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LEARNING OBJECTIVES IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL …

watch and understand a video about a walking group
Watch and listen
for retired people.

Reading skill identify evidence in a text.

Critical thinking draw appropriate conclusions from graphical data.

use verb phrases to show cause and effect; use language

Grammar
of prediction; use the first conditional.
use numerical words and phrases; interpret graphs
Academic writing skills
and charts.

Writing task write an analysis essay.

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AGEING UNIT 8

YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Work with a partner. Discuss the questions below.
1 Are elderly people generally respected in your culture? Why /
Why not?
2 How is respect or disrespect shown to elderly people in your culture?
3 Has the perception of elderly people in your culture changed over
time? In what ways?
4 Look at the photo. What do people do after they stop working
in your culture?

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WATCH AND LISTEN

PREPARING TO WATCH
1 Work with a partner and answer the questions.
ACTIVATING YOUR
KNOWLEDGE 1 What do older people you know do to keep busy?
2 How do you think life has changed in the past 20 years for older
people?
3 What are some ways older people can keep fit today?
2 Look at the pictures from the video. Discuss the questions with a partner.
PREDICTING
CONTENT USING 1 What activities are the older people in the first three pictures
VISUALS participating in?
2 Why do you think they are participating in these activities? What
benefits might they provide?
3 What activities are the people in the last picture participating in?
4 Are there any benefits to these activities? What are they?

GLOSSARY

fancy kit (n) complicated equipment

Off you go! (phr) You can leave now. / You can get started now.
brisk (adj) quick and energetic
reverse (v) to cause to go in the opposite direction
widows or widowers (n pl) people whose wives or husbands have died

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WHILE WATCHING
3 Watch the video. Choose the statement that best expresses the main
UNDERSTANDING
idea.
MAIN IDEAS
1 A group in England has been walking together for almost 20 years.
2 Walking is better for older people than other forms of exercise.
3 Walking together in a group is good for the health of older people.
4 Walking is an easy and inexpensive form of exercise.
5 Social activities are important for older people.
4 Watch again. For each main idea, write a supporting detail.
UNDERSTANDING
1 Even gentle exercise has health benefits. DETAIL

2 Walking is an easy and convenient form of exercise.

3 People in the UK are generally not getting enough exercise these days.

4 For older people, there are also social benefits of walking together.

5 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. Give reasons for your answers.
MAKING INFERENCES
1 Why do you think people in the UK are getting less exercise now than
in the past?
2 Why do you think the Salford walking group has been so successful?
3 Do you think older people are more likely to participate in activities
like this than other forms or exercise? Why / Why not?
4 Why do you think the social aspects of the activity have health
benefits?

DISCUSSION
6 Work with a partner and answer the questions.
1 Are there activities for older people in your community? Describe them.
2 What exercise groups do you, or could you, participate in now?
3 In addition to exercise, what other ways are there for older people to
stay healthy?
4 Would you participate in a group like this one when you retire?
Why / Why not?

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READING
READING 1
PREPARING TO READ
1 Read the sentences and write the words in bold next to the definitions.
UNDERSTANDING
KEY VOCABULARY 1 Social scientists use demographic information to understand more
about the populations of cities.
2 It is sometimes more difficult for older people to adapt to fast-
changing technology than it is for younger people.
3 You should ask someone else for help because I don’t have time to
undertake a new project right now.
4 In her capacity as head of the hospital, she makes many decisions
about the budget and the staff.
5 At my school, some activities are required for all students, but others
are voluntary.
6 In my leisure time, I enjoy working in my garden.
a (n) a particular position or job; a role
b (adj) relating to human populations and the information
collected about them such as their size, growth, ages and education
c (n) the time when you are not working or doing other duties
d (adj) done without being forced or paid to do it
e (v) to adjust to different conditions or uses
f (v) to take responsibility for and begin doing something

2 You are going to read an interview called ‘The social and economic
USING YOUR
impact of ageing’. Use your knowledge to write three facts which might
KNOWLEDGE
be in the interview.
1
2
3

3 Try to predict the answers to the questions.

1 To what extent has healthcare improved over the last 50 years?
2 Have these improvements been universal, or only in certain countries?
3 What kinds of problems might old people face in today’s society?
4 What kinds of problems might a society face if it has more
elderly people?
5 What kinds of benefits can an older population bring to society?

