"The future of India is being shaped in its classrooms.

"
* Kothari Education Commission 1964-66
'Educational management' is the practical process of bringing quality to an
educational organization by motivating skills for its operation. Educational
management is completed by the hands of an efficient and experienced head of the
institution. He is capable of shaping the educational process in the school to
fulfill social needs with qualities. For this, he helps in realizing the practical
form of management, planning programs according to objectives, motivating officers
for their fulfillment, and utilizing all human and physical resources to fulfill
social needs.
Every society and country expects from its educational management that the
management of their schools should be effective, thereby protecting the interests
of future citizens (students) and parents (consumers) and achieving national goals,
and making education an effective vehicle for desired social change. In this
context, it is expected in the National Policy on Education (1986) that "In the
context of national needs, considering the economic, social environment,
production, expansion of knowledge, and rapid development of science and
technology, there is a need for effective technical development and effective
educational management (human resource management) in the country so that students
are prepared to face the challenges of future life - become socially useful
citizens." Educational management is made up of two words - education and
management. The meaning of both words is explained as follows:
Meaning of 'Education':
The word 'education' originates from the Sanskrit word 'Shiksh', which means to
learn or to teach. Education is a lifelong process that continues from birth to
death. In reality, the meaning of education is the desired behavioral change.
According to Swami Vivekananda - "Education is that by which character is formed,
the strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and by which one can
stand on one's own feet."
Meaning of 'Management':
In the historical perspective, management started as an approach of 'production
capacity'. The word 'management' was first used in the field of industry and trade.
In the field of education, it is also called 'administration'. From this point of
view, the main goal of the organization was to maximize profits by making maximum
use of human and physical resources.
The meaning of management is based on several perspectives such as:
* Management as a process - Supporters: Theo Haimann, Dalton McFarland, F. Stoner,
and Terry.
* Management as a class - Some management scholars see management as a class, they
see the group of people who do management as management.
* Management as a discipline - Supporters of this idea accept it as a discipline
just like natural and physical sciences.
* Management as an economic resource - such as capital, land, management.
* Management as power - under this, the right of decision and leadership is
accepted as power.
The collective effort (planning, organizing, directing, controlling) made by an
institution to achieve predetermined objectives and goals is called management.
Management is a collective effort of what to do, how to do, when to do, etc.

Management is a process in which planning, organization, direction, and control,

etc., are done. Management is a scientific and dynamic process."
Definitions of Management:
* According to [WILLIAM LUIK ]: "Management implies the effective use of human and
physical resources of an organization."
* According to kutrej : "Management is the art of getting work done through and
with an informally organized group."
 * According to Lawrence A. Appley: "Management is the development of people and
not the direction of things."
* According to F.W. Taylor: "Management is the art of knowing exactly what you
want to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way."
Scientific Management
* According to Henri Fayol: He is also called the 'father of management
principles' because he gave 14 principles of management. According to him, there
are five components of management (POCCC).
POCCC
* P - Planning: Planning
* O - Organization: Organization
* C - Command: Command
* C - Control: Control
* C - Co-ordinate: Coordination
* According to Luther Gulick: Luther Gulick and Urwick (1937) accepted management
as 'POSDCORB', which means Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating,
Reporting, and Budgeting. Luther Gulick did not agree with Taylor's approach. He
gave more importance to the level of the system rather than the analysis of work at
the technical level. The seven elements of management are POSDCORB.
POSDCORB
* P - Planning: Planning
* O - Organizing: Organizing
* S - Staffing: Staffing
* D - Directing: Directing
* C - Co-ordinating: Coordinating
* R - Reporting: Reporting
* B - Budgeting: Budgeting
[Bottom Section]
At the school level, management is done keeping in mind human and physical
resources, along with financial management and the principles of the institution.
Examples include human resources (children, teachers, parents, community) and
physical resources (furniture, playground, laboratory, water tank, bicycle stand,
building), etc.

* D.V. — School is a miniature society.

* N. Mukherjee - "Secondary Social Administration is a principle."
* Current management research regarding management behavior presents two main
viewpoints:
* (1) Task-Based Management: The foundation of an organization is its work; the
organization is established solely for the purpose of the work. The responsibility
of management is to execute the work effectively. (Means - Work)
* (2) Person-Based Management: The dignity and development of the individual are
paramount values; meaning the individual is the end, not the means. The development
of the individual is inherent in the organization. (End - Human Development)

* 'Management' is an art:
* Only individuals with the necessary qualities and abilities can become
successful managers. Therefore, a good manager is both born and 'environmentally
influenced'. Management is the result of human skills and abilities, but more
successful managers can be created after necessary training.

