ANNEXURE-II

Discipline - wise ARS/NET Syllabus

01. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Cell Structure and Function

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture, Cell wall, plasma membrane, Structure and function
of cell organelles: vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, golgi apparatus, ER, peroxisomes, glyoxisomes.
Cell division, regulation of cell cycle, Protein secretion and targeting, Cell division, growth and
differentiation.

Unit 2: Biomolecules and Metabolism

Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, Synthesis of
carbohydrate, glycolysis, HMP, Citric acid cycle and metabolic regulation, Oxidative
phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation, Vitamins, plant hormones. Functional
molecules, antioxidants, nutrient precursor, HSPs, anti-viral compounds.

Unit 3: Enzymology
Enzymes, structure conformation, classification, assay, isolation, purification and characterization,
catalytic specificity, mechanism of action, active site, regulation of enzyme activity.

Unit 4: Molecular Genetics

Concept of gene, Prokaryotes as genetic system, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes, methods
of gene isolation and identification, Split genes, overlapping genes and pseudo genes, Organization
of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes and genomes including operan, exon, intron, enhancer
promoter sequences and other regulatory elements. Mutation spontaneous, induced and site-
directed, recombination in bacteria, fungi and viruses, transformation, transduction, conjugation,
transposable elements and transposition.

Unit 5: Gene Expression

Expression of genetic information, operon concept, Transcription -mechanism of transcription in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription unit, regulatory sequences and enhancers, activators,
repressors, co-activators, Co-repressors in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, inducible genes and
promoters, Transcription factors post transcriptional modification and protein transport, DNA-
protein interaction, Genetic code. Mechanism of translation and its control, post translational
modifications.
Unit 6: Molecular Biology Techniques
Isolation and purification of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids hybridization: Southern, northern and
western blotting hybridization. Immune response monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and ELISA,
DNA sequencing. Construction and screening of genomic and c-DNA libraries. Gel electrophoretic
techniques. Polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR, QRT-PCR spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation,
chromatography, FISH, RIA etc.

Unit 7: Gene Cloning

Restriction enzymes and their uses. Salient features and uses of most commonly used vectors
i.e. plasmids, bacteriophages, phagmids, cosmids, BACs, PACs and YACs, binary vectors,
expression vectors. Gene cloning and sub-cloning strategies, chromosome walking, genetic
transformation, Risk assessment and IPR.

Unit 8: Molecular Biology

Ribosome structure and function. Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes and ekaryotes. Post-
translational modification. Gene regulation, RNA processing and Post-transcriptional modifications.
Bioprospecting, biofortification, gene pryrimiding and gene fusion, ribozyme technology.

Unit 9 : Plant Molecular Biology

Photoregulation and phytochrome regulation of nuclear and chloroplastic gene expression.
photosynthesis, C3& C4 cycle and photorespiration; Molecular mechanism of nitrogen fixation.
Molecular biology of various stresses, viz. abiotic stresses like drought, salt, heavy metals and
temperature; and biotic stresses like bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Signal transduction and
its molecular basis, molecular mechanism of plant hormone action, mitochondrial control of
fertility, structure, organization and regulation of nuclear gene concerning storage proteins and
starch synthesis. pg. 1
Unit 10: Tissue Culture
Basic techniques in cell culture and somatic cell genetics. Clonal propagation, Concept of cellular
totipotency. Another culture, somaclonal and gametoclonal variations. Hybrid embryo culture and
embryo rescue, somatic hybridization and cybridization. Application of tissue culture in crop
improvement. Secondary metabolite production. In vitro, mutagenesis, cryopreservation and plant
tissue culture repository.

Unit 11: Plant Genetic Engineering

Isolation of genes of economic importance. Gene constructs for tissue-specific expression. Different
methods of gene transfer to plants, viz. direct and vector mediated. Molecular analysis of
transformants. Potential applications of plant genetic engineering for crop improvement, i.e. insect-
pest resistance (insect, viral, fungal and bacterial disease resistance), abiotic stress resistance,
herbicide resistance, storage protein quality, increasing shelf-life, oil quality, Current status of
transgenics, bio-safety norms and controlled field trials and release of transgenics (GMOs).

Unit 12: Molecular Markers and Genomics

DNA molecular markers: Principles, type and applications; restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), randomly amplified
polymorphic DNA sequences (RAPD), Simple sequence repeats (SSR), Single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP), Structural and functional genomics, gene mapping, genome mapping, gene
tagging, transcriptomics, ionomics, metabolomics and proteomics, comparative genomics and
application of genomics.

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02 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Unit 1: Systematics
History and development of Entomology, Evolution of insects, position of insects in the animal
world, characteristics of phylum Arthropoda, structural features of important arthropod groups
such as Trilobita, Chelicerata and Mandibulata, structural features of important classes of phylum
Arthropoda viz. Arachnida, Crustacea, Chilopoda, Dip lopoda and Hexapoda. Classification of
insects up to order level, habits, habitats and distinguishing features of different Order and
important Families. DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic analysis.

Unit 2: Morphology
Body wall, its structure, outgrowths, endoskeleton, Body regions, segmentation, sclerites and
sutures. Head and head appendages, types of mouth parts, antennae, their structure and types.
Thorax structure, thoracic appendages and their modification. Wings, their modification and
venation, Abdomen; structure, abdominal appendages both in Pterygota and Apterygota. External
genitalia, general structure and modification in important insect orders.

Unit 3: Embryology, Internal Anatomy and Physiology

Embryonic and post embryonic development, types of metamorphosis, physiology of ecdysis.
General features and types of larvae and pupae. Structure, function and physiology of Digestive,
Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive, Nervous and Excretory systems, Sense Organs; structure
and types. Insect food and nutrition; minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids,
vitamins and their role in growth and development, artificial diets.

Unit 4: Ecology
Concept of ecology, Environment and its components-biotic and abiotic factors and their effects on
growth, development, population dynamics, distribution and dispersal. Principle of biogeography
and insects’ biodiversity. Biotic potential and environmental resistance. Ecosystems,
agroecosystems analysis, their characteristics and functioning. Intra and inter specific relationship;
competition, predator-prey and host parasite interactions, ecological niche. Life table studies,
population models. Food chain and food web. Arthropod population monitoring, pest forecasting.
Diapause and causes of pest outbreaks.

Unit 5: Biological Control

Importance and scope of biological control, history of biological control: Biocontrol agents-
parasites, predators and insect pathogens. Important entomophagous insect Orders and Families.
Ecological, biological, taxonomic, legal and economic aspects of biological control, phenomena of
multiple parasitism, hyper parasitism, super parasitism and their applied importance. Principles
and procedures of using exotic biocontrol agents. Utilization of natural biocontrol agents:
conservation, habitat management and augmentation. Mass multiplication techniques and
economics. Effective evaluation techniques, Biocontrol organizations in world and India.
Successful cases of biological control of pests.

Unit 6: Chemical Control and Toxicology

History, scope and principles of chemical control. Insecticides and their classification. Formulations
of insecticides. Susceptibility of insects to the entry of insecticides. Physical, chemical and
toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: chlorinated hydrocarbons,
organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, chlordimeform, chitin synthesis inhibitors,
avermectins, nitroguandines, phenylpyrrozzoles, botanicals (natural pyrethroids, rotenone, neem
products, nicotine, pongamia spp. etc). Combination insecticides. Problems of pesticide hazards and
environmental pollution. Safe use of pesticides, precautions and first aid treatments. Insecticides
Act 1968, registration and quality control of insecticides. Evaluation of toxicity, methods of toxicity
testing, determination of LD50, LT50, RL50 etc, Pesticide management Bill, 2020. Pesticides
residues in the environment and their dynamics of movements, methods of residue. Codex, FSSAI,
HACCP, Pharmacology of insect poisons. Mode of action of different groups of insecticides;
neuroactive (axonal and synaptic) poisons, respiratory poisons, chitin synthesis inhibitors.
Metabolism of insecticides; activative and degradative metabolism, detoxification enzymes and their
role in metabolism. Selectivity of insecticidal actions; insecticide resistance; mechanism, genetics
and management of insecticide resistance.

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Unit 7: Host Plant Resistance
Chemical ecology: mechano and chemo receptors. Host plant selection by phytophagous insects.
Secondary plant substances and their defenses against phytophagous insect. Basis of resistance
(Antixenosis, Antobiosis, Tolerance). Biotypes development and its remedial measures. Tritrophic
interactions, induced resistance. Breeding for insect resistant plant varieties. Resistance
development and evaluation techniques. Genetics of Resistance: vertical resistance, horizontal
resistance, oligogenic resistance, polygenic resistance. Biotechnological approaches and
development of transgenic insect resistant plants, its advantages and limitations. Case histories.
Insect resistance to transgenic plants and its management.

Unit 8: Innovative Approaches in Pest Control

Behavioral control: pheromones-types and uses, advantages and limitations. Hormonal control:
types and function of insect hormones, insect hormone mimics, advantages and limitations.
chemosterilants, antifeedants, attractants, repellents; their types, method of applications,
advantages and limitations. Genetic control: concepts and methods, case histories, advantages and
limitations. Potentialities of IPM; molecular approaches for developing insect pest management
strategies (RNAi, CRISPR).

Unit 9: Integrated Pest Management

History, concept and principles of IPM. Components of IPM: Host plant resistance, agronomic
manipulations, mechanical and physical methods, chemical methods, biocontrol agents utilization,
genetic and behavioral control strategy etc. IPM strategies for field and horticultural crops. IPM case
histories. Concept of damage levels-Economic threshold levels (ETL), Economic injury levels (EIL)
and their determination. System approach, Agro ecosystem and cropping system vs. IPM.
Constraints and Strategies of IPM implementation.

Unit 10: Pesticide Application Equipments

Types of appliances: sprayers, dusters, fog generators, smoke generators, soil injecting guns, seed
treating drums, flame throwers, etc. Power operated sprayers and dusters. Types of nozzles and
their uses. Maintenance of appliances. Aerial application of pesticides, principles of aerial
application, factors affecting the effectiveness of aerial application. Equipments for aerial
applications. Advantages and disadvantages of aerial application.

Unit 11: Pests of Field Crops and their Management

Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod
pests of cereals, Oilseed, pulses and fibre crops, sugarcane and tobacco. Polyphagous pests:
locusts, termites, hairy caterpillars, cut worms and white grubs.

Unit 12: Pests of Horticultural Crops and their Management

Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod
pests of vegetables, fruits and plantation crops, spices, condiments and ornamentals.

Unit 13: Pests of Stored Products and their Management

Fundamentals of storage of grains and grain products. Storage losses, sources of
infestation/infection, factors influencing losses, insect and non-insect pests, their nature of damage
and control. Microflora in storage environment and their control. Storage structures,bulk storage
and bag storage, their relative efficacy and demerits. Grain drying methods and aeration. Non-insect
pests (rodents, birds, mites) of stored products and their control. Integrated management of storage
pests.

Unit 14: Arthropod Vectors of Plant Diseases

Common arthropod vectors viz. aphids, leaf hoppers, plant hoppers, whiteflies, thrips, psylids,
beetles, weevils, flies, bees and mites and their relationship with the plant pathogenic fungi,
bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma. Mechanism of pathogen transmission: Active mechanical
transmission, biological transmission. Toxicogenic insects, mites and phytotoxemia. Some
important arthropod vector transmitted diseases and their epidemiology in India. Management of
vector and its effect on control of diseases.

Unit 15: Honey Bees and Bee-keeping

Honey bees and their economic importance. Bee species, their behaviour, habit and habitats. Bee
Keeping: bee pasturage, hives and equipments, seasonal management. Bee enemies inducing
diseases and their control.
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Unit 16: Silkworms and Sericulture
Silkworm species, their systematic position and salient features. Rearing techniques of mulberry-
muga-eri and tassar silkworms. Nutritional requirements of silkworms. Sericulture: rearing house
and appliances, silkworm breeds, principles of voltism and nioultism, seed production and its
economics. Enemies and diseases of silkworms and their management. Sericulture organization in
India.

Unit 17: Lac Insect

Lac insect, its biology, habit and habitats. Host Trees: pruning, inoculation, lac cropping
techniques, and harvesting. Enemies of lac insect and their control.

Unit 18: Other Useful Insects

Pollinators, biocontrol agents of weeds, soil fertility improving agents, scavengers. Use of insects
and insect products in medicines. Usefulness of insects in scientific investigations, insects as food.

Unit 19: Statistics and Computer Application

Frequency distribution, mean, mode and median. Standard, normal, bionomial and Poisson's
distribution, Sampling methods and standard errors. Correlation and regression: Partial and
multiple, tests of significance; t, F, chi-square, Duncan's multiple range tests. Design of
experiments: Principles of Randomized block design, completely randomized block design, Latin
square design, Split-plot designs. Probit analysis.

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03. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 1: History of Microbial World

History, development and scope of microbiology, evolution of microbial life. Theory of spontaneous
generation. Prokaryotes, archaebacteria and eukaryotes. Techniques used in identification and
classification of bacteria. Important groups of prokaryotes; photosynthetic bacteria;
chemoautotrophic bacteria, spore forming bacteria, actinomycetes, heterotrophic bacteria,
nitrobacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, cyanobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, halophiles, thermophiles,
acidophiles and methanogens. Structure and classification of viruses,
bacteriophages/cyanophages/mycophages; growth of viruses, lytic and lysogenic cycles; plant
viruses, viroids, prions and mycoplasma.

Unit 2: Microbial Ecology and Physiology

Principles of microbial ecology, Microbiology of ecosystems -soil, rhizosphere, rhizoplane,
endorhizoaphere, phyllosphere, water: fresh and marine, and air. Microbial interactions -
symbiosis, synergism, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism, antagonism and predation,
adaptation of micro-organisms to various ecosystems. Microbial growth curve. Mathematical
expression of growth-continuous and batch cultures. Diauxic and synchronous growth. Microbial
nutrition. Bacterial metabolism -aerobic and anaerobic respiration, electron transport chain,
metabolic pathways, microbial photosynthesis, oxidative and substrate level photo-
phosphorylation, metabolism of xenobiotics, metabolism of C1 compounds. Biosynthesis of cell
wall, protein, macromolecules (DNA/RNA), etc. by microbes. Molecular microbial ecology: numerical
and molecular taxonomy and identification.

Unit 3: Soil Microbiology

Soil microorganisms: major groups, decomposition of organic matter, soil health. Root exudates
(rhizodeposition) and rhizosphere effects. Exploration of rhizosphere microflora for plant
productivity. Microbial biomass. Nitrogen cycle: ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
Biological nitrogen fixation-symbiotic, associative and a symbiotic. Biochemistry and genetics of
nitrogen fixation. Microbial transformations of phosphorus, potassium, Sulphur and other minor
nutrients. Role of biofertilizers in agriculture and forestry. Bioremediation of problematic soils,
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their mode of action; Mycorrhiza and their associations.
Formation and composition of soil organic matter: ferulic acid, fulvic acid and humic acid.

Unit 4: Environmental Microbiology and Basic Microbiological Techniques

Isolation and preservation of different types of microorganisms. Methods of sterilization and
disinfection. Microscopy: Optical, bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, dark field and electron.
Microbial assay of vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics, Pollution of soil, water and air, Role of
microorganisms in pollution remediation/amelioration; sources of pollution and their impact on
environment, microbiology of sewage and industrial effluents and their safe disposal, management
of solid and liquid organic wastes, composting, biogas, water purification, sewage treatment, water-
borne diseases and effluent management.

Unit 5: Microbial Biotechnology

Industrial production of metabolites -organic acids, alcohols, antibiotics. Fermenter designs and
types. Control of fermentation process -batch, feed batch and continuous. Downstream processing
in fermentation industry. Production of single cell proteins and probiotics, hormones, biofertilizers,
biopesticides. Phyto-remediation. Microbiology of raw and processed foods. Fermented food -
vinegar, wine, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese, yogurt. Food preservation, contamination and spoilage,
food-borne illness and intoxication. Food as substrate for micro-organism, microflora of meat, fish,
egg, fruits, vegetables, juices, flour, canned foods; bio-degrading microbes, single cell protein for
use as food and feed, bioactive food / probiotics.
Unit 6: Microbial Genetics, Genomics and GMOs
Genetic mechanisms in microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, and viruses; principles of
genetic variation, gene expression, and genetic engineering techniques used in microbiology; Basic
concepts of genetics: DNA, RNA, and proteins; Types of genetic mutations Mechanisms of genetic
variation Methods of detecting and analyzing mutations; Transcription and translation in
prokaryotes; Regulation of gene expression; Operon model and other regulatory mechanisms;
Horizontal Gene Transfer; Bacteriophages and Genetic Exchange; Plasmids and Mobile Genetic
Elements; Genomic Analysis and Bioinformatics; DNA extraction and purification; Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR); Gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing; Transformation and cloning
experiments; CRISPR, Gene/Genome editing; Genetically modified microorganisms.
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04. ECONOMIC BOTANY & PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

Unit 1: Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics

Nomenclature, purpose, principles and systems of classification; taxonomy of higher plants, floras,
manuals, monographs, index, catalogues and dictionaries, herbaria; Concepts of biosystematics,
evolution and differentiation of species; Biosystematics and taxonomic tools; Origin, evolution and
biosystematics of selected crops (rice, wheat, rape seed & mustard, cotton). Molecular systematics,
Global taxonomic initiatives, Barcoding, databases.

Unit 2: Economically important plants -I

Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use
of: Cereals: Wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet and minor millets. Pulses: Pigeon pea,
chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea, soyabean, pea, lentil, horsegram, lab-lab bean,
ricebean, winged bean, French bean, lima bean, sword bean. Oilseeds: Groundnut, sesame, castor,
rape seed, mustard, sunflower, safflower, Niger, oil palm, coconut and linseed. Structure,
development and chemical constituents of plant parts, revival of under- utilized crops and its
economic benefits

Unit 3: Economically important plants -II

Origin, distribution, cultivation, production and utilization of economic plants of following groups
such as Fibres: cotton, silk cotton, jute, sun hemp, agave, flax and mesta (kenoff); Sugars:
sugarcane, sugarbeet, sugarpalm and sweet sorghum; Fodders and green manure crops: Plantation
crops: coconut, cocoa, tea; root and tuber crops-: potato, sweet potato, tapioca, aroids etc.

Unit 4: Economically important plants -III

Origin, distribution, classification, production and utilization of Fruits: mango, banana, citrus,
guava, grapes and other indigenous fruits; apple, plum, pear, peach, cashewnut and walnut;
Vegetables: tomato, brinjal, okra, cucumber, cole crops, gourds etc.; Fumigatories and
masticatories: tobacco, betelvine, areacanut; medicinal and aromatic plants: sarpagandha,
belladonna, cinchona, nux-vomica, vinca, mentha and glycirrhiza, plantago etc.; Narcotics:
cannabis, datura, gloriosa, pyrethrum and opium; Dye-, tannin-, gum-and resin-yielding plants;
Plant of agro-forestry importance: multipurpose trees/shrubs, subabool, Acacia niiotica, poplar,
sesbania, neem etc.; non-traditional economic plants: jojoba, guayule, jatropha, carcus etc.

Unit 5: Biodiversity and Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)

Biosphere and biodiversity; plant species richness and endemism; concept and importance of plant
genetic resources and its increasing erosion; Centres of origin and diversity of crop plants,
domestication, evaluation, bioprospecting; National and International organizations associated with
PGR; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), recent issues related to access and ownership of
PGR, IPR, PBRs, farmers rights, sui-generis system etc. Agrobiodiversity, habitat fragmentation,
ecology concepts, legal issues related to endangered species and protection, conservation genetics,
reproductive fitness, Global plan of action, NBA, FAO, Agreement on Agriculture, Delhi declaration,
UPOV and PPV&FRA, SPS Agreement.

Unit 6: Germplasm Augmentation

History and importance of germplasm collection, eco-geographical distribution of diversity, logistics
of exploration and collection, use of flora and herbaria, random and selective sampling, gene pool
sampling in self- and cross-pollinated species; Concept, importance and eco-geographical
considerations of introduction and exchange of plant germplasm; prerequisites conventions and
achievements of PGR exchange. Multilateral agreements, MTAs, National and international
legislations, Geo spatial analysis, Remote sensing, FAO code of conduct, Taxonomic database, and
documentation systems,

pg. 7
Unit 7: Germplasm Conservation
Principles and methods of conservation, in situ and ex situ methods, on -farm conservation; Gene
banks: short-medium-and long-term conservation strategies; seed physiology and seed technology
in conservation; seed storage behavior (orthodox, recalcitrant), field gene banks, clonal repositories.
Gene bank management, gene bank standard for various crops, ISTA, AOSA, IPGRI guidelines,
documentation of information in gene bank.
Cryo conservation strategies, monitoring genetic stability, Global and national gene bank status,
strategies to revival and rescue rare genetic material, National action plan for agrobiodiversity,
formal and informal seed systems, On-farm conservation

Unit 8: Biotechnology in PGR

Plant conservation biotechnology, biotechnology in plant germplasm acquisition; plant tissue
culture in disease elimination, in vitro conservation and exchange; cryopreservation, transgenics-
exchange and biosafety issues; biochemical and molecular approaches to assessing plant diversity.
DNA fingerprinting, NGS tools, GWAS, bio-informatic tools to analyze molecular data.

Unit 9: Plant Quarantine Principles, objectives and relevance of plant quarantine; Regulations and
plant quarantine set up in India; economic significance of seed borne pests, pathogens and weeds;
detection and post entry quarantine operations, salvaging of infested/infected germplasm, domestic
quarantine.

Unit 10: Germplasm characterization, evaluation, maintenance and regeneration Principles

and strategies of PGR evaluation, approaches in germplasm characterization and diversity analysis,
concept of core collection, descriptors and descriptor states for data scoring; maintenance of
working and active collections of self-cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops,
perennials and wild relatives; principles and practices of regeneration in relation to mode of
reproduction, concept of genetic integrity, genetic shift, genetic drift and optimum environment;
post-harvest handling of germplasm; PGR data base management. Statistical designs and analysis,
evaluation for specific traits like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, nutritional traits, high
throughput phenotyping, reference collection, genetic enhancement.

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05. Genetics & Plant Breeding
Unit 1: General Genetics and Plant Breeding
Mendelian inheritance. Cell structure and division, Linkage, its detection and estimation. Epistasis.
Gene concept, allelism and fine structure of gene. Extra chromosomal inheritance. DNA - structure,
function, replication and repair. Genetic code. Gene- enzyme relationship. Replication,
Transcription and Translation. Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nuclear and
cytoplasmic genome organization. Spontaneous and induced mutations and their molecular
mechanisms. Crop domestication, evolution of crops and centres of diversity. Emergence of
scientific plant breeding. Objectives and accomplishments in plant breeding and the role of National
and International institutes. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Modes of sexual and asexual
reproduction and its relation to plant breeding methodology. Apomixes, incompatibility and male
sterility systems and their use in plant breeding.

Unit 2: Economic Botany and Plant Breeding Methods

Origin, distribution, classification, description and botany of cereals (wheat, rice, maize, sorghum,
pearl millet, minor millets); pulses (pigeon-pea, chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea,
soyabean, pea, lentil, horse gram, lab-lab, rice bean, winged bean, lathyrus, Lima bean; oilseeds
(groundnut, sesamum, castor, rapeseed mustard, sunflower, Niger, linseed); fibers and sugar crops,
fodder and green manures; Breeding methods for self- pollinated, cross-pollinated and clonally
propagated crops. Component, recombinational and transgressive breeding. Single seed descent.
Populations, their improvement methods and maintenance, Hybrid breeding and genetic basis of
heterosis. Ideotype breeding. Mutation breeding.

Unit 3: Genome organization and Cytogenetics of Crop Plants

Chromosome structure, function and replication. Recombination and crossing over. Karyotype
analysis. Banding techniques. In situ hybridization. Special types of chromosomes. Chromosomal
interchanges, inversions, duplications and deletions. Polyploids, haploids, aneuploids and their
utility. Wide hybridization and chromosomal manipulations for alien gene transfer. Pre-and post-
fertilization barriers in wide hybridization. Genome organization and cytogenetics of important crop
species- wheat, maize, rice, Brassica, cotton, Vigna, potato and sugarcane. Principles and
procedures of genome analysis. Cytogenetic techniques for gene location and gene transfer,
Construction and use of molecular marker-based chromosome maps. Comparative mapping and
genome analysis.

Unit 4: Quantitative and Biometrical Genetics

Quantitative characters. Multiple factor inheritance. Genetic control of polygenic characters.
Genetic advance and types of selection and correlated response. Hardy Weinberg law. Linkage
disequilibrium. Genetic load. Polymorphism. Breeding value, heritability. Response to selection,
correlated response. Estimates of variance components and covariance among relatives. Mating
designs with random and inbred parents. Estimation of gene effects and combining ability. Effects
of linkage and epistasis on estimation of genetic parameters. Maternal effects. Genotype-
environment interactions and stability of performance. Heterosis and its basis. Mating system and
mating design-diallel, line x tester, NC-1, NC-II and NC-III designs, approaches to estimate and
exploit component of self- and cross-pollinated crops. Genotype x environment interaction and
stability analysis.

Unit 5: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnological Tools in Plant Breeding

Somatic hybridization, micro propagation, soma clonal variation, in vitro mutagenesis. Artificial
synthesis of gene. Genetic and molecular markers, generations of molecular markers and their
application in genetic analyses and breeding. Molecular markers in genetic diversity analysis and
breeding for complex characters. Gene tagging, QTL mapping and marker aided selection. Genome
projects and utilization of sequence formation. Vectors, DNA libraries, DNA fingerprinting, DNA
sequencing. Nuclei acid hybridization and immunochemical detection. Chromosome walking,
Recombinant DNA technology, Gene cloning strategies. Genetic transformation and transgenics.
Antisense RNA, RNAi and micro-RNA techniques in crop improvement.

Unit 6: Plant Breeding for Stress Resistance and Nutritional Quality

Genetic basis and breeding for resistance to diseases and insect-pests. Breeding for vertical and
horizontal resistance to diseases. Genetic and physiological basis of abiotic stress tolerance.
Breeding for resistance to heat, frost, flood, drought and soil stresses. Important quality parameters
in various crops, their genetic basis and breeding for these traits. Role of molecular markers in
stress resistance breeding: MAS, MARS and MABB.
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Unit 7: Plant Genetic Resources and their Regulatory System; Varietal Release and Seed
Production
Plant exploration, germplasm introduction, exchange, conservation, evaluation and utilization of
plant genetic resources. Convention on Biological Diversity and International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Intellectual Property Rights. Biodiversity Act. Plant
Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights Act. System of variety release and notification. Types of
seeds and seed chain. Seed production and certification.

Unit 8: Statistical Methods and Field Plot Techniques

Frequency distribution. Measures of central tendency, probability theory and its applications in
genetics. Probability distribution and tests of significance. Correlation, linear, partial and multiple
regression. Genetic divergence. Multivariate analysis. Design of experiments- basic principles,
completely randomized design, randomized block design and split plot design. Complete and
incomplete block designs. Augmented design, Grid and honeycomb design. Hill plots, un-
replicated evaluation. Data collection and interpretation.

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06. NEMATOLOGY

Unit 1: History and Economic Importance

History and economic importance of nematology; Diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes-
symptomatology, biology, distribution and management of plant parasitic nematodes of economic
importance (Pratylenchus, Radopholus, Hirschmanniella, Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera,
Rotylenchulus, Tylenchulus, Ditylenchus, Anguina, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchorhynchus,
Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Scutellonema, Paratylenchus, etc.). Entomopathogenic nematodes.

Unit 2: Nematode Taxonomy and Morphology

Principles and concepts of taxonomy. Rules of nomenclature. Nematode phylogeny and systematics.
Molecular taxonomy. Classification of soil and plant -parasitic nematodes and their relationships
with other related phyla. Detailed classification of plant -parasitic nematodes up to generic level
with emphasis on genera of economic importance. General morphology and anatomy of nematodes.
Various systems: digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive etc., developmental biology of
nematodes.

Unit 3: Nematological Techniques Methods of extraction of nematodes from soil and plant
material. Microscopy principles and types including electron microscopes. Methods of killing,
fixing, preserving, staining, mounting and measuring of nematodes. Techniques for histopathology
and culturing of nematodes -plant parasitic, entomophilic and saprophytic including axenic
methods. Experimental techniques for proving pathogenicity, estimation of crop losses, nematicide
screening, screening and evaluation for nematode resistance in crops. Molecular techniques for
nematode diagnosis. Techniques for mass culturing of nematode antagonistic bioagents.

Unit 4: Nematode Ecology

Ecological classification and distribution of nematodes. Mode of nematode dispersal. Adaptations
to parasite mode of life. Soil as environment for nematodes. Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on
nematode survival, activity and reproduction. Nematode population dynamics. Nematode -induced
plant damage and modeling. Community analysis.

Unit 5: Plant Nematode Relationships

Types of parasitism in nematodes. Nature of damage caused by various groups of plant parasitic
nematodes and mechanisms involved. Pathotypes in nematodes. Mechanism of nematode resistance
and tolerance in plants and its assessment. Physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in
plants due to nematode infections.

Unit 6: Nematode Physiology and Cytology

Chemical composition of nematodes. Principles of nematode physiology. Physiological functions of
cell; organelles. Physiology of respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, growth and
development. Physiology of muscular, nervous and sensory responses. Physiology of moulting,
hatching and nematode survival. Chemoreception in nematodes. Nematode as biological models-
Caenorhabditis elegans. Cytological changes in plants due to infection including formation of
feeding cells such as syncytia and giant cells.

Unit 7: Nematode Management

Principles and methods of nematode management -physical, cultural biological, chemical and
legislative, Nematicides (including those of biological origin) -history, classification, formulations,
application and mode of action. Host resistance for nematode management. Integrated nematode
management. Role of biotechnology, nematode genomics and transcriptomics in nematode
management.
Unit 8: Interactions of Nematodes with Soil Organisms
Importance of interactions (interrelationships) of nematodes with soil organisms. Interactions of
nematodes with bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycorrhizae and other nematodes. Nematodes as vectors
of viruses and other microorganisms.

Unit 9: Statistics
Frequency distribution. Measures of central tendency and dispersion: mean, median, mode,
standard deviation etc. Population distributions- normal, binomial and poisson. Correlations:
partial and multiple. Tests of significance: t, F and Chi square tests. Experimental designs -
randomized block, Latin square and split plot designs, their analysis and interpretation.
pg. 11
07. PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit 1: Basic Biochemistry and Biomolecules

Scope and importance of biochemistry and molecular biology in plants. Structural and functional
organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses and bacteriophages Cell organelles
function and their fractionation. Chemical bonding in biological systems, pH and buffers.
Thermodynamics and bioenergetics-concept of entropy and free energy changes in biological
reactions, Redox reactions, Role of high energy phosphates. Biomembranes. Classification,
structure, chemistry, properties and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipidsand nucleic acids.
Biochemistry and significance of secondary metabolites. Components of immune system,
Prostaglandins.

Unit 2: Intermediary Metabolism

Anabolism, catabolism and their regulation. Metabolic flux, Metabolism of carbohydrates - glycolytic
pathway, HMP pathway, TCA cycle, glyoxylate pathway and gluconeogenesis. Biological oxidation-
electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation. Lipid metabolism- degradation and biosynthesis
of fatty acids, ketogenesis and causes of ketosis. Biosynthesis of triglycerides, sterols and
phospholipids. Amino acid metabolism- catabolism of amino acids, transamination and
deamination, urea cycle, biosynthesis of amino acids. Conversion of amino acids into bioactive
compounds. Metabolism of nucleic acids-degradation and biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines and
nucleotides. Integration of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Signal transduction
mechanisms. Role of G-proteins, cyclic nucleotides and calcium in transduction. Disorders of lipid,
carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid metabolism. Inborn errors of metabolism.

Unit 3: Enzymes, Vitamins and Hormones

Classification of enzymes, general properties, kinetics, active site and its mapping, activation energy
and transition state. Mechanisms of enzyme action, inhibition and activation. Coenzymes and
cofactors. lsoenzymes and immobilized enzymes, Biosensors, Pseudoenzymes, Enzyme Promiscuity,
Abzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity, allosteric regulation. Multi substrate reactions, kinetic
experiments to determine the mechanism of multi substrate reactions. Isolation, purification and
measurement of enzyme activity. Enzyme engineering. Role of enzymes in agriculture, industry,
and medicine. Structure, mode of action and metabolic functions of vita mins. Deficiency diseases
associated with vitamins. General description of natural hormones and disorders associated with
endocrine glands, viz. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads. Peptide and steroid
hormones. Phyto hormones -auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and new plant
bio- regulators like Salicylic acid, Brassinosteroids and Strigolactones.

Unit 4: Molecular Biology

Structure of DNA and RNA, Replication, transcription and translation. Posttranscriptional and
translational modifications. Transcriptional and translation control of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Features of genetic code in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene expression -operon model, induction
and repression, control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Chloroplast and
Mitochondrial genomes. Replication of viruses. Mutagens, oncogenes and carcinogenesis. General
principles of recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes., DNA and protein sequence
analysis, oligonucleotide synthesis, genomic and cDNA library construction, transposon tagging,
chromosome walking. Basics of genome organization and mapping, functional genomics. Computer
application in molecular biology, primer designing, sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis.
Benefits of gene manipulation in agriculture, nanobiotechnology, bio-chips.
Unit 5: Techniques in Biochemistry
Principles of optical, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy, Spectroscopic
techniques- X-ray, UV, Visible, NIR, IR, Raman. Fluorimetry, turbidometry and atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, ICP (AES, OES, MS). MALDI-TOF, NMR. Radioisotopic techniques- scintillation'
counters and autoradiography and their application in biological sciences Electrophoresis -general
principles and applications, gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis,
immune-electrophoresis. Chromatographic techniques -paper, thin layer, column chromatography,
GC and HPLC. Centrifugation - principles of sedimentation, differential centrifugation, density
gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Cell, tissue and organ culture. Cryopreservation.
PCR and application of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite and mitochondrial and ribotyping
techniques. Southern, Northern and Western blotting, ELISA. DNA and Protein Microarray.
Preliminary methods of statistical analysis as applied to agricultural data -standard deviation,
standard error, ANOVA, correlation and regression.

pg. 12
Unit 6: Biochemistry of Food grains, Fruits and Vegetables
Fundamentals of nutrition, concept of balanced diet. Recommended dietary allowances.
Physicochemical, functional and nutritional characteristics of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Nutritional quality of proteins and its evaluation. Dietary fibers. Minerals-biochemical functions
and deficiency diseases. Fats and lipids-types of fatty acids and their significance in health.
Biochemical composition and food value of various food grains (including cereals, pulses, oil seeds),
fruits and vegetables. Biochemistry of fruit ripening. Biochemical aspects of post-harvest
technology, storage and preservation. Biochemical basis of quality improvement of food grains,
vegetables and fruits. Polyphenolics, Antioxidants, nutraceuticals, Anti-nutritional factors. Food
toxins and anti-metabolites, Food sensitivity, food additives. Seed storage proteins in cereal grains
and legumes. Prebiotics and probiotics. Factors affecting bioavailability of nutrients. Food
Sensitivity, Nutraceuticals, Glycemic index, Functional foods

Unit 7: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, light reactions, photosystems. Photophosphorylation,
dark reactions: C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Regulation of Rubisco. Chemiosmotic coupling. Carbon
cycle and its regulation, Ion fluxes and conformational changes during photosynthesis.
Photorespiration. Relationship between photosynthesis, photorespiration and crop productivity.
Chloroplast morphology, structure and biochemical anatomy. Cytosolic and organelle interactions.
Nature and exchange of metabolites through translocators. Seed reserve biosynthesis.

Unit 8: Plant Metabolic Processes

Uptake and metabolism of mineral nutrients in plants. Sulphur metabolism. Nitrogen cycle, nitrate
and nitrite reduction, denitrification, symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochemical
and physiological role of hydrogenase. Chemoautotrophy in rhizobia and nitrifying bacteria. Cell
cycle. Growth regulation in plants. Signal transduction and phytohormones. Biochemical
mechanisms of plant growth, hormone action, biotic and abiotic stresses. Role of oligosaccharides
and polysaccharides in cellular metabolism. Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides and
glucosinolates. Biochemistry of seed germination.

Unit 9: Plant Molecular Biology

General organization of nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. Genomics and functional
genomics, Epigenetics and Epigenomics. Tissue specific expression of genes. Molecular biology of
various stresses -drought, salinity and temperature. Signal transduction and its molecular basis:
molecular mechanism of plant hormone action. Structure, organization and regulation of nuclear
genes. Genes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. Regulation of chloroplast gene
expression. Mitochondrial control of fertility. High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) techniques,
Small RNAs, RNA interference, Molecular markers in plants and their uses.

Unit 10: Plant Biotechnology / Genetic Engineering

Totipotency, application of tissue culture for plant improvement, cryopreservation. Protoplasm
fusion. General principles of gene cloning. Isolation and characterization of plant genes and
promoters. Different methods of gene transfer -direct and vector mediated. Gene silencing. Site
directed mutagenesis, Gene editing. Molecular analysis of transformants. Potential applications
of plant genetic engineering for crop improvement -insect-pest resistance (insect, viral, fungal
and bacterial diseases). Abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide resistance, nutritional quality
improvement, increasing shelf-life, oil quality. Biosafety andIPR issues.

pg. 13
08. PLANT PATHOLOGY

Unit 1: History and Principles of Plant Pathology

Milestones in phytopathology with particular reference to India. Major epidemics and their social
impacts. Historical developments of chemicals, legislative, cultural and biological protection
measures including classification of plant diseases. Physiologic specialization, Koch's postulates.
Growth, reproduction, survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Factors influencing infection,
colonization and development of symptoms.

Unit 2: Laboratory and Analytical Techniques

Preparation and sterilization of common media. Methods of isolation of pathogens and their
identification. Preservation of microorganisms in pure culture. Methods of inoculation.
Measurement of plant disease. Molecular detection of pathogens in seeds and other planting
materials: Nucleic acid probes, Southern, Northern and Western hybridization, ELISA, ISEM and
PCR. Laboratory equipment and their use: autoclave, hot air oven, laminar flow, spectrophotometer,
electrophoresis, light and electron microscopy, incubator, ultracentrifuge, ELISA Reader.

Unit 3: Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

Altered metabolism of plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. Molecular mechanisms of
pathogenesis: recognition phenomenon, penetration, invasion, primary disease determinant.
Enzymes and toxins in relation to plant disease. Mechanisms of resistance. Phytoalexins. PR
proteins. Antiviral proteins. SAR. HR and active oxygen radicals. Tissue culture. Somoclonal
variation and somatic hybridization. Elementary genetic engineering. Management of pathogens
through satellite, antisense -RNA. Ribozymes, coat protein, hypovirulence cross protection/ useful
genes and promoter technology biosafety and bioethics.

Unit 4: Mycology
Classification of fungi. Economic mycology, edible fungi and entomogenous fungi. Mycorrhizal
associations. Cell organelles, their morphology, functions and chemical composition.

Unit 5: Plant Bacteriology

Identification and classification of bacteria. morphology, ultrastructure and chemical composition
of prokaryotic cell in relation to function. Growth curve, nutrition and auxotrophic mutants. Resting
cells in prokaryotic, elementary bacterial genetics and variability: transformation, conjugation,
transduction. Biology of extra chromosomal elements: plasmid borne genes and their expression:
aur, her, uie and pat genes. Bacteriophages: lytic and lysogenic cycles. Prokaryotic inhibitors and
their mode of action. Economic uses of prokaryotes. Morphology, biochemical characteristics,
reproduction and life cycle of phytoplasma and other fastidious prokaryotes.

Unit 6: Plant Virology

Nature, composition and architecture of viruses and viroids. Properties of viruses. Variability in
viruses. Satellite viruses and satellite RNA. Assay of plant viruses including biological, physical,
chemical, serological and molecular methods. Conventional and biotechnological techniques used
in detection and diagnosis. Behavior of viruses in plants including infection, replication and
movement. Histopathological changes induced by viruses in plants, inclusion bodies. Transmission
of viruses: virus -vector relationships. Nomenclature and classification of viruses.

Unit 7: Plant Disease Epidemiology

Concepts in epidemiology. Development of disease in plant population. Monocyclic and

polycyclic pathogens. Role of environment and meteorological factors in the development of plant
disease epidemics. Survey, surveillance (including through remote sensing), and prediction and
forecasting of diseases. Epidemic analysis and prediction models. Crop loss assessment: critical
and multiple point models.

Unit 8: Phanerogamic parasites and Non-parasitic Diseases

Diseases caused by Phanerogamic parasites and their management. Diseases due to unfavourable
soil environment, drought and flooding stress etc. Nutritional deficiencies. Primary/secondary air
pollutants and acid rain.

pg. 14
Unit 9: Fungal Diseases of Crop Plants

Fungal diseases of cereals, millets, oilseeds, pulses fruits, vegetables, plantation, fiber, spices and
ornamental crops with special reference to etiology, disease cycle, perpatuation , epidemiology and
management. Post harvest diseases in transit and storage; aflatoxins and their integrated
management.

Unit 10: Bacterial and Viral Diseases of Crop Plants

Crop diseases of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation and fiber crops caused by
bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and other fastidious prokaryotes. Mode of transmission
and pathogen vector relationships. Epidemiology and management.

Unit 11: Management of Plant diseases

General principles of plant quarantine. Exotic pathogens and pathogens introduced into India.
Sanitary and phytosanitary issues under WTO, TRIPS and PRA. Genetic basis of disease resistance
and pathogenicity: gene for gene hypothesis; parasite mediated frequency-dependent selection
concept of QTL mapping; breeding for disease resistance. Production of disease free seeds and
planting materials. Seed certification. Chemical nature and classification of fungicides and
antibiotics; their bioassay and compatibility with other agricultural chemicals; resistance to
fungicides/ antibiotics; effect on environment. Spraying and dusting equipments, their care and
maintenances. Important cultural practices and their role in disease management, solarization,
integrated disease management. Microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens in soil,
rhizosphere and phyllosphere and their use in the control of plant diseases; soil fungistasis. Plant
growth promoting Rhizobacteria.

pg. 15
09. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 1: Cell Organelles and Water Relations

Cell organelles and their physiological functions; Structure and physiological functions of cell wall,
cell inclusions. Cell membrane structure and functions. Water: Properties and function of water in
cell; Soil and plant water relation: Concept of water potential, Plant and soil water potential and
their components, SPAC, method to determine soil and plant water status; Mechanism of water
uptake by roots, transport in roots and other tissues; Transpiration: Stomatal and non-stomatal
water loss from plants, evaporation and transpiration, energy balance, plant and environmental
factors affecting transpiration; Stomata: structure and function, Mechanism of stomatal movement,
regulation of stomatal opening and closing by endogenous and environmental cues,
antitranspirants. Water use efficiency (WUE): physiological basis, methods of measurement,
improvement in WUE. Indices for assessment of drought resistance.

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes and Growth Regulation

Energy and work, free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions and electrochemical potential;
Enzyme classification and mechanism of action, factors affecting enzyme action; Gene expression
and protein turnover; Photosynthesis: Chloroplast- Structure and function; light reaction-cyclic,
non-cyclic, psuedocyclic: Rubisco structure and regulations CO2 diffusion mechanism;
Photochemical processes- C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis, Regulation of photosynthetic enzymes,
Ecological aspects of C4 and CAM; Photorespiration- significance and approaches to minimize it
in C3 plants; Sucrose, starch and polysaccharide metabolism; Phloem loading and transport of
sugars; Source-sink relationship; Carbon isotope discrimination; Respiration: Mitochondria
structure and function; Electron transport and ATP synthesis; Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, anaerobic
respiration; Growth Respiration, Maintenance respiration, Apparent Respiration, Cyanide resistant
respiration and its significance; Lipid metabolism: storage, structural and protective lipids;
Secondary metabolites and their significance in the plant.

Unit 3: Crop Productivity and Modelling

Physiology of major cereals, pulses and oilseed crops. Role of crop physiology in agriculture; Growth
models describing yield (Duncan/Passioura); Crop growth Analysis: LAI, NAR, CGR, LAD, RGR, SLA,
SPW, HI; Canopy photosynthesis - leaf area and net assimilation rates as determining factors; Light
interception, light extinction coefficient and canopy architecture; Light interception as a major
function of leaf area-index; Biomass and yield relations; Assimilate partitioning; yield and yield
structure analysis; Concept of source and sink; factors influencing source and sink size and
productivity; Concept of optimum LAI. Environmental factors determining crop growth: Light,
temperature and VPD, effect of photoperiod and thermos-period on duration of growth stages;
Ideotype concept: selection- indices for improving crop productivity; Concept of Thermal time, heat
unit, GDD in growth and development of crops; Analytical techniques and instrumentation in plant
physiology.

Unit 4: Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants

Abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity: Drought, water logging, extreme temperature, salinity,
high and low light; Drought: Drought characteristic features, Development of water deficits, energy
balance concept, transpiration and it's regulation -stomatal functions/ reponses to VPD.
Physiological processes affected by drought; Drought resistance mechanisms: Escape, Dehydration
avoidance, Dehydration tolerance; osmotic adjustments and Osmo protectants; Stress proteins-
LEA, Dehydrins, etc; stomatal regulation for minimizing water loss; Water use efficiency and
Passioura’s model; Physiological and molecular mechanism to improve WUE; high and low
temperature: physiological effect on plant, role of lipid membrane in tolerance of extreme
temperature, HSPs and their function: high and low light stress: photo oxidation, photo inhibition,
mechanism of tolerance, shade avoidance response; Salinity: effect on cellular and whole plant
level, tolerance mechanism, SOS pathway; Heavy metal stress: Aluminum and Cadmium toxicity
effect on plant and their tolerance mechanism, phytochelatins; Stress and hormones: ABA as
signaling molecule, cytokinin as negative signal; Oxidative stress: ROS role and tolerance
mechanism.

Unit 5: Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Development

Plant growth regulators: Hormones, endogenous growth substances and synthetic chemicals;
Endogenous growth regulating substances other than hormones; Classification, site of synthesis,
biosynthetic pathways and metabolism and influence on plant growth and development by auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene; Hormone signal perception, transduction-

pg. 16
Receptor components, signal transduction and mechanism of action of Auxin, Gibberellins,
Cytokinin, ABS and ethylene: Action of hormones on cellular functions: Auxins-cell elongation,
retardation of abscission of plant parts; gibberellins-stem elongation, germination of dormant seeds;
cytokinin- cell division, retardation of senescence; Abscisic acid-stomatal closure and induction of
drought resistance: ethylene-fruit ripening, acceleration of senescence of leaves; Hormone mutants;
Interaction of hormones in the regulation of plant growth and development processes; Physiological
and molecular aspects of regulation of growth and differentiation, rooting of cutting, Apical
dominance, Flowering; role of hormone in fruit growth and development, Senescence, Abscission,
induction and breaking of seed and bud dormancy; improving post-harvest life of fruits Synthetic
growth regulators; Practical utility in agriculture and horticulture.

Unit 6: Mineral Nutrition

Importance of mineral nutrition in plant growth; Classification and essentiality criteria; Beneficial
elements; factors affecting the nutrient availability; critical nutrient concentration; Mineral
nutrient: function, deficiency symptoms/ disorders, toxicity and remedies; General mechanisms:
concept of apparent free space and Donnan free space ; Mineral nutrient uptake and transport:
membrane transport proteins - active transport, Primary and secondary transport- carriers and
pumps; LATs and HATs; Short distance transport-pathway from external solution (Apoplasm) to
sieve across the root cortical cells, factors contributing to xylem loading; Long-distance transport
in xylem and phloem, xylem unloading in leaf cells; Foliar nutrition: Uptake and release of mineral
nutrients by foliage; Rhizosphere and root biology in relation to nutrient acquisition, influence of
micro-organisms in nutrient acquisition, release and uptake by plant roots; Yield and mineral
nutrition concept of nutrient use efficiency; Heavy metal toxicity and concept of phytoremediation;
Physiological and molecular mechanism of nutrient use efficiency; Nitrogen metabolism; Inorganic
nitrogen species (N2, N03, NH3) and their reduction, protein synthesis;. Sulphate uptake and
reduction.

Unit 7: Climate and Climate Change

Climate change: definition, history and evidences: analytical methods to determine long term
changes in environment-Tree ring, cellulose, stable carbon isotope discrimination, for hydrological
changes; Climate change projections and its impact on crop and ecosystem; The greenhouse gases
and global warning; CO2 as an important green-houses gas; Effect of elevated CO2 on plant growth
and development; Methane as a greenhouse gas. Prediction on global warming; Effect of high
temperature on plant growth and development; High temperature and CO2 interaction on plant
growth and productivity; chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-their impact on ozone layer: ozone hole and
alteration in UV-B radiation; Technologies for climate change studies (FACE, TGT, OTC etc.)
Approaches to improve adaptation to changing environment. Effects of UV-B radiation on plant
ecosystem, repair and acclimation to UV-B damage; Carotenoids and their role in membrane
stabilization; Air pollution, SO2, NO, methane, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate and their effect on the
ecosystem. Industrial and domestic effluent their effect, on aquatic ecosystem, plant growth and
development.
Unit 8: Seed Physiology
Structure of seeds and their storage; Seed development patterns and source of assimilates for seed
development; Pathway of movement of assimilates in developing grains of monocots and dicots;
Chemical composition of seeds; Storage of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in seeds; Seed
germination: Hydration of seeds, Physiological processes, Seed respiration, mitochondrial activity,
Mobilization of stored resource in seeds; Chemistry of oxidation of starch, proteins and fats;
Utilization of breakdown products by embryonic axis; Control processes in mobilization of stored
reserves- Role of embryonic axes; Gibberellin and α- amylase and other hydrolytic activity; Seed
maturation phase and desiccation damage- role of LEA proteins; Seed viability; Seed dormancy;
Means to overcome seed dormancy; Interaction of Gibberellin and ABA in regulation of seed
germination and dormancy

Unit 9: Physiology of Flowering and Reproduction

Evolutionary history of flowering plants (angiosperms); Semelparous and iteroparous reproduction;
monocarpic and perennial life; Flowering phenomenon; juvenility to flowering transition;
Photoperiodic responses and the mechanisms in short and long day plants; Photoperiodism and its
importance; Theories related to flowering; Gene expression and control of flowering;
Thermoperiodism and its importance; Mechanism of vernalization; Photomorphogenesis,
photoreceptors: phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropins; Circadian rhythms: features and
mechanism; Mating strategy in plants, molecular techniques to understand mating patterns, self-
incompatibility responses, physiological processes mediating fertilization (pollen-stigma
interactions) , seed and fruit development, seed and fruit abortion and means to overcome it.
pg. 17
Molecular biology of seed development, physiological basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility
restoration. Physiology of heterosis.

Unit 10: Physiology of Horticultural and Plantation Crop species

Growth and development of horticultural and plantation crop species; Juvenility, shoot growth,
types of shoots, patterns of shoot growth, cambial growth and its regulation; Physiological aspects
of pruning and dwarfing; Growth measurements; Water relations of tree species. Water uptake
and transport; Sexual and asexual propagation; Rootstock andscion interactions; Physiology of
flowering in perennial species, photoperiodism and thermoperiodism; Physiological aspects of fruit
crops: mango, banana, grapes, citrus, papaya and pineapple; Physiological aspects of plantation
crops: tea, coffee, cardamom, coconut, and black pepper.

Unit 11: Post-Harvest Physiology

Senescence and ageing in plants; Ethylene the senescence hormone; leaf senescence. Monocarpic
plant senescence; Biochemistry and molecular biology of flower senescence; Gene expression during
senescence; Concept of physiological maturity and harvestable maturity; Post harvest changes in
biochemical constituents in field crops: loss of viability, loss of nutritive value: environmental
factors influencing post-harvest deterioration of seeds; Physiological and biochemical changes
during fruit ripening and storage; Senescence and post-harvest life of cut flowers; Physical,
physiological and chemical control of post -harvest deterioration of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers
and its significance during storage and transport; The molecular approach in the regulation of fruit
ripening; Transgenic technology for improvement of shelf-life; Edible vaccine; Programmed cell
death (PCD).

Unit 12: Morphogenesis, Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation

Morphogenesis: the cellular basis of growth and morphogenesis; polarity in tip-growing cells and
diffusive growing cells: Control of cell division and differentiation, phytochromes, different forms,
physiological effects and gene regulation; cellular totipotency; physiology and biochemistry of
differentiation, in organ cell, tissue and cultures; micropropagation strategies; application of tissue
culture in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and industry; plant transformation; transformation
vectors, concept of selectable and scorable markers; Agrobacterium mediated transformation, binary
vectors, biolistics, Electroporation; Selection of putative transgenic plants: genetic analysis, PCR,
Southern analysis evaluation of transgenic plants Genetic engineering and genome editing for trait
improvement: Introduction to GMOs and its application in crop improvement, Agrobacterium and
other methods of plant transformation; Genome editing techniques: CRISPR/Cas9, Zinc finger
nucleases, TALENs, etc.

Unit 13: Phenome-Genome relationships

Next generation Phenotyping: Genome-phenome relationship, definition of phenotyping, GxE
interaction on phenome; Phenotyping bottleneck in establishing Phenotype-genotype relationships;
The concepts of "phene and trait. Concepts of Plants to sensors and sensors to plants.

pg. 18
10. SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Seed Biology

Floral biology. mode of reproduction, sporogenesis, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit
and seed development. Apomixis, parthenocarpy. polyembryony and somatic embryoids and
synthetic seeds. Seed structure of monocot and dicot. Seed development and maturation - synthesis
and deposition of storage reserves- longevity in orthodox and recalcitrant seed. Chemical
composition of seed. Seed dormancy - types, causes, mechanisms and means of induction and
release factors affecting dormancy. Methods to overcome dormancy and its significance in
agriculture. Seed germination -requirements, imbibition pattern, physiological and biochemical
changes, and role of hormones.

Unit 2: Seed Production

Introduction to crop breeding methods. Variety testing, release and notification. Genetic purity
concept and factors responsible for deterioration of varieties. Maintenance breeding. General system
of seed multiplication. Seed production agencies. Identification of seed production areas and factors
affecting it. Compact area approach in seed production. Seed production planning, equipment,
input and manpower requirement. Factors affecting pollination and seed set viz., temperature,
humidity, wind velocity, insect pollinators, and supplementary pollination. Male sterility, self-
incompatibility and their role in hybrid seed production. Principles and methods of seed production
of varieties and hybrids of cereals like wheat, paddy, sorghum, pearl millet and small millets, maize;
pulses viz. chickpea, pigeon pea, green gram, black gram, soybean and cowpea; oil seeds like
groundnut, brassica, sesame, sunflower and castor; fibre crops like cotton and jute; vegetables
crops like tomato, brinjal, okra, chilli, important cole and cucurbitaceous crops; important forage
legumes and grasses and seed crop management, time of harvesting and threshing/extraction
methods. Seed production technology of plantation crops like coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa, cardamom
and pepper. Disease free clonal propagation of crops like potato, sugarcane sweet potato, tapioca,
colocasia, betel vine, fruit crops like mango, citrus, banana, guava, sapota, pineapple, grape, apple,
pear, plum, peach, apricot; seed production and clonal propagation of annual and perennial flowers
like rose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, marigold, dahlia, phlox and petunia. Clonal standards and
degenerations. Seed production practices and seed quality maintenance in forest and tree seeds,
and in medicinal plants. Micro propagation and seed production under protected cultivation.

Unit 3: Seed Processing

Principles of seed processing. Seed drying principles and methods. Types of seed driers. Precleaning,
grading, treatment, pelleting and packaging. Seed invigoration and enhancement treatment and
their applications. Seed processing machines like cleaner cum grader, specific gravity separator,
indented cylinder, spiral separator, needle separator and magnetic separator, seed treater,
weighing and bagging machines, their operation and maintenance. Seed quality maintenance
during processing. Latest Developments in Seed Industry in Seed processing.

Unit 4: Seed Quality Control

Seed legislation -Seeds Act 1966, Seed Rules 1969 and New Seed Bill 2004, Seed Law Enforcement.
Seed certification - history, concept, organization, phases and minimum certification standards.
Field inspection principles and methods. Inspection at harvesting, threshing and processing. Pre-
and post-quality testing or genetic purity. Seed Certification Schemes, concepts and procedures.
Seed Testing concepts and objectives, its role in seed quality control. Seed sampling, seed moisture
testing, purity analysis, germination testing, tolerance tests and equipment. Seed testing
procedures for principal agri-horticultural crops. Quick viability tests. Seed vigour, its significance
and testing methods. Testing for genuineness of varieties -principles and methods based on seed,
seedling and plant characters, biochemical techniques namely electrophoresis of proteins and
isoenzymes and DNA fingerprinting. International Seed Testing Association (lSTA), its role in
development of seed testing procedures, rules and seed quality assurance for international seed
trade. OECD - EXIM policy. Latest Developments in Seed Industry in Seed quality control

Unit 5: Seed Storage

Requirements and types of seed storage. Factors affecting seed storage and role of moisture,
temperature, RH and moisture equilibrium. Viability nomographs. Seed deterioration causes and
methods of control. Physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in seed ageing. Seed drying
and Packaging needs. Storage structures. Methods of stacking and their impact. Short and medium
term storage. Controlled storage. Modified atmospheric storage. Germplasm storage. Cryo-
preservation. Design features of short, medium and long-term seed storage buildings. Operation
and management of seed stores. Latest Developments in Seed Industry in Seed Storage Technology.
pg. 19
Unit 6: Seed Health
Significance of seed health. Mode and mechanism of transmission of microorganisms fungi, bacteria
and viruses. Procedures for seed health test and rules. Externally and internally seed - borne
pathogens, mode of infection, development and spread, methods of detection of seed borne diseases.
Important seed-borne diseases of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, fiber crops, vegetables and their control
measures. Quarantine and International procedures of phytosanitary certificates. Important
storage pests, their identification, monitoring and detection. ET value, nature and extent of damage,
natural enemies and management. Use of pesticides, botanicals, mycotoxins for seed treatments.
Carry over infestation, principles of fumigation and safe use of fumigants. Various Seed health
diagnostic kits and their development.

Unit 7: Seed Industry Development and Marketing

Trends in National and International seed industry development. International Seed Trade
Federation (ISF) and Indian seed associations. Economics of seed production. Market survey,
demand forecasting, pricing policies, marketing channels, planning and sales promotion. Buyer
behavior and role of Government, semi-Government, co-operative and private sectors in seed trade.
Best practices in Seed Industry in seed trade and marketing. Importance of branding, trademarks,
agreements, trade secrecy, MoUs, Patents and IPRs in seed industry. Responsibilities of seed
companies and dealers in Seed Act. Seed import and export. OECD and other international
platforms enabling global seed trade. Principles and practices of public private partnership in R&D
and in business– Best global practices. Licensing and commercialization of varieties, Technologies
and mechanisms for public- private partnerships in R&D, seed trade and business - in ICAR and
National Agricultural Research System in Agricultural universities.
Unit 8: Protection of Plant Varieties and Biodiversity Conservation
Plant Variety Protection (PVP) and its significance. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Right
Act, 2001, its essential Features. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
(UPOV) and its role in Plant breeders Rights and Seed Industry Development. Impact of PVP on seed
supply system. DUS testing principles and application. Biodiversity Act. Criteria for protection of
Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs) and genetically modified (GM) varieties. Plant variety protection
systems in various countries.
Harmonization of global PVP laws vis-s-vis Indian PVP law and possible mechanisms to realize the
same. Biodiversity Act of India and its provisions and its impact on biodiversity conservation, R&D,
germplasm exchange, patenting, licensing in relation to Indian and Multinational companies.

pg. 20
11. FLORICULTURE & LANDSCAPING

UNIT 1: Systematics of Ornamental Plants

Nomenclature: History, origin, plant diversity hotspots, plant classification and nomenclature
systems, phylocode, International systems: International Code, Treaties, International and National
Organizations, Biodiversity Act, Plant identification features, keys and methods; plant descriptors.
Red Data Book, Registration authorties (NBPGR, PPVFRA, NBA) Families: Description of families,
viz., Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Orchidaceae, Aracaceae, Liliacae, Acanthaceae,
Palmaceae, Asparagaceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae, Oleaceae, Iridaceae and important genera.
Cryopreservation, Role of Molecular Techniques in Modern plant Systematics.
UNIT 2. Breeding of Ornamental Crops
Principles of plant breeding, Evolution, origin, distribution and conservation of ornamental genetic
resources, Genetic divergence and varietal wealth, Patents, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and
Plant Breeders Rights (PBR): Introduction and initiatives in IPR and PBR of ornamental crops and
Plant Variety Protection in India. Genetic mechanism and inheritance of flower colour, doubleness,
flower size, fragrance, plant architecture, post- harvest life; abiotic and biotic stress tolerance/
resistance. Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated, self and cross-
pollinated flower crops and ornamental plants-Introduction, selection, domestication,
hybridization, pedigree selection, backcross method, clonal selection, heterosis &F1 hybrids,
polyploidy and mutation breeding for varietal development. Role of biotechnology in improvement
of flower crops including transgenics, somaclonal variation, in-vitro mutagenesis, in-vitro selection,
genetic engineering, molecular markers, etc. Role of heterosis, production of hybrids, reproductive
barriers-Male sterility, Incompatibility, Breeding objectives, constraints and achievements made in
commercial flower crops - rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, gaillardia, tuberose,
crossandra, carnation, dahlia, gerbera, gladiolus, orchids, anthurium, aster, liliumhibiscus,
bougainvillea, nerium, flowering annuals (petunia, zinnia, dianthus, snapdragon, pansy, stock,
calendula, balsam, annual dahlia)

UNIT 3. Commercial Production of Cut Flowers

National and International Scenario of cut flower production, Scope and importance of cut flower
trade, Cut flower production problems in India (constraints); patent rights, Nursery management-
media for nursery raising, special nursery practices; Growing environment- open field and
protected cultivation, Soil analysis, soil health card, soil/media requirements, land preparation,
planting methods, influence of environmental parameters ( light, temperature, moisture, humidity
and CO2), microclimate management for growth and flowering; Commercial cut flower production
- Commercial varieties, water integrated nutrient management (INM), fertigation, weed
management, crop specific practices - ratooning, training and pruning, pinching, deshooting,
bending, desuckering disbudding, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies,
IPM and IDM, production for exhibition purposes; Flower Regulation-Flower forcing and year
round/ off-season flowering through physiological, chemical interventions, and environmental
manipulation; Cut flower standards and grades, harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-
harvest handling, methods of delaying flower opening, pre-cooling, pulsing, packing, storage &
transportation, marketing, export potential of cut flower crops, institutional support, Agri Export
Zones; 100% Export Oriented units in India, Crop Insurance, flower auction centre. Flower crops:
Rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera, gladiolus, tuberose, orchids, anthurium, chinaaster,
lilium, bird of paradise, heliconia, alstroemeria, dahlia, gypsophilla, solidago, limonium, stock, cut
green foliages and fillers.
UNIT 4. Commercial Production of Loose Flowers
Scope, scenario and importance of loose flower crops, constraints and opportunities in loose flower
production. Growing Environment-nursery management, pro-tray nursery under shadenets, Soil
and climate requirements, field preparation, systems of planting, precision farming techniques; Soil
analysis, soil health card, Water management, weed management, special horticultural practices
such as ratooning, training and pruning, pinching and disbudding, etcrole of growth regulators in
growth and flowering, physiological disorders and remedies, INM, IPM and IDM. Crop regulation-
Flower forcing and year round/ off-season flowering, production for special occasions, through
physiological interventions, chemical regulation; Post harvest management-Harvest indices,
harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling and grading, packing and storage, transportation and
marketing including important Indian flower markets, export potential, HPMC, APMC and online
flower trading, institutional support, Crop Insurance. Flower crops -Jasmine, rose,
chrysanthemum, marigold, aster, gaillardia, tuberose, crossandra, Nerium, hibiscus, barleria,
celosia, gomphrena, non-traditional flowers- Nyctanthes(Har singar), Tabernaemontana, ixora,
lotus, water lily, tecoma, michelia (champaka), spider lily, water lily, gardenia, and balsam.
pg. 21
UNIT 5. Ornamental Gardening and Landscaping
Gardens and components: Historical background of gardening, Importance and scope of
ornamental gardening, Styles and types of ornamental gardens, formal, informal and free style
gardens, types of gardens-English, Mughal, Japanese, Persian, Spanish, Italian. French, Hindu,
Buddhist garden. Garden components:living components), arboretum, shrubbery, fernery,
palmatum, arches and pergolas, edges and hedges, climbers and creepers, trees, shrubs, cacti and
succulents, herbs, annuals/seasonals, ornamental grasses, flower borders and beds, ground
covers, carpet beds, bamboo groves, bonsai, etc.Production technology for selected ornamental
plants; Non-living components-Path, garden gate, fencing, paving and garden features like
fountains, garden seating, swings, lanterns, basins, bird baths, sculptures, waterfalls, bridge,
steps, ramps, lawn. Specialized gardens: vertical garden, roof garden, terrace garden, water garden,
shade garden, , bog garden, sunken garden, rock garden, clock garden, color wheels, temple garden,
sacred gardens (emphasis on native plants), Zen garden ; Landscape Planning-Principles and
elements of landscaping: Basic drawing skills, use of drawing instruments, garden symbols, steps
in preparation of garden design, programmes phase, design phase, etc. . Organization of spaces,
visual aspects of plan arrangement- view, vista and axis. Principles of circulation, site analysis and
landscape, Water requirement, use of recycled water in landscaping. Landscape for different
situations: Urban landscaping, landscaping of institutions, industries, residential areas, hospitals,
roadsides, traffic islands, dam sites, IT/ SEZ parks, corporates, farm houses, children parks, public
parks airports, railway station and tracks, and river banks.Bio-aesthetic planning, eco-tourism,
theme parks, therapeutic gardening, xeriscaping, waterscaping

UNIT 6. Protected Cultivation of Flower Crops

Prospects of protected floriculture in India; Types of protected structures –Greenhouses/
polyhouses, shade houses, mist chambers, lath houses, orchidarium, fernery, rain shelters etc.,
Principles of designing and erection of protected structures. Low cost/medium cost/high cost
structures; Location specific designs; Structural components; Suitable flower crops and foliage
plants for protected cultivation; Environment control - Microclimate management and manipulation
of temperature, light, humidity, air and CO2; Heating and cooling systems, ventilation, naturally
ventilated greenhouses, fan and pad cooled greenhouses, light regulation; water harvesting,
Intercultural Operations and Crop Regulation: Containers and substrates, soil decontamination,
layout of drip and fertigation system, water and nutrient management, weed management,
physiological disorders, lPM and IDM; Crop regulation by chemical methods, special horticultural
practices (pinching, disbudding, deshooting, deblossoming, etc. staking and netting, Photoperiod
regulation; Automation and standards: Automation in greenhouses, sensors, solar greenhouses and
retractable greenhouses, GAP/ Flower labels, Export standards, EXIM policy, APEDA regulations
for export, non-tariff barriers. Flower crops: Rose, Chrysanthemum, Carnation, Gerbera, Orchids,
Anthuriums, Lilium, Limonium, Lisianthus, Heliconia, Cala lily, Alstromeria, etc.

UNIT 7. Value Addition in Floriculture

National and global scenario, scope and prospects of value addition, production and exports, Types
of value-added products, techniques of value addition including tinting, pulsing., Value addition in
loose flowers and product development such as gulkand, floral tea, rose oil, rose water, Pankhuri,
floral dyes, rose sherbet, floral ice creams, sweets, garlands, veni, floats, floral decorations, etc.,
value addition in cut flowers such as fresh floral arrangement: Selection of containers and
accessories, Flower arrangement styles, Ikebana schools (Ikenobo, Ohara, Sogetsu, etc.), Moribana,
Nagiere, contemporary style /free style, bouquets, button-holes, flower baskets, corsages, floral
wreaths, garlands, etc.; Selection of containers and accessories for floral products and decorations;
Dry flowers- identification and selection of flowers and plant parts; Raw material procurement,
preservation and storage; tips for collecting dry flower making, selection of stages for picking of
flowers for drying, Techniques in dry f1ower making -Drying, glycerising, bleaching, dyeing,
embedding, pressing; Accessories; Designing and arrangement -dry flower baskets, bouquets, pot-
pourri, wall hangings, button holes, greeting cards, wreaths; petal embedded handmade papers,
Packing and storage; Post drying management including moisture, pests and moulds in value-
added dried products. Concrete and essential oils- Selection of species and varieties (including non-
conventional species), extraction methods, packing and storage. Aromatherapy. Types of pigments-
carotenoids, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, betalains; Significance of natural pigments as nutraceuticals
and pharmaceuticals; Extraction methods; Applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and
poultry industries. Dying: Synthetic and Natural dyes, dying techniques, color retention.

pg. 22
Unit 8. Turf grass Management
History, present status and prospects of turf industry; site selection, basic requirements, site
evaluation, concepts of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil pertaining to turf grass
establishment; criteria for evaluation of turf quality. Turf grasses -Types, species, varieties, hybrids;
identification of turf grasses, selection of turf grasses for different locations; Grouping according to
climatic requirement, adaptation, ; Turfing for roof gardens; Preparatory operations; Growing media
used for turf grasses, turf establishment methods- seeding, sprigging/dibbling, plugging,
sodding/turfing, turf plastering, hydro-seeding, instant turfing (portable), astro-turfing, synthetic
turfing; Turf management -Irrigation, drainage, nutrition, special practices such as aerating, rolling,
coreaerification, dethatching, verticutting, soil top dressing, etc. Use of turf growth regulators
(TGRs) and micronutrients. Turf mowing -mowing equipment, techniques to minimize wear and
compaction, weed control, biotic and abiotic stress management in turfs; standards for turf, use of
recycled water for turf establishment and maintenance. Selection and maintenance of turf grasses
for playgrounds, residential and public parks, turfing of Govt. and Corporate office gardens, event
specific preparation, turf colourants.

UNIT 9: Indoor Plants and Interiorscaping

Importance and scope: Importance and scope of indoor plants and interiorscaping, Indoor plants
and indoor air quality. Factors affecting growth, development and flowering of indoor plants.
Classification and principles: Classification of indoor plants based on light, temperature, humidity
and pollution tolerance. Description and cultivation of various indoor plants. Principles of interior-
scaping, Role in pollution mitigation. Cultural operations: Containers and substrates, preparation
of growing media, propagation, training, grooming, nutrition, management of disease, pests and
weeds. Maintenance of plants including repotting, foliar nutrition, light exposure and plant rotation.
Media standards, Nursery and Export standards for potted plants. Special gardens including
miniature gardens and plant stand. Presentations like dish garden, terrarium, bottle gardens,
hanging baskets, window boxes and bonsai. Vertical gardens- history, planting material, structures,
containers, substrate, water and nutrient management, supplemental lighting. Marketing channels,
Business models including plant rentals.

UNIT 10: Seed Production in Flower Crops

International and national scenario of flower seed production, scope, and importance of seed
production in flower crops. Constraints in flower seed production. Methods of seed production,
agro-techniques for production of nucleus, breeder and certified seeds. Harvesting, seed processing,
seed priming, seed chain, packaging and storage; Mass selection, progeny selection, use of
incompatibility and male sterility, maintenance of variety and seed production in flower crops; F1
hybrid seed production advantages, steps involved in hybrid seed production, pollination behaviour
and isolation, pollination management methods in production of F1/ hybrids in different flower
crops; Seed certification, Seed standards, seed act, plant breeders rights and farmers’ rights, Bio
safety, handling of transgenic seed crops, importing of seeds and OGL, trade barriers in seed
business, sanitary and phytosanitary issues, custom clearance and quarantine. Marketing and
economics of flower seeds; Flower crops: Marigold, petunia, antirrhinum, zinnia, pansy, lupin,
calendula, phlox, vinca, dianthus, sunflower, annual chrysanthemum, poppy, corn flower, rice
flower, aster, annual dahlia, crossandra and gaillardia.

Unit 11. Computer Aided Design (CAD) for Landscaping

Principles of integrating the architecture and landscaping, Exposure to CAD (Computer Aided
Design) -Applications of CAD in landscape garden designing, 2D drawing by AUTOCAD, 3D drawing
by ARCHlCAD, 3D drawing by 3D MAX software. Creating legends for plant and non-plant
components. Basics of Photoshop software in garden designing; 2D drawing methods AUTOCAD
Basics, Coordinate systems in AUTOCAD LT 2007, Point picking methods, Toolbars and Icons, File
handling functions, Modifying tools, Modifying comments, Isometric drawings, Drafting objects;
Using patterns in AUTOCAD drawing, Dimension concepts, Hyperlinking Script making, Using
productivity tools, e- transmit file, Making layout; 3D drawing methods, ARCHICAD file system,
Tools and Infobox, modification tools, structural elements, GDL objects (Grid Dimensional Linking),
Creation of garden components through ARCHlCAD; ARCHICAD organization tools, Dimensioning
and detailing of designs, Landscape designing softwares and CD ROM for ornamental plant material
(TRES, HIMFLORA, CAPSSA, etc), Attribute settings of components, Visualization tools for
landscape preview, Inserting picture using Photoshop.

pg. 23
12. FRUIT SCIENCE
Unit 1. Tropical Fruit Production
Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance, eco-physiological
requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstocks, stionic influence, planting systems,
cropping systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient and water management, fertigation,
role of bioregulators, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, pollination,
fruit set and development, honeybees/pollinators in cross pollination, physiological disorders-
causes and remedies, quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting,
grading, packing, storage and ripening techniques, processing and value addition, industrial and
export potential, Agri Export Zones (AEZ) and industrial supports, Canopy management through
plant growth inhibitors, training and pruning and management practices in relation to growth,
flowering, fruiting and fruit quality, insect and disease management, Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM), bio- fertilizers and fertigation in tropical fruit crops, organic fruit production,
pre-harvest and post-harvest factors affecting shelf-life of fruits. Crops: mango, banana, citrus,
papaya, guava, sapota, jackfruit, pineapple, Annona, avocado, aonla, pomegranate and ber.
Unit 2. Subtropical and Temperate Fruit Production
Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance, eco-physiological
requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstocks, stionic influences, planting systems,
cropping systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management, water management,
fertigation, bioregulation, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering,
pollinizers, pollinators, fruit set and development, abiotic factors limiting production, physiological
disorders- causes and remedies, quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices,
harvesting, grading, packing, precooling, storage, transportation and ripening techniques;
processing and value addition, industrial and export potential, Agri Export Zones (AEZs) and
industrial support, Canopy management through plant growth inhibitors, training and pruning and
management practices in relation to growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit quality, insect and disease
management, pre harvest and post-harvest factors affecting shelf life. Crops: apple, pear, quince,
grapes, plums, peach, apricot, cherries, litchi, loquat, persimmon, kiwifruit. strawberry, nuts
(walnut, almond, pecan).
Unit 3. Breeding of Fruit Crops
Origin and distribution, taxonomical status - species and cultivars, cytogenetics, genetic resources,
blossom biology, breeding systems – spontaneous mutations, polyploidy, incompatibility, sterility,
parthenocarpy, apomixis, breeding objectives, ideotypes, approaches for crop improvement —
introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploid breeding, rootstock breeding,
improvement of quality traits, breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological
interventionsand achievements. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Plant Breeders Rights (PBR):
Introduction and initiatives in fruit crops.
Crops: mango, banana, pineapple, citrus, grapes, guava, sapota, jackfruit, papaya, custard apple,
aonla, avocado, ber, mangosteen, litchi, jamun, phalsa, mulberry, raspberry, kokam, apple, pear,
plums, peach, apricot, cherries, strawberry and nuts, pomegranate and kiwi fruit.

Unit 4. Growth and Development of Fruit Crops

Growth and development- definition, parameters of growth and development, growth dynamics,
morphogenesis; annual, semi-perennial and perennial horticultural crops, environmental impact
on growth and development, effect of light, photosynthesis and photoperiodism, vernalisation, effect
of temperature, heat units, thermoperiodism; Assimilate partitioning during growth and
development, influence of water and mineral nutrition during growth and development,
biosynthesis of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brasssinosteroids,
morphactins, role of plant growth promoters and inhibitors; Developmental physiology and
biochemistry during dormancy, bud break, juvenility, vegetative to reproductive interphase,
flowering, pollination, fertilization, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit growth, ripening and seed development;
Growth and developmental process during stress - manipulation of growth and development, impact
of pruning and training, chemical manipulations in horticultural crops, molecular and genetic
approaches in plant growth development, global warming, effect of climate change on spatio-
temporal patterns of temperature and rainfall, concentrations of greenhouse gasses in atmosphere.
Climate mitigation measures through crop management- use of tolerant rootstocks and varieties,
mulching, use of plastic, windbreak, spectral changes, protection from frost and heat waves.
Climate management in greenhouse: heating vents, CO2 injection, screens and artificial light.
Impact of climate changes on invasive insects, diseases, weeds, fruit yield, quality and
sustainability.
pg. 24
Unit 5. Biotechnology of Fruit Crops
Harnessing biotechnology in horticultural crops; introduction and significance, history and basic
principles, influence of plant materials, physical, chemical factors and growth regulators on growth
and development of plant cell, tissue and organ culture; callus culture - types, cell division,
differentiation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis; use of bioreactors and in-vitro
methods - for production of secondary metabolites, suspension culture, nutrition of tissues and
cells, regeneration of tissues, acclimatization of tissue culture plants; Physiology of hardening -
hardening and field transfer, organ culture - meristem, embryo, anther, ovule culture, embryo
rescue, somaclonal variation, protoplast culture and fusion; Somatic cell hybridization-
construction and identification of somatic hybrids and cybrids, wide hybridization, invitro
pollination and fertilization, haploids, in- vitro mutation, artificial seeds, cryopreservation, rapid
clonal propagation, genetic engineering- principles and methods, and transformation in
horticulture crops, use of molecular markers and genomics. Gene silencing, gene tagging, gene
editing in fruit crops. In-vitro selection for biotic and abiotic stress, achievements of biotechnology
in horticultural crops.

Unit 6. Propagation and Nursery Management in Fruit Crops

General concepts and phenomena: Introduction, understanding cellular basis for propagation,
sexual and asexual propagation, apomixis, polyembryony, chimeras. Factors influencing seed
germination of fruit crops, dormancy, hormonal regulation of seed germination and seedling growth.
Seed quality, treatment, packing, storage, certification and testing. Conventional asexual
propagation: Cutting– methods, rooting of soft, semi-hard and hardwood cuttings under mist and
hotbeds. Use of PGR in propagation, physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of root
induction in cuttings. Layering – principle and methods. Budding and grafting – principles and
methods, graft union formation, establishment and management of scion/bud wood bank. Stock,
scion and inter stock relationship– graft incompatibility, physiology of rootstock and top working.
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops.
Techniques – in-vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micro-grafting,
meristem culture, genetic fidelity testing. Hardening, packaging and transport of micro-propagules.
Management Practices and Regulation, Nursery – types, structures, components, planning and
layout. Nursery management practices for healthy propagule production. Nursery Act, nursery
accreditation, import and export of seeds and planting material, quarantine, role of Post-Entry
Quarantine (PEQ), and Clean Plant Programme (CPP).

Unit 7. Systematics of Fruit Crops

Nomenclature and classification: Biosystematics – introduction and significance; history of
nomenclature of cultivated plants, classification and nomenclature systems; International code of
nomenclature for cultivated plants. Identification and description: methods of identification and
description of cultivated fruit and nut species and their wild relative; development of plant keys for
systematic identification and classification. Development of fruit crop descriptors- based upon
Biodiversity International Descriptors and UPOV/ DUS test guidelines, botanical and pomological
description of major cultivars and rootstocks of tropical, subtropical and temperate fruits and nut
crops. Registration and modern systematics: GI and Farmers variety Registration, Use of
chemotaxonomy, biochemical and molecular markers in modern systematics.

Unit 8. Export Oriented Fruit Production

Statistics and World Trade: National and international fruit export and import scenario and trends;
statistics and India’s position and potentiality in world trade; export promotion zones in India.
Government policies, norms and standards: Scope, produce specifications, quality and safety
standards for export of fruits, viz., mango, banana, grape, litchi, pomegranate, walnut, apple and
other important fruits. Processed and value-added products, post-harvest management for export
including packaging and cool chain; HACCP, Codex alimentarius, ISO certification; FPO license,
role of APEDA, FSSAI, BIS, WTO and its implications, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, MRLs.
Infrastructure and plant material; quality fruit production under protected environment; different
types of structures – automated greenhouses, glasshouse, shade net, poly tunnels – design and
development of low-cost greenhouse structures. Seed and planting material; meeting export
standards, implications of plant variety protection – patent regimes.

pg. 25
Unit 9. Minor Fruit Production
Occurrence, Adoption and General Account: Importance – occurrence and distribution, climate
adaptation in fragile ecosystem and wastelands. Propagation and cultural practices: traditional
cultural practices and recent development in agro-techniques; propagation, botany-floral biology,
growth patterns, mode of pollination, fruit set, ripening, fruit quality. Post-harvest management,
marketing; minor fruit crops in terms of nutritional and pharmaceutical values; their uses for edible
purpose and in processing industry
Crops: Bael, chironji, fig, passion fruit, jamun, phalsa, karonda, wood apple, cactus pear, khejri,
kair, pilu, lasoda, loquat, tamarind, dragon fruit, monkey jack, mahua, khirni, amra, kokum, cape
gooseberry, kaphal, persimmon, pistachio, sea buckthorn, hazel nut and other minor fruits of
regional importance.

Unit 10. Post-Harvest Management of Fruit Crops

Post-harvest management scenario of India and world, fruit maturity indices, harvesting practices
in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits, influence of pre-harvest practices, Climacteric and
non-climacteric fruits, enzymatic and textural changes, respiration, transpiration during fruit
ripening, ethylene evolution and ethylene management, factors leading to post-harvest losses, pre-
cooling; Treatments prior to shipment, viz., pre-cooling, chlorination, waxing, chemicals, biocontrol
agents and natural plant products. Methods of storage-ventilated, refrigerated, MAS, CA storage,
physical injuries and post-harvest and storage disorders; fruit ripening chambers, Packing methods
and transport, principles and methods of preservation, Principles of food processing, canning, fruit
juices, beverages, pickles, jam, jellies, candies; Dried and dehydrated products, nutritionally
enriched products, fermented fruit beverages, packaging technology of value-added products,
processing waste management, food safety standards.

pg. 26
13. SPICES, PLANTATION & MEDICINAL & AROMATIC PLANTS

Unit 1. Production of Plantation Crops

Role of plantation crops in national economy, export potential, role of commodity boards and
developmental activities, IPR issues, clean development mechanism, classification, wild species,
varietal wealth, DUS and molecular characterization, conservation of biodiversity. Plant
multiplication including in vitro multiplication, systems of cultivation, multitier cropping, cropping
systems, photosynthetic efficiencies of crops at different tiers, rainfall, humidity, temperature, light
and soil pH on crop growth and productivity, high density planting, nutritional requirements,
physiological disorders, role of growth regulators and macro and micro nutrients, water
requirements, fertigation, moisture conservation, shade regulation, weed management, organic
production methods, training and pruning, crop regulation, growth and development,
developmental physiology, plant protection, maturity indices, harvesting, mechanized harvesting,
post-harvest handling, primary processing, processing and value addition. Cost benefit analysis,
organic farming, management of drought and precision farming. Crops: Coffee, tea, cashew,
cocoa, rubber, palmyrah, oil palm, coconut, areca nut and betel vine.

Unit 2. Production Technology of Spice Crops

Introduction, importance of spice crops-historical accent, present status - national and
international, future prospects, role of spices board and other development agencies, IPR issues,
classification of spices – major minor, tree, seed, herbal spices, botany and taxonomy, wild species,
DUS and molecular characterization, conservation of biodiversity, climatic and soil requirements,
commercial varieties/hybrids, site selection, layout, propagation and nursery management,
sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation
requirements, intercropping, mixed cropping, intercultural operations, weed control, organic
production methods, mulching, growth and development, developmental physiology, physiological
disorders, maturity indices, harvesting, mechanized harvesting, post-harvest management, primary
processing, processing and value addition, different kinds of packing material, containers,
equipment, labeling, packing and storage of the processed produce, plant protection measures and
seed planting material and micro propagation, precision farming, organic resource management,
organic certification, quality control, pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of: Black
pepper, small and large cardamom, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, turmeric, ginger, garlic,
coriander, fenugreek, cumin, fennel, ajwain, tamarind, garcinia and vanilla.

Unit 3. Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops

Importance of medicinal and aromatic plants in human health, area, production, national economy
and related industries, problems, prospects and challenges, role of medicinal plants board and
NGOs in R&D, IPR issues, Indian system of medicine, medicinal industries, sources of medicinal
plants, export and import, taxonomy, classification of medicinal and aromatic plants according to
botanical characteristics and their uses, export potential and indigenous technical knowledge.
Indian perfumery industry, important constituents of medicinal and aromatic crops, physical and
chemical properties of aromatic crops. Climate and soil requirements, wild species varietal wealth,
DUS and molecular characterization, conservation of biodiversity, propagation through seed,
vegetative and micropropagation, nursery techniques and management, site selection, layout,
sowing/planting, nutrition and irrigation management, intercropping, mixed cropping, mulching,
organic production methods, growth and development, developmental physiology, plant protection,
yield, harvest indices, harvesting methods, post harvest handling, primary processing, processing,
study of aroma compounds, extraction, grading, packing, storage, value addition and quality
standards in herbal products, GAP, GMP certification, Extraction and analysis of active principles
using TLC/HPLC/GC of medicinal plants (Senna, periwinkle, medicinal coleus, ashwagandha, glory
lilly, Dioscorea sp. Digitalis, medicinal Solanum, Mucuna pruriens, Plumbago zeylanicum, Piper
longum, Isabgol, Rauwolfia, Poppy, Aloe vera, Stevia, Safed Musli, Kalmegh, ); and aromatic plants
(Citronella, Palmarosa, Mentha, Lemongrass, Patchouli, Geranium, vetiver, sweet flag, jasmine,
lavender, Artemisia, Ocimum sp., Eucalyptus, sandal wood).
Underexploited crops: Flacourtia montana, Plectranthus aromaticus, Adhatoda sp, Hemidesmus
indicus,Tinospora cordifolia, Gymnema sylvestra,Morinda citrifolia, Bursera sp, Commiphora wightii,
Ocimum kilimandjaricum

pg. 27
Unit 4. Breeding of Plantation Crops and Spices
Species and cultivar diversity, floral and reproductive biology, cytogenetics, male sterility,
incompatibility, varieties, survey, collection, conservation and evaluation of germplasm, breeding
objectives on the basis of yield, quality, stress tolerance, adaptation, approaches for crop
improvement, introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploid breeding,
improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses, molecular aided
breeding and biotechnological approaches, marker-assisted selection, bio- informatics, breeding for
climate resilience, IPR issues, achievements and future thrusts.
Crops: Coffee, tea, cashew, cocoa, rubber, palmyrah palm, oil palm, betel vine, coconut, arecanut,
black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, fenugreek, coriander, fennel, cumin, celery, ajwain,
garlic, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, garcinia, tamarind and allspice.

Unit 5. Breeding of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops

Plant bio-diversity, survey, collection, conservation and evaluation of germplasm, IPR issues, floral
and reproductive biology, cytogenetics, male sterility, incompatibility, Breeding problems, genetics
of active principles. Major objectives of breeding of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops for yield, quality,
stress tolerance, adaptation, herbage yield, essential oils, secondary metabolites, Scope for
introduction, cytogenetic background of important Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Scope for
improvement of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops through selection, intra and interspecific
hybridization, induced autotetraploidy, mutation breeding and biotechnological approaches; Assay
techniques useful in evaluation of breeder's material. Breeding problems in seed and vegetatively
propagated medicinal and aromatic crops: Achievements in terms of varieties, parentage, salient
features, molecular breeding, biotechnological approaches, marker assisted selection,
bioinformatics and prospects in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. Cassia angustifolia, Catharanthus
roseus, Gloriosa superba, Coleus forskohlii, Stevia rebaudiana, Withania somnifera, Papaver
somniferum, Plantago ovata, , Piper longum, Plumbago zeylanica, Aloe vera, Rauvolia serpentina,
Chlorophytum sps. Geranium, Vettiver, Lemon grass, Palmarosa, Citronella, Kaempferia galanga,
Patchouli, Lavender, Ocimum sp., Eucalyptus, Artemisia and Mint.

Unit 6. Systematics of Plantation, Spice, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops

Centre of origin, distribution, taxonomical status, phylogeny; botany, cytology, ploidy status, sex
forms, flowering and pollination biology and cytogenetics; wild and related species, cultivars,
indigenous and exotic germplasm; descriptors, DUS guidelines, molecular aspects of systematics
of:
Plantation crops: Coconut, oil palm, cocoa, arecanut, tea, coffee, betel vine, cashew, rubber Spice
crops: Black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, clove cinnamon, nutmeg, vanilla, garlic,
coriander, fennel, fenugreek, cumin
Medicinal crops: Opium poppy, isabgol, ashwagandha, senna, medicinal coleus, glory lilly,
periwinkle, sarpagandha, long pepper, Stevia, safed musli, Plumbago zeylanica
Aromatic crops: Lemon grass, citronella, palmarosa, vetiver, Geranium, patchouli, mint, Ocimum,
lavender, rosemary eucalyptus, Kaempferia galanga.

Unit 7. Growth and Development of Plantation, Spice, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Growth,
development, assimilate partitioning and plant bio regulators; Growth and development, definitions,
components, photosynthetic productivity, different stages of growth, growth curves, growth
analysis, morphogenesis; Growth pattern in annual, semi- perennial and perennial crops, growth
dimorphism, environmental impact on growth and development: effect of light, temperature,
photoperiod; Assimilate partitioning: Assimilate partitioning during growth and development,
influence of water and mineral nutrition. Canopy management for conventional and high density
planting pruning, training, chemicals, crop regulation for year-round and off-season production;
Plant bio regulators: plant bio regulators- auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, inhibitors and
retardants, basic functions, biosynthesis and role in crop growth and development; Developmental
physiology and biochemistry during dormancy, bud break, juvenility; Physiology of flowering,
photoperiodism, vernalisation, effect of temperature, heat units, thermoperiodism, pollination,
fertilisation, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit growth, ripening, seed development; Growth and development
process during stress, production of secondary metabolites, molecular and genetic approaches in
growth and development.

pg. 28
Unit 8. Biochemistry of Plantation, Spice, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops
Maturity indices, changes during ripening, processing, factors affecting quality. Secondary
metabolites and their biosynthetic pathways, factors affecting production of secondary metabolites;
Contaminants: Adulterants, and substitutes, sources of contamination microbial, heavy metal,
pesticide residues; Value added products: Fixed oils, essential oils, dyes, oleoresins, aroma
chemicals and other value added products, their content, storage, medicinal and pharmacological
properties, use in the food, flavour perfumery and pharmaceutical industries; Quality standards of
raw materials and finished products; Basic and advanced extraction techniques - Soxhlet, SCFE,
Membrane extraction. Chemical characterization- HPTLC, GCMS, LCMS, NMR; Plant tissue
cultures in the industrial production of bioactive plant metabolites. Cell suspension culture systems
for large scale culturing of plant cells and production of secondary metabolites. Advantages of cell
culture over conventional extraction techniques.

pg. 29
14. VEGETABLE SCIENCE

Unit 1. Production of Cool Season Vegetable Crops

Introduction, botany and taxonomy, classification of cool season vegetable crops, scope ,
importance and problems of cool season vegetable crop production, nutritional composition,
cropping systems, precision farming in cool season vegetable crops, climatic and soil requirements,
commercial varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate ,and seed treatment,
nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching,
physiological disorders, plant protection measures, harvesting, post-harvest management and
economics of production of potato; cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
winter squash (zucchini), carrot, radish, turnip, beetroot, onion, garlic, peas, French bean, broad
bean and green leafy vegetables (spinach, palak, fenugreek and coriander).

Unit 2. Production of Warm Season Vegetable Crops

Introduction, scope, importance and problems of warm season vegetable crop production,
Classification of warm season vegetable crops, nutritional composition, cropping systems, precision
farming in warm season vegetable crops, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements,
commercial varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment,
nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching,
physiological disorders, harvesting, post-harvest management, plant protection measures and
economics of production of tomato, eggplant, hot and sweet peppers, okra, lab beans, cowpea,
cluster bean,cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, ridge gourd, snake gourd, sponge gourd, water
melon, musk melon, pumpkin, squashes, tapioca, sweet potato, green leafy vegetables
(amaranthus, sorrel, rosella and portulaca) and moringa.

Unit 3. Breeding of Vegetable Crops

History and evolutionary aspects of vegetable breeding, origin, botany, taxonomy, genetic resources,
wild relatives, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, pollination and fertilization mechanisms,
techniques of selfing and crossing; Breeding systems; breeding methods for self and cross pollinated
vegetables (introduction, selection, pedigree, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy breeding),
heterosis breeding- types, mechanisms and basis of heterosis, inbreeding depression, facilitating
mechanisms like male sterility, self-incompatibility and sex forms; varieties and varietal
characterization, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality improvement, synthetic
breeding, Speed breeding, rootstock breeding, biofortification, parthenocarpy, improvement of
asexually propagated vegetable crops,breeding for protected environment; ideotype breeding;
doubled haploid technique, gene pyramiding, pre-breeding, molecular marker, genomics, genome
editing, marker assisted breeding and QTLs, biotechnology, and their use in breeding, Issue of
patenting, PPV& FR Act, varietal release procedure; DUS testing in vegetable crops; potato, tomato,
eggplant, hot pepper, sweet pepper, okra, peas and beans, amaranth, chenopods and lettuce,
fenugreek, coriander, gourds, melons, pumpkins and squashes, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels
sprout, broccoli, carrot, beetroot, radish, onion, sweet potato, taro, yam and tapioca.

Unit 4. Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops

Cellular structures and their functions; definition of growth and development, phases of growth,
growth analysis and its importance in vegetable production; Physiology of dormancy and
germination of vegetable seeds, tubers and bulbs; role of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins ethylene,
abscisic acid and bassinosteroids; application of synthetic hormones, plant growth retardants and
inhibitors for various purposes in vegetable crop, role and mode of action of morphactins,
antitranspirants, anti-auxin, ripening retardant and plant stimulants in vegetable crop production;
Role of light, temperature and photoperiod on growth, development of underground parts, flowering
and sex expression in vegetable crops including cucurbits; apical dominance; physiology of fruit
set, fruit development, fruit growth, flower and fruit drop; parthenocarpy in vegetable crops;
vernalisation, photoperiodism, phototropism, ethylene inhibitors, senescence and abscission; fruit
ripening and physiological changes associated with ripening; plant growth regulators in relation to
vegetable production; morphogenesis and tissue culture techniques in vegetable crops. Checking
flower and fruit drops and improving fruit set in Solanaceous vegetables.

pg. 30
Unit 5: Seed Production of Vegetable Crops
Introduction; Seed history of vegetable seed production, definition of seed and its quality, modes of
propagation in vegetables; Seed morphology, development and maturation in vegetable seeds;
Apomixis and fertilization; Modes of propagation and reproductive behavior; Pollination
mechanisms and sex forms in vegetables; Deterioration of crop varieties, genetical and agronomic
principles of vegetable seed production; Seed village concept. Floral biology; classification of
vegetable crops based on pollination and reproduction behavior; steps in quality seed production;
identification of suitable areas/locations for seed production; Classification based on growth cycle
and pollination behavior; methods of seed production, TPS (true potato seed) , comparison between
different seed production methods; seed multiplication ratios and replacement rate in vegetables;
pollination mechanisms; sex types, ratios and expression and modification of sex and flowering
pattern in cucurbits; nursery raising and transplanting stage; Seed production technology of
vegetables viz., solanaceous, cucurbitaceous, leguminous, malvaceous, Cole crops, leafy vegetables,
root, tuber and bulb crops and seed spices; harvesting/picking stage and seed extraction in fruit
vegetables; clonal propagation and multiplication in tuber crops e.g. Potato, sweet potato, Colocasia,
tapioca; seed-plot technique in potato tuber seed production; hybrid seed production technology of
vegetable crops, and its production technique; hybrids in vegetables; maintenance of parental lines;
use of male sterility and self-incompatibility in hybrid seed production, environmental factors
related to flowering/bolting in vegetable crops; generation system of seed multiplication;
maintenance and production of nucleus, breeder, foundation, certified/ truthful label seeds; seed
quality and mechanisms of genetic purity testing. maturity standards; seed harvesting, curing and
extraction; seed processing, viz., cleaning, drying and treatment of seeds, seed health and quality
enhancement, packaging and marketing; principles of seed storage; orthodox and recalcitrant
seeds; field and seed standards, importance and present status of vegetable seed industry and
share of vegetable seeds in seed industry; intellectual property rights and its implications, impact
of PVP on growth of seed industry.

Unit 6: Systematics of Vegetable Crops

Principles of classification; different methods of classification; salient features of international code
of nomenclature of vegetable crops; origin, history, evolution and distribution of vegetable crops,
botanical description of families, genera and species covering various vegetables; morphological
keys to identify important families, floral biology, floral formula and diagram; morphological
description of all parts of vegetables; cytological level of various vegetable crops; descriptive keys
for important vegetables; importance of molecular markers in evolution of vegetable crops;
molecular markers as an aid in characterization and taxonomy of vegetable crops.

Unit 7: Production of Underutilized Vegetable Crops

Introduction, importance and scope of underutilized vegetable crops, botany and taxonomy,
climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/hybrids, nursery techniques viz.
(sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation
requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching), physiological disorders,
harvesting, post-harvest management, plant protection measures: Asparagus, artichoke and leek,
Chinese cabbage, kale and artichoke, celery, parsley, parsnip, lettuce, rhubarb, bathu/chenopods,
chekurmanis, elephant foot yam, lima bean, winged bean, vegetable pigeon pea, jack bean and
scarlet runner bean, sword bean, sweet gourd(Kakrol), spine gourd (Kartoli), pointed gourd, Oriental
pickling melon, little gourd (kundru), Taro, Tannia, and Chinese potato.

Unit 8: Post Harvest Management of Vegetable Crops

Importance and scope of post-harvest management of vegetables; maturity indices and standards
for different vegetables; methods of maturity determinations; biochemistry of maturity and ripening,
enzymatic and textural changes, ethylene evolution and ethylene management, respiration,
transpiration, Harvesting tools, harvesting practices for specific market requirements; post-harvest
physiological and biochemical changes, storage disorders - chilling and freezing injury in
vegetables, influence of pre- harvest practices and other factors affecting post-harvest losses,
packaging house operations, pre-cooling- methods of precooling commodity pretreatments-
chemicals, wax coating, prepackaging and irradiation; packaging of vegetables, post-harvest
diseases and prevention from infestation, principles of transport; Methods and practices of storage-
ventilated, refrigerated, MA & CA storage, hypobaric storage and cold storage, zero energy cool
chamber; storage disorders.

pg. 31
Unit 9: Organic Vegetable Production
Importance, principles, perspective, concepts and components of organic farming in vegetable
crops. Organic production of vegetable crops viz., Solanaceous, Cucurbitaceous, Cole, root and
tuber crops. Managing soil fertility, mulching, raising green manure crops, weed management; crop
rotation and crop diversification in organic production; quality control of organic vegetable produce.
Indigenous methods of composting, Bioformulations, Panchyagavvya, Biodynamics preparations
and their application; ITKs in organic vegetable farming; concentrated organic manures, crop
residues, agro industrial wastes; Role of botanicals and bio-control agents in the management of
pests and diseases in vegetable crops. Techniques of natural vegetable farming, GAP and GMP-
certification of organic products; organic vegetable seed production; processing, export opportunity
and challenges in organic vegetable production.

Unit 10: Protected Cultivation of Vegetable Crops

Concept, scope and importance of protected cultivation of vegetable crops; Principles, design,
orientation of structure, low and high-cost polyhouses/greenhouse structures. Classification and
types of protected structures: greenhouse/polyhouses, plastic-non plastic low tunnels, plastic walk-
in tunnels, high roof tunnels with ventilation, insect proof net houses, shade net houses, rain
shelters, naturally ventillated polyhouse, climate control greenhouses, vertical farming,
hydroponics and aeroponics; soil and soilless media for bed preparation; design and installation of
drip irrigation and fertigation system, use of IoT and digital technologies, Effect of environmental
factors and manipulation of temperature, light, carbon dioxide, humidity on growth and yield of
different vegetables under protected cultivation. Climate control and automation. High tech
vegetable nursery raising; Nursery problems and their management. Regulation of flowering and
fruiting in vegetable crops; Technology for raising tomato, sweet pepper, cucumber, cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli and off-season leafy vegetables in protected structures, including varieties and
hybrids, training, pruning and staking in growing vegetables under protected structures. Problems
of growing vegetables in protected structures and their remedies, physiological disorders, insect
and disease management in protected structures; Use of protected structures for seed production;
Economics of greenhouse crop production.

Unit 11: Processing of Vegetable Crops

Present status and prospects of vegetable preservation industry in India. Spoilage of fresh and
processed vegetable produce; biochemical changes and enzymes associated with spoilage of
vegetable produce; Principal spoilage organisms, food poisoning and their control measures; Role
of microorganisms in food preservation. Raw material for processing; Primary and minimal
processing; processing equipment; Layout and establishment of processing industry; FPO license;
Importance of hygiene; Plant sanitation. Quality assurance and quality control, Food standards-
FPO, PFA, etc.; Food laws and regulations; Food safety- Hazard analysis and critical control points
(HACCP), Labeling and labeling act and nutrition labeling. Major value added vegetable products;
Dehydration- methods, canning, pickling- spoilage of pickles; Utilization of byproducts of vegetable
processing industry; Management of processing industry waste; Investment analysis; Principles and
methods of sensory evaluation of fresh and processed vegetables.

pg. 32
15. ANIMAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit 1: Scope of Biochemistry in animal sciences

Physical properties of water-the medium of life, Acids and bases, ionic strength and activity,
Henderson-Hasselbach equation, pH, indicators and buffers, Colloids and their properties,
Structure and functions of bio- membranes with special reference to active transport of ions and
metabolites. Mechanism of osmosis, osmotic pressure, Donnan membrane equilibrium, Viscosity,
surface tension, surface forces, Adsorption and light scattering, Membrane filtration, dialysis,
diffusion coefficient and partial specific volume. Structural and functional organization of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Compartmentalization of metabolic processes within the cell and
fractionation of subcellular components.

Unit 2: Carbohydrates
Structure and properties of biologically important carbohydrates including storage and structural
polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, blood group substances, peptidoglycans and bacterial
polysaccharides. Structure and properties of fatty acids, acyl glycerol, glycerophospholipids,
sphingolipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, sterols, bile acids and prostaglandins. Basic
principle s of isolation, estimation and analysis of carbohydrates and lipids.

Unit 3: Amino Acids

Amino acids, structure and properties. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of
proteins. Glycoproteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, fibrous and globular proteins. Structure and
functions of immunoglobulins, myoglobin and hemoglobin. Physical and chemical properties of
proteins. Structure of different types of nucleic acids. Acid base properties, sedimentation
behavior, hyperchromic effect, base sequencing and restriction analysis of DNA.

Unit 4: Enzymes
Major classes of enzymes, general properties, kinetics and mechanism of their action. Activation
energy and transition state. Coenzymes and cofactors. Regulation of enzyme activity and
enzyme inhibition. isoenzymes and enzymes of clinical significance. Applications and scope of
enzymes in bioprocess technology and genetic engineering.

Unit 5: Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics, biological oxidation, respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Citric acid
cycle and ATP generation. Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and glycogenesis. Biosynthesis
and oxidation of fatty acids. Volatile fatty acids as source of energy in ruminants. Ketogenesis and
cause of ketosis in ruminants. Biosynthesis of sterols and phospholipids. Catabolism of amino
acids, transamination and deamination, urea cycle. integration of carbohydrate, lipid and amino
acid metabolism. Conversion of amino acids into other bioactive compounds. Biosynthesis of
nutritionally non-essential amino acids. Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines. Disorders of
lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism. Inborn errors of metabolism and
scope of gene therapy in combating genetic disorders.

Unit 6:Transcription and traslation

Mechanism of storage, transmissions and expression of genetic information. DNA replication and
control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. RNA synthesis and factors regulating
transcription. Biosynthesis of proteins. Features of genetic code in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Wobble hypothesis, post -translational modification, degeneracy and regulation of translation.
Basic principles of recombinant DNA technology and its scope in animal health and production.
Recombinant proteins and vaccines. safety, ethical issues and IPRs in molecular biology.

Unit 7: Vitamins
Structure and metabolic functions of water soluble and lipid soluble vitamins. Trace elements
and their role in biological processes. Deficiencies and nutritional significance of vitamins and trace
elements in domestic animals and poultry, nutraceuticals & probiotics. General description of
nature of hormones, receptors and mechanisms of their action. Metabolic function of different
hormones and associated disorders due to hypo or hyper secretions of major endocrine glands
viz. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal and gonads.

Unit 8: Biochemistry of blood

Blood composition and biochemical constituents of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets.
Important plasma proteins and their functions. Hemoglobin in oxygen and carbon dioxide
transport. Role of kidneys in acid base balance. Composition and metabolism of muscle,
pg. 33
connective, tissue, cartilage, bone, nervous, tissue, adipose tissue and mammary tissue. Clinical
significance of iron, iodine, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in domestic animals and
poultry. Biochemical t ests for hepatic and renal functions. Urine composition and analysis.
Biochemistry of Wild Animals - Blood biochemistry and blood typing of wild animals - Fluid balance
and electrolyte maintenance in wild animals - Biomarkers for assessment of diseases in wild
animals - Diabetes mellitus in primates - Neurological diseases in cheetah. Metabolism of
xenobiotics and role of liver and kidneys in detoxification of xenobiotics

Unit 9: Determination of biochemical constituents

Basic principles and use of latest photometric, chromatographic. electrophoretic and radioisotopic
methods of biochemical analysis. Methods of isolation, purification and characterization of
proteins, DNA and RNA. Basic principles of RIA, ELISA, PCR, RFLP and DNA fingerprinting, NA
probes, vectors, microarray, imaging, applications of nanotechnology, proteomics. Determination of
enzymes, hormone, vitamins and other biochemical constituents with special reference to disease
diagnosis in domestic animals.

Unit 10: Bioinformatics

Introduction to bioinformatics, scope and applications of bioinformatics; biological databases:
primary, secondary and structural; basic concept of Protein and Gene Information Resources-PIR,
SWISS-PROT, PDB, GenBank, DDBJ; Basic concept of computational biology, applications in
different subfield of biology, software tools.
Basic concept of sequence search algorithm and alignment tools: BLAST and FASTA; DNA and
protein sequence analysis, local and global alignment; Algorithms: Dot Matrix method, dynamic
programming methods; Pairwise and multiple sequence alignment and its application; Tools of
Multiple sequence alignment: ClustalW. Basic concept of Phylogeny study; cDNA libraries and EST,
EST analysis; database search engines: introduction and application; Commercial databases and
software packages, GPL software for Bioinformatics.Computer aided drug design: basic principles,
docking; QSAR, 2DQSAR, 3DQSAR, their basic concept and applications, machine learning tools
for QSAR.

pg. 34
16. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Cell Biology

Origin and evolution of cells, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture, Structure of cell,
Molecular organization and functions of cell membrane, organization and functions of the
cytoplasm, cell organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria,
lysosomes, nucleus, nucleolus and sub-nuclear structures, Protein secretion and targeting. Cell
division, cell cycle, Cell growth and differentiation. Apoptosis and molecular pathways, different
techniques used to study cells. Cell Membrane transport, transport of small molecules,
macromolecules and particles, exocytosis and endocytosis, nuclear transport, protein synthesis and
sorting, Cell signaling and Signal Transduction, steroid receptor super family – Neurotransmitters,
peptide hormones and regulation of cellular functions.

Unit 2: Molecular Biology

History and scope of molecular biology – Discovery of DNA and evidence for DNA as the genetic
material - structure of DNA, RNA and proteins – Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome,
DNA replication - genetic code - transcription, RNA processing and alternative splicing – Translation
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Regulation of gene expression. DNA replication in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. Structure and functions of DNA polymerases. Molecular mechanisms of DNA
repair. Synthesis and processing of different types of RNA. RNA polymerases. Protein biosynthesis.
Genetics of mitochondria and plasmids. Transposons and intervening sequences. Minisatellites and
microsatellites. Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations. Recombination in
bacteria, viruses and fungi. Molecular mechanism of genetic recombination, transduction,
transformation and conjugation.

Unit 3: Gene Structure and Regulation of Gene Expression

Repeated and non-repeated DNA sequences. Structure and function of gene. Expression of genetic
information, transcription - mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
transcription unit, regulatory sequences and enhancers, transcription factors, post- transcriptional
modifications, DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. Genetic code, Overlapping genes,
Mechanism of translation and its control, post-translational modifications, Control of gene
expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Gene mining.

Unit 4: Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology

Enzymes used in molecular biology and recombinant DNA research, Isolation and purification of
DNA and RNA from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reverse transcription and cDNA synthesis,
Restriction endonucleases, Generation of DNA fragments, Cloning and expression vectors-
plasmids, cosmids, phages, phagemid, shuttle vectors, BAC, YAC, MAC. Eukaryotic vectors-viral
vectors (vaccinia, retro, adeno, baculo) and yeast expression system, Cloning and expression in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. DNA libraries (genomic and cDNA), Screening and
characterization of DNA clones. Transformation of bacterial cells, Transfection in animal cells, In
situ mutagenesis. Site directed mutagenesis, Antibody engineering, Production of diagnostics,
therapeutics and vaccines using r-DNA technology, Nano-delivery system, Genetically modified
organisms, Genetic manipulation of microbes, single cell protein, Reverse genetics, RNA
interference (RNAi, siRNA, peptide nucleic acid), Gene silencing, Biosafety and biosecurity aspects
and regulations associated with recombinant DNA technology research, Ethical issues related to
use of biotechnology products, Patenting and Intellectual Property Rights.

Unit 5: Cell culture and Hybridoma Technology

History of cell culture development, Methods of sterilization, Different tissue culture techniques
including primary culture, Continuous cell lines- anchorage dependent and independent cell lines,
Organ culture, Cell bank. Factors that affecting the growth of cells. Development and applications
of cell and organ culture techniques. Nutrient requirements for cells of animal and fish origin. Media
for culturing cells, Growth supplements. Stationary, roller and suspension culture techniques.
Large-scale production of cells using bioreactors, micro-carriers and perfusion techniques.
Characterization and maintenance of cells/cell lines, karyotyping, cryopreservation and revival.
Detection of contaminants in cell cultures. Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. Isolation and
culture of lymphocytes. Micro-manipulation of cells, Cell fusion, somatic cell hybrids, sub-cloning
of cells. Principles and methods of hybridoma technology, Production and characterization of
monoclonal antibodies, epitope mapping of antibodies, application of monoclonal antibodies in
diagnostic, cancer research and therapeutics, Antibody engineering: designer antibodies, Chimeric
and humanized monoclonal antibodies, Recombinant antibodies.

pg. 35
Unit 6: Reproductive Biotechnology and Related Techniques
Assisted Reproductive Technology, Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET), in-vitro
fertilization, Micro assisted fertilization, Embryo culture, Micromanipulation of gametes and
embryos, preservation of embryos and oocytes, Embryo splitting, sexing, transfer and their
applications, Superovulation, Semen sexing technology. Cryopreservation of gamete and embryos.
In vitro fertilization, Embryo cloning, nuclear transplantation, Transgenic technology, Production of
transgenic animals and gene pharming, Gene knockout techniques. Identification and transfer of
genes influencing production and disease resistance. Stem cells and applications in animal health
and production. Somatic cell nuclear transfer and application. Isolation and characterization of
embryonic stem cells. Different applications of embryonic stem cells.

Unit 7: Molecular Biology Techniques & Molecular Diagnostics

Quantitation of protein and nucleic acids. Gel electrophoretic techniques. Isolation of plasmids.
Molecular cloning, Nucleic acid probes, GFP from jelly fish and its applications. Nucleic acid
hybridization including in situ hybridization and FISH techniques. Autoradiography. Blotting
techniques. Nucleic acid sequencing methods including next generation sequencing (NGS), Protein
purification methods. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP. DNA fingerprinting. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
(SNP). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its variants, Real-time PCR, molecular beacons.
DNA/Protein Microarray techniques, Biosensors, Nano diagnostics, Mass spectrometry, Bead based
assays and lateral-flow technology. Solid phase peptide synthesis and applications of synthetic
peptides.

Unit 8: Bioinformatics in biotechnology

Introduction, Database searching - Biological Data Acquisition, Retrieval methods for DNA
sequence, protein sequence and protein structure information, General Introduction of Biological
Database, Protein and nucleic acid data banks, sequence alignment, sequence editing, phylogenetic
tree, Genome analysis using in silico tools, Introduction to concept chemo informatics computer
aided drug Design–basic principles, Docking, QSAR, Immuno-informatic, Artificial intelligence and
applications in drug designing, animal health and production, Genome databases.

Unit 9: Animal Genomics and Genome Editing Technology

Genome organization in eukaryotes-Chromosome numbers in farm animals, Importance of
repetitive DNA, Minisatellite and microsatellite based fingerprinting techniques. Metagenomics,
RNASeq analysis, Gene mapping in livestock, DNA markers, Role of MHC in disease resistance,
Genes influencing production traits, Mitochondrial DNA of farm animals, Genome editing
techniques–Zinc fingers, TALENS, Mega nucleases and CRISPR – Cas and importance in livestock
improvement.

Unit 10: Vaccine Technology

Current trends in vaccine development against animal pathogens (virus, bacteria, parasites);
Molecular approaches for vaccine development including: recombinant vaccines, vectored vaccines,
Marker vaccines, DNA vaccines, genetically manipulated live vaccines etc.; Plant expression system-
based vaccines, idiotype and synthetic peptide-based vaccines. Vaccinomics, Adversomics, Systems
Vaccinology, reverse vaccinology, Structural Vaccinology, DIVA Vaccines for animal disease, Novel
immunomodulators and vaccine delivery systems: Immunomodulators including cytokines and new
adjuvants; delivery of immunogens through liposomes, microspheres, ISCOMS, nanotechnology
based vaccine delivery, Clinical trials of vaccine and its regulation, Vaccine formulation:
pharmacopeia requirements; Vaccine qualities and its control; Large scale vaccine production
technology, Use of modern adjuvants in vaccines.

pg. 36
17. ANIMAL GENETICS & BREEDING

Unit 1: Overview of Genetics

Mendelism and its deviations. Chromosomes and heredity. Sex in relation to chromosomes and
genes. Linkage and crossing over. Artificial transmutation of genes. Penetrance and expressivity.
Multiple factor inheritance. Gene modifiers. Non-chromosomal genes and their inheritance,
Chromosomal aberrations and Genetic disorders. Cytogenetics & Immunogenetics of farm animals.
Immune response. Antigen-antibody response. MHC, BoLA, BuLA. Toll like receptors, Interleukins.
Hybridoma and its significance.

Unit 2: Advanced Genetics

Fine structure of chromosomes and chromosomal banding. Gene and mechanism of gene action.
DNA replication. Genetic code. Recombinant DNA technology. Development of clones in relation to
animal productivity and maintaining biodiversity. Production of transgenic animals. Gene mixing
for useful functions. Gene expression and its control. Concept of genomics and proteomics. DNA
sequencing, Genome Sequencing. Next generation sequencing, GWAS. Epigenetic control. Genomic
selection.

Unit 3: Overview of Breeding

Brief history of domestication of livestock. Important breeds of livestock and poultry with special
reference to economic characters. Evolution of genetic systems. Isolating mechanisms and origin of
species/sub-species, their adaptation. Mating systems for different livestock and poultry. Genetic
and phenotypic consequences and applications of inbreeding and out- breeding. Genetic basis of
heterosis and its use. Diallele and polyallele crossing. Reciprocal and reciprocal-recurrent-selection.
Combining ability. Developments in population and production of livestock and poultry in India.
Status of Animal Genetic Resources in India.

Unit 4: Genetic Properties of Population

Population Vs individual. Inheritance and continuity of population. Effective population size.
Description of animal population. Value and means; Average effect of gene and gene substitution.
Components of total phenotypic variance of a population. Resemblances between relatives. Concept
of heritability, repeatability; & phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations. Methods of
estimation, uses, possible biases and precision of estimates. Biodiversity. Genetic diversity
assessment. Population structure. Genetic Admixture. Breed signature.

