Scribd
Upload
24 views26 pages

Agnetic Esonance Maging: DR Lingala John Prabhakar Raju 4/4/24

The document provides an overview of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), including its history, principles, and key components. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of MRI, its various types, and its applications in medical diagnostics. Additionally, it discusses the significance of Nobel Prizes related to MRI and the use of contrast agents to enhance image quality.

Uploaded by

johnprabhakarraju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views26 pages

Agnetic Esonance Maging: DR Lingala John Prabhakar Raju 4/4/24

The document provides an overview of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), including its history, principles, and key components. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of MRI, its various types, and its applications in medical diagnostics. Additionally, it discusses the significance of Nobel Prizes related to MRI and the use of contrast agents to enhance image quality.

Uploaded by

johnprabhakarraju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Magnetic

Resonance
Imaging
Dr Lingala John Prabhakar Raju
4/4/24
Learning objectives

• Working principles
• Uses
• Advantages and disadvantages
Introduction
Brief history of MRI

• Discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon by Felix


Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell in the 1940s.
• In 1971, Raymond Damadian - different tissues have distinct
relaxation times, laying the groundwork for MRI.
• Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield developed techniques for
producing 2D and 3D images using magnetic gradients, earning them
the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003.
Brief history of MRI

• 1977: Introduction of the first commercial MRI scanner


• 1980s: Development of fast imaging techniques such as gradient
echo imaging and echo planar imaging
• 1990s: Introduction of functional MRI (fMRI)
• 21st Century: Advances in MRI technology include higher field
strengths, parallel imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging
Noble prizes related to MRI

1944: Rabi - Physics (Measured magnetic moment of nucleus)

1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell - Physics (Basic science of
NMR phenomenon)

1991: Richard Ernst - Chemistry (High-resolution pulsed FT-NMR)

2002: Kurt Wüthrich - C–emistry (3D molecular structure in solution by


NMR)

2003: Paul Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield - Physiology or Medicine (MRI


technology
• MRI, short for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a powerful medical
imaging technique used to visualize internal structures of the body in
detail.
• Unlike X-rays or CT scans, MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio
waves to generate images, making it safer for patients.
Principles
of
MRI
• MRI is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
which describes how atomic nuclei behave in magnetic fields.
• By measuring the behavior of hydrogen atoms (protons) in the body,
MRI can create detailed images of soft tissues, organs, and
structures.
• NMR occurs when atomic nuclei are placed in a magnetic field and
exposed to radiofrequency (RF) pulses.
• This causes the nuclei to absorb and emit RF energy at characteristic
frequencies, which can be detected and used to create images.
Key components
• Magnet: Creates the main magnetic field (B0) used to align atomic
nuclei.
• RF coil: Transmits RF pulses to excite nuclei and receive signals
emitted by them.
• Gradient coils: Produce spatial variations in the magnetic field,
allowing for spatial encoding and image formation.
Main magnet
• The static magnetic field (B0) produced by the MRI magnet aligns the
protons in the body along its direction.
• This alignment is essential for generating the MRI signal used to
create images.
Radio frequency coil
• RF coils transmit RF pulses into the body, causing the protons to
resonate and emit signals.
• Different RF coil designs are used depending on the imaging region
and application.
Gradient coils
• Gradient coils create spatial variations in the magnetic field strength,
allowing for spatial encoding of the MRI signal.
• By applying gradients along different axes, MRI can localize signals
and generate 3D images.
• T1 and T2 relaxation times describe the timescales over which
protons return to their equilibrium state after RF excitation.
• T1 relaxation influences longitudinal magnetization
• T2 relaxation affects transverse magnetization and signal decay
• Image contrast in MRI is influenced by various factors, including T1,
T2, and proton density.
• Techniques such as Fourier transformation and k-space manipulation
are used to reconstruct images with high spatial resolution
• Manipulating these parameters allows for the creation of images with
different contrast properties.
• Several factors can affect the quality of MRI images, including motion
artifacts, susceptibility artifacts, and magnetic field inhomogeneities.
• Minimizing these factors is essential for obtaining high-quality
diagnostic images.
Types of MRI

Closed-Bore MRI: Traditional MRI machines with a


narrow bore size, suitable for most imaging
applications.

Open-Bore MRI: MRI machines with a larger bore size,


offering greater patient comfort and accessibility.

Extremity MRI: Specialized MRI machines designed for


imaging specific body parts, such as the hand or foot.
Diffusion Weighted imaging
• DWI measures the random motion of water molecules within tissues,
providing information about tissue microstructure and integrity.
• DWI is particularly useful for detecting acute stroke and assessing
tumor characteristics.
Functional MRI
• fMRI measures changes in blood flow and oxygenation in the brain in
response to neural activity.
• By mapping brain activity, fMRI can help understand brain function
and identify regions associated with specific tasks or stimuli.
• Contrast agents are substances administered to enhance image
contrast in MRI.
• Gadolinium-based contrast agents are commonly used in MRI to
highlight blood vessels, tumors, and areas of inflammation.
Uses
• Most ailments of the brain
• Musculoskeletal problems
• Spinal injuries
• Vascular abnormality
• Female pelvis and prostate problem
• Diagnosing tumor, cysts in various parts of the body
• Breast cancer screening for women with high risk of cancer
Advantages
• There is no risk of any radiations in the MRI
• Detection of abnormalities in soft tissues
• Can provide information about blood circulation
• Painless Images can be acquired in multiple planes without
repositioning the patient
• MRI images demonstrate superior soft tissue contrast than CT and
plain films, making it ideal for examination of brain, spine, joints and
other soft tissue
Disadvantages
• Very expensive
• Cardiac pacemaker
• Cochlear implant
• Metallic FB in eye
• Surgery in last 8 weeks
• Difficult to perform on claustrophobic patient
Thank you

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy