Stilling Chamber
Fine Screen Channel
Grit Chamber
Distribution
Chamber

Flow measurement Nalla/drain

Fig 3.1: Flow chart of Sewage Treatment Plant (Source: Chandaluri Subba Rao et al.,2011)

3.4 PROCESS SEQUENCE

 Inlet Chamber
 Raw Sewage Wet Well
 Stilling Basin
 Mechanical Coarse Screen
 Mechanical Fine Screen
 Grit Chamber
 Distribution Chamber
 Sequential Batch Reactor Basin
 Decanter
 Centrifuge unit
 Dewatering

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 Chlorine Contact Tank

 Chlorine House
 Outlet

3.5 PRIMARY TREATMENT

3.5.1 WETWELL / RAW SEWAGE SUMP

A Distribution chamber with bypass arrangement is constructed at a distance approximately 250m

before Proposed STP location to receive sewage from incoming sewer line at Shiva Nagar Boodhal
road. Invert level of incoming sewer given as per in tender document i.e., 559.20 m is considered.
Splitter Chamber will be constructed near proposed STP location with splitter arrangement.

Capacity: 608.212 m3
Size of sump: 17.60m dia x 2.5m SWD

Fig 3.2: Wet well/ Raw sewage pump

(Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

This System is designed for 71 MLD Avg. flow with 2.25 peak factor. Out of 71 MLD flow, 55
MLD flow will be taken to raw sewage sump and pump house of the proposed STP. Pumping
Station is designed for Avg. flow of 55 MLD for treatment. Accordingly, depth and sizing of wet
well is provided to handle average, peak and lean flows. Pumping Machineries provided are for
40 MLD avg. flow with facility of pumping 90 MLD peak flow.

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3.5.2 RAW SEWAGE PUMPING STATION/INLET CHAMBER

No. of pumps: 6 Nos.

Discharge Capacity: 1000 m3/hr
Head: 20.5 m
Speed: 960 rpm

Fig 3.3: Raw sewage Pumping Unit

(Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Raw sewage sump is provided with coarse screen channels for accommodation of two nos. of
electrically operated screens & one no. of manually operated screen having 20 mm clear opening
with suitable lifting arrangement for disposal of screening. Electrically actuated Isolation gates are
provided in channel at U/S & D/S to isolate the screen channel when it is under maintenance. The
Screened sewage is then allowed to flow to the raw Sewage Collection Sump. The detention time
of 15 minutes at avg. flow is considered while working out volume of raw sewage sump/ wet well.
Pump house is provided above sump to accommodate panel board of the pumps and is equipped
with necessary lifting arrangement for repairs of pumps and screens.
The complete unit is operated through PLC. The opening of gates, coarse screening of
sewage, operation of pumps, number pumps to be operated depending upon the liquid level in
sump is taken care by the programmer given to the PLC.

Pumping Philosophy:
Total 6 nos. of submersible pumps having discharge capacity of 1000 m3/hr are proposed
for pumping of sewage. Pumps are provided with special arrangement like level switch for tripping
the supply to pumps at low and high level to protect the pump from dry running and excessive
pumping. Provision of Isolation cum control valves and NRV valves on delivery side of each pump
is made. The common rising main is provided to carry the sewage from raw sewage sump to
Primary units of STP. An electromagnetic flow meter is installed on rising main for measurement
of flow.
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3.5.3 MECHANICAL COARSE SCREEN

Coarse screen removes the coarse materials like plastic bags, plastic bottles, papers, etc.,
which are greater than 10mm, the automatic lifter lift the waste materials from the sewage and
place it on the conveyor belt which pass the waste to the trolley to dispatch waste, run at the speed
of 660 rpm where 120hp pump is used and sensors are also used to know the water level. In Coarse
screen chamber, sewage from inlet chamber pumped from pump 1, 2 and 3 where pump 1 & 2 are
automatic and pump 3 is manual.

No. of screens: 2 Nos.

Type: 2 Nos. of Mechanical screens

Fig 3.4: Coarse Screen (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

3.5.4 PRIMARY UNIT

Inlet/Receiving Chamber:
Size of chamber: 4.90 m x 3.020 m x 2.20 m LD
+ 0.50 FB

Volume of chamber: 32.55 m3

Fig 3.5: Primary Unit in STP (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Primary unit comprises of various subunits mainly Receiving Chamber, Fine Screen Chanel, Grit
Chamber and Splitter box. Receiving Chamber receives sewage pumped by submersible pumps
installed in Raw Sewage Sump through the Common Rising main. The Receiving Chamber also
known as Stilling Chamber is mainly used to control the velocity of raw effluent and for smooth
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distribution of flow to the fine screen channel. Three channels are provided after receiving chamber
designed to handle peak flow of 90 MLD. Two screen channels are provided with mechanically
operated fine screen and one channel with manually operated screen, each designed for peak flow.
Necessary motorized sluice gates are provided at upstream/downstream of the channel to isolate
the screen when it is under maintenance. Further the screenings are conveyed to the disposal point
through a belt conveyor.
3.5.5 MECHANICAL FINE SCREEN

No. of Screens: 3 Nos.

Dimensions of Screen channel: 6.88m L x 1.5m W x 1.25m
LD + 0.6m FB
Type: One manual & 2 mechanical
Clear Spacing: 10mm for manual, 6mm for mechanical
Flat size: 50mm x 5mm / 2mm thick
Fig 3.6: Fine Screen (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

The screened effluent then flows to the two Nos. of Grit chambers where the heavy inorganic
matter is separated. The grit separator uses the principle of gravity settling and is designed to
remove inorganic matter of specific gravity more than 2.65 and size more than 0.15 mm for peak
flow. The settled grit is removed from the chamber by screw conveyor provided at one end of grit
chamber. Accumulated grit is collected from the screw conveyor taken to the disposal point
through chute. Grit wash water pump is provided for washing of grit in order to separate organic
matter attached to grit while disposing. Electrically actuated gates at inlet of grit chamber are
provided.
3.5.6 GRIT CHAMBER
Grit Chamber:
No. of units: 2 Nos.
Design peak flow: 80 MLD
Dimensions: 9.75m x 9.75m x 0.9m
Surface Volume: 1555 m3/day
Area of grit chamber: 95.06 m2
Net Volume: 85.55 m3
Fig 3.7: Grit Chamber (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

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The flow is then taken to the splitter box from where it is distributed to SBR basins and to waste
stabilization pond. The average flow received by Splitter box is 40 MLD out of which 20 MLD
flow is given to SBR Basin and remaining 20 MLD flow is proposed to feed existing waste
stabilization pond. The splitting of flow is facilitated by weir type arrangement provided in the
chamber. The Grit free waste thus obtained will flow to SBR basin. At this stage physical treatment
of effluent known as Primary Treatment completes.
3.5.7 SPLITTER BOX CHAMBER

Splitter Box Chamber:

Dimensions: 6.88m x 2.84m x 6.55m LD

Fig 3.8: Splitter Box Chamber (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

The opening and closing of gates, operation of fine screen, grit mechanism and grit screw is done
through PLC.

3.6 SECONDARY TREATMENT

The 20 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant at Shivajinagar, is designed to treat the sewage by
means of Sequential Batch Reactor process followed by Chlorination. The sludge is to be thickened
in Sludge Thickener followed by treatment in Centrifuge. The treated effluent is to be disposed of
in nala after proper disinfection at Chlorine Contact Tank.

3.6.1 SBR PROCESS

SBR is a SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR process. It provides highest treatment
efficiency possible in a single step biological process. SBR - System is operated in a batch mode
in sequence which eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous processes. A batch reactor is
a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment. Two basins are provided to ensure continuous
treatment and the flow is distributed by providing weir in splitter chamber. To maintain the cycle
Actuated Gate at inlet of basin is provided which is controlled by PLC. The complete process takes
place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment, take place sequentially.

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The SBR basins are equipped with air blowers, diffusers, Return Activated Sludge Pumps (RAS),
Excess /Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) pumps, Decanters, Auto valves, etc. Each cycle is fully
automated and controlled by PLC. Excess sludge at consistency level of approx. 0.8% - 1.0% will
be pumped intermittently from WAS pump to the sludge sump. The sludge from sludge sump is
taken for dewatering to centrifuge units and finally for its ultimate disposal. The treated effluent
from the SBR Basins is given to Chlorine contact tank for its disinfection. No additional settling
unit / secondary clarifier is required for further treatment. The complete biological operation is
divided into cycles, each cycle of 6 hrs. duration, during which all treatment steps take place.

Description:
No. of Units: One (in Two
compartments)
Size: 35.725 m x 35.15 x 6.0 LD +
0.5m FB Each Basin
Size of Inlet Chamber: 1.2 m x 1.2 m
(each basin)
Flow: 40 MLD

Fig 3.9: Overview of SBR (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Explanation of cyclic operation:

A basic cycle comprises:
• Fill-Aeration (F/A) – 3 Hrs.
• Settling (S) – 1.5 Hrs.
• Decanting (D) – 1.5 Hrs.

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Typical Cycle
During the period of fill/aeration cycle, the Sewage is filled in the SBR Basin up to a set
operating water level. Air Blowers are started for aeration of the effluent. After the fill/aeration
cycle, the biomass settles under perfect settling conditions. After settling cycle, the supernatant is
removed from the top using a DECANTER.
The SBR Technology is configuration of activated sludge process which operates on
extended aeration of activated sludge. This works on the principle for BOD reduction,
Nitrification, Denitrification as well as biological phosphorous removal. This is equipped with
energy efficient fine bubble membrane diffused aeration system, with automatic control of oxygen
uptake rate, resulting in 20 – 30% power savings.
Fully PLC Based Control for Operation: - The complete operation of the SBR basin/reactor is
controlled automatically through PLC system, which is a major factor in reducing operating costs.
All key functions like Recycle of activated sewage, sludge wasting, aeration control, batch cycle
time control, decanting rate, etc. are automatically controlled along with data logging. Complete
historical records of plant operation are available on SCADA system.

3.6.2 DECANTING ARRANGEMENT

The supernatant after settling is removed from the basin using a stainless-steel Decanter.
During decanting there is no inflow to the basin. The moving weir DECANTER is motor driven
and travels slowly from its “park” position to a designated bottom water level. Variable frequency
drives are provided to control the rate of movement of the Decanters. After the required level of
supernatant is removed, the Decanter is returned to its “park” position through reversal of the drive.
The basin is now ready for the next cycle to begin. Stainless steel fabrication ensures resistant to
corrosion, long equipment life without any/no maintenance.

3.6.3 AERATION
The aeration in the basin is carried with high quality fine bubble membrane diffusers. In
aeration process, the biological waste is allowed to react with the supplied air for a defined period
of time for improving the quality of sewage water. The diffusers here used are of retrieval type.
The retrievable type diffuser system serves easy Operation & Maintenance of basins, diffusers,
etc.

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Process Chemistry
i) Due to Extended aeration, oxidation of organic matter in waste water occurs thus enhancing the
nitrification process.
ii) In anoxic zone (formed at bottom zone of basin) denitrification of nitrates is achieved by
recirculation of activated sludge from aeration zone. The retention period and recycle ratio is
designed as per Metcalf & Eddy.