Unit 5: Population Genetics

Gene and genotypic frequencies and factors affecting them. Hardy Weinberg Law and consequences
of it. Prediction of selection response by different methods. Selection for threshold characters.
Indirect selection and correlated response. Theoretical basis of change of population mean and
variance on inbreeding and cross breeding. Genotype-environment interaction. Metric characters
under natural selection. Quantitative trait loci and their applications. Marker-assisted selection.
Candidate gene approach.

Unit 6: Genetic Strategies

Purpose-wise breeding strategies for livestock and poultry under different agro- climatic zones of
India. Evaluation of past genetic improvement programmes for livestock and poultry in India.
Bottlenecks in implementation of livestock breeding programmes in India. Evaluation and
characterization of various indigenous breeds of livestock and poultry. Ex-situ and In-situ
conservation of animal and poultry genetic resources. Development of new breeds/ strains for better
productivity in animals. Open nucleus breeding system in livestock improvement in India. Bio-
technology and its role in improving animals and poultry production. Role of artificial insemination
/ frozen semen / embryo transfer / ONBS / MOE technology in animal breeding. Formulation of
breeding programmes: Purpose wise, breed- wise, region-wise for different species of livestock and
poultry. Programmes for genetic improvement of non- descript livestock population of different
species. Evaluation and recommendations of breeding programmes of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat,
swine, camel and equine in India.

Unit 7: Selection & Selection Experiments

Basis and methods of selection. Construction of selection indices. Different methods of sire
evaluation. Selection differential and intensity of selection. Prediction of response. Improvement of
response. Effect of selection on variance. Realized heritability. Long term and short-term objectives
of selections. Selection experiments in livestock and poultry. Role of control population in selection
experiments. Selection for disease resistance and development of general and specific disease
pg. 37
resistant strains / breeds. Purpose based selection and breeding of domestic animals and poultry.
Genetic- slippage. Estimation of genetic divergence and its implications in livestock improvement
programmes. Selection for better feed conversion efficiency in meat animals and poultry.

Unit 8: Genetic Laboratory Techniques

Gene sequencing. Karyotyping and chromosomal mapping. Concept of recombinant DNA
techniques cloning and gene mapping. Nucleic acid hybridization. Development of breed descriptors
at molecular level for different livestock and poultry breeds. Collection and storage of samples for
DNA fingerprinting; isolation and quantification of DNA from blood and semen; Restricted enzyme
digestion of genome DNA, Analysis and transfer of DNA from agarose electrophoresis; Nucleic acid
hybridization; Analysis of DNA fingerprinting, PCR-RFLP assay. Cloning. Cryogenic preservation of
animal germplasm. ELISA. FISH chromosome painting and PRINS; SCH and RH panel mapping.

Unit 9: Research Techniques for Quantitative Animal Genetics

Estimation of variances and covariances. ANOVA. Maximum likelihood. REML. MINQUE. Bayesian
approach. Development of statistical models for analyses of breed data and to quantify
environmental variance. BLUP animal model, sire model and repeatability model. Estimation of
inbreeding and relationship. Estimation of inbreeding rate in a closed herd / flock. Estimation and
interpretation of genetic and phenotypic parameters. Estimation of genetic gains. Designing field-
based progeny testing programmes. Development of efficient methods and traits for genetic
evaluation of males under indigenous conditions. Data bank concept. Genetic distance and
phylogeny analysis. Whole genome analysis. Bioinformatics tools for sequence analysis. Concept
and application of Multiple linear regression, Discriminant function, Cluster analysis, Least squares
analysis, Principal component analysis, Multiple dimension scaling and Random regression models.

Unit 10: Laboratory Animal Breeding

Laboratory animal species viz., mice, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog and monkey - Their chromosome
numbers -genome size major genes. Physiological, nutritional, reproduction parameters,
maintenance protocol pedigree recording, planned mating. Selection and Mating methods /systems-
monogamous, polygamous and others. Genetic control and monitoring- Record keeping-Ethics and
legislation for management and use of laboratory animals. Nomenclature for different strains,
inbred lines (SPF line, Knockout mice, etc.) - Animal model for human disease. Specific utility of
different laboratory species for different requirements

pg. 38
18. ANIMAL NUTRITION

Unit 1: Energy and Protein

Nutritional significance of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Cell-wall fractionation. Available
energy from organic nutrients. Partitioning of dietary energy. Basal metabolic rate. Energy
retention. Factors affecting energy utilization. Direct and indirect calorimetry. Dietary lipids - their
digestion, absorption and metabolism. Essential fatty acids. Effect of dietary fat on milk and body
composition. Proteins - digestion, absorption and utilization. Comparative efficiency of amino acids
as energy source. Essential and critical amino acids. Protein evaluation methods in non-ruminant
and ruminants. Metabolizable protein concept. Protein energy inter-relationship. Energetics of
protein utilization for maintenance and different productive functions.

Unit 2: Minerals, Vitamins and Feed Additives

Minerals: Classification of minerals, Physiological functions, Deficiency symptoms and toxicity -
Inter-relationships-synergism and antagonism, Requirements of minerals in different categories of
livestock. Different sources and comparative bio-availability among inorganic, organic, hydroxy and
nano –minerals. Role of chelated minerals. Probable trace minerals. Toxic minerals. Vitamins:
Physiological functions and co-enzyme role, Deficiency symptoms, hyper-vitaminosis.
Requirements, Sources and vitamin analogues- Anti-vitamins. Feed Additives: Nutritional role.
Prebiotics, Probiotics, phytochemicals and metabolic modifiers. Role of phyto-chemicals as growth
promoters. Feed enzymes.

Unit 3: Rumen eco-system and functions

Rumen and its environment. Development of functional rumen. Digestion kinetics in reticulo-
rumen, Role of rumen microbes, Significance of rumen fungi. Defaunation and transfaunation.
Microbial fermentation in rumen. VFA production, inter-conversion and utilization. Dietary protein
breakdown. Microbial protein synthesis. NPN compounds and their utilization. Ammonia toxicity -
Role of slow release urea compounds. Manipulation of rumen fermentation. Bio-hydrogenation and
utilization of dietary lipids. Methanogensis, methane estimation using different in vitro and in vivo
techniques and methane inhibitors.

Unit 4: Non-ruminant Nutrition

Comparative gastrointestinal physiology of monogastrics — digestion and metabolism of organic
nutrients in poultry and swine. Significance of minerals and vitamins in monogastrics. Inter
relationship in nutrient sparing activity. Nutrient requirements and feeding systems of swine and
poultry. Role of feed additives - Factors affecting nutritional quality and performance. Special
nutritional needs of rabbits, horses and companion animals.

Unit 5: Nutrient Requirements

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and productivity in ruminants and non -
ruminants. Colostrum feeding of calf, mineral and vitamin requirements, Dry matter intake in
relation to productivity. DM: water intake ratio. Palatability. Nutritional intake and energy density.
Feeding standards - NRC, ARC, Kearl and Indian. Nutrient requirements under temperate and
tropical environment. Feeding strategies during stress and natural calamities - Ration formulation
- least cost rations. Feeding and Nutrient requirements of zoo and wild animals.

Unit 6: Forage Conservation and Evaluation

Natural and cultivated forges-Their composition and nutritive values. Nutritive value index. Forage
quality evaluation in range animals. Role of indicator methods. Advances in silage and hay making.
Quality criteria and grading of silage and hay. Artificial drying of forages. Factors affecting quality
of conserved forages.

Unit 7: Feed Processing and Technology

Significance and methods of feed processing-physical, chemical and biological, effect of processing
on nutritional quality and utilization. Pelleted and extruded feeds. Quality control of raw feedstuffs
and finished feeds: Significance of BIS (standards), Codex Alimentarius and HACCP in quality
control. Feed mill, its layout and operations. Handling and storage of raw and finished feeds.
Methods to improve shelf life of fat rich feeds, Utilization of by-products of newly introduced
commercial crops including residues of genetically modified feeds. Alternative feed resources for
ruminants and non-ruminants. Current approaches in enriching tropical feed resources - concept
of total mixed ration and advances in complete diet formulation.

pg. 39
Unit 8: Anti-metabolites and Toxic Principles
Naturally occurring anti-nutritional factors and common toxins in feeds and forages. Methods of
detoxification. Health hazards due to residual pesticides in feeds and forages - Environmental
pollutants.

Unit 9: Elements of Research Methodology

Principles of animal experimentation, Experimental designs in nutritional research. Modern
methods of feed evaluation- in vitro gas production and nylon bag techniques, Rumen simulation
techniques- Rusitec. Tracer techniques in animal nutrition research. Role of NIR spectroscopy. Feed
microscopy in quality evaluation of feedstuffs.

Unit 10: Clinical Nutrition

Role of nutrition to control digestive and metabolic disorders (milk fever, ketosis, ruminal acidosis,
laminitis, bloat, etc.) and metabolic profile tests. Role of nutrition in immunity, nutrition and
reproduction, nutrients as antioxidants. Role of nutrition in management of GI parasites.

pg. 40
19. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 1: Blood and Circulation

Composition of blood, structure & functioning of its constitutes. Blood coagulation and anti-
coagulants. Hemoglobin and its polymorphism. Anaemia, Reticulo-endothelial System. Body
defense mechanism and immunogenesis. Hematopoietic stem cells, Fate of erythrocytes.
Porphyrias, Resistance of the body to infection, Leukocytes, tissue macrophage system and
inflammatory response. Iron binding proteins in blood, Haemoglobin disorders. Hemophilias.
Functional anatomy of heart and properties of cardiac muscle, Origin and propagation of cardiac
impulses. Rhythmic excitation of heart. Electrophysiology of heart. Electro-cardiography -
Principles and interpretation. Hemodynamics and concerned biophysical principles. Capillary fluid
exchange and lymphatic circulation. Neural and humoral control of heart and blood vessels. Cardiac
Output and vascular reflexes. Autoregulation mechanism in the heart. Regional circulation:
coronary, pulmonary, cerebral, muscle, kidney and skin, blood brain barrier. Circulatory shock and
hypertension and cardiac failure. Cardiac murmurs and cardiac arrhythmias. Echocardiography.
Pathophysiology of circulation.

Unit 2: Respiration
Mechanics of respiration. Neural and chemical control of respiration. Gaseous transport and
exchange. Respiratory adjustments at high altitude, Stress and exercise. Pulmonary volumes and
capacities. Respiration in birds.

Unit 3: Excretion
Modern concepts of urine formation. Secretion and absorption in renal tubules. Regulation of acid-
base balance by blood buffers, lungs and kidneys. Hormonal and renal regulation of body fluids
and electrolyte balance. Physiology of micturition. Endocrine control of renal function, Renin
angiotensin aldosterone system. Non-excretory functions of kidney. Renal functions in birds. Body
fluids – various body fluid compartments, Different types of body fluids and their functions, and
their regulation.

Unit 4: Digestion
Basic characteristics and comparative physiology of digestive system of monogastric and polygastric
animals. Appetite and control of feed intake. Control of motility and secretion of alimentary canal.
Gastric hormones and reflexes in the control of digestive functions. Control of rumen motility.
Digestion in ruminant and monogastric animals. Absorption from rumen and the digestive tract.
Fate of rumen fermentation products. Avian digestion (different features).

Unit 5: Muscle Physiology

Muscle types and their intra-cellular contractile mechanisms. Electrophysiology of muscles.
Neuromuscular junction. Excitation contraction coupling, its biochemical and ionic mechanisms.
Molecular basis of muscle contraction. Length and tension relationship, Force and velocity
relationship. Skeletal muscle energetics, Metabolism and lactate shuttle. Exercise, adaptation to
training and performance.

Unit 6: Nervous System

General organization of nervous system. Neuron structure and function. Excitability and
transmission of impulse in neuron and muscle. Junctional transmission. Neuro- transmitters.
Reflex action. Functions of spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum, Limbic system and cerebral
cortex. Cerebral cortex, its role in motor and sensory functions. Physiology of learning and memory.
Special senses (hearing, vision, taste, smell etc.).

Unit 7: Endocrinology
Methods of study of bioregulation including methods of endocrine analysis. Manipulation and
disruption of biorhythms in homeostatic and natural ecosystem. Hormones, Hormone receptors,
Mechanism of hormone action at cellular and sub-cellular levels. Feedback control of hormone
secretion. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis and its hormones.
Pineal gland and its hormones. Hormones of hypophysis and all other endocrine glands.
Mechanisms of different hormone actions. Endocrine disorders. Hormonal relationship in animal
production. Concepts in hormone function, classification and methods of study, Hormonal assay.
Endocrine control of carbohydrate and calcium homeostasis. Hormonal regulation of gastro-
intestinal activity. Prostaglandins. Hormones in fertility regulation and production augmentation.
Avian endocrinology.
pg. 41
Unit 8: Reproduction
Gonadal hormones and their functions in male and female. Male spermatogenesis. Accessory sex
glands. Sexual behavior, Semen evaluation. Factors affecting reproduction. Artificial insemination
collection, preservation and transport and semen diluents. Freezing of semen, Oogenesis, Follicular
development, Ovulation, Corpus lutetium. Reproductive cycles in animals, Oestrous
synchronization, Sperm super-ovulation, capacitation and acrosomal reaction. Sperm and ovum
transport in female genital tract. Fertilization, Implantation, Maternal recognition of pregnancy,
Maintenance of pregnancy, Physiology of placenta, Physiology of parturition, In vitro fertilization
and Embryo transfer technology, Avian reproduction. Mammary gland structure, growth and
development. Lactation- Hormonal control of lactation and milk let-down. Mammary gland
involution. Milk precursors and synthesis. Methods of studying mammary uptake of nutrients, Milk
composition in different animals.

Unit 9: Physiology of Growth

Concept and definition, Growth regulation and factors affecting prenatal and post-natal growth.
Role of growth in production. Growth curve and Minerals-Classification-functions and disorders.
Vitamins - Classification-functions and disorders. Synthetic vitamins.

Unit 10: Climate Physiology

Physiology of climate stress. Effects of stress on production and reproduction. Neural and hormonal
regulation of body temperature in homeotherms. Mechanism of adaptation. Photoperiodicity and
biological rhythms. Environment - Introduction and concepts. Weather and climate. Homeothermy,
Poikilothermy. Hibernation and estivation. Thermoregulation, thermal stress. Effect of environment
on production and reproduction.

Unit 11: Physiology of Wild Life

Overview of Indian forests, Identification of sex in wild animals and birds, Blood collection methods
in wild animals, Hematology and Biochemistry, Body temperature measurement techniques,
Measurement of stress, Measuring senescence. Reproduction management in wild animals,
Understanding sound mechanics and communication methods.

Unit 12: Clinical Physiology

Relationship of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory systems and liver in healthy domestic animals
and compensatory mechanisms during failure/disorder of one or other systems. Clinical
Hematology and enzymology. Metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamin and minerals in
health and disease of various species of domestic animals and poultry. Clinical evaluation of
Gastrointestinal tract; Clinical evaluation of Special Senses; Neuromuscular disorders and clinical
correlation; Assessment of acid base and electrolyte balance.

pg. 42
20. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION & GYNAECOLOGY
Unit 1: Veterinary Gynaecology
Biology of sex determination and sex differentiation. Development of female genitalia. Functional
anatomy of female reproductive system of farm animals. Growth, puberty and sexual maturity.
Reproductive cycles ( oestrous cycle) in female farm animals. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis.
Follicular dynamics and ovulation. Corpus luteum development and regression. Transport and
survival of gametes, fertilization, cleavage, implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Development of foetus and foetal membranes. Placenta- classification and functions. Physiology
of gestation and pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals.

Unit 2: Reproductive Endocrinology

Reproductive hormones, classification, synthesis, chemical composition and mechanism of
action. Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, gonadotropic, gonadal, placental and pineal gland
hormones. Prostaglandins, pheromones, growth factors and hormone antagonists and their
significance in animal reproduction. Hormonal assays. Hormonal regulation of male and female
reproduction. Clinical uses of hormones.
Unit 3: Accidents during Gestation
Abnormalities of fertilization and fetal development, Embryo mortality, Pseudocyesis, ectopic
pregnancy, Superfecundation and superfetation. Abortion - bacterial, viral, mycotic, protozoal,
physical, toxic and miscellaneous causes, diagnosis and prevention, dropsy of fetal membrane and
fetus, maceration, mummification, pyometra, Antepartum vagino-cervical prolapse, Uterine
torsion and displacement of uterus.

Unit 4: Veterinary Obstetrics

Pelvis and pelvimetry. Parturition - Signs approaching parturition, initiation and stages of
parturition, induction of parturition and postpartum p eriod. Presentation, position and posture.
Causes and forms of dystocia and its treatment. Epidural anesthesia. Obstetrical maneuvers
including fetotomy and Caesarean section. Uterine involution, Postpartum complications in
domestic animals, retention of fetal membranes, uterine prolapse, endometritis, metritis, septic
metritis. Transition cow management. Peri and post parturient metabolic disorders.

Unit 5: Andrology
Comparative anatomy of male reproductive system. Thermoregulation of testis and blood testis
barrier. Growth, puberty and sexual maturity. Spermatogenesis including cycle of seminiferous
epithelium and spermatogenic wave. Sperm morphology and ultra-structure of spermatozoa,
sperm transport, maturation and storage in male genital tract, Secretions of male reproductive
tract including accessory glands and their role in reproduction, Sexual /mating behavior. Semen
and its composition, biochemistry of semen and sperm metabolism, sperm sperm abnormalities
and its classification, sperm separation and sperm selection methods.

Unit 6: Male Infertility

Fertility, infertility and sterility in male domestic animals. Causes and forms of male infertility.
Testicular hypoplasia, cryptorchid, testicular degeneration, orchitis, affections of epididymis, vas
deference, penis, prepuce and accessory glands & their management, tumors of the male
reproductive tract, nutritional infertility, Vices in the males, Evaluation of male for breeding
soundness, reproductive health status. Effect of parental drugs and vaccines on semen quality.
Diseases transmitted through semen.

Unit 7 : Frozen Semen Technology and Artificial Insemination

History and development of artificial insemination. Advantages and disadvantages of Al and
frozen semen, selection of bulls for Al purpose. Management of breeding bulls, methods of semen
collection in different domestic animals, routine semen evaluation and factors affecting semen
quality. Ideal extenders, extenders for liquid semen. Preservation of semen at various temperatures.
Processing and preservation of liquid semen. extenders for frozen semen, principles and
techniques of semen f reezing . Cold shock and ultra- low temperature shock. Cryodamage to sperm
and cryocapacitation, Cryoprotectants. Semen additives. Evaluation of frozen semen - advanced
high throughput semen evaluation methods including computer assisted semen analysis and flow
cytometry-based methods, specific fluorochromes for sperm quality/function assessment and
principle of the assays. Transport and storage semen. Handling of frozen semen, Liquid nitrogen
and its containers. Insemination techniques. Planning and organization of semen bank. Factors
affecting success of artificial insemination. Minimum standards and biosafety/biosecurity
guidelines for semen stations.
pg. 43
Unit 8: Reproductive Technology
Synchronization of oestrous cycle in domestic animals, control of ovulation. Methods for semen
sexing and offspring sex preselection, Embryo transfer technology - History, advantages and
disadvantages, superovulation, collection, evaluation, preservation and transfer of oocytes /
embryos. Recovery of oocytes in vitro and in vivo, maturation, fertilization, culture, evaluation,
preservation and transfer of embryos. Micromanipulation of embryos. Embryo splitting and
cloning. Stem cells and production of transgenic animals. . Embryo sex determination.
Establishment of laboratory for ETT, IVM, IVF and IVC. Principles and use of ultrasonography,
laparoscopy and ovum-pick technology in farm animals.

Unit 9: Infertility in Cows and Buffaloes

Fertility, subfertility, infertility and sterility, Evaluation of herd fertility, Incidence and economic
role of infertility, forms of infertility, congenital and hereditary defects, infectious diseases.
Pathological conditions of ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix and vulva. Management causes of
infertility. Hormonal causes of infertility, anestrus, repeat breeding, cystic ovarian degeneration and
their therapeutic and preventive management. Sexualhealth control and reproductive health
programmes. Breeding soundness examination of cows and buffaloes. Methods for detection of
subclinical/clinical uterine infection, and conventional and alternate therapy.

Unit 10 : Reproduction and Infertility in Ovine / Caprine

Puberty, sexual maturity, breeding season, oestrous cycle, Breeding and conception, gestation,
parturition, peri-parturient and obstetrical complications. Semen collection, preservation and
artificial insemination in sheep and goats. Synchronization of estrous cycle. Embryo transfer.
Causes of infertility and their management.

Unit 11: Reproduction and Infertility in Swine

Estrous cycle, synchronization of oestrous cycle, Hormonal control of reproduction. Semen
collection, preservation and artificial insemination in swine. Various forms of infertility in swine
and their management. Various obstetrical problems and their management. Metritis -mastitis-
agalactia syndrome.

Unit 12 : Equine Reproduction

Functional anatomy and physiology of mare and stallion reproduction. Manipulation of estrous
cycle and brood mare management. Reproductive behavior and management of stallion. Semen
collection, examination and artificial insemination. Pregnant mare behavior. Modern reproductive
techniques in equine reproduction. Equine infertility.

Unit 13 : Canine and Feline Reproduction

Functional anatomy of dog and cat reproductive system, oestrous cycle and endocrinology of
oestrous cycle and detection of optimum breeding time. Exfoliative vaginal cytology. Methods of
pregnancy diagnosis, contraception. Medical termination of pregnancy. Infertility in bitches,
disorders of oestrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia,
tumors of reproductive t ract. Difficult whelping - types and methods of handling dystocia.
Caesarean section. Ovario-hysterectomy. Peri-parturient complications. Semen collection,
evaluation, techniques of artificial insemination, infertility in male including testicular tumors
- cryptorchid, affections of prostate.

pg. 44
21. DAIRY CHEMISTRY
Unit1: Physico - Chemical Aspects of Milk Constituents
Specific compositional differences among milk from various species; Variation in milk composition
due to breed, feed, season, stage of lactation and mastitis; acid-base equilibria, oxidation- reduction
potential, density, viscosity, interfacial tension, freezing point, electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, refractive index; buffer capacity and buffer index. Electrolytic dissociation: activity,
ionic strength and dissociation constants of acids and bases; effect of ionic strength on dissociation
constants. Colloidal and surface phenomena in milk; adsorption at solid-liquid and liquid-liquid
interphases; Gibb's equations; interfacial tension, surface tension, surface active agents, general
aspects of foaming, churning and whipping of cream; emulsion and emulsion stability; coalescence
and dispersion. Nano emulsions and Nano micelles: Definition, critical micelle concentration,
formation and stability; colloidal stability of casein micelles in milk, zeta potential, size distribution
of casein micelles and fat globules; gels and their formation, structure and stability; acid and rennet
gels; chemical reaction kinetics, order and molecularity of a reaction, kinetics of denaturation of
whey proteins, maillard browning and enzymatic reactions. Role of enzymes as biological catalyst;
factors affecting the rate of enzyme reaction and inhibition. Concept of activation energy.
Unit2: Milk Carbohydrates, Minerals and Vitamins
Lactose: Occurrence, isomers, molecular structure; Physical and chemical properties of lactose:
crystalline habits, lactose glass, glass transition temperature, specific rotation, equilibrium,
solubility, density, sweetness and hydrolysis, pyrolysis; oxidation, reduction, degradation with
strong bases, derivatives dehydration and fragmentation, browning reaction; Lactose intolerance;
Oligosaccharides in milk: health significance. Major and minor minerals; Factors affecting variation
in salt composition of milk; Distribution and importance of trace elements in milk; Physical
equilibrium amongst milk salts; Effect of various treatments on salt equilibrium; Partitioning of
salts and factors affecting them; Salt balance and its importance in the processing of milk; Protein-
mineral interactions; Water soluble vitamins: Molecular structure, levels in milk and milk products;
Factors affecting their levels; Biological significance; Relationship of ascorbic acid with redox
potential (Eh) of milk and milk products.

Unit 3: Chemistry of Milk Lipids

Classification of milk lipids; Gross composition of milk lipids from different species; physico-
chemical properties of milk lipids, role and significance. Composition of milk fat globule membrane.
Fatty acid profile of milk lipids; factors affecting the profile of fatty acids. Unsaponifiable matter:
Composition, chemistry, levels and physiological functions of sterols; Fat-soluble vitamins and
carotenoids in milk; Chemical properties of milk lipids: hydrolysis by alkali, water and enzymes;
Hydrogenation, halogenation, transesterification, inter - esterification and fractionation; Oxidation
of milk fat; Autoxidation: Definition, theories, induction period, secondary products, factors
affecting autoxidation, prevention and measurement. Thermal oxidation of fats; Antioxidants:
Definition, types, reaction mechanism and estimation. Dietary and biological significance of milk
lipids.

Unit 4: Chemistry of Milk Proteins

Milk proteins of different species and their variability; Distribution and fractionation of different
nitrogen fractions of milk proteins; Nomenclature of milk proteins; Genetic polymorphism and
biological significance. Major milk proteins: caseins, methods of isolation, fractionation of casein
and heterogeneity, physico-chemical properties; amino acid composition, Casein micelle models;
Modification of casein: Physical, chemical (glycosylation, phosphorylation) and enzymatic. Whey
proteins: Classes, distribution, methods of isolation and their physico-chemical properties; Minor
milk proteins: Proteose- peptone, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and milk fat globule membrane
(MFGM) proteins; Denaturation of milk proteins, various factors affecting denaturation; Casein-
whey protein interactions. Milk enzymes: lipases, proteases, phosphatases, catalase, peroxidase,
xanthine oxidase, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase and galactosyl transferase, properties and significance.
Unit 5: Chemistry of Dairy Processing
Heat induced changes in milk leading to coagulation. Heat stability of concentrated milk as affected
by different process variables, milk constituents and additives. Process-induced changes in milk
constituents during preparation and storage of concentrated and dried milks; Age gelation:
mechanism and control; Role of biologically active components in human milk; Standards,
composition and properties of infant milk and infant food formulations. Biochemical changes during
ripening of different varieties of cheese; lactic acid fermentation in cheese and other fermented dairy
products; chemical defects in cheese; Storage stability of cream, butter and ghee; physico-chemical
properties of ghee; ghee flavour, texture (grains) and colour in ghee. Role of different ingredients
during processing and storage of ice cream/ frozen desserts; Concept of antifreeze protein/ice
structuring protein in ice cream.
pg. 45
Unit 6: Chemical Quality Assurance and Management Tools
Concept of quality assurance and quality control in relation to dairy industry; Quality management
systems – good manufacturing practices (GMP); HACCP certification; ISO9001, ISO 22000, FSSC,
Total quality management (TQM); Lean and Six sigma, Five-S, Kaizen, Kanban and other quality
tools; Good laboratory practices (GLP); Laboratory accreditation; Role of international organizations:
ISO, IDF, CAC, AOAC, WTO; Role of national organizations: BIS, FSSAI, Agmark, QCI, EIC, APEDA
in dairy industry. Guidelines for setting up quality control laboratory and chemical safety aspects;
sampling of milk and milk product; food labelling guidelines. Detergents, sanitizers and
disinfectants; Calibration of milk testing glassware; Preparation of standard reagents; Detection of
adulterants in milk and milk products; Instrumentation in analysis of milk and milk products.
Quality of packaging material for dairy products. Occurrence of veterinary drug residues, pesticide
residues, antibiotic residues, heavy metals etc. in dairy products and their testing methods;
Laboratory auditing; Food traceability systems; Food recall and withdrawal.

Unit 7: Analytical Techniques in Dairy Chemistry

Chromatographic techniques: Principles and types (Paper and Column Chromatography, TLC, GLC,
HPLC, gel-permeation, ion-exchange, affinity). Electrophoresis: principles and types, Isoelectric
focusing. Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay and lateral flow assay; Separation of bio-molecules
using membranes; Centrifugation: principle, types and applications. Spectrophotometry: UV,
visible, IR, fluorescence, flame photometry and Atomic spectroscopy: AAS (Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy); Potentiometry: principles, ion-selective electrodes;
buffers, Dynamic light scattering/ particle size analyzer: Principles and applications.

pg. 46
22. DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 1: Microflora in Dairy and Public Health

Milk and milk product microflora, characteristics, and classification (modern approaches); Somatic
cell counts and mastitis significance in dairy industry; Foodborne illness (i.e. poisoning, infection,
intoxication, toxi-coinfection) and emerging pathogens; Public health significance of Zoonotic and
antimicrobial resistance pathogens in milk; Microbial contamination sources and control during
production; Microbial and chemical changes during chilling and refrigeration; Epidemiological
studies using PCR and other DNA fingerprinting techniques like PFGE, RAPD, RFLP, DGGE, TGGE,
MLST, Rep-PCR, etc.

Unit 2: Milk Processing and Spoilage

Bacteriological aspects of processing (i.e. Pasteurization, Sterilization, UHT, filtration, thermization,
etc.); Thermal death parameters of bacteria (i.e. D, F and Z values); Spoilage in heat-treated milks;
Heat resistance, spore germination, and post-processing contamination; Bacteriological grading
and spoilage in raw and thermally processed milk; Psychrotrophic, thermoduric, Thermophilic
bacteria and their metabolites; Biofilms formation and control; Role of resuscitation in recovery of
heat injured microbial cells.

Unit 3: Milk Preservation and Safety

Natural antimicrobial systems in milk (i.e. LP system, Immunoglobulin’s, Lysozyme, Lactoferrin,
etc.); Physical and chemical preservation methods; Food-grade bio-preservatives (GRAS);
Bacteriocins (Nisin and other metabolites of lactic acid bacteria); Genetic engineering of lactic acid
bacteria; Residues (i.e. antibiotics, pesticides, detergents, sanitizers, aflatoxins, etc.) and their
detection methods (i.e. Charm test, ROSA, HPLC, ELISA, biosensor based techniques etc.).

Unit 4: Microbiological Quality of Dairy Products

Fat-rich products (i.e. cream, butter); Frozen products (ice-cream); Concentrated products (i.e.
evaporated, sweetened condensed milk etc.); Traditional Indian Dairy Products (i.e. Khoa, Channa,
and Chakka based products etc.); Dried products (i.e. roller/spray dried milk and infant formula);
Factors influencing microbiological quality, defects, safety, and standards (i.e. BIS, FSSAI, ICMR,
Codex etc.)

Unit 5: Lactic Acid Bacteria and Starters

Lactic acid bacteria as starters, types, classification, and identification tools (i.e. 16S rRNA
sequencing. Ribotyping, PCR and DNA fingerprinting etc.); Recent/ revised nomenclature of lactic
acid bacteria; Starter culture microbiology, growth, metabolism (lactose & citrate), and
flavor/aroma production in fermented milks and milk products; Propagation, production,
preservation, and quality assessment of starter cultures; Direct vat inoculation and starter
concentrates; Starter defects, failures, and bacteriophage impact; Lactic acid bacterial genetics,
molecular biology, and genetic manipulation; Lactic acid bacteria as hosts for heterologous protein
expression and vaccine development; Lactic acid bacteria genome projects.

Unit 6: Functional Dairy Products and Probiotics

Probiotics regulation, selection criteria, colonization, mechanisms and functional properties;
Antibacterial and therapeutic properties; Survival, stability, Safety, and tracking; Methods/
Techniques of preserving the viability of probiotic bacteria; Probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics,
synbiotics; Genetic markers of probiotics and their function and application for mass screening;
Genomics of probiotic Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria; Lactic acid bacteria as nutraceutical
ingredients in dairy foods (i.e. vitamins, exopolysaccharides, bioactive peptides etc.); Bioinformatics
Tools for comparative genomic analysis (i.e. Blast, Clostal W,Clustal X, Pair-wise/ multiple
alignment/ Homology and Phylogenetic tree / dendrograms etc.). Bioremediation of environmental
contaminants using lactic acid bacteria.

Unit 7: Fermented Dairy Products and Cheese

Starters in fermented products (yogurt, kefir, cultured butter milk, whey based beverages etc.);
Therapeutic properties and defects in fermented dairy foods, safety and their prevention and
control; Cheese microbiology (i.e. hard, semi-hard and soft varieties of cheese), starter cultures, and
ripening; non-starter lactic acid bacteria during cheese preparation and ripening; Production, use
and application of microbial rennet substitutes and recombinant chymosin; Cheese defects,
microbiological safety and control.

pg. 47
Unit 8: Indigenous Dairy Products
Microbiological quality of indigenous dairy products (khoa, paneer, chhana based sweets i.e. Burfi,
peda, rasogulla, gulabjamen, kheer, kulfi, shrikhand, paneer, dahi, lassi, ghee, etc.); Contamination
sources, spoilage, and safety; Prevention and control through hygiene practices; Microbiological
standards and quality assurance (QMS, TQM, FSMS, HACCP, ISO 17025, ISO 19011, ISO 9000);
Packaging for extended shelf life (antimicrobial, CAP/MAP); Modern processing technique (i.e. ohmic
heating, cold plasma, HPP, infra-red heating, pulse electric field, ultra sound, etc.). Shelf life
enhancement of milk and fermented milk products.

Unit 9: Dairy Waste and Hygiene

By-products preparation from dairy effluents by microbial fermentations; Cleaning and sanitation
of dairy equipment and surfaces; Detergents, sanitizers, their mechanisms of soil removal from the
surfaces; and evaluation of efficacy; Built detergents, commercial; detergents and combined
detergent-sanitizers Dairy effluent disposal and environmental impact (BOD, COD etc.);
Microbiological quality of air, equipment, and water in dairy plants.

Unit 10: Quality Control and Assurance

Microbiological aspects of quality control and assurance; Management system standards and food
safety techniques: GMP, SSOP, ISO 9001 (QMS), TQM,ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management
system), ISO 17025, (Laboratory management system) 14001 (environmental management system),
ISO 19011 (Audit management system), EMS, and HACCP implementation; Biofilm formation and
control on equipment surfaces; Microbiological Risk assessment and predictive microbiology in
dairy foods; Biosafety concepts and principle; Modern detection methods for food pathogens (i.e.
impedance, ATP luminescence, Immunological, PCR, DNA probes, microarrays, biosensors, etc.;
Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms {GMOs)/ foods.

pg. 48
23. DAIRY TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Market Milk, Unit operations in Milk & Dairy Products Processing and Dairy Beverages
Status of dairy industry in India. Recent policies related to dairy sector (National and International).
NPDD and DIDF and other schemes for dairy development. Principles and practices for production
of high quality milk (Clean milk production). Methods of milk procurement, payment, quality
assessment, detection of adulterants, contaminants and microbial safety aspects of liquid milk,
handling and transportation of milk. Methods of raw milk preservation. physical properties,
chemical composition and legal standards of milk of cow, buffalo and other species of milch animals.
Centrifugal separation, clarification, bactofugation and bactocatch processes and factors affecting
their efficiency. Homogenization process and its implications in dairy processing; theories and
efficiency of homogenization and factors affecting the process. Thermal processing of milk.
Principles and methods of pasteurization and sterilization. UHT processing and aseptic packaging.
Special milks including emerging classes of dairy beverages.

Unit 2: Indigenous Milk Products and Technological Advances in Traditional Dairy Products
Status and role of traditional dairy products in Indian dairy industry and economy. Classification,
characteristics, composition, legal standards, yield of various traditional products. Methods of
production – conventional, improved and industrial processes; physico-chemical changes during
manufacture; quality attributes, factor affecting shelf-life, common defects during storage.
Packaging systems of indigenous milk products. Convenience traditional Indian Milk products –
production process, packaging and shelf life. Long-life TDPS, application of emerging technologies
for quality improvement of TDPs including hurdle technology, membrane processing and newer
additive, Innovations in formulations and processing of TDPs (Low calorie, Low fat products),
equipment for the commercial production of TDPs.

Unit 3: Technological Aspects of Processed Dairy Products

Fat-rich dairy products: Chemistry of milk fat; Basic principles and recent concepts in production
and processing of different types of cream, butter, margarine, fat spreads, butter oil and ghee.
Fractionation of fat and its application. Mechanization of manufacturing fat rich dairy products.
Role of milk fat in human nutrition. Different fat replacers and their mechanism. Rheological
properties of fat rich products.
Frozen Milk Products: Trends in the frozen milk products industry in India. National and Global
scenario of frozen milk products trade. Definition, classification and composition of ice cream and
other frozen desserts. Role of milk constituents and other ingredients, processing steps, packaging
and storage methods on quality of ice cream. Technological aspects of manufacture of plain, fruit,
soft-serve, low fat and dietetic ice creams and novelties. Indigenous frozen desserts, kulfi, malai-
ka-baraf etc.; their production techniques and quality. Storage and distribution of ice cream/frozen
desserts. Newer ingredients for use in the ice cream industry. Recent advances in freezing of ice
cream/frozen desserts. Different types of freezing techniques and their effect on quality attributes
of frozen dairy products.

Concentrated and Dried Milk Products: Milk in relation to processing and manufacture of
concentrated and dried milk. Different methods used for milk concentration. Principles and
methods of manufacture, storage and defects in sweetened condensed milk. Heat stability of milk.
Evaporated milk. UHT sterilized concentrated milk. Manufacturing process and quality aspects of
Whole milk powder, Skimmed milk powder, high-fat powders, ice-cream powder and dairy whitener.
Instantization of milk powder. Newer technologies and formulations for infant foods and weaning
foods, malted milk and malted milk foods.

Unit 4: Advanced Dairy Processing

UHT processed milk products: properties and prospects, equipment, heat stability and deposit
formation, effect on milk quality; Principles and equipment for bactofugation and bacto- therm
processes; Partial/High Pressure Homogenization and its application in dairy industry;
Microfluidization of milk; Concentration processes and their impact on quality of finished products;
Advances in drying of milk and milk products; Freeze drying: physico-chemical changes and
industrial developments; Hurdle technology and its application in development of shelf-stable
products; Use of carbonation in extending the shelf life of dairy products; Advances in bakery
processing: Application of dairy ingredients in bakery and confectionary products; Technological
aspects and issues in fermented foods and beverages; Extrusion processing of food and dairy
products; Advances in cleaning and sanitization of dairy equipment: Bio-films; Bio-detergents;
Innovations in sanitizers: chemical, biological, radiation; Assessing the effectiveness of cleaning and
sanitization of dairy equipment.
pg. 49
Unit 5: Emerging Technologies for Milk and Milk Products Processing
Non-thermal & Thermal processing technologies for food: Irradiation, High frequency heating, Infra-
red (IR) heating, Ohmic heating, Ultrasonic treatment, High hydrostatic pressure processing, Pulsed
electric field processing; cold plasma; super critical fluid extraction. Their principles, effect on food
constituents and salient applications in food sector/industry; Enzymes in dairy and food
processing; Newer concepts in food processing including organic foods; Processing of organic raw
material; Genetically modified foods; Space foods; Nutrigenomic, metabolomics and other Omic
concepts in dairy and food processing.