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WHILE READING
4 Read the interview to check your ideas. If your ideas were different,
why do you think that is?

THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC In the next instalment of our series on demographic
changes, we interview Professor Robert Huffenheimer,
IMPACT OF AGEING an expert on the phenomenon of ageing.

1 What exactly does ageing mean? paying taxes obviously results in less money for
It means the population in many countries is, on the government to pay for things like health and
average, getting older. According to a recent United education. NBC World News recently reported
Nations report, in 2050, there will be more people that in Italy, which has Europe’s oldest population,
over the age of 60 than children under 16 for the people are now living 30 to 40 years beyond
first time in history. retirement. This means that the number of needy
pensioners¹ is rising.
2 What impact is this ageing process likely
to have globally? 6 What advantages can an older
Well, obviously it is a good thing that people are population bring?
living longer, but as a result of this, there are a Countries with a high percentage of young
number of issues which have to be dealt with. people need to spend a lot of money on
education. In contrast, countries with a lower
3 For example? percentage of children have fewer education
In certain countries, an increasing number of older costs. In more developed countries, older
people are living by themselves, often without any people tend to have more savings and more
relatives living nearby. The UN reports that 40% of leisure time. In Japan, for example, according
the world’s older population lives independently. to Bloomberg News, the popularity of luxury
Some older people are simply unable to take care train travel among older Japanese people
of themselves, and others can only do so if their has exploded. Consequently, luxury routes
houses are specially adapted. Likewise, they may are often sold out. Other elderly people may
be unable to go shopping or wash themselves. spend more time online or even go back to
Consequently, they need someone, perhaps a studying. Of course, older people do have a lot
professional, to help. And, of course, older people of experience, and if they can, some continue
need social activities as well. working in a voluntary capacity after they retire2.
4 And how are societies adapting to this? This kind of activity adds a lot to society.
Supermarkets, for example, have introduced
more home-delivery services, which have been ¹pensioner (n) a retired person who receives
particularly beneficial for older people. In addition, government money for living expenses
there has been significant growth in companies 2
retire (v) to leave your job or stop working because
providing services which would traditionally have of having reached a particular age
been undertaken by relatives. These include
private nursing care and ‘Meals on Wheels’
services, which deliver food to your door. In the
USA, for example, Meals on Wheels serves more
than 2.4 million elderly people across America,
many of whom are living alone or isolated,
according to the Urban Institute.
5 Are there any other areas where the impact
of ageing can be clearly seen?
Although it is not a problem yet, many governments
are worried about the economic impact of an
ageing population. Fewer citizens working and

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5 Read the interview again. Write T (true), F (false) or DNS (does not say)
READING FOR DETAIL
next to the statements. Then correct the false statements.
1 Robert Huffenheimer teaches at Columbia University.

2 The average age of the world’s population has increased

significantly over the last 50 years.

3 Most older people have relatives nearby.

4 There are both benefits and disadvantages for societies with

ageing populations.

5 So far, most private companies have ignored the changing

demographic situation.

6 Most countries with an older population have much higher

education costs.

7 On average, older people spend four hours per day online.

8 Countries can benefit from the skills of retired people.

6 Complete the sentences using words from the interview.

1 Specially adapted houses help elderly people who can’t
themselves.
2 Older people require as well as professional
help with shopping and washing.
3 Home deliveries and are
commercial services provided for the elderly.
4 Governments are concerned about the of a
large number of elderly people in the population who are not working.
5 Older people are free to travel and learn new skills because they have
more and .
6 Experienced older people may choose to do work on a
basis to help society.