3.7 BOD removal and Nitrification in Aeration zone

i) BOD removal
The aeration zone of SBR basin is provided with diffused aeration system to oxidize the
organic matter by activated sludge. The activated sludge in aeration zone is capable of converting
most organic wastes to stable inorganic forms or to cellular mass. In this process, the soluble and
colloidal organic material is metabolized by a diverse group of microorganisms to carbon dioxide
and water. At the same time, a sizeable fraction of incoming organic matter is converted to cellular
mass that can be separated from the effluent by settling. Activated sludge comprises of a mixed
microbial culture wherein the bacteria are responsible for oxidizing the organic matter, while
protozoa consume the dispersed un-flocculated bacteria and rotifers consume the unsettled small
bio-flocs in the treated wastewater, performing the role of effluent polishers. The utilization of
substrate by a bacterial cell can be described as a three-step process:
a. The substrate molecule contacts with the cell wall.
b. The substrate molecule is transported into the cell.
c. Metabolism of the substrate molecule within the cell
However, as the bacteria require the molecule in the soluble form, colloidal, spherically
incompatible molecules, which cannot be readily biodegradable, have to be first adsorbed to the
cell surface and hydrolyzed or transformed externally to transportable fractions by exo-enzymes
or wall-bounded enzymes. The organic matter will be utilized by the bacteria resulting in cell
synthesis and energy for maintenance. Nutrients available in the wastewater cater to the nutrient
requirements of the aerobic microorganisms and enhance the activity of the aerobic microbes. In
addition to the nutrient requirements, the aerobic microbes require oxygen to sustain their
microbial activity. Oxygen functions as a terminal electron acceptor in the energy metabolism of
the aerobic heterotrophic organisms indigenous to the activated sludge process. In other words, a

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portion of the organic material removed is oxidized to provide energy for the maintenance function
and the synthesis function.
The following reactions best describe the organic substrate utilization by the aerobic bacteria:
Oxidation
COHNS + O2 CO2 + NH3 +C5H7NO2 + Other end products
Organic matter Bacteria New cells

Endogenous respiration
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + energy
New cells Bacteria

Synthesis
COHNS + O2 + Bacteria C5H7O2N (New Bacterial Cell)

It is to be noted that the activated sludge in SBR Basin operates in extended aeration mode. An
extended aeration activated sludge process operates in the endogenous respiration phase of the
growth curve where the microorganisms are forced to metabolize their own protoplasm due to the
limited availability of food or substrate. During this phase, the nutrients remaining in the dead cells
diffuse out to furnish the remaining cells with food.
This system has been developed for application where minimum bio-solids production is desirable.
Less solids production is achieved by using a larger fraction of the entering organic material for
energy rather than for synthesis. This means that more oxygen will be consumed per unit mass of
organic material removal.
ii) Nitrification
Extended Aeration system, with high sludge retention time (θ c) and DO > 2.0 mg/L
ensures uniform nitrification. Nitrification results from the oxidation of ammonia present in the
sewage by Nitrosomanas to nitrite and the subsequent oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate by
Nitrobacter. The nitrifying organisms are strict aerobes and require more than 2 mg/L DO in the
basin to avoid oxygen limitation. The nitrification of ammonia can be represented as given below:
2 NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2- + 2 H2O + 4 H+ + New Cells
2 NO2- + O2 2NO3- + New Cells

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The diffused aeration system is sized in such a way that sufficient oxygen is provided for
carbonaceous oxidation, sludge stabilization, nitrification by maintaining the DO at the specified
level of 2 mg/L. The capacity of diffused aeration in each SBR basin will be sufficient to ensure
good and uniform mixing conditions during Fill - Aeration phase of the cycle of operation.

iii) Denitrification in Anoxic Zone

The wastewater enters into the anoxic zone formed at bottom of basin from the front end
of the basin / reactor, where anoxic conditions are maintained. To maintain anoxic condition 50-
100% recirculation of activated sludge is proposed. Return sludge from the aeration zone is also
recycled using RAS pumps. As microorganisms meet high BOD, low DO conditions in the anoxic
zone.
This is very effective in containing all of the known low F/M bulking microorganisms and
eliminates the problems of bulking and surface foaming. Also, due to the anoxic/anaerobic
conditions in the anoxic zone, denitrification and phosphorous release occurs. The process of
denitrification of nitrates is represented as:
NO3- NO2- NO N2O- N2
Denitrification releases nitrogen which escapes off as an inert gas to the atmosphere.

3.8 SLUDGE HANDLING / DEWATERING

Sump Dimensions: 4.17m x 4.17m x 4.4m

Volume : 76.51m3

Figure 3.10: Sludge Sump Unit

(Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

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The excess sludge from SBR basins is pumped to sludge sump. Sludge sump is designed as per
tender requirement. The Sludge Sump is provided with blowers to avoid settling of Sludge. Stored
sludge is then feed to the centrifuge unit for dewatering with the help of centrifuge feed pumps.
The sludge sump is provided with level sensors to avoid overflow of sump. The operation
of WAS pump in SBR Basin depends upon the level in sump. Depending upon the level in Sludge
sump the PLC signals the WAS Pump for pumping the excess sludge in the sump. The operation
of blower is also controlled by PLC.
Coagulant Jelly: To accelerate the action of dewatering the sludge a dose of Poly Electrolyte Jelly
is given at the entry of sludge to centrifuge. As the jelly solution is mixed with sludge the process
of dewatering becomes fast. Two pumps are installed for feeding the jelly dose. The dose is to be
adjusted by operating value on delivery side.

3.9 CENTRIFUGE UNIT

Figure 3.11: Centrifuge Unit (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

The sludge collected in sludge sump is furthered dewatered with the help of centrifuge. Along with
sludge, coagulant is feed with the help of dosing pumps to centrifuge. This coagulant helps in
separation of sludge and water thus reducing the volume of sludge. Special arrangement of
polyelectrolyte (coagulant) tank is made as per tender conditions & process requirements. The
outlet from centrifuge is sent for disposal in landfill or dumping yard. The complete process of
dewatering is signaled by PLC.

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3.10 DISINFECTION ARRANGEMENT

Figure 3.12: Disinfection Unit (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

The Treated sewage is taken to Chlorine Contact tank for disinfection. For storage of treated
effluent, additional tank is provided. A channel is proposed to carry treated effluent into nearby
nalla/drain for discharging. A par shall flume arrangement is provided at outlet channel of treated
effluent for measurement of flow as per tender requirement.

Size : 16.33 m x 22.505 m x 3.01 MLD.

Volume: 1106 m3

Figure 3.13: Chlorination Unit

(Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

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CHAPTER 4

UNIT DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

Wastewater will be received in Bypass Chamber located at approximately 250 m before STP. at
Shiva Nagar Boodhal road and will be conveyed to Wet Well after preliminary Screening through
Mechanical Screens. The wastewater will be pumped to an Inlet Chamber from where it will be
further screened for removal of remaining floating material & grit from where it will be allowed
to fill the SBR Basins. After treatment in SBR tank the treated wastewater will be disinfected by
adding chlorine dose and then will be disposed of in to downstream nala.
The Sludge generated in the process will be conveyed to the solid bowl Centrifuge for dewatering
and the dried sludge will be used as manure.

4.1 Manhole/Bypass Chamber:

Objective: -
The wastewater will be received in bypass chamber located at approximately 250 m before
S.T.P. The function of the chamber is to bypass the flow during any system failure and emergency
situation.
Process: -
The electrically actuated sluice gate will remain open during the functioning of the plant and
during the system failure the gate will remain closed diverting the flow.

4.2 Stilling Chamber in Raw Sewage Sump:

Objective: -
The chamber location within wet well. The gravity outfall sewer will discharge the raw sewage
in to this chamber.
Process: -
The function of the chamber is to distribute the flow for process units. The receiving chamber
consists of sluice gate on downstream for flow regulation. Electrically operated sluice gate is
mounted on the platform at top level of the chamber.

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4.3 Coarse Screen Channel:

Objective: -
A coarse screen is provided in the sump of pump house through which the sewage passes for
separation of Coarse matters from stilling chamber, which is collected in the Raw Sewage Sump.
Process: -
As sewage passes through the S.S. flats of coarse screen channel, floating materials and other
debris are arrested by the screen. The screening material are then raked out and are conveyed
outside the unit by conveyer belt for disposal to a suitable location. Coarse Screening accumulated
on the screen can be removed manually / mechanically depending upon the process requirement.
Manual arrangement works as a standby unit in case of emergencies of failure of Mechanical
Screens.
Electrically Operated Aluminum gates are installed at upstream and downstream ends of channel
to regulate the flow.

4.4 Mechanical Coarse Screen:

As the Raw sewage passes through the S.S. Coarse screen, the coarse material is refrained from
further movement into the Raw Sewage Sump and is collected with the help of mechanically
operated screen which is driven by reduction gear & motor. The equipment automatically starts
working as the liquid level which is controlled by differential level sensors in the channel reaches
to design S.W.D. as the flow passes through the screen. The moving belt conveyer is used to carry
the debris outside the unit for disposal. The debris are further disposed off by handcart / truck.

4.5 Main Sump (Wet Well) and Pump House:

Objective: -
The objective of this unit is to collected Raw sewage after coarse screening and pump it to primary
unit for primary treatment.
Process: -
The raw sewage after passing through coarse screen enters into the wet well. Wet well consists
of submersible pumps which pumps the sewage to the receiving chamber of primary unit.

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4.6 Primary Unit: Inlet/Receiving Chamber:

The objective of this unit is to receive raw sewage from the raw sewage pumping station for
primary treatment.
4.7 Fine Screen Channel:
Objective: -
The objective of this unit is to accommodate the fine screens for removing fine floating matter
which escapes from the coarse screen and guide the sewage to grit chamber for further process.
Process: -
As the sewage passes through the SS perforated wiper type mechanical fine screens & SS flat
screen, the fine floating materials and debris are arrested by the screen.
The screen channel is divided in three compartments comprising of two mechanical & one manual
screens. Motorized Aluminum Gates are installed at upstream and downstream of the screen
chamber to regulate the flow in the compartments.
The screening of material, in case of mechanical fine screen, is done by the wiper action of screen
paddle and is transported to conveyor belt. The screening of material in case of manual fine screen
are manually raked out and are conveyed outside the unit by conveyer belt for disposal to a suitable
location (by use of wheel borrow).

4.8 Fine Screen:

Objective: -
As the raw sewage passes through the S.S. fine screen, the fine floating material are retained over
the perforated sheet of fine screen which are then wiped out with the wiper action of screen paddle.
The screen is operated through geared motor. The equipment is fully automated and is operated
through PLC. The screenings are collected on conveyor and are disposed to desired location.

Operation: -
(a) Select one screen channel for operation keeping the inlet and outlet gates open.
As the raw sewage flows through the screen, the floating material retains on the perforated sheet
of the screen. Once you switch on the motor of the screen, the screen will come into operation &
the accumulated floating material will be wiped off falling on the succeeding conveyor. The debris
removed from the screens travel through conveyer and is disposed of elsewhere by truck / trolley.

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(b) The area around the screen channel is to be cleaned periodically to prevent insect nuisances.
(c) For the manually operated screens, the debris from the screens are removed / cleaned manually
through rake provided. The debris / solids are disposed of by hand wheel borrow to a suitable
location.

