2/3/2025

Research Ethics
•Rules and principles of human
behavior.
•Study of right and wrong.
•Guidelines developed after WWII
Sarah Diana T. Senatin, RN,MAN,USRN in response to widespread
abuses of research subjects
Principles of Ethics in Research during and after that time.

Principles of Ethics in Research 3

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Nazi doctors were
convicted of war
crimes involving
human experiments
on camp prisoners The World Medical Association (WMA) has
developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a
statement of ethical principles for medical
research involving human subjects, Belmont Report:
•Need for voluntary informed consent. including research on identifiable human Written by National Commission of the United States in 1979.
•Study must be for good of society. material and data. Cornerstone statement of ethical principles for protection of research subjects.
•Based on animal experiments if possible. • 1st issued in 1964.
•Avoid any harm to subjects. •Subsequent revisions. 3 foundational ethical principles:
•Qualified researchers. •Expanded Nuremberg to distinguish Respect for persons - acknowledges and protects autonomy.
•Subjects or researchers can stop study if therapeutic research and nontherapeutic Beneficence - doing no harm.
problems occur. Justice - selecting subjects fairly.
research.
Many other codes of research ethics exist.
•Added surrogate consent

EVIDENCED-BASED MEDICINE
A new paradigm in health care practice, is the integration of the best
research evidence (clinically relevant patient-centered research) with
Ethical Issues in clinical expertise (ability to use clinical skills and past experience for
patient’s unique state and needs) and patient values (unique
Evidenced- Based preferences, concerns and expectations of clients)
Practice

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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EBM: FIVE STEPS IN EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE

1. Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision. Hence, 1. Converting the need for information into answerable questions.
clinicians must always trade the benefits and risks, inconveniences 2. Tracking down best evidence (which will answer the question).
and costs associated with alternative management strategies, and
in so doing considers the patient’s values. 3. Critically appraising the evidence for its validity (closeness to truth),
impact (effect), and applicability (usefulness).
2. EBM posits a hierarchy of evidence to guide clinical decision
making. 4. Integrating the critical appraisal with clinical expertise and with
patient’s uniqueness.
5. Evaluating effectiveness and efficiency.

THREE MAJOR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN THREE MAJOR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN

RESEARCH RESEARCH
2. Respect for Human Dignity
1. Beneficence a. Right to self determination
• Protection of participants from physical and psychological harm • Participants have the freedom to control their own activities including
• Exploitation study participation
• Performance of some good b. Right of Self disclosure
• Researcher have fully described to prospective participants their
rights and full nature of the study.

THREE MAJOR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN

RESEARCH Research
Misconduct:
3. Justice
• Right to fair treatment Intentional falsification
• Right to privacy • Manipulation of materials,
• Confidentiality equipment or processes
• Changes or omissions of data or
results
• Research not accurately
represented in research report.

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Research Research Misconduct

Misconduct: Fabrication:
-Misrepresenting or making up
• Plagiarism: Not attributing data or results.
ideas, processes, results or
words to appropriate -Recording or reporting them.
person. Not considered misconduct if
• Reporting as being one’s actions were honest mistakes or
own work differences in opinions.
-Widespread agreement of many
more types of research
misconduct.

Presentation End
Source: Kaplan Nursing & Carl Balita Review Guide