Unit 6: Rheology of Dairy Products

Rheological classification and characterization of dairy foods: Shear-rate and time dependence of
the flow-curve; Factors affecting flow behaviour; Viscosity of food dispersions: dilute and semi-dilute
systems, concentration effects; Dynamic measurement of viscoelasticity; Instrumental
measurements: Empirical and fundamental methods; Viscometers: Types and working; Rheometer:
principles and operational features; Large Deformations and failure in foods: Texture Profile
Analysis; Microstructure of dairy products; Tribology and its applications. Food emulsions;
Emulsifiers and their functions in foods; Dairy based foams and their applications, Structure of
dairy based emulsions, foams and gels; Blends of stabilizers and emulsifiers.

Unit 7: Cheese and Fermented Milk Products & Biotechnological Application in Dairy
Processing
Status and scope of cheese industry. Fermented milk products – their nutritional and therapeutic
value. Definition and classification of cheese and fermented milks. Quality of Milk in relation to
cheese making. Pre-treatments of milk for cheese making. Cheese Additives. Manufacture of
Cheddar, Gouda, Mozzarella and Swiss cheeses. Role of starter cultures in cheese quality. Types of
rennet for cheese manufacture. Physical and chemical changes during cheese ripening.
Manufacture of processed cheese, cheese spread and cheese foods. Acid coagulated cheeses and
whey cheeses. Mechanization of cheese-making process. Modern concepts in accelerated cheese
ripening. Storage and defects.
Development and impact of biotechnology on dairy and food industry; Principles of recombinant
DNA technique; Production and storage of dahi, yoghurt, shrikhand, lassi and misti dohi. Probiotic
dairy products. Preparation and applications of microbial rennet, recombinant chymosin;
Exogenous free and microencapsulated enzymes, immobilized enzymes; Production, bio-functional
properties and applications of protein hydrolysates; Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose for preparation
of whey and UF-permeate beverages; Bio- preservatives: characteristics and their applications in
dairy and food industry.

Unit 8: Membrane Processing for Dairy Applications

Membrane techniques; Classification and characteristics of filtration processes; Types of
commercially available membranes; Membrane hardware, design of membrane plants, modeling of
ultrafiltration (UF) processes; Membrane fouling-problems and mitigation strategies; Cleaning and
sanitization of different types of membranes; Applications of ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis,
nano-filtration and microfiltration in the dairy industry; Application of membrane processing
techniques for the manufacture of lactose, low lactose milk powder, dairy whiteners, WPC, WPI,
MPC, MPI, native micellar casein powder, etc.; Properties and utilization of WPC, WPI, Milk Protein
Concentrate (MPC) and Milk Protein Isolate (MPI); Application of membrane processing on quality
of traditional dairy products, fermented milks and cheese.

Unit 9: Dairy and Food Packaging

Trends in packaging industry; Testing of packaging materials; Adhesives; Graphics; Coding
(Barcode and Quick Response code) and labeling used in food packaging; Protective packaging of
foods; Effect of light, oxygen and moisture on packaged food; Packaging of dairy and food products;
Modified atmosphere packaging; Shrink and stretch packaging; Self-heating and self-cooling cans;
Retort pouch technology; Microwavable, biodegradable, and edible packages; Principles and
applications of Active, Smart, Intelligent and Antimicrobial packaging; Industrial packaging:
unitizing, palletizing, containerizing, distribution systems for packaged foods; Safety aspects of
packaging materials; Sources of toxic materials and migration of toxins into food materials;
Interaction of food flavours with packaging.

pg. 50
Unit 10: Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, Novel Dairy Ingredients
Milk nutraceuticals and functional foods: Trends, market, classes, mechanisms of action and
applications; Milk fortification; Developments in Infant formula and complementary foods; Geriatric
Foods, Sports foods; Dairy foods for metabolic disorders; Reduced calorie foods, Low sodium and
low lactose foods: Herbs and phytochemicals for fusion health foods; Bioactive ingredients from
milk; Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic foods. Demineralization of milk and whey. Processing,
preservation and value addition of buttermilk and ghee residue. Development / formulation of new
products based on dairy byproducts.

Unit 11. Sensory Evaluation of Milk and Milk Products

Introduction, definition, importance and requirements of sensory evaluation. Design of sensory
evaluation lab. Physiology of sensory organs and sensory perception. Basic tastes. Various types of
sensory receptors, stimulus, and corresponding sensory responses. Definition of terminologies
related to sensory evaluation - Thresholds, Mouthfeel, Texture etc. General rules of sensory
evaluation. Sensory test methods - Difference, Rating, Sensitivity, and Descriptive tests - procedure,
requirements and applications. Advances in sensory techniques- Temporal, Spectral analysis etc.,
Psychophysical theories. Sensory evaluation of Indigenous and Western dairy products – methods
score card, desirable sensory attributes and sensory defects - their causes and prevention.

Unit 12: Management & Food Safety aspects with reference to dairy plant operations Cleaning
& Sanitization of dairy plant: Properties of important dairy detergents and sanitizers. Choice of
detergents and sanitizers guiding principles and limiting factors. Basic principles in formulating
the cleaning and sanitizing procedures for dairy equipment. Automation in cleaning and
sanitization processes including CIP. Quality of water in detergency. Advances in cleaning and
sanitation viz. biodetergents, etc. Waste Management of dairy plant, Plant operational efficiency
including energy, water and waste minimization & auditing, zero waste disposal concepts, Personnel
management, Maintenance of dairy processing equipments.

Unit 13: Legal and Quality Management System for Milk and Milk Products
Safety aspects of milk with reference to mycotoxins, antibiotics, pesticides, weedicides and heavy
metals. FSSAI, BIS and AGMARK standards for milk and milk products. Quality systems such as
HACCP, ISO certification, six sigma, GMP, etc. Other advanced quality management systems
applied in dairy and food industry.

pg. 51
24. LIVESTOCK PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Basic and General Aspects of Livestock Products

Composition and physico-chemical properties of cow and buffalo milk. Milk proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other minor constituents of milk. Nutritive value of milk.
Market milk production-reception of milk, platform tests, filtration and clarification, chilling,
separation, standardization, pasteurization and homogenization. Cleaning and sanitation of dairy
equipment. Present status and future prospects of meat and poultry industry. Structure,
composition, physical biochemical and nutritive aspects, and functional properties of different
kinds of meat, fish, poultry and eggs. Postmortem aspects of muscle as meat. Ageing of meat and
chemical changes. Meat in human health. Factors affecting quality of meat. Bacteria, yeasts, molds,
parasites important in food microbiology. General principles of spoilage. Intrinsic and extrinsic
factors affecting growth of microorganisms in food. Chemical and deteriorative changes caused by
micro-organisms. Contamination and spoilage of milk, meat, fish, poultry and eggs. Food poisoning
and food-borne infections. Assessment of microbial condition and wholesomeness of different
livestock products. National and International microbial standards. Sensory evaluation and
organoleptic properties of livestock products. Sensory evaluation tests. Layout and designing of
sensory evaluation laboratory.

Unit 2: Abattoir and Poultry Processing Plants

Origin and source of animal foods. Lay out, construction, design, organization, operation and
maintenance of abattoirs and poultry processing plants. Pre-slaughter care and transportation of
food animals. Different slaughtering techniques and dressing of different animals and birds.
Antemortem and postmortem inspection. Judging and grading of animals and birds on foot and on
rail. Condemnation and disposal of unfit material. Disposal of slaughterhouse effluents and design
of effluent treatment plant. Sanitation, plant operation and maintenance. Sanitary standards for
meat packing plants. Fabrication of dressed carcasses and preparation of different cut up parts,
dressing percentage and meat: bone ratio. Adulteration and misrepresentation of meat. State,
municipal and other regulations pertaining to meat trade. Meat food products order. Processing
and utilization of various animal and poultry by- products, slaughterhouse and poultry plant offals.
Methods of utilization of blood, fat, hides and skin, horns, hooves, wool, hair, feather, glands and
other by-products. Importance and utilization of by-products for industrial purposes. Preparation
of pet food. Application of computer science in abattoir operations. Robot technology and its
application in meat and poultry industry.

Unit 3: Processing and preservation

Principles of processing of dairy products and their defects. Special milk: sterilized milk, flavoured
milk, homogenized milk, soft curd milk, Vitaminized/irradiated milk, fermented milk, standardized
milk, reconstituted/rehydrated milk, recombined milk, toned milk, double toned milk, skimmed
milk, humanized milk. Processing of dairy products: - butter, butter oil, ice-cream, cheese, cream,
condensed milk, dried milk, dried milk products etc. Indigenous dairy products: ghee, khoa, dahi,
makkhan, chhana, paneer, khurchan, Lassi, Organic milk. Genetically modified milk and milk
products. Efficient utilization of dairy by products. Principles of preservation of livestock products.
Equipment and technology of processing and preservation. Industrial food preservation, chilling,
freezing, freeze drying, dehydration, canning irradiation, pasteurization, curing, smoking, bio
preservation, use of chemical additives and antibiotics. Different cooking methods including micro-
wave cooking. Tenderization and use of enzymes for processed foods. Production of value-added
products, process methods, process optimization and quality control. Development and
preservation of shelf stable (earned and dehydrated) intermediate moisture, textured, cured,
fermented, enrobed, restricted, emulsion based, fabricated meat and poultry products. Sanitation,
regulation and inspection of processed meat foods. Effect of processing on nutritional, chemical,
microbiological and organoleptic qualities of livestock products. Economics of precosting and
product development. Application of biotechnology in processing and preservation of meat, poultry
and fish products. Bioactive compounds and biogenic amines.

Unit 4: Wool, Mohair and Fur

Basic aspects of wool science. Shearing, physical and chemical characteristics, processing, grading,
standardization, storage and marketing of wool, mohair and fur (National and International).
Quality evaluation of wool fibers. Differentiation between wool and synthetic fibers, specialty wool
fibers.

pg. 52
Unit 5: Packaging
Principles of packaging. Types of packaging materials. Characterization, methods and systems of
packaging. Gas packaging, Vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, controlled
atmospheric packaging, active packaging, intelligent packaging, biodegradable/edible packaging,
shrink and stretch packaging, industrial packaging. Aseptic and retort pouches. Standardization
and quality control of packaging material. Product attributes, packaging and labeling requirements
for different livestock products. Nanotechnology for food packaging, recycling of packaging
materials. Latest trends in packaging of milk, meat, poultry, eggs, wool and fish products.

Unit 6: Quality Control

Grades and grading of livestock products. Stress factors effecting meat quality - PSE, DFD, PSS,
Hot boning, Cold shortening, thaw rigor, freezer burn and electrical stimulation. Regulatory and
inspection methods - Municipal and State laws. Bureau of Indian Standards and International
Standards of fresh meat and poultry including their products and by- products. FSSAI standards
related of different livestock products. Detection of antibiotics, chemical residues, heavy metals and
toxins in meat. Techniques for detection of adulteration of meat. HACCP concept of quality control
of meat, fish, poultry and eggs.

Unit 7: Marketing of livestock products

Livestock production and supply characteristics. Meat consumption and related demands. Types of
market and trends in marketing livestock products and by products, wholesale, retail and future
trends. Consumer aptitude, education and awareness, and popularization of new products.
Corporate bodies in regulation of markets, marketing boards, Co-operative agencies, internal trade
and development of international market for livestock products. Organization, operation and
sanitation of meat, poultry, fish and egg retailing units. Fast food chains and super markets.
Situation and outlook and methods for promotion and marketing of livestock products.

pg. 53
25. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

Unit 1: General
Present status and future prospects of livestock development in India. Animal production systems
in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Effect of industrialization and mechanization of
agriculture on livestock sector. Breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs, equine, camels, and
various important lab animals. Various livestock development programmes operative in the country.
Animal behaviour vis-a-vis adaptation and production. Principles of domestication and behavioural
factors favouring domestication. Mating behaviour in various species of livestock. Agnostic
behaviour - causes and control. Social order in farm animals. Adaptation of livestock in tropics,
deserts cold and high altitudes. Mixed farming, integrated and specialized farming systems. Vices
– causes and prevention, Livestock transportation. Approaching, handling and restraining of
livestock species.

Unit 2: Breeding Management

Basic principles of inheritance. Concept of heritability, repeatability and selection. Important
methods of selection and systems of breeding in farm animals. Importance of maintaining records
and their scientific interpretation.

Unit 3: Feeding Management

Nutrients and their functions. Nutritional requirements and feeding managements of different
categories of livestock. Feed additives including antibiotic, pre and probiotic feeding in farm
animals. Feed conversion efficiency of various categories of livestock. Processing and storage of
conventional and non-conventional feed ingredients.

Unit 4: Reproduction Management

Climate and nutrition affecting reproductive performance in farm animals. Importance of early
pregnancy diagnosis. Methods of heat detection. Artificial insemination and timed A.I. Oestrous
synchronization. Causes of disturbed fertility and its prevention in farm animals. Management
factors affecting reproductive efficiency. Summer and winter management problems (stresses) and
their solutions.

Unit 5: Shelter Management

Housing systems, Selection of site and lay out of animal. Space requirement for various livestock
species, Housing designs in different agro-climatic regions. Macro and micro- climatic factors
affecting designs of animal and poultry houses. BIS (standards) for livestock housing. Construction
of cheap animal houses utilizing local resources. Automation in livestock farming. Disposal of
animal wastes under urban and rural conditions. Disposal of carcasses.

Unit 6: Health Management

General approach to livestock health programmes. Prevention of spreading of diseases among the
herd mates through isolation, quarantine, disinfection etc. Hygiene and sanitation on animal farm.
Symptoms of ill health, important infectious diseases of livestock and their control. Vaccination
schedules in animals, Internal and external parasites and their control through spraying, footbath,
dusting, dipping, deworming etc. Accidental health disorders and their control. Common
disinfectants used on animal farms. Concept of first aid at farms. Quarantine Act, Zoonotic
diseases, labour health programme.

Unit 7: Production and Management of Cattle and Buffalo

Cattle and buffalo production trends and factors affecting them. Prenatal and postnatal care and
management of cattle and buffalo. Care of neonates and young calves, dry and lactating animals.
Management strategies for reducing mortality in calves, age at first calving, and calving intervals.
Management strategies to improve production, reproduction and growth efficiencies in cattle and
buffalo. Water requirement of dairy animals. Herd registration. Daily routine operations at dairy
farms. Clean milk production. Selection and judging of dairy type animals. Preparation of animals
for show purposes.

Unit 8: Production and Management of other Animals

Draft animals: Population dynamics of various categories of draft and work animals in India.
Characteristics of draft animals. Harness for various types of draft animals. Training of work
animals. Management of camel with special reference to rearing, feeding and watering. Behavioural
studies of various draft animals.

pg. 54
Sheep and goat: Selection of breeds and breeding systems for improving wool, mohair, meat and
milk. Feeding practices for economic rearing. Scope of intensive milk and meat production from
goat. Mutton and wool production from sheep. Low-cost shelter management. Sheep and goat
reproduction. Health management.
Poultry: Poultry housing systems - cage vs floor system, litter management and lighting for Poultry.
Management of chicks, growing, laying, broiler and breeding flocks. Selection and culling of laying
flocks. Biosecurity and environmental considerations. Light management. Hatchery management.
Management of birds during stress. Chick sexing. Maintenance of farm records. Health and
sanitation problems. Prevention and disease control. Handling care of table eggs. Management of
birds during disease outbreaks.
Equine: Care and management of horses including feeding, breeding, and shelter management.
Shoeing, preparation and management of race horses.
Swine: Importance of pig as a meat animal. Selection of breeds and breeding systems for improving
pig production. Feeding strategies for pigs. Care and Management of pregnant and other stages of
sows and unweaned piglets. Common problems in pigs and their preventive measures.
Rabbit: Economic importance. Important fur and meat type breeds. Housing, handling, feeding,
watering, breeding, management, sanitation and health care of rabbits.

Unit 9: Wildlife Management

Status of wildlife in India and its conservation. Biological and ecological basis of management of
wildlife. Breeding and feeding of wildlife in captivity. Health management.

Unit 10: Forage Production and Conservation

Classification of feeds and forages. Feed and fodder resources used for feeding of livestock and
poultry. Nutritive value of feeds and fodders. Conservation and preservation of feeds and fodders.
Annual and perennial fodder crops. Strategies for round the year fodder production. Pasture
development and grazing management. Enrichment of poor-quality roughages.

Unit 11: Economics and Marketing of Livestock and their Products

Economic principles as applied to livestock production. Production functions. Farm size, resources
and product combinations. Cost concepts. Effect criteria in use of resources in livestock production.
Maintenance of evaluation of different production records. Insurance and financing of livestock
enterprises. Project formulation for setting up livestock farms. Different approaches to marketing
of livestock and its products. Present status of cattle fairs and methods of selling livestock. Market
news and information. Determination of prices of livestock products. Vertical integration in livestock
products industries.

pg. 55
26. POULTRY SCIENCE

Unit 1: Poultry Genetics and Breeding

Phylogeny of poultry species, class, breed, variety and strains of chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys
and other species of poultry. Mendelian traits in poultry. Inheritance of qualitative traits in poultry
and their usefulness. Inheritance of comb, plumage and other qualitative traits. Sex-linked and sex
influenced traits, their inheritance and usefulness. Economically important traits and their modes
of inheritance. Gene action influencing the traits. Lethal and semi-lethal traits in poultry and their
mode of inheritance. Quantitative traits. Inheritance of egg number, egg weight, growth rate,
livability, fertility, hatchability, egg quality and other economic traits. Heritability and their
estimates. Genetic correlations, their computation and application. Selection methods for genetic
improvement natural, artificial, directional, disruptive and stabilizing. Individual selection and
family selection. Mass selection combined selection and indirect selection. Construction of selection
indices. Exploitation of additive and non-additive gene effects. Selection for specific characters.
Recurrent and reciprocal recurrent selection. Part record versus complete record selection.
Genotype and environment interaction. Relative merits and demerits of different methods of
selection. Different methods of mating-pen mating, flock mating, stud mating, shift mating, artificial
insemination-collection and insemination techniques, dilution, diluents and cryopreservation of
semen. Inbreeding and out-breeding. Pure-line breeding. Cross-breeding. Hybridization and hybrid
vigour in improving economic traits, 3-way and 4-way crossing and development of hybrids. Modern
trends in commercial poultry breeding. Major genes and their usefulness in poultry breeding in
tropics. Dwarf gene and its usefulness in broiler breeding. Practical breeding programmes for
developing broilers, layers and rural poultry strains. Breeding and management of other species of
poultry. Selection for disease resistance. Immunogenetics. Blood group systems. Biochemical
polymorphism and usefulness in poultry breeding. Development of transgenic chicken. Different
molecular techniques for estimation of genetic diversity and similarity among breeds and lines of
poultry. Scope of integrating quantitative and molecular approaches for genetic selection in poultry.

Unit 2: Poultry Nutrition

Various nutrients and their role in poultry. Nutrient requirements of different species of poultry as
per Bureau of Indian Standards and National Research Council of the USA. Partition of energy.
Estimation of M.E. and T.M.E. Essential and critical amino acids and their inter-relationships.
Evaluation of protein quality. Calorie protein ratio. Essential fatty acids. Essential vitamins and
minerals and their functions. Nutrients deficiency, toxicity, synergism and antagonism. Nutrient
requirements for various species of poultry. Factors influencing the nutrient requirements.
Naturally occurring toxicants, their adverse effects on poultry and methods to overcome them.
Fungal exotoxins of feed origin, their adverse effects on poultry, and methods to overcome them.
Different systems of feeding wet mash, dry mash, crumble and pellet feeding. Restricted and phase
feeding programme. Male separate feeding. Factors influencing the feed intake. Feed ingredients
and sources of various nutrients. Quality control and BIS specifications for feed ingredients.
Unconventional feed stuffs and their utilization for economic feed formulation. Feed formulation for
different species and groups. Least cost feed formulation and linear programming. Non-nutrient
feed additives. Antibiotics, probiotics-direct feed microbials, antimicrobials, anticoccidials,
performance promoters, antioxidants, flavoring agents, coloring agents and other non-nutrient feed
additives. Organic, functional, designer and SPF feed production. Regulations for import and export
of feed and feed supplements.

Unit 3: Poultry Physiology

Homeostasis and its regulation. Characteristic features of endocrine glands. Regulation of feed and
water intake. Feed Passage rate in G.I. tract in relation to digestion and absorption efficiency.
Functional regulation of digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients. Endocrine control and
variable factors influencing growth process; Mechanisms that determines the sex and allows the
development of left ovary and oviduct only. Physiological control of age at sexual maturity, ovarian
follicular hierarchy, atresia, ovulation, oviposition, pause, clutch size and secretion of egg
components. Photo period and its role in optimization of reproductive functions; physiology of
poultry testes, spermatogenesis, semen ejaculation and its characteristics. Fate of sperm in oviduct
and fertilization. Respiratory system- mechanisms of gaseous exchange. Thermo-regulatory and
stress mechanisms. Physio-biochemical stress responses and remedial approaches. Factors
influencing reproductive functioning.

pg. 56
Unit 4: Poultry Products Technology
Structure, chemical composition and nutritive value of egg and chicken meat. Various measures of
egg quality. Shell, albumen and yolk quality assessment. Factors influencing egg quality traits.
Mechanism of deterioration of egg quality. Weight and quality grades of egg as per BIS, Agmark and
USDA standards. Egg processing and storage. Different methods of preservation of table eggs and
their relative merits and demerits. Preparation of various egg products and their uses. Processing,
packing, preservation and grading of poultry meat. Quality control of poultry meat. Further
processing and fast food preparation. Physical, chemical, microbial and organoleptic evaluation of
meat quality. Processing and utilization of egg and poultry processing waste.

Unit 5: Poultry Management

Poultry industry in India- past, present and future prospects. Statistics of egg and meat production
in India. Major constraints facing the poultry industry. Selection, care and storage of hatching eggs.
Principles and methods of incubation. Concept of modern hatcheries. Factors essential for
incubation of eggs. Testing of eggs. High altitudes and hatchability of eggs. Embryonic
communication. Photo acceleration and embryonic growth. Factors influencing hatchability and
production of quality chicks. Analyzing hatchability problems. Hatchery hygiene. Fumigation
procedure. Prevention of hatchery borne diseases. Utilization and disposal of hatchery waste.
Prerequisite of good hatchery. Layout of a modern hatchery. Equipment required in a modern
hatchery. Single and multi-stage incubators. Hatchery business. Sexing, handling, packaging and
transportation of chicks. Principles and methods of brooding. Space required for brooding, rearing,
feeding and watering. Preparation of brooder house to receive young chicks. Forced feeding of turkey
poults. Brooding of Japanese quails, ducklings, guinea fowl and turkey poults. Management during
growing period. Overcrowding, culling. Management of replacement pullets for egg production and
breeding stocks. Management of layers and breeders,Light management, and Debeaking, dubbing
and other farm routines. Litter management. Broodiness and forced molting in layers. Management
of turkey, ducks, Japanese quails and guinea fowl. Concept and definition of organic poultry.
Status, certification and guidelines for organic poultry production. Government policies on organic
poultry farming. Summer and winter management. Farm location and site selection. Ideal layout of
poultry houses for different systems of rearing. Design of poultry houses like brooder, grower,
broiler, layer and cage house, poultry processing unit, feed mill etc. Environmentally controlled and
open poultry houses. Types of construction materials used. Cross-ventilation and ridge ventilation.
Effect of pollution on production performance of birds. Ammonia control in poultry houses. Type of
brooders, feeders, drinkers, laying nests, cages etc. Automation in poultry production.

Unit 6: Poultry Economics and Marketing

Economic principles as applied to poultry production. Production functions. Farm size-resources
and product combinations, efficiency criteria in use of resources in poultry production. Cost
concept. Maintenance and evaluation of different production records. Insurance and financing of
poultry enterprises. Project formulation for setting up of poultry farms and hatcheries. Production
and requirement of poultry products in India and for exports. Various marketing channels.
Transportation of eggs and chicken. Marketing approaches. Horizontal and vertical integration in
poultry industry and their importance. Price spread in marketing of poultry and poultry products.
Role of cooperatives in poultry farming.

Unit 7: Poultry Health Management

Common diseases of poultry-bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan, parasitic and other emerging
diseases of poultry, their prevention, control and treatment. Metabolic and nutrient deficiency
diseases and disorders. Vaccination programmes. Deworming programmes. Control of coccidiosis,
worms, ectoparasites and flies. Medication procedures. Cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses.
Drinking water sanitation. General farm sanitation and hygiene. Safe disposal of dead birds and
farm waste. Stress control. Heat stroke. Cold shock. Vices of poultry and their control. Bio-security
measures in poultry farm.

pg. 57
27. VETERINARY MEDICINE

Unit 1: General Medicine

Epidemiology and Its Components: Definitions of various disease types such as Infectious,
Contagious, Sporadic, Epizootic, Enzootic, Panzootic, Exotic, Zoonotic, etc. Explanation of
Segregation, Isolation, Quarantine, etc., and its significance. Role of Occurrence, Prevalence,
Incidence, Morbidity Rate, Mortality Rate, Case Fatality Rate, Mode of Transmission, Vectors,
Spread, and Economic Factors in Epidemiology of Diseases. Overview of General Systemic States
such as Bacteremia, Septicemia, Pyemia, Toxemia, Hyperthermia, Hypoglycemia, Allergy,
Anaphylaxis, Shock, Dehydration, Stress, Sudden Death, Anasarca, Anemia, Pica, etc.

Unit 2: Diagnosis of Animal Diseases

History taking. General clinical examination. Special clinical examinations - electrocardiography,
paracentesis, rumen fluid examination, hematology, blood biochemistry, urinalysis,
ophthalmoscopy, otoscopy, endoscopy, ultrasonography, biopsies, etc.

Unit 3: Gastroenterology
Specific conditions of the organs of the gastrointestinal system with special emphasis on
simple/acid/alkaline indigestion, GI ulcers, choke, tympany, colic, impaction, traumatic
reticulitis/peritonitis, abomasal displacement, ascites, jaundice, hepatitis, enteritis, acute gastritis,
chronic gastritis, gastric dilatation, volvulus, tumors of the stomach, intussusception, inflammatory
bowel disease, colitis, gastric and intestinal foreign bodies, peritonitis, diseases of the gall bladder,
cholangitis, acute pancreatitis, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Unit 4: Diseases of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary System

Examination of the cardiac system and special examination of the heart (including ECG,
echocardiography, and markers for diagnosing cardiac disorders), principal manifestations of
cardiovascular diseases, acute heart failure, congestive heart failure, peripheral circulatory failure,
myocardial and valvular diseases, congenital cardiac diseases, myocarditis, dilated
cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, pericardial disorders, phlebitis, thrombosis, anemia,
lymphangitis, lymphadenopathies, and thrombocytopenia; principles of circulatory failure,
epistaxis, pulmonary congestion, and edema, emphysema, pneumonia, pleurisy, upper respiratory
tract infections, aspiration pneumonia, guttural pouch diseases, tracheal collapse, adult
pneumonia, foal pneumonia, recurrent airway obstruction, inflammatory airway disease,
pleuropneumonia, pulmonary congestion, and edema, diseases of the nasal cavity,
tracheobronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary congestion, and edema, feline asthma, pleural
effusions, and neoplasms of the respiratory tract.

Unit 5: Diseases of the Urinary, Nervous, Musculoskeletal, and Integumentary Systems

Nephrosis, Nephritis, Pyelonephritis, Cystitis, Urolithiasis, Uremia, Urinary incontinence,
Hematuria, Cerebral anoxia, Encephalitis, Encephalomalacia, Meningitis, Encephalomyelitis,
Paralysis, Seizures, Coma, Diseases of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system, Vestibular
diseases and toxins affecting the nervous system, Myositis, Myopathies, Foot lameness, Arthritis,
Osteodystrophies, Degenerative joint disease, and nutritional deficiency diseases affecting the
musculoskeletal system, Conjunctivitis, Keratitis, Uveitis, Horner syndrome, Keratoconjunctivitis,
Corneal ulcers, Neoplasms of the eye, Otitis media, Otitis externa, Urticaria, Pruritus, Dermatitis,
Photosensitization, Seborrhea, Eczema, Impetigo, Alopecia, Skin neoplasms, Common pyodermas,
Atopy, Dermatophytosis, Dermatomycosis, Demodicosis, Scabies, Myiasis, Nutritional disorders
related to the skin and its therapeutic management, Flea allergy and its treatment and control
measures, Cutaneous manifestations of hormonal imbalances and systemic disorders,
Autoimmune diseases of the skin.

Unit 6: Production, Metabolic and Deficiency Diseases

Metabolic profile test, parturient paresis, Downer cow syndrome, Acute hypokalemia in cattle,
Transit recumbency, Lactation tetany of mares, Hypomagnesemia, Tetany of calves, Ketosis,
subclinical ketosis, Pregnancy toxaemia, Fatty liver syndrome, Equine hyperlipidemia, Steatitis,
Neonatal hypoglycemia, low milk fat syndrome, Postparturient hemoglobinuria, and Eclampsia in
bitches. Azoturia, rickets, osteomalacia, Osteodystrophia fibrosa. Primary and secondary
hyperparathyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Hypothyroidism, Obesity, Hypo- and
hyperadrenocorticism, Deficiency of energy and protein, Deficiency of fat and water-soluble
vitamins, and deficiency of macro- and microminerals.

pg. 58
Unit 7: Common toxicities
Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, and treatment of
conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Metal Corrosives/Irritants, Plant
Poisonings, Water-borne Toxicities, Pesticide Poisonings, Insect Bites and Stings, Snake Bites,
Environmental Pollution Hazards, Radiation Hazards, and Injuries.

Unit 8: Infectious Diseases (Bacterial and Mycoplasmal)

Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis,
treatment, and control of the following diseases of animals: Mastitis, Strangles, Caseous
lymphadenitis in sheep and goats, Clostridial diseases, Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses and cattle,
Listeriosis, Leptospirosis, Erysipelas, Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Pasteurellosis, Brucellosis,
Tuberculosis, Johne's Disease (JD), Actinomycosis, Actinobacillosis, Glanders, Kennel cough, and
Mycoplasmal diseases.

Unit 9: Infectious Diseases (Viral, Chlamydial, Rickettsial, Haemo-parasitic, and Fungal)

Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis,
treatment, and control of the following diseases of animals: Hog cholera, African swine fever,
Leukosis, Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Rift Valley fever (RVF), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR),
Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (BMCF), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Bovine Viral
Diarrhea, Mucosal Diseases, Bluetongue, Influenza, Maedi, Pulmonary adenomatosis, Rabies,
Encephalomyelitis, Pseudorabies, Louping ill, Caprine arthritis-encephalitis, Scrapie, Visna,
Contagious ecthyma, Pox, Papillomatosis, Canine Distemper, Infectious Canine Hepatitis,
Parvovirus enteritis, Feline Panleukopenia, Anaplasmosis, Heartwater disease, Lymphangitis,
Babesiosis, Theileriosis, Coccidiosis, Trypanosomosis, Ehrlichiosis, Hepatozoonosis,
Toxoplasmosis, Aspergillosis, and Dermatophytosis.

Unit 10: Parasitic Diseases

Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis,
treatment, and control of the following diseases of animals: Major conditions produced by
nematode, cestode, and trematode infestations; major conditions produced by arthropod parasites;
Ancylostomiasis, Dirofilariasis, Giardiasis, Coccidiosis/Isosporosis, Neosporosis.

Unit 11: Poultry Diseases

Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis,
treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Newcastle disease, IBD, ILT,
mycoplasmosis, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis, malabsorption, leukosis, Marek's
disease, mycotoxicosis, avian encephalomyelitis, hydropericardium syndrome, avian influenza,
psittacosis-ornithosis, avian tuberculosis, histomoniasis, spirochaetosis, trichomonosis, etc.,
parasitic diseases of poultry.

Unit 12: Veterinary Jurisprudence and Ethics

Judicial procedure. Duties of a veterinarian, particularly as an expert witness. Vetero-legal aspects
of wounds. Vetero-legal aspects of death, including those resulting from diseases, drowning, near-
drowning, electrocution, lightning, etc. Post-mortem examination in Vetero- legal cases. Collection
and dispatch of materials for forensic science examination. Common offenses against animals.
Common frauds in dealing with livestock and livestock products. Animal Insurance. Identification
of animal species for Vetero-legal purposes. Determination of time since death. Examination of
blood and semen stains. Blood grouping in animals and its Vetero-legal significance. Veterinary
ethics: Code of conduct, professional ethics, and etiquette for veterinarians. Laws: Role of the
veterinarian. Legal enactments in the Indian Penal Code related to animals and veterinarians.
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, Indian Veterinary Council Act. Wildlife (Protection) Act.
Glanders and Farcy Act, Livestock Importation Act. Dangerous Drugs Act and Poisoning Act. Legal
provisions related to animals, animal diseases, and drugs.

Unit 13: Special Therapeutic Approaches

Veterinary fluid therapy with fluids, electrolytes, plasma expanders, packed cell transfusions, etc.
Clinical assessment of their requirements and doses. Blood transfusion with blood groups in
animals - their therapeutic significance. Blood matching methods. Oxygen therapy. Natural
remedies and products for use in therapy for animal ailments. Acupuncture, physiotherapy, laser
therapy, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements.

pg. 59
Unit 14: Prevention and Control of Diseases
General principles of disease control, including the role of the OIE (World Organisation for Animal
Health) in disease control. Internationally recognized methods for controlling specified diseases.
Prevention and control methods for national, regional, and herd-based disease control programs,
such as tuberculosis (TB), Johne's disease (JD), rabies, brucellosis, hemorrhagic septicemia (HS),
anthrax, bovine tuberculosis (BQ), mastitis, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue, etc.
Investigation and diagnosis of diseased animals, both live and deceased, as well as poultry. Point-
source and propagating epidemics. Collection, preservation, and transportation of materials during
disease outbreaks, and processing of materials in laboratories for diagnosis. Recording and analysis
of epidemiological data. Establishing working hypotheses and formulating, advising on, and/or
implementing treatment, control, and prevention measures. Definition of biosecurity, related
concepts, principles, and basic components. Physical and operational elements of biosecurity.
Routes of pathogen entry and transmission dynamics. Pathogen shedding patterns by infected
animals and their survival in the environment. Protection of susceptible animals, interruption of
transmission pathways, and the role of disinfection in breaking the cycle of infection. Sterilization,
fumigation, and disinfection methods. Classification of disinfectants and microbial resistance to
them. Risk assessment and management. Principles of biosecurity in laboratory animal facilities.
Biosecurity measures for collecting specimens from wild animals. Biosecurity in research
laboratories. Success stories of disease eradication through vaccination.

Unit 15: Common Diseases of Zoo, Laboratory Animals and Wildlife

Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in wildlife and zoo animals include shock,
stress, cardiovascular diseases, capture myopathy, metabolic and nutritional disorders, toxicosis
caused by chemicals and plants, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax, rabies,
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), rat-bite fever (RP), Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), Surra, and
helminthiasis. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment cover Tyzzer's disease, salmonellosis,
pasteurellosis, streptococcosis, staphylococcosis, pseudomoniasis, corynebacteriosis,
mycoplasmosis (MRM), herpesvirus infection, pox diseases, coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis,
helminthic infections, dermatophytosis, scabies, dermatitis, and metabolic and nutritional
deficiencies of laboratory animals. Management-related diseases of mice, rats, guinea pigs,
hamsters, and rabbits are addressed.

pg. 60
28. VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 1: General Bacteriology

Milestones in the development of microbiology, classification and nomenclature of bacteria.
Structure, function and chemistry of bacterial nuclear apparatus. Cytoplasm, Intracellular
granules, Cell wall, Cytoplasmic membrane, Mesosomes, Capsule, Flagella, Fimbriae, Endospore,
Protoplasts, Spheroplasts, L-forms, Involution forms. Bacterial stains, staining and microscopy.
Growth and nutritional requirements of bacteria. Bacterial metabolism, Bacterial growth and
Reproduction. Bacterial genetics, Bacterial variation, Horizontal genetic transfer mechanisms
(transformation, transduction and conjugation), Plasmids, Transposons and drug resistance.
Bacteriophages: temperate and virulent phages; lysogeny and lysogenic conversion. Determinants
of pathogenicity and its molecular basis, Markers and PAMPs, Bacterial toxins. The role of microbial
toxins in the pathogenesis of diseases; Biochemical and biological characteristics of toxins produced
by various bacteria. Toxin producing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Properties and
clinical conditions produced by different bacterial toxins. Antimicrobial agents and disinfectants:
Mechanism of action, Resistance and susceptibility testing.
Unit 2: Systematic Bacteriology
Systematic study of bacteria belonging to genera Borrelia, Leptospira, Brachyspira, Campylobacter,
Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Brucella, Bordetella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Shigella,
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Vibrio, Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Dichelobacter and Fusobacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix,
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium and
Trueperella, Mycobacterium, Actinomycetes: Nocardia and Rhodococcus, Dermatophilus. Emerging
and transboundary bacterial pathogens.

Unit 3: General Virology

Historical development of virology. Evolution, classification and nomenclature of viruses.
Morphological structure and chemical composition of viruses. Cultivation of viruses and their
growth pattern in cell culture, embryonated eggs and experimental animals. Purification and
concentration of viruses. Qualitative and quantitative assay of viruses. Viral replication, Virus-host
cell relationships, Replication strategies of animal viruses.
Genetic and non-genetic interactions between viruses. Virus-cell interactions, viral pathogenesis,
viral persistence, oncogenic, oncolytic viruses and epidemiology of viral infections. Latent,
persistent and chronic viral infections. General principles of laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases.
Epidemiology and pathology of viral infections. Immune mechanism in viral diseases. Interference
and interferon.
Viral vaccines, Antiviral drugs: Scope, Use and limitations, Existing antiviral drugs and their
mechanism of action, Latest trends in antiviral drug development.

Unit 4: Systematic Virology

Systematic study of RNA and DNA viruses in livestock and poultry with reference to antigenicity,
cultivation, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunity.
RNA virus families: Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae,
Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, Reoviridae and Birnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Togaviridae,
Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Astroviridae and Retroviridae. DNA virus families:
Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae. Hepadnaviridae. Circoviridae,
Parvoviridae. Slow viral infection and Prions, Emerging, re-emerging, and transboundary viral
pathogens.
Unit 5: Mycology
History of mycology, Glossary of mycological terms; Morphology of fungi: structure and ultra-
structure, differentiation, nutrition, physiology, reproduction, spores, cultural characters and
classification of fungi of veterinary importance, Antifungal agents and important techniques in
diagnosis of fungal infections.
Systematic study of animal mycoses: Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Epizootic
lymphangitis, Rhinosporodiosis, Zygomycosis, Blastomycosis, Sporotrichosis, Histoplasmosis,
Coccidioidomycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Mycetomas, Dermatophytoses, Dermatomycosis,
Mycotoxicosis, Malassezia infections, Mycotic abortion, Mycotic mastitis, and Emerging mycoses.

pg. 61
Unit 6: Immunology
Historical Perspectives. Host-parasite relationships. Antigens. T y p e s of antigens. Properties and
specificity of antigens. Factors determining antigenicity. Haptens and carriers. Heterophile
antigens. Antigenic determinant/epitope and cross reactivity. B- cell epitope and T cell epitope.
Lymphoid organs: primary, secondary and circulation of lymphocytes, cel1s involved in the immune
response B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, subsets and nature of receptors. Macrophages, Dendritic
reticular cells, Langerhans cells. Cellular interactions, Cell- mediated immune responses.
Immunoglobulins - their classes and sub-classes structure and function. Allotypes. Idiotypes.
Genes coding for Igs. Generation of diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. Purification of antibodies.
Theories of antibody formation.
Major Histocompatibility Complex, General feature, structure, function, gene organization, MHC
and immune response. Immune-response development: Phases of humoral and cell mediated
immune response. Immunoregulation with B and T-cells: Antigen recognition, antigen presentation
and processing, antigen recognition by TCR, MHC restriction, Cytokines and chemokines. Cell
mediated immune response: General properties of effector T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, NK-cells and
ADCC. Role of integrin and selectin. Complement System Basic concept of complement, mechanism
of complement activation, complement pathways and Complement deficiencies. Autoimmunity and
autoimmune diseases, immunological tolerance and hypersensitivity: classification, mechanism of
induction with examples. Immunodeficiency: Types with examples. Immune response in fetus and
new born.
Immunomodulators: Types of Immunomodulators and their mechanism of action. Adjuvants:
classification, Mode of action, Adjuvants combination and safety. Cytokine as adjuvant, PLG and
microparticle as adjuvant, TLR agonist as adjuvant. Antigen delivery system and mode of action.
Immunostimulants: Bacterial product and synthetic Compound, Complex carbohydrates, Immune
enhancing drugs, Vitamins and cytokines. Mechanism of interaction of antigen and antibody. The
complement system. Classical and alternate pathways. Serological reactions: agglutination,
precipitation, neutralization, CFT, FAT, ELISA, DIE, RIA, western blotting techniques etc.

Unit 7: Techniques in Microbiology & Vaccinology

Principle and application of molecular techniques like PCR, real-time PCR, Isothermal amplification
methods, RNA electropherotyping, Nucleic acid hybridization methods for animal disease
diagnosis.Types of vaccines -Conventional and new generation vaccine, Subunit vaccine,
recombinant vaccines, Vectored vaccines and DNA vaccine, Edible vaccine, DIVA strategy and
reverse vaccinology, Vaccine delivery system, Bioinformatic tools in microbial research.

pg. 62
29. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY

Unit 1: Veterinary Helminthology

Introduction to veterinary helminthology, classification, economic importance, morphology, life-
cycle patterns, epizootiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control of
helminths of veterinary importance belonging to various families.

Unit 2: Veterinary Entomology:

Introduction to veterinary entomology, classification, economic importance, distribution,
morphology, life-cycle, seasonal patterns, vector potential, pathogenesis, and control of insects and
acarines of veterinary importance belonging to various families. Chemical, biological, immunological
and managemental control measures and integrated pest management. Mechanisms and mitigation
of acaricide resistance in ticks.

Unit 3: Veterinary Protozoology:

Introduction to veterinary protozoology, classification, economic importance, morphology, life-cycle,
pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control of protozoans of veterinary
importance belonging to the various families.

Unit 4: Clinical Parasitology:

Clinical signs of parasitic infections in domestic animals. Parasitic diseases of skin, eyes,
alimentary, respiratory, urinary, genital, nervous, cardio-vascular and haematopoietic systems.
Identification of eggs/ova/cysts, nematode larvae, gravid proglottids, protozoans and arthropods of
veterinary importance.

Unit 5: Parasitic Zoonoses

Introduction and importance of parasitic zoonoses, classification of parasitic zoonoses, host-
parasite relationships, modes of infections and factors influencing prevalence of zoonoses.
Transmission, epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and control of common
helminths, arthropods and protozoa of zoonotic importance. Morphology, geographical distribution,
epidemiology, diagnosis and management of helminth, arthropods and protozoan parasites of zoo
and wild animals.

Unit 6: Management of livestock parasitism

Conventional and novel methods for control of parasitic infections in livestock – Chemotherapy:
anthelmintics, antiprotozoal and insecticides/ acaricides, their mode of action, delivery devices,
Ethno veterinary practices. Integrated control methods including immunological, biological and
genetic control. Snail and other intermediate host/vector control. In vivo and in-vitro detection of
efficacy of control agents and resistance to anthelmintics, anticoccidials, insecticides and
acaricides.

Unit 7: Immunoparasitology
General principles of parasitic immunity and immune responses to helminths, protozoa and
arthropods of veterinary importance. Types of immunity in parasitic infections, invasive and evasive
mechanisms, immunomodulators and their uses. Types of parasite-specific antigens and their
characterization. Immunological control against parasitic diseases.

Unit 8: Diagnostic Parasitology

Laboratory diagnostic procedures for isolation, identification and preservation for parasites of
veterinary importance and their vectors. Conventional, immunological and molecular assays for
detection of various stages of parasites in host/vector. Culturing of parasites, Laboratory
maintenance of fly and tick colonies. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS)
for mapping parasitic diseases.

pg. 63
30. VETERINARY PATHOLOGY

Unit 1: Introduction, History and Etiology

Introduction, history and scope of pathology. Definitions. Etiology of the disease. Predisposing
factors, intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for the disease. Physical agents, mechanical
injuries. Heat, cold and decreased atmospheric pressure, light (photosensitization) UV light,
microwaves, electricity, chemical agents-exogenous chemicals (toxin, poisons, drugs and food
substances), endogenous chemicals (metabolites, cytolytic or inhibitory immune complexes, free
radicles, oxidants)

Unit 2: Haemodynamics Derangements, Degeneration and Necrosis

Disturbances of circulation/ haemodynamic derangements hyperaemia, ischaemia, haemorrhage,
sludged blood, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, oedema and shock. Disturbances of cell
metabolism – protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, pigment metabolism, pathological
calcification/ossification. Apoptosis, necrosis, gangrene. Ultrastructural changes in cell organelles
in haemodynamic derangements and cell metabolic disturbances.

Unit 3: Inflammation and Healing

Inflammation – definitions associated with inflammatory phenomenon, etiology of inflammation,
cardinal signs, pathogenesis of inflammation, chemical mediators released from injured tissues and
inflammatory cells. Cellular response in inflammation, structure and functions of cells associated
with inflammation. Role of humoral and cell mediated defenses. Various classifications of
inflammation. Healing, cellular regeneration capability of different body cells. Role of cells
(macrophages, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells), extracellular matrix components and
growth factors in healing.

Unit 4: Immunopathology
Immunopathology – antibody and cells, immune-competence of foetus and new-born. Immune
mediated tissue injury, hypersensitivity reactions- anaphylaxis, Arthus reaction, cyototoxic
antibody reaction, immune complex disease, delayed hypersensitivity to chemicals, 78mmune-
deficiency diseases, defective immuno- competence, autoimmune diseases.

Unit 5: Genetically Determined Diseases

Genetic abnormalities, aberrations of chromosomes, mosaicism, chimerism, anomalies in sex
chromosomes and it autosomal chromosomes. Pathological states determined by one or more genes,
lethal genes.

Unit 6: Disturbances in Cell Growth and Oncology

Disturbance in cell growth – aplasia, hypoplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia.
Neoplasm: Etiology, carcinogens and oncogenesis, nomenclature and classification, characteristics
of benign and malignant tumours, molecular mechanisms, pathways of spread of tumors and tumor
immunology. Effects of tumour, grading, staging and laboratory diagnosis of tumours pathological
features of various neoplasms.

Unit 7: Postmortem Diagnosis and Histopathological Techniques

Postmortem examination as a diagnostic tool. Postmortem techniques for different species including
poultry, postmortem changes, lesions in various organs in different diseases, identification and
interpretation of lesions, preparation of necropsy reports. Regulations dealing with diseases of
animals in India regarding epidemiology, quarantine certificate, issue of soundness certificate.
Handling of necropsy in vetero-legal cases, collection, preservation and dispatch of materials for
diagnosis. Fixation and processing of tissues for histopathology and histochemistry. Different
staining techniques. Histochemistry and histoenzymology as diagnostic tools. Principles of electron
microscopy, processing of tissue for scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
Unit 8: Clinical Pathology
Clinical laboratory examination of various biomaterials from different livestock species, complete
blood profile, changes in plasma/serum including biochemical profile for organ function tests,
cytological examination and examination of urine, faeces, skin scrapings, cerebrospinal fluid and
biopsy specimens and their interpretation.

pg. 64
Unit 9: Systemic Pathology
Advance pathology of cardiovascular, haemopoietic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, genital, nervous
and musculoskeletal systems, endocrine glands, organ of special senses i.e, eye, ear, skin,
appendages.
Unit 10: Pathology of Infectious Diseases
Etiology, pathology and pathogenesis of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, mycoplasmal, rickettsial,
chlamydial, and diseases caused by prions.
Unit 11: Avian Pathology
Omphalitis and yolk sac infection, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngio-
tracheitis, viral arthritis, infectious bursal disease, egg drop syndrome, inclusion body hepatitis
and hydropericardium syndrome, infectious stunting syndrome, swollen head syndrome, Marek's
disease, avian leucosis / sarcoma complex, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis,
chalamydiosis, colibacillosis, spirochaetosis, aspergillosis, thrush, mycotoxicosis, parasitic
diseases - nematodes, cestodes and protozoa, nephrosis / nephritis syndrome, multi-etiology
syndromes. Eio-pathology, clinical symptoms, and diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies - vitamin
and mineral deficiencies; metabolic diseases- ascites, gout, fatty liver and kidney syndrome, fatty
liver haemorrhagic syndrome, cage layer fatigue; miscellaneous conditions of poultry-heat stress,
blue comb, breast blister, bumble foot, cannibalism, false layer, internal layer, pendulous crop,
round heart disease. Emerging and re-emerging diseases of poultry.
Unit 12: Nutritional and Production Pathology
Pathology of nutritional deficiency disease - protein, carbohydrate, mineral and vitamins. Concept
of production diseases - pathology of milk fever, ketosis, magnesium tetany, rumen indigestion,
nutritional haemoglobinuria.
Unit 13: Pathology of Toxicosis
Pathology and pathogenesis of toxicosis due to heavy meals, mycotoxins, insecticides, pesticides,
toxic plants, chemicals and drugs.
Unit 14: Pathology of Diseases of Laboratory and Wild Animals
Etiopathology of common diseases of laboratory, wild and zoo animals.

pg. 65
31. VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY

Unit 1: General Pharmacology:

History, Development and Scope, branches of pharmacology, Terminology, Sources and nature of
drugs. Pharmacopoeia and drug compendia. Principles of biopharmaceutics and veterinary dosage
forms, Drug Schedules, Factor modifying drug activity, Definition of pharmaco-genomics, Single
Nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), Screening and Assaying of drugs, Designing and Development of
drugs, Regulations and standards; Gene based therapy and drug delivery system.
Pharmacodynamics: Structure activity relationship, Theories of Drug receptor interaction, Role of
secondary messengers, Drug Targets, Pharmacodynamics of signal transduction (G- Protein
coupled Receptor, Ion channels, Enzyme linked receptors and Nuclear receptors), Regulation and
malfunctioning of diseases. Agonist, antagonists, Partial Agonist, Inverse Agonist, Spare receptors
Dose response Curve, Drug-Drug Interactions, Types of Antagonism, Adverse drug reaction.
Pharmacokinetics: Dynamics of ADME, Drug metabolism and biotransformation. Factors
modifying drug kinetics. Kinetic constants. Different models, determination of kinetic parameters
and application in rational dosage regimen, Genomics of Drug Metabolic enzymes.
Pharmacometrics: Organization and screening programmes and drug development.
Multidimensional screening methods, Bioassay, Determination of median doses – Lethal Dose 50
(LD50), Effective Dose (ED50), Therapeutic indices. Dose response relationship.

Unit 2: Drug Acting on Central Nervous System

Anatomical and physiological considerations and neurohumoral transmission in CNS, Historical
development, theories, principles and stages of general anaesthesia, Recent advances in
pharmacology of general anaesthetics and therapeutic gases, local anaesthetics, sedatives,
hypnotics, neuroleptics, antiepileptics. Pharmacology of CNS stimulants, analeptics, opioid
agonists and antagonists; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, central muscle relaxants,
Pharmacology and regulations of euthanizing agents, Muscle relaxants.

Unit 3: Drugs Acting on Autonomic and Autacoid Nervous Systems

Anatomical and physiological considerations of autonomic and somatic motor nervous system and
Neurohumoral transmission, Agents modulating peripheral nervous system, Non- adrenergic-non
cholinergic (NANC) transmission, Pharmacology of adrenergic agonists, Antagonists and Adrenergic
neuron blockers. Pharmacology of cholinergic agonists, Antagonists and cholinergic neuron
blockers. Drugs acting at the Neuromuscular Junction and Autonomic Ganglia. Autacoids:
Introduction to immunity and inflammation, Immuno- stimulants, Immuno-suppressants and
Tolerogens, Pharmacological aspects of histamine, serotonin, kinins, eicosanoids and platelet
activating factor, Angiotensins and other putative autacoids.

Unit 4: Drugs Acting on Cardio-vascular and Respiratory Systems

Cardiac electrophysiology consideration, Pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs, Cardiac
glycosides, Myocardial stimulants, Antihypertensive, Antihypotensive and Antihyperlipidaemic
drugs, Coagulants and anticoagulants, Thrombolytic agents, Plasma expanders, Drugs affecting
haemopoietic system and antiplatelet drugs. Physiological considerations of respiratory functions
in animals. Pharmacology of drugs acting on respiratory system: Bronchodilators, Antitussives,
Mucolytics, Expectorants, Decongestants. Drugs used in treatment of asthma.

Unit 5: Drugs Acting on Digestive System

Pharmacology of drugs acting on gastrointestinal tract. Appetite stimulants, emetics and anti-
emetics. Pharmacology of anti-ulcer drugs, modulators of gastric and intestinal motility and
secretions. Agents promoting digestive functions; bile acids and pancreatic enzymes, drugs affecting
liver; rumen pharmacology, Gastrointestinal protectant and adsorbents, laxatives and cathartics.

Unit 6: Drug action on Urinary System

Pharmacology of drugs affecting renal functions and fluid-electrolyte balance: Diuretics,
Antidiuretics, Urinary acidifiers, Urinary alkalizers, Urinary antiseptics and Uricosuric and other
anti-gout drugs. Principles of acid-base balance, fluid and electrolyte therapy and blood substitutes.

pg. 66
Unit 7: Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacology:
Drugs affecting endocrine functions of hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and pancreas.
Drugs affecting calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, Drugs affecting male reproductive organs,
spermatogenesis and erectile dysfunctions. Drugs affecting female reproductive organs: ovulation,
oestrus, conception, gestation and lactation. Oxytocic and other drugs affecting uterus.

Unit 8: Chemotherapy
Classification of chemotherapeutic agents; Molecular mechanism of Antimicrobial resistance
development and Prevention strategies; Antiseptic and disinfectants. Mechanism and therapeutics
of sulphonamides (gut active, systemic), trimethoprim and congener. Antibiotics: Penicillin,
cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolide, surface active, tetracyclines, polypeptide.
Antitubercular drugs, Glycopeptides, and Polypeptide antibiotics, Methenamine, Carbadox,
Novobiocin, Virginiamycin, Spectinomycin, Oxazolidinones and newer agents. Antifungal and other
emerging antibiotics. Quinolones, nitrofurans, Antitubercular, antiviral and antineoplastic drugs.
Anthelmintic: Antinematodal, anticestodal, antitrematodal drugs. Antiprotozoons, Anticoccdials.
Drugs used for ectoparasite control. Concept of Gene based therapy, prospects of disease target
therapy, overview of indigenous medicinal drugs, its components for therapeutic use.

Unit 9: Toxicology: Terminology. Classification of poisons. Toxicity rating. Principles of selective

toxicity. Toxicodynamics. Toxicokinetics. Diagnosis and treatment of poisoning (antidotal and non
anti-dotal). Mechanism of detoxification. Poisons causing respiratory insufficiency. Toxicology of
common inorganic compounds. Toxicity of metals, non- metals and metalloids, solvents and vapors,
common salt, urea. Toxicity of drugs. Poisonous plant- cyanogenic, nitrate and oxalate producers.
Mycotoxins: aflatoxin, rubratoxin, ergot, Toxic ferns. Venoms from snakes, scorpions, toads, etc.
and treatment. Zootoxins: snake venom, scorpion, spider and insect stings and bufotoxins, Puffer
fish and Shell fish toxins. Bacterial toxins (botulinum and tetanus toxins). Genotoxic and other
effects of radiations and radioactive chemicals; toxicogenomics and developmental toxicology;
forensic and regulatory aspects of toxicology

Unit 10: Ecotoxicology Types and identification of industrial contamination and pollution residual
toxicity. Impact of pesticides, fungicides, weedicides, fertilizers on biosphere. Chemical warfare
agents and radiation hazards. Toxicity from food additives, preservatives. Statutory regulation on
agrochemical formulation and their uses. Newer parameters, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity,
mutagenicity, embryo toxicity for toxicological evaluation.

Unit 11: Miscellaneous Topics: Drugs promoting growth and production. Agents used for doping
and restraining of wild animals. Euthanizing agents. Drug control and regulation.

pg. 67
32. VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH

Unit 1: Veterinary Public Health

Definitions: Veterinary Public Health, One Health, Eco-Health; concept of Veterinary Public Health
and its dimensions; intersectoral/interdisciplinary approach to Human-Animal- Environment
Health; historical emergence of One Health approach; objectives and areas of activities under One
Health framework; role and participation of veterinarians in community health and One Health;
National and International organizations related with Veterinary Public Health, rural and
community health and One Health.

Unit 2: Hygiene and Safety of animal foods

Milk hygiene: Definitions; dairy Industry in India and other countries; microbiology of milk and milk
products; microbial spoilage of milk and milk products; sources of contamination of milk and its
products; public health aspects of residues: agricultural chemicals, antibiotics and drugs, toxic
metals, mycotoxins and adulterants; milk borne pathogens; concept of milk hygiene; hygienic
aspects of milk production and processing; clean milk production; lactose intolerance; prevention
of contamination by sanitary measures at dairy farm, transportation, collection centres, milk
processing and manufacturing plants; pasteurization; sterilization; quality control tests for milk
and milk products; national standards for safe milk production and marketing.

Meat hygiene: Definitions; meat industry in India and other countries; raising meat food animals
and poultry, their trade and transport; hygienic aspects of slaughter, bleeding, dressing and
processing and manufacture of carcass meat and meat products; rigor mortis, emergency and
causality slaughter; abattoir/meat plant hygiene and sanitation, microbiology of meat and their
products; sources of meat contamination; disposal and reclamation of slaughterhouse wastes and
byproducts and associated public health problems; spoilage of meat and meat products;
preservation of meat and meat products; ante mortem and post mortem examination; inspection of
poultry meat, eggs, fish and meat from game animals, judgment indices of sanitary quality; national
and International standards; bacteriological, serological and biochemical tests for quality control,
substitution and adulteration.

Food microbiology: Food microbiology: concepts and principles; characters of food bacteria, virus,
parasite, moulds and yeast; classifications of food microbes according to their requirements for
growth - temperature, acidity, moisture, oxygen and salt concentration, resistance to
microenvironment, food processing and preservation methods; Hurdle technique and its relevance;
use of predictive microbiology in food industry; pathogen-associated virulence factors, toxic
metabolites and other molecules associated with pathogenic mechanisms; resistance mechanism
of microbe survival in environment in and outside the host; traceability system; organic food
production; microbiological, serological, biological and nucleotide based diagnostic methods; Issues
on bioterrorism.

Guidelines and legislation: Definitions, standards / guidelines of products and product ingredients;
Hazards Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP); Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP): Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP): Total Quality Management (QM): Quality Assurance and Food Safety
Management Systems, ISO 22000, Bureau of Indian Standards, International Organization for
Standards; Food Safety and Standards Authority of India: aims, scopes and role in safeguarding
the national food safety; Codex Alimentarius, World Trade Organization, Sanitary and Phyto-
sanitary (SPS) measures; Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT); National and International Standards
related to milk, meat, fish and their products and hygienic standards to ensure safety to domestic
and foreign consumers of products of animal origin.

Unit 3: Food-borne Infections and Intoxications:

Definitions, Classifications of Food borne diseases; meat-borne diseases, milk-borne diseases;
Infections and intoxications traced to consumption of fish/eggs, ready-to-eat/street foods;
epidemiological characteristics of food-borne infections and intoxications, intensive agriculture and
animal husbandry practices;, sources of pathogens and factors favouring for bacterial, viral,
parasitic, mycotic and chemical food poisoning; epidemiological investigation of food-borne
outbreaks; detection of foodborne pathogens and their toxins; prevention and management of food
poisoning outbreaks; Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-borne pathogens-definition, current
status, factors responsible, mechanism of resistance, mode of transmission and control.

pg. 68
Unit 4: Zoonoses
Definitions; concept and classification of Zoonoses; history, etiology, transmission dynamics, risk
factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and management of important bacterial, viral, parasitic,
rickettsial, prions and fungal zoonoses; farm animals, wild animals and aquatic life-associated
zoonoses; Vectors related zoonoses; occupational bio-hazards and zoonoses; occupational health
and safety in the care and use of research animals; nosocomial zoonoses; xenozoonoses; nationally
and internationally emerging and re-emerging zoonoses (including transboundary
zoonoses);epidemiology of bacterial, viral, parasitic, rickettsial, and mycotic Zoonoses; principles
and methods of zoonoses management: methods of prevention, control and eradication of zoonoses;
farm biosecurity– definition, importance, and principles; farm biosecurity at specialized animal
facilities; biomedical hazards and biosafety in the laboratories.

Unit 5: Veterinary Epidemiology

Definitions; historical perspective and scope of veterinary epidemiology; casual association; concept
of disease transmission; ecological basis of diseases; sampling methods and strategies; methods of
data presentation and epidemiological analysis; measurement of disease occurrence; distribution
of diseases in space and time; epidemic curve; concept of herd immunity; epidemiological
hypothesis; types of epidemiological studies [observational (cross-sectional, case-control, and
cohort studies) and experimental studies (field and clinical trials)]; epidemiological survey,
surveillance, and monitoring of diseases; field and experimental epidemiology; participatory
epidemiology; epidemiological measurements; predictive epidemiology; epidemiological models;
sero-epidemiology; deterministic and stochastic models; disease reporting system and early warning
system; concept of risk analysis; characteristics of diagnostic tests, multiple testing and evaluation
of tests; use of information technology/artificial intelligence/machine learning in disease
monitoring; epidemiological investigation and evaluation of intervention measures; animal disease
economics (cost-benefit analysis, internal rate of return, payback period, partial budgeting),
decision analysis; uses of multivariate analysis.

Unit 6: Environmental Hygiene

Definitions; water hygiene; pure and wholesome water; microbial contamination and chemical
pollution of water; impurities in water; purification and sanitization of water; waterborne diseases;
microbiological examination of water; standards for drinking water; impact of noise pollution on
health; air pollutants; air-borne pathogens and diseases; ventilation; methods of air purification,
agricultural chemicals; industrial wastes; farm effluents polluting environment and associated
hazards and preventive measures; health problems due to nuclear energy, microwave, electro-
magnetic and other radiation pollution; environmental pollution; agrochemical pollution, pesticides
pollution; industrial pollution as well as pollution due to plastic and petrochemical products;
antibiotic and pesticide residues and their effect on animal-human-environment health; farm,
slaughterhouse and dairy plant waste management; methods of disposal of bio-medical waste and
dead animals; rodents and vector control measures; green-house gasses and its effect; effect of
climate change on animal-human-environment health; environmental risk assessment and
management; national and international regulations on control of environmental pollution; role of
veterinarians in disaster management.

pg. 69
33. VETERINARY SURGERY

Unit 1: Principles Of Surgery

Classification of wounds, wound healing, mechanism of wound repair, local and systemic factors
affecting wound healing, advances in wound closure, current concepts of inflammation and its
management, thermal, electrical and chemical injuries and their management. Principles of Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery. Principles of asepsis, sterilization, disinfection and practice of
antimicrobial therapy in surgical patients. Disinfection and sterilization. Physiopathology of burns,
trauma, surgical stress and shock. Haemorrhage, haemostatic techniques and haemostatic agents
(active, passive, sealents etc). Acid — base and electrolytes imbalance. Rehydration and fluid
therapy. Surgical infection, its pathophysiology and management. Sutures and suture materials.
General surgical affections viz. abscess, cyst, haematoma, tumour, gangrene, sinus, fistula and
hernia. Surgical instrumentations. Skin grafting techniques in animals. Principles, instrumentation
and clinical applications of laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, and physiotherapy.
Minimally invasive surgical procedures which includes laparoscopy and endoscopy. Principles of
microscopic surgery, vessel and nerve anastomosis, application of computers in surgery.

Unit 2: Anaesthesia And Analgesia

History and instrumentation. General consideration for anaesthesia in animals, properties of ideal
anaesthetic agent, types of anaesthesia, anaesthetic triad, preanaesthetic evaluation of patient and
selection of anaesthesia. Preanaesthetic medication (anticholinergics, sedatives, tranquilizers,
alpha-2 agonist, narcotics), muscle relaxants and neuromuscular blocking agents with their
reversal agents. General anaesthetics and factors affecting their uptake, distribution and
metabolism. Inhalant (properties, methods of administration, dosage and usages) and injectable
anaesthetic agents (properties, dosage and usage) including dissociative, neurolept and balanced
anaesthesia and their administration in small and large animals. Inhalation anaesthesia equipment
and breathing circuits, mechanical and artificial ventilation. Monitoring of patient during
anaesthesia and recovery. Anaesthetic emergencies and their management. Local anaesthetic
agents, their mechanisms. Local and regional anaesthetic procedures, spinal analgesia, intravenous
regional anaesthesia, peri-operative and post-operative pain and its management. Techniques for
pain management. General consideration in chemical restraint of captive and free ranging wild
animals, handling of birds with minimum stress, Methods of administration of anaesthesia in
captive, free ranging animals, birds and laboratory animals. Local and general anaesthesia in exotic
species, wild animals, birds, zoo animals and laboratory animals.

Unit 3: Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

Regulations regarding establishment and handling of x-ray units. Requirements for establishment
of x-ray units, conventional and digital X-ray machine, x-ray films, cassettes, screen, x-ray
production, qualities of x-rays, image formation and dark room procedures, Image plate,
radiographic quality, contrast, density and details), radiographic accessories, radiographic
positioning for different organs/parts in small and large animals. Formulation of technique chart.
Radiographic artifacts and their prevention. Plain and contrast radiography techniques of small and
large animals. Fluoroscopy/C-arm, principles of radiographic interpretation. Radiation hazards and
monitoring of radiographic exposure to personnel and protection. Principles of radiotherapy.
Medical radioisotope curves, radiation laws and regulations. Radiography of head and neck region,
radiography of thorax, lung patterns, radiography of abdominal and pelvic region. Basic physics of
ultrasound waves and image formation, scanning principles of ultrasound, transducers, equipment
controls, modes of display, terminology used for echotexture and USG artifacts, application of
ultrasound in small and large animals. Doppler techniques, echocardiography and its application,
introduction to nuclear imaging techniques, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance
imaging, positron emission tomography technique.

Unit 4: Orthopaedic Surgery

Physiological and biochemical considerations of bone. Bone structure and function, growth,
response to injury. Fractures and luxations. Classification and healing of fracture, biomechanics of
fracture healing. Considerations for selection of fixation techniques. Treatment of fractures of
different bones in companion and farm animals. Diseases of bone. Classification, diagnosis and
treatment of arthritis. Surgical affection of vertebral column and injury to axial skeleton. Technique,
scope and application of arthroscopy. Anatomical confirmational and pathological causes of
lameness and allied surgical conditions of fore and hind limbs, rehabilitation of orthopaedic patient.
Affections of joints, tendons, ligaments and their management. Conformation of the limbs and hoof.
Management of congenital and acquired disorders of joints like traumatic dislocations, luxations
pg. 70
and dysplasia. Etiopathology, diagnosis and management of equine lameness including laminitis,
navicular disease, quitter, canker and thrush, sand cracks, ring bone, hygromas, upward fixation
of patella, string halt, bursitis, spavins and splint. Soundness and examination of horse for
soundness.

Unit 5: Soft Tissue Surgery

Skin, adnexa, integument, appendages, horn, tail, sinus affections of equine and bovine, teat
affections. Surgical approaches/affections of oral cavity, larynx and pharynx, salivary glands,
oesophagus, abdomen, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus,
liver and biliary system, pancreas and porto-systemic shunts. Surgical affections and management
of ear and guttural pouch. Abdominal hernia, diaphragmatic hernia, perineal hernia, ventral,
femoral, umbilical hernia, ritcher hernia, hiatal hernia, omental hernia, pre- pubic tendon rupture,
use of biological and synthetic grafts for hernia repair, laparoscopic repair of hernia. Principles of
thoracic surgery, Functional anatomy of respiratory system, diseases of upper and lower respiratory
system. Functional anatomy of cardiovascular system and common affections of heart. Principles
of neurosurgery and common surgical affections of nervous system and special sense organs.
Haemolymphatic system, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymphatics, thymus.
Laryngeal paralysis, tracheal collapse, tracheostomy (temporary/permanent), Pneumo thoracic
emergency procedures like chest tube placement, thoracocentesis, pneumectomy
(partial/unilateral), trans tracheal intubation, thoracoscopic procedure. Different congenital and
acquired surgical affections of thoracic wall and thoracic organs viz. lung, mediastinum,
oesophagus, heart and diaphragm in large and small animals. Esophageal affections in small and
large animals, dilatation, diverticulum, intussusception, caecal dilatation, short bowel syndrome,
colostomy, traumatic reticulitis, abomasal displacement, impaction of omasum, pyloric stenosis,
gastric dilatation and torsion, intestinal obstruction. Anal and Perianal affections and management.
Colic in horse:- etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Unit 6: Urogenital Surgery

Surgical anatomy of urinary and reproductive tract in male and female animals, congenital
anomalies of organs of male and female urinary and reproductive system. Principles of urinary tract
surgery, pathophysiology, diagnosis and surgical management of affections of kidney, ureter,
urinary bladder and urethra, medical dissolution and prevention of canine uroliths, feline urologic
syndrome, surgical management of urolithiais in ruminants and its prevention, management of
uroperitoneum and renal failure. Pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and surgical
management of vaginal and uterine prolapse, rectovaginal fistula, pneumovagina, vaginal tumours,
vaginal hyperplasia, ovarian remnant syndrome, pyometra, cysts of Gartner’s canal and vestibular
glands. Surgical conditions of penis, prepuce, prostate and testicles, cryptorchidism, inguinal and
scrotal hernia, affections of teat and udder. Indications, techniques and postoperative complications
of episiotomy, ovariectomy, ovariohysterectomy and caesarean section, pyometra and its surgical
treatment. Castration, vasectomy, cauda epididymectomy and penile deviation.

Unit 7: Dentistry and Oral Surgery

Anatomy, development of teeth (odontogenesis), dentition and aging of different species. Clinical
examination of oral cavity, dental anesthesia and pain management, dental radiographic
interpretations. Diseases of oral cavity and teeth, congenital and developmental anomalies of oral
cavity, abnormal tooth eruption, irregular wear of teeth in companion and farm animals, occlusion
and malocclusion, mandibular fracture, malformation of mandible, maxilla (cleft palate). Acquired
diseases of teeth (halitosis, dental caries, fracture of teeth, dental materials and dental radiography),
oronasal fistula, maxilla and mandibular fractures repair, orthodontics, tumors and other acquired
condition of oral cavity. Exodontics, restorative dentistry, periodontal disease, tooth extraction, gum
diseases. Endodontics, pulpectomy, root canal therapy, current techniques in dentistry.

Unit 8: Ophthalmology
Anatomy and physiology of eye and its adnexa. Ophthalmic examination and diagnosis, diagnostic
instrumentation, anaesthesia and surgery. General consideration for eye surgery in companion and
farm animals, therapeutic agents for eye diseases and surgery of eye lids, lacrimal apparatus, naso-
lacrimal duct. Diseases of conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, iris, orbit, lens, vitreous and aqueous humor,
retina and optic nerve, eye tumours, enucleation, exenteration. Ocular manifestations of systemic
diseases. Advances in diagnosis and diseases of the eye and adnexa. Ocular neoplasia. Ocular
imaging, advances in ocular anaesthesia and analgesia. Ocular emergencies, Corneal grafting,
Cataract and its management.

pg. 71
34. AQUACULTURE

Unit 1. Aquaculture Systems

Present status, prospects and constraints of Aquaculture; Aquaculture practices in different parts
of the world; National and global aquaculture production, consumption scenario and emerging
trends; Different freshwater, brackishwater and marine Aquaculture systems- extensive, intensive,
semi-intensive, flow-through and re-circulatory. Farming systems-ponds, pens, cages, raceway,
raft, rope, monoculture, polyculture, mixed culture; Capture and culture-based aquaculture,
Integrated multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), Integrated aquaculture (fish-cum-rice, fish-
cum-duck, fish-cum-poultry, fish-cum-pig, fish-cum-Makhana/chestnut). Multi-component
integrated farming system. Intensive aquaculture (Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS),
Aquaponics, Biofloc). Partitioned aquaculture system, Traditional Aquaculture Systems; Peri-urban
aquaculture systems; Sewage-fed farming, Organic aquaculture, Natural Farming, Culture in
seasonal ponds; Seaweed farming (Major seaweed species of commercial importance, Method of
culture, emerging trends in farming of seaweeds); molluscan farming/pearl culture. Ornamental
fish culture, commercially important exotic and indigenous ornamental species, Ornamental fish
seed production and feed development, National and global status of inland saline soils and
underground saline water. Inland saline aquaculture systems and its potential for finfish and
shellfish farming. Aquaculture and sustainable development goals.

Unit 2. Broodstock Development and Hatchery Technology of Finfish and Shellfish Broodstock
management and seed production-Natural seed collection, holding, packaging, transportation,
environmental, nutritional and endocrine control of reproduction, Reproductive cycles, factors
influencing reproduction, Gametology (evaluation of milt and egg); Overview of current
developments in reproductive biology of commercially important finfishes and shellfishes.
Broodstock transportation, quality seed production through induced breeding, different types of
inducing agents, pituitary gland structure and function, preservation of pituitary gland, Natural
and synthetic hormones and its analogues and their application, lay-out and design of hatcheries,
tagging, cannulation, hormonal and volitional spawning, incubation of eggs, types of hatchery (Jar
hatchery, Chinese eco-hatchery, portable hatcheries their operation and troubleshooting), Hapa
breeding, water quality management in hatcheries. Cryopreservation of gametes. Larval rearing and
role of live feed (microalgae, rotifers, copepods, artemia hatching and enrichment). Seed production
of Carps, Snakeheads, Mahseer, Trout, Pearlspot, Ornamental fish, Cobia, Grouper, Pompano,
Tilapia, Seabass, Mullets, Milkfish, Snappers, Breams, Shrimps (Penaeus monodon, P. indicus, P.
semisulcatus, Litopenaeus vannamei), sand lobster, spiny lobster, mud crab, blue crab, and giant
freshwater prawn. Seed production of molluscs (mussel, edible oyster, pearl oyster). Larval
transportation, Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) broodstock, seed certification. Assessment of seed
quality.

Unit 3. Aquaculture Ecosystem Management and Practices

Aquatic microorganisms and their role in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur cycle, Natural
productivity of ponds, Primary, secondary and tertiary productivity, Carrying capacity and
associated factors, carrying capacity and marketable size-based optimization of stocking size,
density and culture duration, Aquaculture practices for freshwater fish- carps (IMC, Exotics, Major
& Minor), catfishes, snake heads, feather backs, tilapia, murrels, mahseer, trout, freshwater prawn
and brackish water and marine shrimp and fish (seabass, milkfish, mullets, pearl spot, cobia,
pompano, grouper, snappers, breams, other perches), lobsters, freshwater and marine ornamentals
(Native and exotic species). Nursery rearing,pre-stocking, stocking and post-stocking management,
soil and water quality management, liming, manuring and fertilization, bio-fertilization. Polar algal
resources and their application; Role of algae in global warming and mitigation (Ocean fertilization,
bioprospecting and biopiracy, bioprocessing, bio fouling, bioleaching, biocorrosion, bioremediation,
biofilm).Harvest management (staggered harvest, managing differential growth). Live fish
marketing. Best Management Practices (BMP) in Aquaculture. Carrying capacity and stocking
density of aqua farms. Waste water fed aquaculture, Waste water treatment practices. Exotic fishes
and its impact. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Algal bloom control, Eutrophication,
Aquatic Weed Management. Microplastics in Aquaculture, Renewable Energy in Aquaculture,
Responsible aquaculture, Guidelines for sustainable aquaculture, Waste discharge standards,
Sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) agreement, Ecosystem approach to aquaculture, CRZ
implications, CAA and its role. Ecolabeling, Organic certification. Weather elements of concern in
aquaculture, Greenhouse gases, Global warming and their impact. Carbon sequestration in
aquaculture, Climate resilient aquaculture. Carbon sequestration, carbon credit, Life cycle
Analysis, Physical and chemical properties of soil and water productivity vs nutrient quality,
Salinization of soils and water. Bioremediation; role of biotechnology, traceability. FAO Code of
Conduct for Responsible Fisheries; Holmenskollen Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture, Carbon
pg. 72
foot print and climate resilience of aquaculture. Pollution problem in groundwater resources
(Arsenic, fluoride, nitrite, pesticide), sources of contamination and management issues. Ecological
sanitation, Constructed wetland, River continuum concept, integrated environmental management,
ICZM, principles of ISO 14000 (EMS).

Unit 4. Aquatic Animal Health and Nutrition

Common fin fish and shellfish diseases and their control measures. Environmental and nutritional
support methods for disease management. Immune modulation (probiotics and pre biotics),
Immunostimulation, Use of vaccines and other preventive methods. Concept of therapeutics in
aquaculture, drugs in aquaculture, herbal therapeutics, Issue of misuse of chemicals and drugs in
aquaculture. Biosecurity, Sustainable use of Antibiotics, AMR. Legislation and jurisprudence in
therapeutics for aquaculture organisms.
Nutritional requirement of commercially important fishes & shellfishes and associated factors,
energy partitioning, Protein:Energy ratio, high energy/low pollution diets, Common, alternative and
novel feed ingredients in aqua feeds and their quality, feed additives (preservatives, binders,
antioxidants, hormones, non-antibiotic growth promoters, probiotics, prebiotics), antinutritional
factors, formulation of feeds, feed processing, Natural and formulated feeds, weaning to artificial
feeds, feed formulation and manufacturing methods (compression, extrusion), Larval, grow-out and
broodstock diets, advanced feeds, supplementary feeds, balanced feeds, feeding strategies, rations
and feeding methods, manual and automatic feed dispersers, demand feeders, feed rationing,
feeding protocols. Feed formulation and nutritional requirements. Larval diets, advanced feeds,
Feed storage and quality deteriorations, dos and don’ts of storage, Feed economics and Feed
evaluation criteria (FCR, PER, NPU, BV). Nutritional diseases, Culture of Live food organisms, bio-
enrichment, bio-routing, Feed economics and Feed evaluation criteria. Equipments used in feed
manufacture.