4.9 Grit Chamber:

Objective: -
The objective of the grit chamber is to remove sand, stones, cinders and other heavy inorganic
materials. Removal of the above materials protects the mechanical equipment’s from abrasive
action, reducing the deposits formation in pipe lines, channels, & conduits.
Process: -
The screened sewage is conveyed to the grit chamber by gravity. As the sewage, passes through
the grit chamber materials having higher specific gravity viz. sand and other inorganic materials
are settled within the system by gravity owing to the reduction in velocity of flow. The settled grit
is swept by a mechanical scrapping device to a peripheral pit constructed at the side of tank from
where it is lifted continuously with the help of screw conveyer and is collected in the standing
trolley for disposal. The upper part of screw conveyer serves as a zone for working and dewatering
of grit. The grit is washed with the help of degraded sewage by a pump. The degraded sewage over
flows the grit chamber and is conveyed to splitter box.

4.10 Sequential Batch reactor (SBR):

The S.B.R. process treatment provides highest efficiency in a single step biological process.
System is operated in a batch reactor mode which eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous
process. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor which ensures 100% treatment. Several biological
processes take place during each operating cycle. Good operation requires the correct operating
conditions to be maintained so that all of the necessary biological and physical processes can be
properly carried out. This requires knowledge of the main process parameters that define the
conditions in the aeration basins. Two modules are provided to ensure continuous treatment.
The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps
take place subsequently. In S.B.R. process system no additional settling unit / secondary clarifier
is required. The complete biological operation is divided into cycles. Each cycle is of three to five

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hours during which all treatment steps take place.

4.11 Chlorine Contact Tank:

Objective: -
The Treated sewage is taken to chlorine Contact tank for disinfection.
Process: -
The supernatant from aeration basin is taken out by decanter and is discharged into chlorine contact
tank where suitable chlorine dose is given. Chlorine solution is dosed into the chlorine contact tank
by help of vacuum type chlorinator. The chlorine dose mixes with biologically treated sewage and
kills pathogenic organisms before being disposed of to surface waters. The chlorine dose is
adjusted by control valve fitted with the chlorination.
Chlorination system and tonner yard:
The bio logically treated sewage contains large No. of microorganism mainly faced coli
forms which contribute to biological pollution of receiving water which may pose threat of
spreading communicable water burned and water related diseases and causing problems for safe
disposal. Chlorine by its bactericidal activities reduces biological pollution and thereby facilitating
safe disposal. The chlorine dosing is regulated by control valve installed in the chlorine unit.

4.12 Sludge Sump:

Objective: -
The objective of the sludge Sump is to store the excess of sludge pumped by WAS Pump from
SBR Basin for further dewatering.
Process: -
The settled sludge in S.B.R is pumped by the WAS Pumps and discharged in to the sludge sump
for further dewatering treating in centrifuge unit. A RCC sump is constructed for collecting sludge.

Mixing arrangement is made in the sludge sump to maintain uniform sludge consistency and is
achieved through aeration. Blowers of suitable capacity are installed in sludge deposition of sludge
in tank and increasing aerobic sludge age.

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4.13 Centrifuge Unit & Centrifuge Feed Pump House:

Objective: -
The objective of the centrifuge unit is to treat the thickened sludge by dewatering it which is
received from sludge sump by screw pumps.
Process: -
The sludge from the plant is dewatered in this centrifuge unit. The facility for adding poly
electrolyte jelly is provided in the centrifuge platform unit. Polyelectrolyte jelly is prepared in the
R.C.C. tank by using jelly mixer. Two jelly pumps are installed in the pump house below centrifuge
platform, which provide jelly dose to the sludge at the entry in centrifuge unit.
Water supply arrangement is made at centrifuge floor to facilitate cleaning and washing the
centrifuge prior to putting it into operation. The sludge cakes obtained from centrifuge units are
collected in a trolley and used for land filling or are dumped to the dump yard. Water coming out
from the centrifuge as filtrate is conveyed to the raw sewage sump for recycling.

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CHAPTER 5

WASTEWATER ANALYSIS

5.1 Parameters analyzed at the Environmental Laboratories are;

 COLOUR
 pH
 TURBIDITY
 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
 DO
 COD
 BOD
 RESIDUAL CHLORINE
 OIL AND GREASE
 TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFARM

Environmental Laboratory

Fig 5.1: Environmental Laboratory (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

The laboratories are well equipped with sophisticated equipment. The role of these laboratories is
to provide scientific support in the area of environmental analysis. During the internship the

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analysis of wastewater procedure which will be helpful to conduct test during the project work.
Some wastewater analysis tests are descried below.

5.1.1 COLOUR
Colour is a qualitative characteristic that can be used to assess the general condition of
wastewater. Wastewater that is light brown in colour is less than 6 hr. old, while a light-to- medium
grey colour is characteristic of wastewaters that have undergone some degree of decomposition or
that have been in the collection system for some time. Lastly, if the colour is dark grey or black,
the wastewater is typically septic, having undergone extensive bacterial decomposition under
anaerobic conditions. The blackening of wastewater is often due to the formation of various
sulphides, particularly, ferrous sulphide. This results when hydrogen sulphide produced under
anaerobic conditions combines with divalent metal, such as iron, which may be present. Colour is
measured by comparison with standards. At present study colour was blackish and became dark
when season change i.e., in monsoon it was some light yellow, winter brownish to light blackish
but in summer due temperature it became almost dark black.

5.1.2 MEASUREMENT OF pH

Method: Digital pH meter

Principle: The basic principle lies in determination of activity of hydrogen ions by potentiometric
measurement using combination of glass and reference electrode with temperature correction
which responds selectively to hydrogen ions. Pure water dissociates to yield 10-7 moles/liter of H+
at 25ºC.

H2O= 𝐻++𝑂𝐻− Since water dissociates to produce one OH- ion for each 𝐻+ ion, it is obviousthat at
10-7 OH- ions are produced simultaneously. The product of [𝐻+] and [𝑂𝐻−] always remains
constant even if the value for one of the species changes.

[ 𝐻+] [𝑂𝐻−]=10-14

pH= −log [𝐻+]

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Table 5.1: pH Limit

Acid Range Neutral Alkaline range
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Time Limit: pH measurement for the sample must be done immediately in the field itself or
within 2 hours of collection in the laboratory.
Apparatus: pH meter

Fig. 5.2: Digital pH Meter (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Procedure:
 Before using instrument, remove electrodes from storage solution, rinse with distilled
water and blot dry with soft tissue.
 Calibrate the instrument with pH 4 and pH 7 buffer solutions.
 Rinse the electrode with distilled water, shake off excess water. Immerse the electrode
into the sample, wait till stable reading attained. Record the reading.
 Rinse the probe with distilled water between samples and before storing.

5.1.3 TURBIDITY

Method: Nephelometric Method

Equipment: Digital Nepheloturbidity meter.

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Principle: This method is based on a comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the sample

under defined conditions with the intensity of light scattered by a standard reference suspension

under the same conditions. Higher the intensity of scattered light, higher the turbidity.

Fig. 5.3: Turbidity Meter (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Procedure:
 Switch on the instrument and allow warm up for 10-15 minutes.
 Take distilled water in a cuvet and set the instrument to ‘zero’ by using the ‘coarse and fine’
knobs.
 Next take the standard turbidity suspension (40 NTU) and calibrate the instrument to ‘40’
digital display. Now the instrument is calibrated for ‘40’ NTU.
 Take the sample in a covet and note down the direct reading. Report the reading in Turbidity
unit (NTU).
 If instrument reading is exceeding ‘40’, the sample should be diluted appropriately and the
instrument reading should be multiplied by the dilution factor to get the sample turbidity.

5.1.4 TOTAL SOLIDS (TS)

Total Solids (TS) are the total of all solids in a water sample. They include the total suspended
solids and total dissolved solids. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are the number of filterable solids
in a water sample. Samples are filtered through a glass fiber filter. The filters are dried and weighed
to determine the amount of total suspended solids in mg/l of sample. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
are those solids that pass through a filter with a pore size of 2.0 micron or smaller. They are said
to be non-filterable. After filtration the filtrate (liquid) is dried and the remaining residue is
weighed and calculated as mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids.

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The total solids (TS) contents of wastewater are used in the design and process control of
wastewater treatment facilities. Total dissolved solids (TDS) are used to evaluate the suitability of
water for both domestic supplies and industrial purposes. The total suspended solids (TSS),
including the volatile fraction (VSS), are commonly monitored to evaluate the degree of pollution
in natural waters and serves as a key process control parameter for wastewater treatment operation.
Most of the impurities in potable waters are in the dissolved state, principally as inorganic salts.
Thus, the parameters, "total solids" and especially "total dissolved solids" are of primary
importance here.
Waters containing high concentrations of inorganic salts are not suitable as sources of drinking
water, because such materials are often difficult to remove during treatment. Finished drinking
waters containing more than 1000 mg/L TDS are generally considered unacceptable. Waters of
this type may also be unsuitable for agricultural purposes due to the harmful effects of high ionic
concentrations on plants. Total solids also affect water clarity. Higher solids decrease the passage
of light through water, thereby slowing photosynthesis by aquatic plants. Water will heat up more
rapidly and hold more heat; this, in turn, might adversely affect aquatic life that has adapted to a
lower temperature regime.

MEASUREMENT OF TS, TDS AND TSS

The measurement of solids is by means of the gravimetric procedure. The various forms of
solids are determined by weighing after the appropriate handling procedures. The total solids
concentration of a sample can be found directly by weighing the sample before and after drying at
103o C. However, the remaining forms, TDS and TSS require filtration of the sample. For liquid
samples, all these solids’ levels are reported in mg/L.

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Fig. 5.4: Total solids filtration apparatus (Source: Vol.1 of O&M)

Procedure:
Total Solids
Take a clear dry glass beaker (which was kept at 1030 C in an oven for 1 hour) of 150 ml capacity
and put appropriate identification mark on it. Weight the beaker and note the weight. Pour 100ml.
of the thoroughly mixed sample, measured by the measuring cylinder, in the beaker. Place the
beaker in an oven maintained at 103o C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, cool the beaker and weight.
Find out the weight of solids in the beaker by subtracting the weight of the clean beaker determined.
Calculate total solids (TS) as follows:
Total solids, TS (mg/l) = mg of solids in the beaker x 1000 / (volume of sample)

Dissolved Solids
Take a 100 ml. of sample and filter it through a double layered filter paper and collect the filtrate
in a beaker. The repeat the same procedure as in the total solids determination and determine the
dissolved solids contents as follows:
Total Dissolved Solids, TDS (mg/l) = mg of solids in the beaker x1000 / (volume of sample)

Suspended Solids
Total Suspended Solids, TSS (mg/l) = TS (mg/l) – TDS (mg/l)

5.1.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen (O2) dissolved in water.
Oxygen gets into the water by diffusion from the atmosphere, aeration of the water as it tumbles
over rocks and waterfalls and as a product of photosynthesis.

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Apparatus: BOD bottle, Titration apparatus, beaker, measuring jar.

Reagents: Manganese sulphate (MnSO4), Alkali-Iodide Amide reagent, 0.1N Stock Sodium
thiosulphate, Conc. H2SO4, Starch indicator.
Procedure:
 Determine the exact capacity of the BOD bottle.
 Fill the BOD bottle completely with the sample.
 Add 2ml of manganous sulphate solution, 2ml of alkaline potassium azide. Insert the stopper
and tilt several times. A golden-brown ppt. will form. Keep the bottle for 2 min so that the
ppt. settle at the bottom.
 Remove the stopper and add 2ml of conc. H2SO4 and close the stopper and tilt it till the
ppt. dissolves.
 Pipette out the calculated amount of sample into conical flask and add starch solution into it,
take sodium thiosulphate solution into the burette and titrate them till blue colour turns
into colourless.

5.1.6 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen required for the
microorganisms (bacteria) present in the waste water to convert the organic substance to stable
compounds such as CO2 and H2O.

Organic substance + oxygen bacteria →CO2 + H2O

Bacteria placed in contact with organic materials will utilize it as a food source in the utilization
the organic material will be oxidized to CO2 and H2O.
BOD is considered to be the measure of organic content of the waste, the BOD
determination has been done by measuring the amount of oxygen utilized by the microorganisms
in the stabilization of waste water for 5 days at 200C.
 Take two BOD bottles and half fill it with distilled water.

 Add 3ml of waste water (polluted water) to the BOD tubes with the help of pipette.

 Now filled the bottles with distilled water and fix stopper on it.

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 Put one of the tubes in incubator at 200C for 5 days.

 Add 2ml of alkali iodide oxide and shake well if oxygen is present the color will be
brown otherwise while
 Add 2 ml of concentrated H2𝑆𝑂4 and shake well which will give a color which is in
resemblance to mustard oil.
 Take 200 ml from this solution in a graduated cylinder and add 1ml of starch indicator to it
which will give a yellowish color.
 Put the graduated cylinder below the burette containing standard solution of sodium this
sulphate and note the initial reading.
 Fill dissolved oxygen of the first tube the dissolved oxygen is found in similar way.
 Find the BOD by using the formula.
B.O.D (mg/lit) = (zeroth day DO – 5th days DO) x 300 / ml of sample

5.1.7 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Apparatus: Reflux apparatus, COD Digester, Measuring jar

Procedure:
 Take 20ml of sample in a clean conical flask.

 Add 10ml of Potassium dichromate (k2Cr2O7), 5ml of Silver sulphate & Mercury sulphate.

 Add 30ml of Conc. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

 Add 2 to 3 pieces of Glassphite or Boiling beads.

 Transfer all these sample into the glass digestor of COD apparatus and connect the air vessel
of COD Reflux apparatus. Hence, it is an Open Reflux method.

 Reflux the sample for two and half hours at a temperature of 100oC. Allow it for cooling for
about 2 hours.
 Take this sample in a clean conical flask, add Ferroin indicator turns bluish green. Take
Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate in burette titrate till bluish green turns into reddish brown.
 Note down the value as burette reading and repeat the process

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Fig 5.5: COD Reflux Apparatus (Source: Vol.1 of O & M)

5.1.8 RESIDUAL CHLORINE
The presence of residual chlorine in water after contact period indicates that;
 The filtered or treated water is chlorinated by using 0.1 ppm (<1 ppm) of liquid chlorine to kill
the micro-organisms.
 Sufficient amount of chlorine was added to the treated water to kill the bacteria and viruses that
can cause the water borne diseases.
 The water is protected from recontamination during storage and distribution.
 This chlorinated water is further used for different purposes like irrigation, agriculture.

5.1.9 OIL AND GREASE TEST

Oil and grease include fats, oils, waxes and other related constituents found in wastewater. If these
compounds are not removed before discharge of treated wastewater, oil and grease can interfere with
biological life in surface waters and create unsightly films.

Apparatus: Separating funnel

Procedure:

1) A clean flask is dried, cooled and weighed.

2) A 1L wastewater sample is acidified (typically using hydrochloric or sulfuric acid) pH<=2.

3) The acidified wastewater sample is then transferred to a 2L separatory funnel.

4) 30mL of the extraction chemical (n-Hexane) are then added to the funnel & the funnel is shaken
vigorously for two minutes.

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5) The wastewater/extraction chemical layers are allowed to separate in the funnel (the lighter
water layer will be on the top & heavier extraction chemical layer will be on the bottom). The
bottom layer of extraction chemical is drained into the flask prepared step 1.
6) Steps 4/5 are repeated twice more to extract O&G.

7) The contents of the flask (i.e., the extraction chemical containing O&G) are then heated so that
the extraction chemical is distilled into another container.

8) The flask (containing the extracted O&G) is reweighed. The original weight of the flask is
subtracted & the total O&G weight in mg is calculated. The results provide the O&G
concentration in mg/L.

Fig 5.6: Separating Funnel (Source: Vol.1 of O & M)

5.1.10 E. COLIFORM (TOTAL & FECAL COLIFORM)

Procedure:

Take 15 sterilized test tubes and small test tubes called “Durham’s tube”, place invertedly in the
test tubes. Take Mac-Conkey broth medium in test tubes, plug with cotton and sterilize the tubes
in Autoclave at 1210C at 15lbs for 20 mins. Arrange all the 15 tubes in test tube racks and add
samples and mix well by shaking.
 Add 10 ml of sample in 5 test tubes.

 Add 1 ml of sample in 5 test tubes.

 Add 0.1 ml of sample in 5 test tubes.

Incubate all the 15 inoculated tubes at 370ºC for 48 hours in Microbial incubator. After 48 hrs.,
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take out the test tubes and see the presence of coliform by comparing it with Standard table values.
The coliform presented test tubes are then used for the calculation of Fecal coliform. Fecal coliform
needs EC broth for the production of acid and gas in the test tube.
 If acid and gas is produced then that sample conforms the presence of Fecal coliform.

 If acid and gas production is nil then fecal coliform is not present in the sample.

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CHAPTER 6

TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The following table’s shows the result of wastewater and the treated water quality from the
month December to January in the sewage treatment plant, Davanagere.
Table 6.1: Average Test Result Obtained for the Month of December (2/12/24 – 06/12/24)
Characteristics Inlet value Outlet value Standard maintained as
per IS 4764-1973
pH 7.07 7.32 6.0 – 9.0
DO in mg/l 0.9 6.5 >2
BOD5 in mg/l 350 7.6 <10
COD in mg/l 716 56 <100
TSS in mg/l 327 6.0 <10
Oil / Grease in mg/l 69 6.5 <10

Residual Chlorine in PPM - 0.1 <1

Turbidity in NTU 748 3.8 <5
Total Coliform in MPN 160000 300 <1000
Fecal Coliform in MPN 35000 80 <100

Table 6.2: Average Test Result Obtained for the Month of December (9/12/25 – 13/12/25)

Characteristics Inlet value Outlet value Standard maintained as

per IS 4764-1973
pH 7.18 7.40 6.0 – 9.0
DO in mg/l 0 4.2 >2
BOD5 in mg/l 363 6.7 <10
COD in mg/l 725 68 <100
TSS in mg/l 353 5.4 <10
Oil / Grease in mg/l 117 5.5 <10

Residual Chlorine in ppm - 0.1 <1

Turbidity in NTU 189 4.1 <5
Total Coliform in MPN 160000 294 <1000
Fecal Coliform in MPN 42222 66 <100

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Table 6.3: Average Test Result Obtained for the Month of December(16/12/25 - 20/12/25)

Characteristics Inlet value Outlet value Standard maintained as

per IS 4764-1973

pH 7.26 7.43 6.0 – 9.0

DO in mg/l 0 4.2 >2
BOD5 in mg/l 362 6.4 <10
COD in mg/l 724 63 <100
TSS in mg/l 364 5.4 <10
Oil / Grease in mg/l 123 5.6 <10

Residual Chlorine in ppm - 0.1 <1

Turbidity in NTU 191 4.1 <5
Total Coliform in MPN 160000 294 <1000
Fecal Coliform in MPN 41111 61 <100

Table 6.4: Average Test Result Obtained for the Month of January

Characteristics Inlet value Outlet value Standard maintained as

per IS 4764-1973

Ph 7.36 7.50 6.0 – 9.0

DO in mg/l 0.9 6.0 >2
BOD5 in mg/l 360 5.4 <10
COD in mg/l 732 48 <100
TSS in mg/l 354 5.0 <10
Oil / Grease in mg/l 119 5.5 <10

Residual Chlorine in ppm - 0.1 <1

Turbidity in NTU 761 3.6 <5
Total Coliform in MPN 160000 350 <1000
Fecal Coliform in MPN 50000 80 <100

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Operation and Analysis of Wastewater in Sewage Treatment Plant Davanagere city

CHAPTER 7

AIM OF THE INTERNSHIP

 To get more knowledge about operation of sewage treatment plant. To know about working
process of each unit.

 Evaluation of waste water quality analysis for physical and chemical parameters with
sophisticated instruments and standards operating procedures.

 To get more knowledge about design of sewage treatment plant. To know about design of
each unit.

 To understand the control measures that should be implemented to improve or prevent

further deterioration of water quality. That leading to negative impact on plant, animal, and
human life. To protect the environment by reducing impacts and threats to the public.

Work Assigned
 Checking the quality of the incoming raw water.
 Checking the quality of the treated water.
 Studying about the processing of Water Treatment Plant by site visit.
 Knowing about how the design is done for each unit in a treatment plant.

7.1 REFLECTION NOTES

 The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the field of sewage treatment plant.
 Acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise during planning,
estimation of sequential batch reactor.
 To gain a greater understanding of the duties and responsibilities of a professional.
Design parameters should be carefully considered for each part of the STP.
 To expand thinking and broaden the knowledge and skills acquired through course work
in the STP.

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Operation and Analysis of Wastewater in Sewage Treatment Plant Davanagere city

There were lots of benefits that have gained from internship program.

 Improving practical skill:

During the internship got more knowledge about operation and design of sewage treatment plant.
To know about working process of each unit. It helps to bridge between Academic knowledge to
practical knowledge.

 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge:

The internship training helps to increases the theoretical knowledge like treatment processing and
design.

 Upgrading interpersonal communication skills:

The communication system within the office has taken on large role in the achievement of
profitability and efficiency. In the site the most of things I gain is due to communication with other
workers like engineers, site workers etc.

 Industry Awareness:
Learn how a particular industry works; learn how various companies differ from one another, gain
understanding of different consumer markets.

 Communication Skills:
Gain writing and verbal communication skills; gain ease in talking with clients and coworkers;
gain experience and confidence in expressing ideas, practice listening and internalizing/accepting
criticism and utilization of positive feedback.

 Improving leadership skills:

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish and organizational
goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day-to-
day activities.

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Operation and Analysis of Wastewater in Sewage Treatment Plant Davanagere city

REFERENCES
 Chandaluri Subba Rao 2011, “Determination of Water quality of Some Rural areas of

Guntur districts, Andra Pradesh, India”, Dept. of Environmental Science.

 Data collected from Treatment Plant visit and Data log sheet available with the Management.

 Data collected from Operation and Maintenance Manuals.

 Niraj S. Topare, S.J Attar and Mosleh M. Manfe 2011, “Sewage/Wastewater Treatment

Technologies: A Review”, Scientific. Reviews & Chemical Communications.

 Volume-1 of 20 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant at Davanagere (PH-1) on Sequential Batch

Reactor (SBR) Process (Contractors; HNB Engineers Pvt. LTD., Pune).

 Vigneswara S, Sundaravadivel M and Chaudary D S 2007, “Sequencing Batch Reactor:

Principles, Design/Operation and Case Studies”, University of Technology Sydney,

Australia.

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Operation and Analysis of Wastewater in Sewage Treatment Plant, Davanagere

Dept. of Studies in Civil Engg. UBDTCE, Davanagere 1