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READING BETWEEN THE LINES

Identifying evidence in a text
Writers need to use persuasive language when making an argument, but it is even
SKILLS

more important that good evidence is presented. Writers need to be able to

justify everything they say. For example, the evidence presented about Italy in the
text is supported by statistics from a news source. When you read claims in a text,
look for evidence that the writer uses to justify his or her claim.

7 Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions.

1 Professor Robert Huffenheimer cites NBC World News to present two
pieces of evidence to support his point. Can you identify them?
2 Huffenheimer cites Bloomberg News to mention the increase in
luxury train travel in Japan. What effect does that citation have in the
interview?
3 NBC World News and Bloomberg News are both internationally
well-known news sources. How might this affect the persuasiveness
of using them for support?

DISCUSSION
8 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions.
1 Does your country have an ageing population?
2 What problems do elderly people in your community face?
3 What do you think can be done to ensure that elderly people in
society are protected and cared for?

READING 2
PREPARING TO READ
1 Work with a partner. Discuss the following question. USING YOUR
Some countries have a higher percentage of young people than older KNOWLEDGE
people. What problems, impacts and solutions might result from this?

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2 You are going to read an essay about the effects of a young population
UNDERSTANDING
on a society. Read the sentences and choose the best definition for the
KEY VOCABULARY
words in bold.
1 In the 1800s, life expectancy was not as well documented as it is today.
a recorded or written down
b balanced or evened out
c understood or learned
2 The median age in our country is just 22, so our population is young.
a the age at which people are considered to be ‘middle-aged’
b the middle number or amount in a series
c the age at which people legally become adults
3 Governments should allocate special funds to help elderly people pay
for healthcare costs.
a give something as a share of a total amount, to be used in a
particular way
b make a decision about something
c take away from the sum total
4 This chart shows the proportion of people between the ages of 50
and 65 in EU countries.
a the total number of something
b a part or share of the whole
c an advantage of something
5 In our country, a senior citizen is a person whose age falls in the range
between age 65 and end of life.
a the largest amount that is allowed or possible
b the middle number or amount
c the amount or number between a lower and upper limit
6 It can be difficult for elderly people to cope with the health problems
of ageing by themselves, so they often need special assistance.
a deal with problems or difficulties successfully
b make a complaint about something
c forget about something
7 My grandfather receives a monthly pension from the company he used
to work for.
a a bill for services
b a payment for medical costs
c a sum of money paid regularly to a person who has retired

WHILE READING
READING FOR 3 Read the essay. Check your ideas from Exercise 1. How does having a
MAIN IDEAS younger overall population affect Saudi Arabia?

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What are the impacts of a young population on a society?

1 There is a well-documented problem with the ageing of the 4 This also has an impact on employment
global population, but there are also areas of the world where opportunities for young people. Youth
demographics are very different. In many parts of the Middle unemployment could well become the Kingdom’s
East and North Africa, there is a much higher proportion biggest social challenge in the coming years. These
of young people. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a country days, the unemployment rate for Saudis between
of over 30 million people, is one such place. This reality has the ages of 16 and 29 is 29%. Unless Saudi Arabia’s
brought special challenges to the Kingdom in a number of government can provide enough public-sector
different areas such as education, housing and the economy. jobs, or attract more private-sector employers,
The population graph shows the population of men and more budget expenditure will be needed for
2
women in Saudi Arabia and their age ranges in 2016. The unemployment benefits.
graph shows Saudi Arabia has a very young population. 5 There is a similar challenge in terms of housing,
Upon close analysis, it can be seen that about 27% of the with more demand than supply. This is a
population is age 14 and under, and approximately 19% of particular problem in places such as Jeddah, Saudi
the total population is between the ages of 15 and 24. The Arabia’s second-largest city. Jeddah is on the
number of Saudis in their mid-twenties to mid-thirties coast, with a mountain range to the east. Because
is particularly high, with almost one in five of the total of this, outward expansion is geographically
population falling within just this ten-year age range. In the impossible. As a consequence, houses have
United States the median age is 38, in the United Kingdom become more expensive, and young people may
it is 40, in Italy it is 45 and in Japan it is 47. In contrast, Saudi be unable to buy their own homes.
Arabia is more youthful, as the median age is 27. Although Saudi Arabia faces several challenges
6
3 The high percentage of children and young people leads to in terms of education, employment and housing
high education costs in Saudi Arabia. The focus on education as a result of its young population, it does not
is a high priority for Saudi society. A recent report showed have to cope with the demands of an ageing
that education receives 25% of the government’s annual population. Because the country has relatively
budget, making the country’s education spending one of the fewer old people than the places mentioned
highest in the world. As a result of its demographic profile, earlier, the costs of healthcare and pensions are
the government has been leading a university expansion lower. This will allow more funds to be allocated
programme to cope with the large number of college-aged to improving the lives of young people.
students moving through the school system every year.