Unit 5. Farm & Hatchery Design and Construction

Criteria for site selection for various culture practices. Design and construction of aqua-farms (site
selection, nutrient and soil quality, water supply and water circulation). Design and construction
of carp, freshwater prawn, shrimp and trout hatchery. Design, layout planning and construction of
different types of production systems, Earthwork calculations and cost estimation, Surveying and
levelling. Types of pumps, types of Aeration system. Design of channels, Aeration and its types, Air
blower, Filtration system, Design and types of filter. Types of ponds, shape, size and orientation,
design of embankments, construction of poly houses, recirculatory system; construction of pens,
cage design and construction, fixed cages, floating cages, semi-submerged and submerged cages,
towing cages, flow through systems, race ways, aquaponics, biofloc systems. Water budgeting and
renewable energy on aquaculture. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in aquaculture.
Precision Aquaculture.

pg. 73
35. FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Unit 1. Fisheries Resources

Major fisheries resources of the world and India, global trends in production; Commercially
exploited fish and shellfish stocks of India - their distribution, potentials, status, means of
exploitation and yields; Target and non-target fisheries resources of the Indian subcontinent and
the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); Distribution, composition, trends and dynamics of major
exploited fishery resources in hill streams, rivers, reservoirs, lakes, lagoons, estuaries, territorial
waters, oceanic waters, deep sea and oceanic islands; Resources associated with open sea and sea
mount; Straddling/shared stocks and non-conventional resources; Sport fisheries. Biodiversity,
Juvenile exploitation, Bycatch and Discards, Destructive fishing gears and methods.

Unit 2. Fish Biology and Physiology

Biosystematics of commercially important fish, shellfish; Classical and Modern tools in
ichthyotaxonomy; Fish phylogeny; Speciation; Fish reproductive biology: Gonado Somatic Index;
Fecundity; length at first maturity; Male reproductive system of finfish and shellfish; Female
reproductive system of finfish and shellfish; Physiological control of reproduction in finfish,
crustaceans and molluscs; Feeding, Developmental biology of commercially important finfish and
shellfish; Age and growth studies; Mortality and Recruitment; GIS in resource mapping and
forecasting; Monitoring Controlling and Surveillance; Application of tagging and marking in
fisheries, Fish migration; Structures and design of fish passes. Modern techniques in fisheries
biology: DNA isolation, PCR; DNA barcoding, Meta barcoding, Application of mitochondrial and
nuclear markers for genetic stock identification.

Unit 3. Fish Stock Assessment

Concept of fish stock; Distribution and type of stock: unit stock, mixed stock, straddling stock;
Characterization and delineation of fish stocks (life history traits, truss network, environmental
signals, otolith shapes, genetic analyses); Principle and general procedure of fish stock assessment;
features of tropical and temperate fish stocks; Sampling and data collection methods; Indicators
and reference points; Carrying Capacity; Recruitment, growth and mortality of fish in natural water
bodies; Gear selectivity; Fish stock assessment models - holistic models, analytical models, rapid
stock assessment, their advantages and disadvantages; Cohort dynamics; Concept of Maximum
Sustainable Yield and Maximum Economic Yield; Prey- predatory models, ECOPATH with ECOSIM;
Computer softwares in stock assessment.

Unit 4. Fishing Technology

Different types of fishing crafts and gears, operation and their maintenance; Boat building
materials, fishing gear materials, advantages and disadvantages; Evolution of mechanization of
crafts in India; Safety measures for the fishing boats; Recent advancements in the construction of
active fishing gears; Fishing gears and crafts for deep sea and inland fishing; Green fishing
practices; By-catch reduction devices, turtle excluder devices, finfish and shrimp excluder devices;
Use of modern techniques and electronic equipment for fish finding, aggregating and capturing;
Vessel monitoring system. Fishing Harbours – Types and Components.

Unit 5. Sustainable Fisheries Management

Components and indicators of sustainability; Issues in fisheries - overexploitation, overcapacity,
ghost fishing, habitat degradation, damming of rivers, interlinking of rivers, climate change;
Reduction of bycatch; Rebuilding fishery/stock; Fishing conflicts - exotic species and their impact,
accidental introductions, invasive species, transboundary issues, Illegal, Unreported and
Unregulated (IUU) fishing; Traceability certification; Technical
guidelines of CCRF for responsible fishing; National and international treaties. Concepts and
principles of fisheries management (inland, estuarine and marine); Fisheries biosystems; Indicators
and reference points of sustainability; Anthropogenic intervention, stock enhancement and
sustainable management approaches in riverine, reservoir, lacustrine, floodplain wetlands and
marine fisheries; Modes of fisheries management – open access, regulated, advisory, participatory,
user rights; Input control measures - access control and limited entry (size, type, number and power
of boats, duration of fishing), licensing, capital investment; Output control measures - total
allowable catch, catch quotas, minimum legal size; Technical control measures - size limitations,
closed areas, closed seasons, eumetric fishing and mesh size regulations; co-management, right-
based fishing, Management of conflicts within sub-sectors in fisheries; alternative livelihood
options; Ecosystem based fishery management; Fishing down the food web.

pg. 74
Unit 6. Aquatic Ecosystem and Restoration
Aquatic habitats – freshwater, estuaries, and marine – their structure, functions, ecological
services, productivity and carrying capacity; Trophodynamics and energy flow in aquatic
ecosystems, ecological nice, trophic indices and modeling; Plankton and benthos, their role in
productivity; Bioindicators, bioaccumulation, bioconentration and biomagnification; Ecological
stability and homeostasis; Aquatic pollution and impacts on aquatic resources; Habitat degradation
and its impact on fisheries; Synoptic oceanographic analysis – currents, waves, tides, El Nino-
southern oscillation; mudbanks, upwelling, downwelling and circulation patterns ocean circulation
and fisheries; Fisheries forecasting using environmental parameters; Application of bioprocesses –
bioremediation, biomanipulation, bioaugmentaion, biofouling; Influence of environmental
parameters on fish abundance, distribution, fish production and resource resilience; harmful
effects of algal blooms on fisheries; Ecosystem valuations, Integrated coastal zone management
(ICZM); Vulnerability of fishers to natural disasters and coping mechanisms; Artificial Reefs, Fish
Aggregating Devices and their uses.

Unit 7. Aquatic biodiversity and conservation

Biodiversity – species, genetic and ecosystem; Biodiversity assessment and indices; Endemic
biodiversity; Biomonitoring, bioprospecting and biopiracy, Influence of environmental parameters
on fish abundance, distribution, resource resilience; Species concept for conservation related
decisions - unique species, umbrella species, flagship species, keystone species, State Fish concept;
Threats to fish diversity; biodiversity conservation methods - ex situ and in situ; IUCN criteria, IUCN-
Red List; Participatory approach; Conservation biology- Concept of hotspots. GIS and Remote
Sensing, their applications.

Unit 8. Management of ecologically sensitive areas

Ecologically sensitive areas (mangrove, corals, seagrass beds, mudflats and dunes, turtle nesting
grounds, horseshoe crab habitat, protected areas, biosphere reserves, salt marshes; freshwater
wetlands), their distribution, ecological role, associated fauna and flora – taxonomy, adaptations
and biology; Issues, management, regulations and conservation strategies.

Unit 9. Climate change and fisheries

Climate change, causes and its impacts on sensitive aquatic ecosystems, capture fisheries and fish
abundance, distribution and physiology; Carbon footprint in fisheries and its impacts on fisheries
(temperature rise, ocean acidification, coral bleaching, Ocean acidification; Global ocean
circulation; El Nino and Southern Oscillation, IPCC and its reports, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol; Global
and regional models on climate change and fisheries; Mitigation and adaptation strategies -
resilience, vulnerability and risk assessment, institutional mechanisms.

Unit 10. Fisheries legislations and regulations

Fisheries policies, instruments and mechanisms for fisheries management; Overview of fisheries
acts and legislations, revisions and amendments; National policies and regulations – Indian
Fisheries Act, The Environmental (Protection) Act; Wildlife protection act, Maritime Zones of India
Act, Biodiversity Act, National policy on fisheries, Territorial sea, Contiguous zone, Exclusive
Economic and Fishery Zones Act; MFRA, Deep sea fishing policy, Guidelines for deep sea vessels,
Coastal Regulation Zone notification, green certification, fish catch certificate, MPEDA Act;
International fishery regulations, treaties and instruments – UNCLOS, UNFSA, FAO-CCRF, CITES,
CMS, Ramsar Convention, MARPOL, CBD, IWC, IOTC, RFMOs, BOBP, NFDB.

pg. 75
36. FISH PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1. Fish Biochemistry

Major and minor constituents of fish, their distribution and function-– Proteins- classification- Fish
muscle proteins- Structure -Myosin –Actin- other structural proteins – classification- functional
properties and their applications in product preparation -protein Denaturation- Lipids-types –
structure and classification; PUFA and its health benefits ; lipid oxidation- Pro- and anti- oxidants-
indices of lipid oxidation-Carbohydrates- classification, structure and properties - Vitamins and
minerals- seafood flavors and pigments – Myoglobin– Hemoglobin- Myocyanin - allergens –
Antifreeze proteins. NPN compounds- Fresh Fish quality and biochemical indices of quality – Post-
mortem changes. Effect of preservation methods on proteins.

Unit 2. Microbiology of Fish and Fishery Products

Microbial activities in different foods in relation to intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. Microbial
composition of fresh and preserved fish. Control of microorganisms in foods. Modification of
intrinsic and extrinsic parameters for fish preservation -Food-borne pathogens of public health
significance infection and intoxication- virulence- incidences – prevention- Sources of
contamination and control measures -Isolation and identification of pathogens- Microbial spoilage
of fresh, semi-processed and processed fish and fishery products; biogenic amines; Microbial quality
standards for export trade. Viruses and parasites in fish. Biofilm formation and its significance in
fish processing, Quorum sensing. Antimicrobial resistance. Immunological techniques- Antigen –
Antibody reactions- Immunoassays – ELISA, Molecular methods of pathogen detection – PCR, Real
Time PCR, microarray. Microorganisms of public health significance.

Unit 3. Low-temperature Preservation of Fish

Chilling of fish: Principles- Types of chilling- Icing -quality of ice- ice making- onboard handling of
fish-chilling rate; spoilage of fish during chilled storage- Chilled fish transportation - refrigerated
transport systems, storage methods and Heat load calculations - Fish freezing: principles- freezing
point depression, eutectic point; Glass transition- freezing rate crystallization and recrystallization-
Freezing rate calculation -Types of freezers- Methods of freezing – Quality changes during frozen
storage- microbiological, physical and chemical changes- Prevention of quality loss-
Cryoprotectants-Glazing -Drip loss. Thawing: Principle -Methods of thawing - Sanitation in freezing
plants - HACCP in freezing industry- National and International Quality standards- Requirements
for construction of cold storage; Cold chain system.

Unit 4. Fishery Products

Principles of fish preservation and processing. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors-Handling of fresh fish-
Hurdle technology in fish preservation. Preservation of fish by curing: salting, sun drying, smoking,
marination and pickling; and fermentation -Fish paste products. Fermented fishery products of
India and the world. Health benefits of fermented fish; Drying and dehydration- principles - water
activity – drying kinetics-hysteresis in fish drying process, Artificial drying- solar dryers- Mechanical
dryers - Irradiation preservation.

Unit 5. Thermal Processing of Fish

Classification of foods based on pH -–Principles of thermal processing- mechanism of heat transfer-
-cold point – sterility- heat resistance of bacteria and spores. Thermobacteriology-Clostridium
botulinum TDT, D value, Z value and F0 value- 12 D concept -Cook value- Types of packaging
materials for canned foods- Types of containers – metal containers (Tin Plate, TFS, Aluminium
cans)- Manufacturing of cans -Canning unit operations - HTST and UHT processing – Aseptic
canning- Retort pouches-properties, manufacturing, retort pouch processing- over pressure retort-
Methods of thermal process calculation- Spoilage of canned foods. Standard specifications for
canned fishery products.

Unit 6. Value-added Fishery Products

Concepts of value-addition - types of value-addition - Machineries – Mince-based products - Surimi
preparation- Mechanism- -Packaging- Storage- Quality evaluation -Analogue products - Battered
and breaded products - Freeze dried products – Ready-to-eat and ready- to-cook products -
extruded products- Mechanism of extrusion- Type of extruders – Fortification of foods-Seaweed
based products. - Zero waste in fish processing.

pg. 76
Unit 7. Fish by- products and Waste Utilization
Fish meal, FPH, fish silage, fish oils-squalene- shark cartilage- ambergris- extraction of collagen,
gelatin, fish leather, and enzymes- carotenoids-chitin-chitosan- glucosamine- pigments. Agar,
carrageenan, alginates, bioactive peptides- Industrial waste – liquid and solid waste in fish
processing- Anaerobic treatment- Animal feed production- Biodiesel production-biogas production-
Industrial application.

Unit 8. Food Additives in Fish Processing

Classification of food additives-preservatives-antioxidants- emulsifiers – Stabilizers – Food colors –
Flavors – sequestrants - anticaking agents- humectants – firming and crisping agents-Sweeteners
- enzymes – Hydrocolloids – functions and significance as food additives- Cryoprotectants, etc. -
Risks and benefits of food additives – Health considerations and safety evaluations – GRAS
additives.

Unit 9. Packaging of fish and fishery products

Principles and purposes – Packaging materials- Basic films and laminates - Properties and testing
methods of packaging materials - Packaging for live fish transportation – Chilled and frozen fish-
Vacuum packaging - Modified atmospheric packages- Package designs - Labeling and printing -
Edible packaging- Biodegradable packaging, Active packaging, Intelligent/Smart Packaging and
RFID Technology.

Unit 10. Fish quality assurance and management

Factors affecting seafood quality- Quality assessment: Sensory, Instrumental and Biochemical-
Hazards: Physical, chemical and biological hazards- Quality Assurance, Quality Management, Total
Quality Management – GMP – SSOP- HACCP for seafood industries: Principles and Applications -
Risk analysis and assessment-Plant sanitation - Plant layout (canning plant, fish meal plant, surimi
plant, freezing plant) - Personnel hygiene – water quality- Pest control – Environment, energy and
food safety standards.

Unit 11. Seafood trade regulation and certification

Seafood Trade - World Trade Organization - Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement - Technical
Barriers to Trades (TBT) Agreement- Food laws and standards - Legislation for export - Role of EIA
and MPEDA in seafood export- IPQC, Self-Certification, food safety management systems based
certification- Processing Plant Registration -Fishing Vessel Registration -Processing Plant Approval
-Monitoring Schedule -Health Certificate -Internal Alert- Recall procedures -Catch Certificate- Pre-
Harvest Test Certification -Seafoodregulation- EU, USFDA, FSSAI , ISO, Codex Standards - Seafood
audit : GFSI, BRC – Ecolabelling-Traceability.

pg. 77
37. FISH NUTRITION

Unit 1. Principles of Fish Nutrition

Nutrients, sources, structure, classification and biosynthesis; metabolism of proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals; essential amino acids,; amino acid analogues;
fatty acids; vitamins and minerals and their role in fish nutrition, protein and amino acid
requirements, lipids and fatty acid requirements, vitamin and mineral requirements in herbivores,
carnivores, major freshwater, marine and brackish water cultured species; energy requirements,
sparing action; P:E ratio; assessing nutritional requirements of larvae, fingerlings, juvenile, grow
out, broodstock and fattening; basic fish bioenergetics, energy partitioning, and energy budget
equations.
Unit 2. Nutritional Physiology
Morphology, anatomy and physiology of the digestive systems of various types of fish and shellfish;
nutrient digestion and digestive processes; digestive enzymes in fish; gastric, pancreatic and
intestinal secretions; nutrient and neuro-endocrine regulation of digestion; factors affecting feed
intake, digestion, absorption and assimilation; microbial digestion; digestibility and factors affecting
digestibility; absorption and transport of nutrients in the body, storage, conversion and utilization;
role of liver and muscles in fat and glycogen storage and release: significance of reproductive
physiology in fish and shrimp.
Unit 3. Feed Formulation, Feed Technology and Feeding Management
Principles of feed formulation; feed ingredients; international coding of feed ingredients; feed
quality; evaluation of feed/ingredient; conventional unconventional and novel ingredients; feed
additives and feed binders; antinutritional factors and their remedial measures; methods of feed
formulation; Design of pelleted and extruded feed mill; methods of feed processing; milling;
micronisation; solid state fermentation; feed processing unit; various feed types such as moist,
semi-moist, dry, crumble, pellet, sinking, slow sinking, floating, microbound, microencapsulated
and micro-coated feeds; feed storage, packaging and prevention of spoilage; high energy and low
pollution feeds; system-specific feeds; Feed standards, quality control in feed, traceability of feed
ingredients, feed and food safety; climate smart feeds; feed and feeding management; feeding
frequency, ration and feeding rates and feeding methods. recent developments in feed processing
and feed management.

Unit 4. Nutrition and Fish Health

Nutrients and their effects on fish health; antinutritional factors and their effects on fish health;
nutritional disorders: deficiency, imbalances and toxicity; nutraceuticals for fish health; Nutrients
as stress busters, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, nutrients and immunity; nutrients and flesh
quality; hyper- and hypo vitaminosis; mycotoxins in fish feed,; dietary fatty acids and stress
tolerance in fish larvae, biofloc and its significance as feed and functional ingredient for improved
health.

Unit 5. Nutrigenomics
Nutritionally important genes; genetic control of metabolic pathways; nutrigenetics; epigenetics;
immune genes, growth factors; gene regulation by protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and
minerals; gene and protein expression changes with nutrients and feeds; techniques in
transcriptomics; reverse transcription and cDNA synthesis, proteomics and metabolomics; and
applications of nutrigenomics in fish nutrition.

Unit 6. Broodstock and Larval Nutrition

Role of nutrition in gonadal development, maturation and reproductive performance; special
ingredients and nutrients for broodstock feed; bioenergetics of maturation; energy flow during early
ontogenesis; nutritional profile of egg; utilization of egg proteins, amino acids and lipids; abiotic
factors influencing yolk absorption; ontogeny of digestive system; formulated feed in larval
nutrition, preparation techniques, weaning and significance of live feeds: nutritive value of live food,
live food enrichment, weaning and co-feeding strategies; bottlenecks in larval nutrition and
nutritional programming.

Unit 7. Physiology of Homeostasis and Nutrient Utilization

Physiology of feed intake; factors affecting feed intake; feeding stimulants and feeding behavior;
neuroendocrine regulation of feed intake; circadian rhythms of feeding activity; starvation and feed
restriction; neuroendocrine control of metabolism and nutrient utilisation; osmoregulation, ionic
balance and regulation strategies; nutrients and osmoregulation; vitellogenesis; mechanism of
excretion of nitrogenous waste; stress physiology and dietary mitigation measures, nutrients role
in high and low saline environment.
pg. 78
38. FISH HEALTH

Unit 1. Principles of Aquatic Animal Health Management

Definition of health and disease in fish. Predisposing factors, biotic and abiotic factors, Stress and
general adaptation syndrome. Role of physical chemical (pH, salinity, toxins, ammonia, nitrogenous
waste, endogenous chemical metabolites, free radicals, oxidants), soil and water parameters in fish
health. Aquatic animal health safety regulations at national and international levels; Principles of
quarantine and biosecurity, Transboundary diseases, disease reporting, live fish transportation,
import risk analysis. Health certification: Principle, procedure, the regulatory body for aquaculture
health certification. Legislative framework of chemotherapy in aquaculture, drug regulation acts
and other legal aspects. Management measures for the environment: bioremediators, biocontrol
agents. Management measures for the host: specific pathogen-free (SPF), specific pathogen-
resistant (SPR) and specific pathogen-tolerant (SPT). Probiotics, prebiotics and paraprobiotics,
immunomodulators and concepts of vaccination, types of vaccines, advances in fish vaccinology,
climate-pathogen-host interaction.

Unit 2. Diseases of Finfish & Shellfish

Basic understanding of fish pathogens: Bacterial morphology, classification, metabolism, bacterial
toxins and virulence factors. Major bacterial, Classification of viruses, virus-host relationship,
replication of virus, virulence factors. Pathogenesis, molecular biology, epidemiology and major viral
pathogens of finfish and shellfish (both OIE-listed and non-OIE listed). Major fungal diseases of
finfish and shellfish. Zoonotic pathogens and public health, emerging and re-emerging diseases,
disease problems in smart aquaculture. mycotoxicosis, Clinical signs, etiology, pathology,
epidemiology, host-parasite relationship, diagnosis, treatments and control of the diseases caused
by protozoan and metazoan parasites of fish and shellfish. Environmental and non-infectious
diseases of fish: Mycotoxicosis- important mycotoxins; chemical toxins, and other toxicants and
their effects on fish health; Various diseases due to nutritional imbalance, vitamin deficiencies and
mineral deficiencies and their toxicity.

Unit 3. Fish Pathology

General pathology- degeneration, necrosis and different morphological patterns, autophagy
apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, inflammation, types of inflammation, mediators and their
function. Causes and cellular responses to inflammation. Abnormalities in cell growth aplasia,
hypoplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia. Tumours and neoplasm growth. Clinical and systemic
pathology caused by fish pathogens. Reversible cellular changes and accumulations: fatty changes
and pigments; tissue repair. Clinical pathology: Normal constituents of
blood, alterations in the haematological parameters and enzymes with reference to different
pathological conditions in finfish, haematology of shrimp and molluscans, clotting mechanisms.
Systemic pathology of finfish: integumentary system, respiratory system, vascular system, digestive
system, excretory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal and endocrine system due to bacteria,
parasites and viruses. Systemic pathology of shellfish: Major pathological changes due to infectious
diseases in the integumentary system, lymphoid organ, gill, hepatopancreas, gut and other
organs/of crustaceans; major pathological changes due to diseases in molluscans.

Unit 4. Fish Defence System and Immunology

Introduction to fish immunology: Phylogeny and ontogeny of the immune system, lymphoid tissues
and cellular components of the immune system, T and B cells, mucosal immune system. Finfish
immune mechanisms; antigen processing and presentation, T-cell activation and differentiation, B-
cell activation, cytokines and MHC.Specific immune system of finfish: Memory function and
immunological tolerance, antigens and antigenicity, antigen processing, superantigens, haptens.
Antibody:structure, types, theories of antibody formation; regulation of immune response.
Antibody- mediated and cell-mediated immunity: Cell-mediated immune responses and their
components; antibody-mediated immune responses; polyclonal and monoclonal antibody
production and application. Non-specific immune system of finfish: Phagocytosis; mechanism of
phagocytosis. Complement system: function, components, complement activation. Shellfish
immune mechanisms: Invertebrate defence mechanisms; trained immunity, quasi-immune
response.

pg. 79
Unit 5. Aquatic Animal Disease Diagnosis
Introduction to fish disease diagnosis: Diagnostic features of important diseases of finfish and
shellfish, different roles and levels of diagnosis in aquaculture, evolution of diagnostic techniques
in aquaculture. Safety in microbiology laboratory; bio-safety levels and risk groups; techniques in
sterilization, preparation of microbiological media, culture techniques, purification, preservation
and maintenance of bacterial and fungal cultures. Microscopic techniques: Bright field, darkfield,
phase contrast, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Cell culture-based diagnostic methods:
Principles of cell culture; development of primary cell culture; maintenance of cell lines. Different
cell lines used for fish virus isolation, CPE. Protein-based diagnostic methods: Antibody-based
diagnostic methods - immunohistochemistry, ELISA, western blotting, lateral flow assay.
Hybridoma technology and monoclonal-antibody-based diagnosis. Nucleic-acid-based diagnostic
methods: Nucleic acid amplification methods; types of PCR: reverse transcriptase-PCR, real-time
PCR and other variants of PCR; In situ hybridization; dot blot assay; LAMP.

Unit 6: Fish Pharmacology and Therapeutic measures for fish diseases

Different chemicals and common therapeutants used in aquaculture; their mode of action, dose
and dosage, methods of application; Phytotherapy, phage-therapy, nanoparticle-based drugs,
antimicrobial peptides. Drug toxicity and poisoning, antimicrobial resistance and its impact on
environment and human health. Pharmacokinetics and pharmaco- dynamics; residual effect and
withdrawal period of various chemotherapeutants. Pharmacovigilance, immunophamacology,
pharmacogenetics, OECD guidelines. Legislative framework of chemotherapy in aquaculture; drug
regulation acts and other legal aspects. One health concept of OIE.

Unit 7. Epidemiology and disease surveillance

Epidemiological concepts and types, patterns of disease-epidemic curve, the importance of aquatic
animal diseases. Disease surveillance, active and passive surveillance. Survey and data processing.
Aquatic animal health information systems; national and regional strategic plan for aquatic animal
health. National and international disease reporting: emerging disease preparedness.

pg. 80
39. FISH GENETICS & BREEDING

Unit 1. Principles of Fish Genetics and Breeding

DNA as a genetic material, genetic code and protein synthesis, chromosome manipulation, ploidy
induction, sex reversal, gynogenesis; Recombination; Interference; Linkage disequilibrium;
Cytogenetics and evolution; Karyotyping and chromosome banding. Historical development of
genetics and breeding; Aim and scope of genetics and breeding; physical basis of heredity; Mendel’s
Principles: Scope, limitation, modifications to Mendel’s ratios, multiple alleles; Epistasis;
Chromosomal theory of inheritance; Genetic variation: Causes and measurement; Genetic basis of
sex determination; Sex-linked, Sex-limited, and Sex-influenced traits; Y-linked inheritance;
Chromosome manipulation: Ploidy induction, Sex reversal, Sex manipulation, Sex determination,
Gynogenesis and Androgenesis; Chromosomal aberrations; Mutations- Natural and Induced,
Mutagens, DNA and plasmid isolation, DNA replication..

Unit 2. Population Genetics

Genetics of population: Changes in allelic and genotypic frequency, gene and genotype frequencies
and factors affecting them; Individual vs population, Qualitative vs quantitative traits, Effective
population size, estimation of inbreeding, F statistics, Wahlund effect, Genetic similarity and Nei's
genetic distance, Hardy-Weinberg principle; Systematic and dispersive forces changing gene and
genotypic forces; Genetic bottle neck and mutation, genetic drift, Founder effect; population
genomics, Least squares and BLUP methods.

Unit 3. Quantitative Genetics

Quantitative variation: Gene effects, Mode of inheritance and continuous variation; Population
mean; Components of phenotypic value, Phenomics, Genotypic value, Average effect of gene and
gene substitution; Estimation tools for population genetic parameters; Heritability: Effective
heritability, different methods of estimation, variance of heritability, properties and applications of
heritability; Repeatability, Maternal effects; Concept of co- heritability; Breeding value; Heterosis:
Theories and estimation; Utilisation of non-additive genetic variance, genetics and environmental
interaction, General Linear Mixed Models (GLMM).

Unit 4. Genetic Tools for Aquaculture Application

DNA Markers for genetic stock identification: Allozymes, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, Microsatellites, SNPs,
Type-I and Type-II markers, ESTs, MtDNA markers, Nuclear DNA markers and Fluorescence in situ
hybridisation (FISH). Next Generation Sequencing Technologies; Application of genomics, and
transcriptomics and Metabolomics in aquaculture; Applications of markers in identification of
species, hybrids, and stocks; Epigenetics, Methylation, Application of markers in estimating the
genetic diversity, population demography, phylogeny and phylogeography. Microbiome and
Metagenomics, Application of markers in developing linkage maps; Application of genome editing
tools; Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS); QTL mapping and Marker Assisted Selection.
Transgenics, GMOs and Biosafety. Gene editing, CRISPR/Cas9.

Unit 5. Breeding of Fish and Shellfish

Genetic basis for selection of fish for breeding, Methods of selection, Economic traits in farmed
species, Recording economic traits; Study of growth curves and their components, Influence of non-
genetic factors on economic traits; Formation of base population, Designing mating plans, Sire and
Dam Evaluation, Selection for threshold characters, inbreeding effects,cross-breeding and
hybridisation; Mating designs for selected traits; selection for disease resistance; mono sex;
cryopreservation of gametes; Endocrine control of reproduction in fish and shellfish;
Synchronization of spawning; Artificial reproductive technology, Surrogacy, Broodstock
development and management; Biosynthetic hormones and analogue, Fish breeding guidelines,
Policies, programs and economic analyses of breeding programmes- their present national and
global status, prospectus and challenges. Release and registration of new varieties; Quality seed:
classes, production practices and maintenance of pure seed; Seed purity standards; Seed quality
and fish seed certification.

Unit 6. Fish Genetic Resources and Conservation

Fish genetic resources, Breeding strategies for threatened species; In situ & ex-situ conservation:
Issues and strategies; IPR issues of genetic resources; Regulations regarding introduction of exotic
germplasm; Export import rules and regulations on conservation of aquatic genetic resources; Fish
quarantine – status, procedures, scope and significance Convention on Biodiversity and National
Biodiversity Authority of India; Access and benefit sharing of aquatic genetic resources of India;
Material Transfer agreement (MTA), Effect of climatic change on biodiversity; Evolution and genetic
diversity, maintenance of genetic diversity in natural and captive populations; Genetic variability
pg. 81
and differentiation, equilibrium, null alleles, population genomics, outlier loci and adaptive
variation in trait- related genes. IPR issues and Genetic resources; biodiversity laws and regulations
for germplasm exchange; molecular tools for species identification; identification of farm escapees;
fish quarantine; application of Genomics in conservation; Conservation endocrinology.

Unit 7. Bioinformatics
File Transfer Protocols; Work stations; Application of spreadsheets in maintaining fish breeding
records and breeding data management; Fish breeding data bases; Primary and secondary
structure database, Data input, import, export, modification; Data cleaning, manipulation and
transformations; data normalization; Graphical analysis and representation of breeding data; data
mining tools; Databases on DNA barcodes, DNA, RNA, and Proteins, NCBI GenBank; Protein
Information resources; EST databases. Phylogenetic tree analysis, Tools in sequence alignment
(pairwise and multiple) and sequence retrieval; sequence analysis using various in silico tools.

pg. 82
40. AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS

Unit 1: General chemistry Surface chemistry, pH, Buffer solutions; Redox reactions, Chemical
kinetics, Stereochemistry and chirality, diastereoisomerism, tautomerism, atropisomerism,
asymmetric synthesis, nomenclature of organic molecules, displacement, elimination, addition,
rearrangement, SNI and SN2 reactions, reaction involving free radicals, and carbene intermediates,
Organic reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis, Beckmann, Claisen condensation, Arndt-
Eistert and Wittig reaction. Chemistry of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds
(Preparation, properties and uses of some important compounds)

Unit 2: Chromatography and spectroscopic techniques Basic principles and application of

chromatography; column, paper, thin layer, and ion exchange chromatography; gas liquid
chromatography (GLC); high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); UV, FT-IR; NMR and
mass spectroscopy; GC-MS and LC-MS techniques and their applications.

Unit 3: Chemistry of natural products Extraction of natural products; Classification, structure,

chemistry, properties and function of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, nucleic
acids, vitamins, lipids, and natural polymers. Chemistry of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, plant
pigments, steroidal and triterpenic saponins and sapogenin; Plant derived nutraceuticals;
Chemistry of natural antioxidants and food colorants and their application in human and crop
health. Biosynthetic pathways of natural products, Metabolomics (Definition, Plant and microbial
metabolomics, Metabolome analysis by GC- MS, LC-MS and NMR spectrometery, Application of
metabolomics in different fields)

Unit 4: Naturally occurring insecticides: Natural pyrethroids, nicotine, rotenone, neem and
karanj based botanical pesticides; semiochemicals; insect pheromones-types and uses, insect
hormones, insect growth regulators

Unit 5: Synthetic insecticides, fungicides, nematicides and rodenticides History, scope and
principles of chemical insect control; Insecticides and their classification Chemistry of major groups
of insecticides (organo-chlorine, organophosphorus, organo-carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids,
neonicotinoids), fungicides (inorganics, dithiocarbamates, OP's, phenols, qummes, carboxamides,
azoles, methoxyacrylates), rodenticides, Insect growth regulators; Chitin synthesis inhibitors,
insecticide synergists, fumigants. Mode of action of different groups of insecticides, fungicides and
nematicides.

Unit 6: Herbicides and plant growth regulators Physical, chemical and toxicological properties of
different groups of herbicides (pheoxyacids, carbamates, amides, tiazines, phenyl ureas,
dinitroanilines, bipyridiliums, sulfonyl ureas), Herbicide safeners, Plant growth regulators -auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid; Brassinolides; Mode of action of different groups of
herbicides.

Unit 7: Agrochemical formulations: Basic concepts of pesticide formulation -classification, solid

and liquid formulations; preparation, properties, uses; controlled release formulations; Formulants
-carriers/ diluents, surfactants, encapsulants, binders, anti-oxidants, stabilizers;

Unit 8: Pesticide residues Pesticide residues-concepts and toxicological significance; Experimental

design, sampling, principles of extraction and clean-up from different substrates; Application of
ELISA and radiotracer techniques in pesticide residue analysis; new cleanup techniques,
QUECHERS, ASE (Accelerated solvent extraction); Multi-residue methods; Bound and conjugated
residues; Method validation -linearity, LOD and LOQ,

Unit 9: Agrochemicals -regulation and quality control: Production, consumption and trade
statistics of pesticides and fertilizers; banned and restricted pesticides, registration and quality
control of pesticides; Laws, Acts and Rules governing registration and regulations of agrochemical
production and use; key provisions of the Insecticides Act (1968), Environmental Protection Act
(1986). Pesticide Management Bill, EPA, Food Safety and Standards Act, WHO, FAO, CODEX and
national/international guidelines; Quality Control, Sanitary / Phyto-sanitary issues in relation to
food safety, good laboratory practices, NABL Accreditation as per 17025:2017, Pesticide
stewardship

pg. 83
Unit 10: Natural Resource Management : Soil, plant and microbial biodiversity, Characteristics
and classification of natural resources; Major soil groups of India their characteristics, management
strategies for natural resources; integrated pest and pesticide management; Essential plant
nutrients (major, secondary and micro), organic manures (farm yard, compost, sewage sludge,
green manure, biogas slurries, etc); production and manufacture and uses of various nitrogenous,
phosphatic, potassic and complex fertilizers and fertilizer mixtures, liquid fertilizers, biofertilizers,
integrated plant nutrient systems; benefits, disadvantages and environmental toxicity. Nitrification
inhibitors to enhance nitrogen use efficiency, Hydrogels and their application in agriculture, soil
conditioners and amendments, toxicity issues.

Unit 11: Environment pollution: Implications and remediation Problems of pesticide hazards
and environmental pollution; Adverse effects of pesticides on micro-flora, fauna and on other non-
target organisms; disposal of obsolete and outdated pesticides;

Unit 12: Data analysis Methods of statistical analysis as applied to agricultural data - standard
deviation, standard error, accuracy and precision, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and
regression; T- test, chi-square (X2), F test., Probit analysis.

pg. 84
41. AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
Unit 1: General Meteorology
Laws of radiation: Planck's law, Stephan-Boltzmann law, Wien's displacement law; Kirchhoff's law,
Beer's law and Lambert's Cosine law, Solar constant, length of day; Atmospheric and astronomical
factors affecting solar radiation; Ozone hole; Direct and diffuse radiation; Heat transfer, convection,
conduction and radiation; Concepts of latent and sensible heat; Radiant flux and flux density;
Atmospheric motion and balancing forces; Gas laws, pressure gradient, isobars, hydraulic equation
and its application; Coriolis force, geostrophic gradient and cyclostrophic winds; Pressure systems;
Cyclones and anticyclonic motions: trough, ridge and col; Thermal wind; Contour charts, Concepts
of specific heat at constant volume and pressure; First and second laws of thermodynamics, vapor
pressure, specific humidity, Relative humidity, mixing ratio, absolute humidity and dew point
temperature; Vapour pressure deficit; Psychometric equation, entropy, T-phi gram; Vertical stability
of atmosphere, virtual temperature and potential temperature; Moist and dry adiabatic processes;
Clouds their description and classification; Condensation process- artificial rain making; Bergeron-
Findeisen theory; Dew, frost, fog, mist, haze thunderstorm and hail; Air masses and fronts; Extra
tropical cyclones; Land and sea breeze; Mountain and valley winds; Tropical cyclones and their
structures; Weather variables and their measurements; Agromet observatory, AWS and analysis of
weather data; Thermal - conductivity and diffusivity, resistance.
Unit 2: General Climatology
Elements of weather and climate; Seasonal distribution of radiation, rainfall, temperature sunshine
hours, atmospheric pressure over India and world; Climatic classification - Koppen and
Thornthwaite; Seasonal climatology over India; Mechanism of Indian monsoon; Climatic variability,
recent trends, factor affecting rainfall distribution, cyclones and cyclonic tracks over the Indian
region; North western disturbances and monsoon breaks; Drought climatology, rainfall and its
variability, atmospheric and agricultural droughts intensity, duration, beginning and end of
drought and wet spells; Moisture availability indices; Heat and cold waves; Continental, maritime
and monsoon climates, El-Nino, La Nina and their impact on Indian rainfall systems.
Unit 3: Agricultural Climatology
Definition and scope of agricultural climatology; Effect of thermal environment on growth and yield
of crops; Cardinal temperatures; Thermo-periodism, photoperiodism; Vant Hoff's law, phenology of
crops; Heat unit concept, thermal use-efficiency; Length of growing period and its determination.
Characterization of weather and climate related risks in agriculture such as drought, floods,
heat stress, cold stress etc. Contingency planning for different weather aberrations; Selection of
appropriate land use and cropping patterns: types and drivers of agricultural land use and
cropping patterns based on climatic situation, Meteorological factors associated with incidence
and development of crop pests and disease such as rusts of wheat, potato blight, apple scab, locust
etc.; Effect of climate on humans and animals, warm and cold season indices for comfort zones,
role of weather in animal disease, productivity and conception rate and protection against weather
hazards. Theories of weather modification; scientific advances in clouds and electrical behavior of
clouds; hails suppression, dissipation of fog, modification of frost intensity and severe storms.
Unit 4: Micrometeorology and Biometeorology
Concept of micro, meso and macro meteorology; Micrometeorological processes near bare ground
and crop surfaces; Shearing stress, molecular and eddy diffusion, forced and free convection;
Boundary layer, frictional velocity, roughness length and zero plane displacement;
Micrometeorology of crops, Day and night radiation, humidity, temperature, wind and CO2 profiles
in crop canopies; Richardson number, Reynolds analogy, exchange coefficients, fluxes of
momentum, water vapors, CO2 and heat; Inversion and its effect on smoke plume distribution;
Windbreaks and shelterbelts, different methods on modification of field microclimate; Frost
protection, spectral properties of vegetation; Radiation distribution within crop canopy; Beer’s Law.
Light interception by crop canopies as influenced by leaf area index, leaf arrangement and leaf
transmissibility, extinction coefficient and radiation use-efficiency; Microclimate of field crops,
forest and orchards etc. Definition and scope of Aerobiometeorology, its role in forecasting pests
and disease outbreak, insect movement in the atmosphere, intensification, Effect of weather and
climate parameters on reproduction, growth, development, movements, food, habitat and dispersal
of pests and diseases.
pg. 85
Unit 5: Evapotranspiration
Hydrological cycle and concept of water balance, concepts of evaporation and transpiration,
potential and actual evapotranspiration, consumptive use, different approaches of ET
determination; empirical methods, energy balance and Bowen's ratio methods, water balance single
and multilayered soil methods, aerodynamic, eddy correlation and combination approaches, field
lysimetric approaches and canopy temperature based methods; Advantage and limitations of
different methods; Water use and water use-efficiency, dry matter production and crop yield
functions; Irrigation scheduling based on ET; Advective energy determination and its effect on water
use by crops; Physiological variation in relation to crop growth and development.