* 'Management' is a science:
* Some scholars consider management to be a scientific process. They believe
that management can be effectively implemented by following management principles.
This science is based on rules/principles/testing and results. Hence, management
can also be considered a science.

* 'Management' is both art and science:

 * It is not entirely accurate to call management only an art; it also
incorporates science. Therefore, it is appropriate to call it both science and art.
Because management involves both human skills and a scientific approach. Management
is called the 'brain of any organization'.

* According to Robert N. Hilkert, "Art and science are two sides of the same coin
in the field of management."

* 'Management Styles': Management styles are adopted in accordance with the

philosophy of the individual or society. Generally, four styles are used in the
field of management:
* 1. Authoritarian Style
* 2. Democratic Style
* 3. Conciliatory Style
* 4. Laissez-faire Style

Educational Management (System)

* The meaning of educational management is to manage the educational process.

* This is a special process in which the operation of school personnel and

institutions is essential for educational management. Educational management is the
process of achieving desired goals in the field of education, which is related to
educational institutions where human (human resources) and machine
(equipment/physical resources) and the work of keeping planning and organization
dynamic are done by educational management. Special emphasis is given to two
aspects in educational management: (1) proper organization of physical resources.
(2) Effective organization of human resources. The main task of management is to
achieve the set goals of an organization. The goal of educational management is
also to effectively achieve the set goals of education based on available physical
and human resources.

Definitions of Educational Management:

* According to J.V. Seavers: "Educational management is a process that is related
to making such arrangements in which the entire educational program can be
successfully implemented practically."
* According to Pfiffner: "Educational management means organizing those
relationships between individuals and groups of individuals through which the
division of labor is systematically done."
* According to Professor Allen: "Educational management is the work that a manager
has to do."
* According to Sir Henry Fayol: "Educational management means forecasting,
planning, organizing, commanding , coordinating, and controlling."

It can be said as a conclusion of the above definitions that educational management

is a purposeful process, and in this process, a plan is created by humans and an
attempt is made to systematically execute this plan. It is both art and science. It
is such an art and well-organized scientific process that provides leadership,
planning, organization, direction, motivation, assistance, and guidance in
achieving the predetermined objectives of an institution.

Characteristics of Educational Management:

* It is a process, not just a group of individuals.
* It is a collective effort.
* It is a purely human activity.
* Educational management is necessary at all levels of the organization.
* It is a leadership task.
* It is a social process.
* Educational management is an important tool that influences human life.
 * Educational management is done for a predetermined purpose.
* Educational management is abstract.
* Educational management is both art and science.
Objectives of Educational Management:
* To provide a favorable environment for students to receive education.
* Coordination of physical and human resources.
* To develop love and goodwill among employees.
* To make good use of time.
* To provide opportunities for professional growth of teachers.
* To maximize the use of resources.
* To focus on the personal development of students.
* To assign work according to the ability, capacity, and efficiency of the worker.
* To develop the qualities of good citizenship in students.
* Student and society-centered teaching and planning.
* To satisfy and evaluate the workers.
Basic Elements of Educational Management:
* Decision making, problem solving, human relations, communication.
Educational management is formed by various direct and indirect, formal and
informal educational communities. Many human and physical elements are included in
school management related to these, which are always active.

Education is the cultural heritage of the nation. It is also a means of preserving

values and ideals. The objectives of educational management and organization are
expected to be determined based on the goals and objectives of education. The
fulfillment of educational objectives is possible only through proper school
management.

The main elements mentioned by J. Hartley under educational management are as

follows:
Educational Management System
INPUTS (Cost/Input)
* Resources:
* Physical: (Building, Furniture, Playground)
* Human: (Students, Teachers, Administrators)
* Learning Materials, Techniques, and Facilities
* Defined Expectations
⬇️
Management Process
⬇️
Learning Outcome
* Managerial Achievement and Skill Acquisition
* Change in Attitude, Performance, and Interest
* Creation of New Areas
* Managerial Control Methods
* Logical Thinking
* Managerial Achievements

Functions of Educational Management:

* According to the "Encyclopedia of Educational Research," the functions of
educational management are: "Educational administration (management) is the process
in which the efforts of working people are coordinated in such a way that human
qualities are effectively developed. This process not only emphasizes the
development of children and youth but also gives importance to the development of
adult workers."
* According to the American School Administration Organization: "It is a
comprehensive process used to effectively achieve the organization's objectives by
utilizing available human and physical resources."
Functions of Educational Management (Listed in the Diagram):
* Planning
 * Organization
* Directing
* Coordination
* Control
* Motivation
* Integration
* Communication
* Decision Making
* Innovation
* Evaluation

1. Planning (Planning):
* In the sequence of the management process, planning is the first requirement.
Before planning, mental contemplation is done, and a plan is made for when, what,
how, and where the work is to be done.
* According to the modern concept of educational management, planning is a
participatory process in which workers from different levels are involved.
* According to J.B. Sears: "The direct meaning of planning in administration is to
get ready to make decisions to do a task or solve a problem."
* According to John Millet: "Planning is intelligent preparation for doing a
task."