Saudi Arabia – 2016

Total population: 28,160,273
Male 100+ Female
95 – 99
90 – 94
85 – 89
80 – 84
75 – 79
70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
10 – 14
5–9
0–4

2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

Population (in millions) Age group Population (in millions)
Source: CIA, The
World Factbook

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4 Read the essay again. Complete each sentence with a word or number.
READING FOR DETAIL
1 Saudi Arabia has a very population.
2 Over % of the population is younger than 14.
3 Approximately % of the population is between 15 and 24
years old.
4 The median age for Saudis is , which is 20 years younger
than the median age in .
5 Saudi Arabia ranks as one of the top countries in the world for
government spending on .
6 In Saudi Arabia there is a lack of employment in both the public and
the private .
7 A city which is located between the mountains and the sea has limited
space for .

READING BETWEEN THE LINES

5 Work with a partner. Find the words and phrases in the essay and discuss
WORKING OUT
what they mean.
MEANING
1 upon close analysis
2 expenditure
3 special challenges
4 as a consequence

DISCUSSION
6 Work with a partner. Use ideas from Reading 1 and Reading 2 to discuss
SYNTHESIZING
the questions.
1 What are the advantages of a country having a younger population?
2 In a country with income taxation, why is it good to have more workers
than retired people?
3 Would it be a good idea to encourage people from countries with a
low median age to emigrate and work in foreign countries with ageing
populations? Why / Why not?

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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
ACADEMIC COLLOCATIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS
1 Circle the best preposition to make the collocations.
1 in / on brief 5 identify with / up
2 a range of / on 6 in / with theory
3 focus on / with 7 rely on / with
4 sum up / on 8 on / in contrast
2 Complete the sentences with the correct phrases and phrasal verbs from
Exercise 1.
1 Countries may encounter financial challenges when an increasing
number of older people have to the
government for support.
2 Countries with a younger population have high education costs.
, those with an older population have to spend
more on healthcare.
3 There is a wide voluntary work opportunities
for retired people such as sports coaching, business mentoring,
gardening and counselling.
4 There is a tendency to the problems faced by
the elderly, not their valuable contribution to society.
5 , the major problem an ageing population will
face is how to fund healthcare.
6 While many strategies may seem to work ,
when those strategies are put into action, they rarely succeed.
7 It might be difficult for citizens of countries with ageing populations
to the challenges of countries which have a
younger population.
8 To , this report’s key recommendation is
that more educational opportunities should be provided for people
over 60.

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CAUSE AND EFFECT

There are simple verb phrases we can use to show the cause and effect of
certain actions.
Ageing results in greater life experience and wisdom.
Ageing leads to greater life experience and wisdom.
Notice how we can also use more complex linkers to show the connection between
GRAMMAR

two sentences.
Retired people in developed countries have more leisure time. As a result
of this, they can travel more or even go back to studying.
Retired people in developed countries have more leisure time. Because of this,
they can travel more or even go back to studying.
Retired people in developed countries have more leisure time. As a consequence,
they can travel more or even go back to studying.

3 Complete each sentence (b) with a verb phrase so that it means the same
as sentence (a).
1 a If a country is ageing, it lowers child education costs.
b An ageing population

2 a A country that encourages immigration has more young people in it.

b Encouraging immigration

3 a If the population becomes too old, economics problems may follow.

b An increasingly older population

4 Complete the sentences below with your own ideas.

1 Some people never have children. Consequently,

2 In some cultures, elderly people commonly live with their adult

children. As a result of this,

3 It is not always easy for a country to predict how its population will
change. Because of this,

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WRITING
CRITICAL THINKING
At the end of this unit, you will write an analysis essay. Look at this unit’s
writing task below.
Describe population trends in Japan. Use the data from the graph as
evidence to support your claims. Suggest the potential impact on the
country if the 2050 projections are correct.

Drawing appropriate conclusions from graphical data

SKILLS

When writing about data, whether in the form of tables, graphs or diagrams, it is
important to analyze it carefully, before drawing accurate conclusions. Look for
the key messages which the data show, and don’t focus on irrelevant information.

1 Look back at the graph of Saudi Arabia’s population in Reading 2 on page 177.
ANALYZE
Answer the following questions.
1 When was the data in the graph recorded?
2 What is the total population of Saudi Arabia?
3 Are there more people over or under 65 in Saudi Arabia?
4 Does the graph show whether Saudi Arabia has more men or more
women?
2 Look at the population graph for Japan and answer the questions.
1 When was the graph created?
2 According to the graph, what is the approximate total population of
Japan now?
3 Are there more people over 65 or under 15 in Japan?
4 How is the graph different from the one for Saudi Arabia in Reading 2?
What are the reasons for this?

Japan: Population by age range in millions, 1950-2050 estimate

(as of January 2012)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
ages 0–14 ages 15–64 ages 65+
Source: Japan Statistical Yearbook
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3 Look at the list of demographic ideas below. Work with a partner and find
UNDERSTAND
the meaning of three of them. Then, with your class, compare answers and
see if together you can work out the meaning of each phrase.
1 youth unemployment 6 lower consumer spending
2 housing shortages 7 declining birth rate
3 higher pension costs 8 higher taxes
4 increased healthcare costs 9 increased emigration
5 stress on the education system 10 increased immigration
4 Now identify which one of these could be a problem for a society with
APPLY
an ageing population.
5 Complete the sentences with phrases from Exercise 3.
1 are likely in the future because more elderly
people will require hospital treatment and help with poor health.
2 If people work for longer periods and retire at an older age,
may result.
3 may be required because there are fewer
people of working age paying taxes on their income.
4 Unless the age at which people have to retire increases, there will be
which taxes will need to pay for.
5 As the population ages, there are fewer people having children. This
means that the population will actually
decrease.
6 In order to replace the lost workforce and to increase levels of
taxation, may be encouraged by government
policies.
6 Work with a partner. Look at the statements. Which advantage of an
EVALUATE
older population do you think is the most important? Why?
1 Older people have a great deal of knowledge and experience, which
are valuable in the workplace.
2 Older people have more time and money to help their children
and grandchildren financially or through helping with childcare and
household chores.
3 Older societies result in a slower global population growth.
4 Older people these days are active and productive. Many have savings
to help pay for their own healthcare and a comfortable standard
of living.

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GRAMMAR FOR WRITING

LANGUAGE OF PREDICTION

When you describe a graph, you can sometimes predict what might happen
in the future based on the trends in the graph. You can use a number of
different ways to show that a statement is a prediction.
introduce a strong prediction: … be likely to, … be set to, … be predicted to,
GRAMMAR

… be expected to, … be projected to

Material resource use in the construction sector is expected to reach
nearly 90 billion tonnes.
introduces a weak prediction: … may be
Young people may be unable to buy their own homes.
introduces a strong negative prediction: … be unlikely to
The population is unlikely to get any younger.