Peter Drucker: "Management is the lifeblood of an organization."

Rensis Likert: "Motivation is the heart of management."
Pickens: "Communication is the heart of management."

2. Organization: Successful planning requires an organization. In the organization

process, the tasks to be performed in the institution are first defined. Then,
these tasks are divided into smaller parts, in which these tasks are divided among
different individuals of the organization. After the division of these tasks, the
authority and responsibilities of different individuals are defined. Organization
is of two types, such as:
(1) Formal organization and (2) Informal organization.

3. Direction: Direction means telling the appointed workers/officers in various

tasks what to do and how to do it, and checking whether those individuals are doing
their work accordingly. Direction is done by a higher authority to their
subordinate officers.
Direction mainly includes three processes:
(1) Order or instruction, (2) explaining and training the work correctly, and (3)
evaluating the work. Orders should be uniform.

4. Staffing: Management appoints competent, skilled, and experienced workers

according to its defined objectives and adopts honesty and goodwill in the
selection. George Terry: "Staffing is the work of obtaining and maintaining a
satisfactory and contented workforce."

5. Coordination: Coordination means establishing unity among the various tasks of

any institution or enterprise and maintaining a regular system among different
efforts. If all officers and employees make a coordinated effort, the achievement
of objectives becomes easier.
According to Koontz, "Coordination is the essence of harmonizing individual efforts
for the purpose of achieving group goals."

6. Control: Control is a process through which it is ascertained whether the work

is being done according to the defined plan or not. If the work is not according to
the plan, necessary actions are taken to improve it, and under control, the
standards of responsibility of the workers are determined.
In the words of Henri Fayol, the meaning of control is to verify that everything is
happening according to the established plans, the orders given, and the established
principles.

7. Motivation: Through motivation, the feeling of interest in the work and

willingness to work voluntarily is created among the workers. Motivation is called
the heart of management.
Elements of motivation: appropriate remuneration, promotion, opportunities for
development, job security, proper behavior, praise, respect, and appropriate
facilities.

8. Integration: Familiarizing employees with the policies, objectives, and plans of

the organization, considering their problems and suggestions, creating a feeling of
willingness to work voluntarily, creating a cooperative, friendly, and harmonious
environment for work, etc., are included in the work of integration.

9. Communication: For a good manager, it is essential to develop a good message

transmission system. Communication means the mutual exchange of facts, ideas,
assumptions, or emotions between two or more persons. Managerial efficiency depends
on skillful communication. Communication is a means of making management
functional. Only through communication can a manager explain his plans to his
employees and solve the problems arising in this regard.
Channels of communication:
(1) Upward, (2) Downward, (3) Horizontal, (4) Direct, (5) Indirect.

10. Decision Making: Decision making is an intellectual process that is related to

the selection of the best alternative. Choosing the best alternative is decision
making. Herbert Simon.

11. Innovation: Innovation is an important task of management that is not limited

to new and improved products or new technology, but also includes new work methods.
Through innovation, an organization can maintain its prestige.

12. Evaluation:
The beginning of the evaluation of educational organizations in India can be seen
from 1953-54. When several American educators arrived from the U.S. Education
Foundation,
an attempt was made to ascertain how much quantity and quality of the main work
was completed after the management work was finished. Therefore, continuous
evaluation is necessary for better results.

Modern Concept of Educational Management:

When a serious student of educational management studies this subject, they study
the definitions given by many scholars, the principles propounded by them (which
can be called a "forest of principles"). This situation confuses them. To get them
out of the forest of principles, it is necessary to provide them with clear
information about the various concepts.
In modern management, special attention is paid to three factors:
(1) management science,
(2) administrative science,
(3) behavioral science.
Today, many amendments have been made to all three of these approaches as needed.

Educational Management in India:

After the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company took the responsibility of
educational management administration. After the Wood's Dispatch of 1854, we see a
change in the form of educational management. In India, where educational
management before independence (until 1950) was seen as autocratic and fault-
finding, after 1950, a management administration that emphasized democratic human
relations slowly developed. The truth is that while new dimensions were added to
management administration after 1950, their beginning in India started at the end
of the 20th century. The influence of information technology has also started to be
felt, which will also affect educational management. In terms of the development of
educational management administration, very little research has been done in the
country. Most of the research studies have been on organizational processes and
organizational behavior, and perhaps no study has been conducted on accountability.