1 Match the sentence halves.

1 There is likely a be more wealthy people with more
2 There may leisure time.
3 The number of b to be more competition for places at
4 The population is set nursing homes in the future.
5 We are unlikely to c projected to increase next year.
6 Unemployment is d to rise sharply during the next few years.
7 Food prices e young people is expected to remain the
same for the foreseeable future.
f are predicted to come down.
g see a sharp rise in immigration.
2 Write sentences with a similar meaning. Include the word in brackets.
More than one answer is possible.
1 The population will increase in the future.
(likely)
2 Oil prices will come down this year.
(may)
3 Unemployment will remain at the same level in the coming months.

(predicted)
4 The cost of living will rise over the decade.
(set)
5 There will not be a reduction in the number of schools.
(unlikely)

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THE FIRST CONDITIONAL

The first conditional describes possible situations in the future and their likely
results using an if-clause.
Use the present simple in an if-clause to add a condition to an opinion. Use a
future verb form in the main clause.
Governments will need to address increasing pension costs if the median
age continues to rise.
GRAMMAR

Use a comma after the if-clause only when it begins the sentence.
If the median age continues to rise, governments will need to address
increasing pension costs.
In formal writing, you can use more complex linkers to replace if, such as
provided that, as long as and on the condition that.
Provided that your unemployment benefits claim is approved, you will
receive your first payment within two weeks.
You will receive your first payment within two weeks provided that your
unemployment benefits claim is approved.

3 Circle the best verb forms to complete each sentence.

1 A country faces / will face problems in the future if the population
ages / will age too much.
2 As long as medical technology continues / will continue to improve,
people live / will live longer than before.
3 Once my father stops being able to live independently, I move in /
will move in with him on the condition that he agrees / will agree.
4 If Saudi Arabia does not create / will not create programmes for the
unemployed youth, it faces / will face a big social challenge.
4 Work with a partner. Rewrite the sentences with a condition using if or
another linker. Place commas where they are needed.
1 An ageing population results in fewer children.

2 More people retiring means fewer people paying income taxes.

3 Better education helps a country’s young people find good jobs in

other countries.

4 The population continues to get younger, so the government should

prioritize public funds for the young over the ageing.

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ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS

NUMERICAL WORDS AND PHRASES

It is important to simplify complex statistical information when writing a

SKILLS

description of a graph or chart. To do this, you can use generalizations to

introduce the data and specific examples to give details or justify a claim.
Numerical words and phrases help you do this.

1 Look at the pie chart about the population of Japan and complete the Population by age
sentences with words from the box. Children
Elderly
(65 or older) (0–14)
13.1%
double half majority minority proportion quarter times triple 23.3%

Working age
(15–64)
1 The overwhelming of Japanese people are of working age. 63.6%
2 A sizeable (about 23%) are over 65 years old.
3 The number of Japanese people who are of working age is almost five
more than those under 14.
4 A significant of the Japanese population is of working age.
5 The percentage of people aged 65 and older is nearly the
percentage of children.
6 The percentage of the population who are of working age is nearly
that of the elderly.
7 More than the population is of working age.
8 Just under a of the population is over 65.

INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS

When you write an analysis of information presented on a graph or a chart, keep in

mind the following guidelines:
• You should mention the title of the graph or chart, so the reader is clear what the
information is referring to.
SKILLS

• You do not need to explain all of the data shown, but you do need to use accurate
figures for the data that you refer to.
• You should explain important trends which can be observed in the data.
• You should analyze the data and make predictions (if it is possible to do so).
• Your analysis should stick to the important and relevant trends. Do not include
comments which are not related to the main points.

ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS 185

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The diagram below shows the global population by age in 1950 and 2000,
and projected population figures for 2050. Write an essay describing the
information and suggesting what the potential global impact could be if the
2050 projections are correct.
Population by Age Group
10,000,000,000 2050
0–19
20–64
7,500,000,000 65+ 16%
2000
7%
27%
5,000,000,000
1950 39%
2,500,000,000 5% 57%
54%
51% 44%
0
2.5 billion 6 billion 9 billion

2 Write three sentences about the information in this graph based on the
guidelines presented on page 185. Make sure that what you have written
is accurately based on the graph.
3 Now look at the following sentences. Which ones would be good to
include if you wrote a longer essay? Give reasons for your answers.
1 In 1950, the population was 44% 0-to-19-year-olds, 51% 20-to-64-year-
olds and 5% over age 65.

2 I think it will be really tough to be a teenager in 2050 because there will

be a lot of old people.

3 Although there was only a 2% rise in the number of people over 65

between 1950 and 2000, this is projected to rise nearly 10% by 2050.

4 This essay will describe the global population by age in 1950 and 2000
and the projected figures for 2050.

5 The predicted decrease in the number of young people is likely to have

a range of social and economic effects.

186 UNIT 8
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WRITING TASK
Describe population trends in Japan. Use the data from the graph as
evidence to support your claims. Suggest the potential impact on the
country if the 2050 projections are correct.

PLAN
1 Look again at the structure of the essay in Reading 2. Write the paragraph
numbers from Reading 2 next to the purposes.
Presentation and description of the data from the graphs
Second related challenge
First related challenge
Summary of the challenges but also a mention of an advantage
Third related challenge
Introduction
2 Refer back to the graph in Critical thinking about Japan’s population
between 1950 and 2050. Write one sentence about what it represents.
Paraphrase the language used in the Writing Task.

3 Choose three aspects of the data to write about. Consider points which
show the general picture or overall trends of the data. Use some of the
cause and effect phrases from page 180.
Point 1:
Point 2:
Point 3:
4 Summarize the most interesting or noticeable trend in one sentence.
Main trend:

5 Think of three important implications of your main argument. A model

for Reading 2 is given as an example.

Topic: Saudi Arabia

Main trend: Saudi Arabia's society is very young.
Implication 1: effect on education
Implication 2: effect on the economy
Implication 3: effect on housing

6 Refer to the Task checklist on page 188 as you prepare your essay.

WRITING TASK 187

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WRITE A FIRST DRAFT

7 Using the essay structure given in Exercise 1 and your notes from Critical
thinking and from Exercises 2–5, write the first draft of your essay.
Write 350–400 words.

REVISE
8 Use the Task checklist to review your essay for content and structure.

TASK CHECKLIST ✔
Does the structure of your essay follow the structure in Reading 2?

Did you talk about both the data and its implications?

Do your examples back up your main trend and its implications?

9 Make any necessary changes to your essay.

EDIT
10 Use the Language checklist to edit your essay for language errors.

LANGUAGE CHECKLIST ✔
Did you include a sufficient range of appropriate topic-specific
and academic language?
Did you use a range of different numerical words and phrases to
interpret the data? Are the phrases accurate?
Did you use language of prediction including the first conditional,
where appropriate?

Did you use cause and effect phrases?

11 Make any necessary changes to your essay.

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OBJECTIVES REVIEW
1 Check your learning objectives for this unit. Write 3, 2 or 1 for each
objective.
3 = very well 2 = well 1 = not so well
I can …
watch and understand a video about a walking group for
retired people.
identify evidence in a text.
draw appropriate conclusions from graphical data.
use verb phrases to show cause and effect.
use language of prediction.
use the first conditional.
use numerical words and phrases.
interpret graphs and charts.
write an analysis essay.

2 Use the Unlock Digital Workbook for more practice with this unit’s
ONLINE
learning objectives.

WORDLIST

a range of (n phr) focus on (phr v) pension (n)

adapt (v) identify with (phr v) proportion (n)
allocate (v) in brief (n phr) range (n)
capacity (n) in contrast (n phr) rely on (phr v)
cope (v) in theory (n phr) sum up (phr v)
demographic (adj) leisure (n) undertake (v)
documented (adj) median (adj) voluntary (adj)

= high-frequency words in the Cambridge Academic Corpus

OBJECTIVES REVIEW 189

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