Unit 6: Crop Weather Modeling

Introduction to crop modeling; modelling concepts, theories and underlying principles; types of
models, Empirical and statistical models, Crop weather analysis models and their use in crop yield
assessments; Dynamic crop simulation models, e.g. DSSAT, Wofost, InfoCrop, APSIM, CropSyst,
etc.; optimization, calibration and validation of models. Inputs of crop simulation models,
modeling of crop growth and yield; forecasting of pests and diseases; advantages and limitation of
models. Climatic change, greenhouse effect, CO2 increase, global warming and their impact on
agriculture; analyzing impact of climate change on agriculture. Remote sensing derived inputs;
growth and yield prediction using crop models

Unit 7: Weather Forecasting for Agriculture

Weather forecasting and its types; Tools and methods of weather forecasting; Monsoon onset,
withdrawal and rainfall forecasts and their importance in Indian agriculture; Meteorological
satellites for weather forecasts; Early warning systems and their importance in crop management;
Weather forecasting and agro-advisories; preparation of agro-advisory and its dissemination to
farmers; use of ICT in communicating crop-weather information. Crop weather calendars:

Unit 8: Remote Sensing and GIS for Agricultural Meteorology

Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter; spectral featuresof
earth’s surface features; remote sensors in visible, infrared and microwave regions. Imaging
and non-imaging systems; resolution of sensors; sensor platforms. Drone based imaging.
Data acquisition system, data preprocessing, storage and dissemination; digital image
processing and information extraction. Microwave remote sensing; visual and digital image
interpretation. Digital techniques for crop discrimination and identification; crop stress
detection; soil moisture assessment; satellite measurement of surface soil moisture and
temperature; drought monitoring, monitoring of crop disease and pest infestation. Soil
resource inventory; land use/land cover mapping and planning; integrated watershed
development; crop yield modeling and crop production forecasting. Concepts of GIS, definition,
raster and vector data models; data compression techniques; projection systems and use of GIS
in Agriculture. GPS concepts and uses in Agriculture.

pg. 86
42. AGROFORESTRY

Unit 1
National Forest Policy 1894, 1952 and 1988; Indian Forest Act, 1927; Forest Conservation Act,
1980 and Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; Forests-extent, basis for classification and distribution in
India; Geographical distribution and salient features of major world forest types; Phytogeographical
regions and vegetation of India; Role of forests in national economy - productive, protective and
ameliorative, Tribal and rural livelihoods; Forest types of India: distribution and types; Succession,
climax and retrogression; Concepts of biomass, productivity, energy flow and nutrient cycling m
forest ecosystem; Migration and dispersal mechanism.

Unit 2
Concept and definition of agroforestry, social forestry, community forestry and farm forestry;
Benefits and constraints of agroforestry; Historical development of agroforestry and overview of
global agroforestry systems. Classification of agroforestry systems: structural, functional, socio-
economic and ecological; Diagnosis and design of agroforestry system; Land capability classification
and land use; Criteria of an ideal agroforestry design, productivity, sustainability and adoptability:
Multipurpose tree species and their characteristics suitable for agroforestry. Importance of cattle,
sheep and goat vis-a-vis agroforestry systems. Feed and fodder resources in agroforestry systems
and livestock management. Role of nitrogen fiXing trees/ shrubs. Choice of species for various
agroclimatic zones for the production of timber, fodder, fuel wood, fiber, fruits, medicinal and
aromatic plants. Generic and specific characters of trees and shrubs for agroforestry. Fruit crop
and small timber trees and their need and relevance in agroforestry, trees suitable for various
assemblage and their planting plan in different agroclimatic zones and agroforestry system.
Intercropping in fruit orchards like Apple, Walnut, Jack fruit, Mango, Sapota, Pomegranate,
Orange, Citrus, Guava, etc. Modification in tending and pruning operations and canopy
management. Fertility management,yield and quality improvement.
Unit 3
Plant management practices in agroforestry; Tree-crop interaction: ecological and economic;
Concept of complementarity, supplementary and competition; Productivity, nutrient cycling and
light, water and nutrient competition in agroforestry; Concept of allelopathy and its impact on
agroforestry: Energy plantations - choice of species and management; Lopping of top-feed species
such as frequency and intensity of lopping; Organic farming; Financial analysis and economic
evaluation of agroforestry systems: cost benefit analysis and land equivalent ratio; Agroforestry
practices and systems in different agro - ecological zones of India.

Unit 4
Extent and causes of land denudation; Effects of deforestation on soil erosion, land degradation,
environment and rural economy; Wastelands: their extent, characteristics and reclamation;
Watershed management and its role in social, economic and ecological development; Biomass
production for fuel wood, small timber, raw material for plant-based cottage industries, non-wood
forest products such as gums, resins & tannins, medicinal plants, essential oils, edible fruits,
spices, bamboo and canes; Wood quality and wood preservation; Plywood and pulp industries.

Unit 5
Forest mensuration - definition, object and scope; Measurement diameter, girth, height, stem form,
bark thickness, crown width and crown length; Measurement methods and their principles
measurement and computation of volume of logs and felled/standing trees; Construction and
application of volume tables; Biomass measurement; Growth and increment; Measurement of
crops; Forest inventory: kinds of enumeration, sampling methods, sample plots and photo
interpretation; Geographic information systems and remote sensing - concept and scope.
Unit 6
Definition, object and scope of silviculture; Site factors - climatic, edaphic, physiographic, biotic
and their influence on forest vegetation; forest regeneration: natural and artificial; Silvicultural
systems - high forest and coppice systems; Silviculture of important tree species Populus,
Eucalyptus, Dalbergia, Acacia, Tectona, Shorea, Prosopis, Casurina, Pinus, Gmelina, Azadirachta,
Diospyros, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus, Santalum, Quercus and Albizia.
pg. 87
Unit 7
Seed collection, processing, storage, viability and pre-treatment; Seed dormancy and methods for
breaking dormancy; Seed testing and germination tests; Seed certification and !STA Rules; Forest
nursery - need, selection and preparation of site, layout and design of nursery beds; Types of
containers; Root trainers; Growing media and sowing methods; Management of nursery-shading,
watering, manuring, fertilizer application, weed control, insect pest and diseases control; Planting
techniques: site selection, evaluation and protection; Soil working techniques for various edaphic
and climatic conditions; Planting patterns; Plant spacing, manure and fertilizer application,
irrigation/moisture conservation techniques; Choice of specie,,. Afforestation on difficult sites:
saline-alkaline soils, coastal sands, lateritic soils, wetlands, ravines and sand dunes, dry and rocky
areas, cold desert; Tending operations - weeding, cleaning, climber cutting, thinning - mechanical,
ordinary, crown and selection thinning, improvement felling, pruning and girdling; Forest fires:
causes, types, impacts and control measures; Major forest pests and weeds.

Unit 8
Forest management: definition and scope; Concept of sustained yield and normal forest; Rotation;
Estimation of growing stock, density and site quality; Management of even aged and uneven aged
forest; Regulation of yield in regular and irregular forests by area, volume, increment and number
of trees; Working plan; Joint forest management; Conservation and management of natural
resources including wildlife; Forest evaluation; Internal rate of return, present net worth and cost
benefit analysis.

Unit 9
Tree improvement: nature and extent of variations in natural population; Natural selection; Concept
of seed source/ provenance; Selection of superior trees; Seed production areas, exotic trees, land
races; Collection, evaluation and maintenance of germplasm; Provenance testing. Genetic gains;
Tree breeding: general principles, mode of pollination and floral structure; Basics of forest genetics
- inheritance, Hardyweinburg Law, genetic drift; Aims and methods of tree breeding. Seed orchard:
types, establishment, planning and management, progeny test and designs; Clonal forestry - merits
and demerits; Techniques of vegetative propagation, tissue culture, mist chamber; Role of growth
substances m vegetative propagation.

Unit 10
Forestry in bio-economic productivity of different agro-eco-systems and environmental
management; Global overview and classification of agroforestry systems; Tree-crop interaction in
agroforestry; Biomass production for fuel' wood, small timber, raw material for plants-based cottage
industries, non-wood forest products such as gums, resins, tannins, medicinal plants, essential
oils, edible fruits, bamboos and canes; Principle and criteria of plant selection in agroforestry;
Resource use-efficiency in agroforestry.

Unit 11
Measurement of trees and stand - diameter, girth, height, form and crown, characteristics;
Measurement methods and their principles, Volume/ biomass estimation, volumetables;
Measurement of rangeland productivity; Forest enumeration: sampling methods, sample plots,
surveys and photo interpretation; Concept and applicat1on of GIS and remote sensing; introduction
to internal rate of return, present net worth, cost benefit analysis and land equivalent ratio;
Agroforestry and environmental conservation; Role of green revolution in forest conservation m
India.

Unit 12
Climate change: greenhouse effect, sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, major greenhouses
gases; Global climate change - its history and future predictions; Impact of climate change on
agriculture, forestry, water resources, sea level; Livestock, fishery and coastal ecosystems;
International conventions on climate change; Global warming: effect of enhanced CO2 on
productivity; Ozone layer depletion; Disaster management, floods, droughts, earthquakes;
Tsunami, cyclones and landslides; Agroforestry and carbon sequestration.
pg. 88
Unit 13
Statistics: definition, object and scope; Frequency distribution; Mean, median, mode and standard
deviation, introduction to correlation and regression; Experimental designs: basic principles,
completely randomized, randomized block Latin square and split plot designs.

pg. 89
43. AGRONOMY

Unit 1: Crop Ecology and Geography

Principles of crop ecology; Ecosystem concept; Productivity of ecosystem; Physiological limits of crop
yield and variability in relation to ecological optima; Crop adaptation; Climate shift and its ecological
implication; Greenhouse effect; Agro-ecological and agro climatic regions of India; Geographical
distribution of cereals, legumes, oilseeds, vegetables, fodders and forages, commercial crops,
condiments and spices, medicinal and aromatic plants; Adverse climatic factors and crop
productivity; Photosynthesis, respiration, net assimilation, solar energy conversion efficiency and
relative water content, light intensity. Water and CO2 in relation to photosynthetic rates and
efficiency; Physiological stress in crops; remote sensing: Spectral indices and their application in
agriculture, crop water stress indices and crop stress detection.
Unit 2: Weed Management
Scope and principles of weed management; Weeds' classification, biology, ecology and allelopathy;
Crop weed competition, weed threshold; Herbicides classification, formulations, mode of action,
selectivity and resistance; Persistent of herbicides in soils and plants; Application methods and
equipment; Biological weed control, bio- herbicides: Integrated weed management; recent
development in weed management; Special weeds, parasitic and aquatic weeds and their
management in cropped and non-cropped lands; weed shifts in cropping systems; weed control
schedules in field crops, vegetables and plantation crops; Role of GM crops in weed management;
cost: benefit analysis of weed management.

Unit 3: Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Use

History of soil fertility and fertilizer use; Concept of essentiality of plant nutrients, their critical
concentrations in plants, functions and deficiency symptoms, nutrient interactions, diagnostic
techniques with special emphasis on emerging deficiencies of secondary and micro-nutrients; Soil
fertility and productivity and their indicators; features of good soil management; Fertilizer materials
including liquid fertilizers, their composition, mineralization, availability and reaction products in
soils; Water solubility of phosphate fertilizers; Slow release fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors and
their use for crop production; Principles and methods of fertilizer application; Integrated nutrient
management; Agronomic and physiological efficiency and recovery of applied plant nutrients;
criteria for determining fertilizer schedules for cropping systems, direct, residual and cumulative
effects, Fertilizer related environmental problems including ground water pollution; Site-specific
nutrient management; Contamination of heavy metals in peri-urban soils and their remediation.

Unit 4: Dryland Agronomy

Concept of dryland farming; dryland farming vs rainfed farming; History, development, significance
and constraints of dryland agriculture in India; Climatic classification and delineation of dryland
tracts; Characterization of agro-climatic environments of drylands; Rainfall analysis and length of
growing season; Types of drought, drought syndrome, effect on plant growth, drought resistance,
drought avoidance, drought management; Crop Planning including contingency, crop
diversification, varieties, cropping systems, conservation cropping and mid-season corrections for
aberrant weather conditions; Techniques of moisture conservation in-situ to reduce
evapotranspiration, runoff and to increase infiltration; rain water harvesting and recycling concept,
techniques and practices; Timeline and precision key factors for timely sowing, precision in seeding,
weed control; Fertilizer placement, top dressing and foliar application, aqua-fertigation; Concept
and importance of watershed management in dryland areas.

Unit 5: Crop Production in Problem Soils

Problem soils in india. Response of crop to acidity, salinity, sodicity, excess water and nutrient
imbalances; Reclamation of problem soils, role of amendments, and drainage, Crop production
techniques in problem soils - crops, varieties, cropping system and agronomic practices.
Unit 6: Crop Production
Crop production techniques for cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fiber crops, sugar crops, fodder &
pasture crops, medicinal, aromatic & under-utilized crops and agro-forestry system including
origin, history, distribution, adaptation, climate, soil, season, improved varieties, fertilizer
requirements, intercultural operations, water requirement. weed control, quality components,
industrial use, economics and post-harvest technology.
pg. 90
Unit 7: Agricultural Statistics
Frequency distribution, standard error and deviation, correlation and regression analyses, co-
efficient of variation; Tests of significance-t, F and chi-square (X2); Data transformation and missing
plot techniques, Design of experiments and their basic principles, completely randomized,
randomized block, split plot, strip-plot, factorial and simple confounding designs; Efficiency of
designs; Method of statistical analysis for cropping systems including intercropping; Pooled
analysis.

Unit 8: Sustainable Land Use Systems

Concept of sustainability; Sustainability parameters and indicator; Conservation agriculture (CA);
climate change mitigation; Alternate land use systems; Types, extent and causes of wasteland;
Shifting cultivation; Agroforestry, concept and importance, agro forestry systems; Agrostology,
grassland ecology, problems and management of grassland; Agricultural and agro-industrial
residues and its recycling, safe disposal; Allelopathy and biomass production; nutrient, water, weed,
insect-pest and disease management in conservation agriculture; economic considerations in CA,
adoption and constraints. Artificial intelligence: conceptsand application.

Unit 9: Basics of Soil and Water

Soil and water as vital resources for agricultural production; Soil-plant water relationship; Fate of
rain water received at the soil surface, runoff and infiltration reciprocity, factors affecting
infiltration, means to enhance in filterability of soil, mechanical and biological means to reduce
runoff and soil loss; Water harvesting for crop life saving irrigations; watershed management; Soil
and water conservation, Contingent crop plans and other strategies for aberrant weather indicator.

Unit 10: Soil Water Relationship

Soil water relations, water retention by soil, soil moisture characteristics, field capacity, permanent
wilting point, plant available water and exchangeable water, Soil irrigability, classification, factors
affecting profile water storage, Determination of soil water content, computation of soil water
depletion, soil water potential and its components, hydraulic head; Movement of soil water
saturated and unsaturated water flow; Field water budget, water gains and water losses from
soil, deep percolation beyond root zone, capillary rise; Evapotranspiration (ET), scope for
economizing water, measures for reducing direct evaporation from soil and crop canopies; Soil
physical properties in relation to plant growth and development; Erodibility of soils and their
prevention.

Unit 11: Plant Water Relationship

Plant water relations: Concept of plant water potential, cell water relations, plant water
potential and its components; Significance of osmotic adjustment, leaf diffusive resistance, canopy
temperature, canopy temperature depression (CTD); Water movement through soil - plant
atmosphere systems, uptake and transport of water by roots; Development of crop water deficit,
crop adaptation to water deficit, morpho- physiological effect of water deficit; Drought tolerance,
mechanisms of drought tolerance, potential drought tolerance traits and their measurements

Unit 12: Irrigation Water Management

Management of irrigation water; History of irrigation in India; major' irrigation projects in India;
Water resources development; Crop water requirements; Concepts of irrigation scheduling,
Different approaches of irrigation scheduling; Soil water depletion plant indices and climatic
parameters; Concept of critical stages of crop growth in relation to water supplies; Methods of
irrigation, merits and demerits of various methods; Measurement of irrigation water, application
and distribution efficiencies; Management of water resources (rain, canal and ground water) for
agricultural production; Irrigation legislation; Water quality, conjunctive use of water, irrigation
strategies under different situation of water availability, Socio-economic aspects of on-farm water
management; Irrigation water distribution; interaction between irrigation and fertilizers.

Unit 13: Management of Problematic Soils and Water

Problem soils and their distribution in India; Salt-affected, acidic water logged soils; Ground water
resources, water quality criteria and use of brakish waters in agriculture; Excess salt and salt
tolerant crops; Hydrological imbalances and their corrective measures; Concept of critical water
pg. 91
table depths for crop growth; Contribution of shallow water table to crop water requirements;
Management strategies for flood prone areas crop and crop calendar for flood affected areas;
Drainage for improving water logged soils for crop production; Crop production and alternate use
of problematic soils and poor quality water for agricultural and fish production; Management of
problematic soils, role of amendments, and drainage.

Unit 14: Organic Farming

Organic farming: concept, definitions, components and types, its relevance to India and global
agriculture and future prospects; Principles of organic farming; Organics and farming standards;
Organic farming and sustainable agriculture; Management practices in organic farming; Selection
and conversion of land, soil and water management; Soil fertility, components of organic nutrient
management, ITKs and farmers’ innovations in nutrient management; Water and fertilizer use
efficiency; Nutrient recycling; Organic manures; Soil biota; Bio-fertilizers and biogas technology;
Integrated organic farming systems; Multiple and relay cropping systems; Consumers’ concerns on
food quality and safety; Weeds, diseases and insect pest management; Socio-economic impacts;
Marketing and export potential: Organic certification, standard and regulations; Principles and
practices responsible for losses of organic agricultural produce; Spiritual values and ethics.

pg. 92
44. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Unit 1:
Definition, scope and importance of environmental science and its interrelationship with other
sciences and agriculture; Origin and evolution of the earth; concept of plate tectonics and
continental drift theory; spheres of atmosphere: hydrosphere, Lithosphere and biosphere;
Biogeochemical cycles; Components of environment - biotic, abiotic and social; Weather and climate;
Human Settlement, History; Effect of various developmental activities on environment. Concept of
sustainability and sustainable development

Unit 2:
Basic ecological concepts - habitat ecology, systems ecology, synecology, autecology; Ecosystem
concept; Structure and functions of biotic and abiotic components; Energy in ecosystems and
environment; Energy exchange and productivity-food chains and food webs- ecological pyramids;
Population - characteristics and measurement; Communities - habitats, niches, population
dynamics, species and individual in the ecosystem; Diversity indices; Types characteristic features,
structure and function of forest, grassland, plantation, desert, aquatic and agro-ecosystem;
Ecological succession - types and causes; ecological footprints; virtual water trade and water
footprints. Ecosystem services.
Unit 3:
Biodiversity concepts, levels and types, changes in tune and space, evolution, centres of origin of
crops, species concept; Significance of biodiversity; Keystone, Flagship, Umbrella, and Indicator
species; Species reintroduction and translocation. Plant genetic resources, exploration and
collection; Crop domestication, plant introductions; agrobiodiversity. Migration and utilization;
IUCN clauses and concept of threatened and endangered species; Red Data Book, Biogeography;
Principles and methods of conservation of biological diversity: in-situ and ex-situ. Causes of loss of
biodiversity: introduction of exotics and invasive plants, role of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries,
biosphere reserves; National and global conservation measures, institutions and conventions;
Indian Biodiversity Act 2002, PPV&FRA 2001; Biodiversity and economics with special reference to
India; Biodiversity in relation to global environmental changes; Biodiversity hot spots in India and
world; Biodiversity and food security.

Unit 4:
Composition of air; Air pollution: sources and classification of major air pollutants; Smoke, smog,
photochemical smog and SPM; Methods of air pollution monitoring and controlling measures;
Effects of air pollutants on crops, vegetation. animals and human health; Factors affecting plant
response to air pollution; Acid rain, physiological and biochemical effects of SO2, HF, PAN O3 and
emerging pollutants on vegetation, toxicity symptoms on vegetation; defence mechanism, sensitive
and tolerant plant species to air pollutants. Concepts of diffusion and dispersion, Gaussian plume
model, hydraulic potential; Darcy’s equation; concepts of heat transfer – conduction – Convection;
National and international laws and policies on air pollution; Air Quality Index; Air Pollution
Tolerance index (APTI); Soil and water pollution: sources and types of soil and water pollutants;
Effects of pollutants on soil health and productivity; Radioactive pollutants, their life time and
disposal; sources of water pollution, their impacts on environment and agro-ecosystems; Pollution
in fresh water bodies, ponds, lakes, rivers and wells. Effects of soil and water pollutants on crop
plants, animals, microorganism and human health; e-waste. Emerging pollutants; persistent
organic pollutants. Wetland conservation and management; eutrophication- types, effects and
management; Biomagnification and its impact on loss of biodiversity; Physical, chemical and
biological properties of wastes; Heavy metal contamination of environments, Ecotoxicology basic
concepts; , Bioremediation; sampling of air, water and soil and methods for determination of
different pollutants. Noise pollution: Sources and Control Measures. National and International
laws and maximum permissible limits of air, soil, water and noise pollutants Artificial intelligence
(AI) and machine learning (ML) in pollution control.
Effluent treatment processes for major industries viz. distilleries; paper and pulp, sugar, other agro-
industrial wastes; Resource, product recovery, recycling and value addition to wastes;
Biodegradation and bioconversion of organic wastes, composting, landfills; vermicomposting,
mushroom cultivation etc.; sludge, fly ash, effluents and other agro industrial wastes, their types
and sources, collection and transportation. Microbial, chemical and phytoremediation processes;
safe disposal of waste. Role of microbes in waste recycling; Agro-waste processing and recovery of
value added products.
pg. 93
Unit 5:
Climate change: Global warming and greenhouse effect, sources and sinks of greenhouse gases
(GHG), major GHGs, analytical techniques of monitoring GHG in atmosphere; Global climate
change - its evidences, history and future projections; extreme events. Impact of climate change on
agriculture, forestry, water resources, soil processes, sea level rise, livestock, fisheries, coastal
ecosystem and dynamics and pests and diseases and overall ecological processes; Climate change
and food security; Contribution of agriculture and forestry to climate change; International
conventions and national initiatives on climatechange; Stratospheric ozone layer depletion-effect of
UV radiation on plants and human health; Climate resilient agriculture, Adaptation and mitigation
strategies of climate change including microbial interventions. Global dimming, agro biological
effects of climate drivers (CO2, temperature, rainfall), on crops; Carbon sequestration, Carbon trade
– Cap and Offset, Carbon footprints, Life Cycle Assessment; Fundamentals of systems, models and
simulation; types of models; modelling crop and soil processes; Use of Crop Simulation Model, AI
and ML in climate change studies.

Unit 6:
Energy consumption pattern in urban and rural India; Conventional and non-conventional sources
of energy, Types of renewable sources of energy; Generation of hydro-power, tidal energy, wind,
solar, ocean thermal energy conversion, gasification: generation and application. Bioenergy:
methods to produce energy from biomass, energy crops; Biofuel; Biogas production, challenges and
opportunities and utilization of biogas slurry in agriculture. National bioenergy and biofuel policies
and schemes. Potential of renewable energy sources in India, Integrated rural energy programme;
national and international initiatives on renewable energy.

Unit 7:
Natural resources of India: land, soil, water and forest and their conservation and management
including wildlife; Effects of deforestation on soil erosion; Land degradation; Wasteland: their
extent, characteristics and reclamation; Mineral resources: use and exploitation, environmental
effects of extracting and using mineral resources; Disaster management: floods, droughts,
earthquakes· Tsunami, cyclones and landslides; Nuclear hazards;
Unit 8:
Environmental Assessment, Management and Legislation; Aims and objectives of EIA; Risk
Assessment; Overview of Environmental Laws and Policies in India; National Forest Policy, 1988,
National Water Policy, 2002, National Environmental Policy, 2006. Environmental Conventions and
Agreements, etc. Environmental communication and public awareness; Environmental policy.

Unit 9:
Frequency distribution, mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Normal, binomial and
Poisson distribution; Correlations - partial and multiple; Regression coefficients and multiple
regression. Tests of significance F and Chi-square (X2) tests; Experimental designs - basic
principles, completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square and split plot designs.

pg. 94
45. SOIL SCIENCES

Unit 1: Soil genesis, classification, survey and land use planning

Concept of land, soil and soil science. Composition of earth crust and its relationship with soils;
Rocks, minerals and other soil forming materials; Weathering of rocks and minerals; Factors of soil
formation; Pedogenic processes and their relationships with soil properties; Soil development;
Pedon, polypedon, soil profile, horizons and their nomenclature. Soil Taxonomy - epipedons,
diagnostic subsurface horizons and other diagnostic characteristics, soil moisture and temperature
regimes, categories and criteria for soil classification systems. Soil mineralogy and clay minerals-
classification, structure, compostion, properties, genesis, transformation and identification
techniques, role in plant nutrition, interaction with humus, pesticide and heavy metals.
Interpretation of soil survey data for land capability and crop suitability classifications, Macro-
morphological study of soils. Land evaluation and land use type concept and application.
Application and use of global positioning system for soil survey. Soil survey- types, techniques.
Soil series- characterization and procedure for establishing soil series, benchmark soils, major soils
of India and soil correlations. Study of base maps: cadastral maps, toposheets, aerial photographs
and satellite imageries. Use of geographical information system for preparing thematic maps.

Unit 2: Soil Physics

Soil physical constraints affecting crop production. Soil texture - textural classes. Soil structure -
classification, soil aggregation and significance, soil consistency, soil crusting, bulk density and
particle density of soils and porosity, their significance and manipulation. Soil water- retention and
potentials. Soil moisture constants. Movement of soil water - infiltration, percolation, permeability,
drainage and methods of determination of soil moisture. Darcy's law. Thermal properties of soils,
soil temperature, Soil air- composition, gaseous exchange, influence of soil temperature and air on
plant growth. Soil erosion by water, wind - types, effects, mechanics. Rain erosivity and soil
erodibility. Runoff - methods of measurement, factors and management, runoff farming. Soil
conservation measures, soil conservation in special problem areas
Characterization and evaluation of soil and land quality indicators; Causes of land degradation;
Management of soil physical properties for prevention /restoration of land degradation;
Identification, monitoring and management of waste lands; Land use- land cover mapping and land
use planning using conventional and remote sensing techniques; Concept of watershed - its
characterization and management. Remote sensing and geographic information system in precision
farming.

Unit 3: Soil Chemistry

Chemical composition of soil; Soil colloids - structure, composition, constitution of clay minerals,
amorphous clays and other non-crystalline silicate minerals, oxide and hydroxide minerals;
crystallography, space lattice, coordination theory; solubility and ionic products: computation and
mineral formation, Charge development on clays and organic matter; pH- charge relations; Buffer
capacity of soils. Soil organic matter fractions, clay organic interaction.
Elements of equilibrium thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry and chemical
kinetics. Inorganic and organic colloids- surface charge characteristics, diffuse double layer
theories, zeta potential stability, coagulation/ flocculation, peptization, electrometric and sorption
properties of soil colloid. Soil organic matter- fractionation, clay-organic interactions. Cation
exchange- theories, adsorption isotherms, Donnan-membrane equilibrium concept, clay-membrane
electrodes and ionic activity measurement, thermodynamics, anion and ligand exchange- inner
sphere and outer-sphere surface complex formation, fixation of oxyanions, hysteresis, sorption-
desorption of oxy-anions and anions. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphate and ammonium fixation in
soils and management aspects. Quantity/intensity relationship and nutrient availability.
Chemistry of acid, salt-affected soil, Chemistry and electrochemistry of submerged soils and
management aspects, geochemistry of micronutrients,. Basics of radioisotopes-radioactivity,
monitoring radiation and isotopic techniques.

Unit 4: Soil Fertility

Essential elements in plant nutrition; Nutrient cycles in soil; Transformation and transport of
nutrients (Macro and micro nutrients) in soil; Manures and fertilizers; Fate and reactions of
fertilizers in soils; Chemistry of production of different fertilizers; Slow release fertilizers and
nitrification retarders; Quality control of fertilizers.
Soil fertility evaluation - soil testing, plant and tissue tests and biological methods; Common soil
test methods for fertilizer recommendation; Soil test-crop response correlations; Integrated nutrient
management; Use of isotopic tracers in soil research; Nature, properties and development of acid,
acid sulphate, saline and alkali and their management; Lime and gypsum requirements of soils,
lime potential; Irrigation water quality - EC, SAR, RSC and specifications. Fertility status of major
soil groups of India. Concept and application of soil health and soil quality.
pg. 95
Pollution: types, causes, methods of measurement, standards and management. Heavy metal
toxicity and soil pollution; Chemical and bio-remediation of contaminated soils; Soil factors in
emission of greenhouse gases; Carbon sequestration in mitigating greenhouse effect; Radio-active
contamination of soil.

Unit 5: Soil Microbiology

Soil biota, soil microbial ecology, types of organisms. Soil microbial biomass, microbial interactions,
unculturable soil biota. Microbiology and biochemistry of root-soil interface Phyllosphere. Soil
enzymes, origin n, activities and importance. Soil characteristics influencing growth and activity of
microflora. Microbial transformations of N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn in soil. Biochemical composition and
biodegradation of soil organic matter and crop residues. Humus formation. Cycles of important
organic nutrients, microbial transformations of pollutants in soil. Soil genomics; xenobiotics;
Biodegradation of pesticides, organic wastes and their use for production of biogas and manures.
Biofertilizers - definition, classification, specifications, method of production and role in crop
production.

Unit 6: Analytical chemistry in soil

Concept of chemical analysis, Solution reactions, titrimetric analysis, concept of standard solution,
Indicators: theory and applications. Methods of soil analysis - particle size distribution, bulk and
Particle density, moisture constants, Modern methods of soil, plant and fertilizer analysis Flame
photometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; Spectrophotometry -
visible, ultra-violet and infrared; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry; Potentiometry and
conductimetry; X-ray diffractometry; Mass spectrometry; Geiger Muller counter, solid and liquids
scintillation counters.

Unit 7: Statistics
Experimental designs for pot culture and field experiments; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and
Covariance; Statistical measures of central tendency and dispersion; Correlation and regression;
Tests of significance - t and F' tests; Computer use in soil research.

pg. 96
46. AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Unit 1: General Management

Introduction to management; Evolution of management thought; Management functions;
Managerial roles, careers and skills in Agri Business Management; Decision making;
Organizational context of decisions; Decision making models; Management by objectives;
Understanding and managing organisational culture; Organizational conflicts; Managing
change; Leadership styles; Group dynamics; Introduction to human resource management;
Human resource planning; Recruitment, placement and talent management; Training and
development; Performance appraisal; Compensation; Labour relations; Dispute and grievance
handling procedures; Contemporary issues in human resource management; Nature, scope
and significance of organizational behaviour; Foundations of individual behaviour;
interpersonal behaviour; Motivation-types and theories; Learning process, theories of learning;
Attitude and behaviour; Information needs of organization, MIS and decision making;
Applications of MIS in various functional areas of management with special reference to
agribusiness; AI in Agri Business Management.

Unit 2: Marketing and Strategic Management

Core marketing concepts; Marketing orientation; Segmentation, targeting and positioning;
Consumer behaviour and brand management; Marketing mix decisions; Product life-cycle;
Product mix; Pricing strategies; Services marketing; New product development; Channel
management; Wholesaling and retailing; Marketing information system; Integrated marketing
communications mix; International marketing; International Product Life Cycle; New trends
in marketing practices- digital marketing, social media marketing, societal marketing,
influencer marketing, omni channel marketing; Strategic management concept and process;
Types of business strategies; Tools and techniques for strategic analysis- Ansoff matrix,
BCG matrix, Porter's generic strategies; Environment scanning and industry analysis-PESTEL
Analysis, SWOT analysis, Competitor analysis; Porter's five forces model; Strategy formulation-
Generic strategies, Turnaround strategies, Diversification strategy; etc.

Unit 3: Operations and Agri-Supply Chain Management

Production planning and control; Types of production systems and layouts; Process selection
and facility layout; Operations strategy; Developing operations strategy; Elements of operations
strategy; Business Process Reengineering; Competitive priorities; Production strategies; Service
strategies; Productivity variables and productivity measurement; Production planning and
control; Product selection; Product design and development; Capacity planning; Inventory
management and models-EOQ, etc.; Benchmarking; Procurement management; Information
systems in procurement, bidding process, procurement planning, budgeting and evaluations,
negotiation, procurement audit, ethics and fraud; Quality assurance; Statistical process
control; Quality management in Agribusiness processes - Pareto charts, TQM, Ishikawa
charts, Fault tree analysis, Six Sigma; Lean Management; Supply chain-meaning and
concepts; Supply chain management (SCM)- evolution, approach, elements, and conceptual
model; Agri supply chain; Traditional vs modern supply chains; Demand forecasting and
management in supply chain; SCM metrics and drivers; Elements of logistics; Third party
logistics, Fourth Party Logistics; Fifth Party Logistics; Warehousing management: Distribution
management and strategies; IT application in SCM-AI, Machine Learning, loT, Remote
Sensing, GPS, Block chain, etc.; Value chain concepts and models; Managing global supply
chain.

Unit 4: Accounting & Financial Management

Branches of accounting-cost accounting, financial accounting, managerial accounting;
Accounting concepts, principles, standards and conventions; Advantages and limitations;
Double entry system; Analysis of financial statements: Ratios, time series, comparative and
common size statements, DuPont analysis, cash flow and funds flow analysis; Classification
of cost; Marginal costing and Cost volume profit analysis; Standard costing and variance
analysis; Budget and budgetary control; Tax system-GST, MAT; Objectives and functions of
financial management; Capital budgeting-types and techniques; Cost of capital; Leverage
analysis; Capital structure theories; Dividend- theory and policy; Management of working
capital, receivables, cash, collections and disbursement; Investment of surplus cash; Risk
and return concepts & analysis; Capital asset pricing model; Financial system in India-
Banks, NBFCs, FinTech startups, Microfinance Institutions; Agribusiness financing in India;
Venture capital financing.

pg. 97
Unit 5: Applied Agribusiness Economics
Basic economic principles; Theory of consumer behaviour, and its applications- Demand
analysis; Demand function; Demand elasticity; Demand forecasting; Objectives of firms;
Production, cost and supply analysis; Pricing under different market structures- perfect and
imperfect competition (monopoly, monopolistic, oligopoly); Pricing methods and strategies-
product pricing and input pricing; National income; Circular flow of income; Consumption,
investment and saving; Money-functions, demand & supply; Inflation; Economic growth and
employment; Business cycles.

Unit 6: Agribusiness Policies and International Trade

Role of agribusiness in Indian economy; Linkages among sub-sectors of agribusiness;
Emerging trends in farm input sector, farm production, agricultural finance, agro-processing,
international trade etc.; Institutional innovations-cooperatives, producer companies, private
markets, contract farming, futures trading in agri commodities, e-NAM, etc; Policies and
regulations-seed bill, fertilizer policy, pesticides bill, APLM act, agri- export policy, agri- price
policy, Agri market infrastructure (AMI) Scheme, WDRA Act, corporate social responsibility;
Importance of foreign trade for Indian economy; Theories of international trade-absolute and
comparative advantage, terms of trade; Balance of payments; Foreign Exchange and
Multiplier; Foreign Trade Policy; WTO and its implications; Agreement on agriculture; Tariff
and non-tariff barriers, Anti-Dumping, Countervailing and safeguard measures, export
procedures and export documentation; Export assistance and incentives in India; Intellectual
Property Rights- Managing agricultural technologies for business- Patent, Geographic
Indications, Trademark, etc.

Unit 7: Agricultural and Food Marketing

Dimension and classification of agricultural market; Market-structure, conduct, performance;
Market functions; Marketed and marketable surplus; Marketing efficiency; Linkages between
agriculture and food industry; Marketing boards-NDDB, NFDB, Coffee Board, Spice Board,
Rubber Board, etc.; Regulated markets; Cooperatives in the agriculture and food sectors;
Marketing channels and strategies for different inputs (Seed, pesticide, fertilizers, feed, farm
machinery, etc.) and outputs in agri and allied sector; Organic food market; Market linkages
for agri-inputs and agricultural produce; Post-harvest losses in agricultural commodities;
Food quality standards (AgMark); HACCP; ISO; Food labeling & packaging; Food traceability;
GAP/GHP/GMP; International Food Business, market entry strategies; Global food systems;
Role of institutions and certification agencies in food marketing-APEDA, MPEDA, NPOP, India
Organic, PGS lndia, FSSAI, NAFED, NECC, FCI, DMI, CACP, Agriculture Skill council of India
(ASCI), NCDEX, MCX, etc.

Unit 8: Marketing Research and Quantitative Techniques

Research process and types; Research design; Data collection methods; Sampling techniques,
Measurement scale; Questionnaire designing; Descriptive statistics, Bivariate analysis,
Correlation, ANOVA, Multivariate statistical analysis techniques, correlation and regression
analysis, hypothesis testing, interval estimation, prediction in linear regression model; Factor
analysis, Cluster analysis, Logit and Probit models; Scaling techniques, Multidimensional
scaling; Conjoint analysis. Linear programming problem formulation; Graphical Method and
simplex method; Transportation and assignment problems; Inventory control models; Waiting
line models; Decision making under risk and uncertainties; Game theory-two-person zero-
sum game; Simulation; Decision trees; Pay off tables; Stochastic models, Neural networks,
Markov process; Replacement Theory; Business and Research Ethics.
Unit 9: Project Management and Entrepreneurship Development
Project planning and formulation; Project feasibility-market feasibility, technical feasibility,
financial feasibility, and economic feasibility, social cost-benefit analysis, project risk analysis;
Project's life cycle and network analysis-PERT & CPM; Project report preparation;
Entrepreneurship theories and models; Significance of entrepreneurship in economic
development; Qualities of an entrepreneur; Entrepreneurial motivating factors; Business plan
formulation-importance and essential elements; Stages of start-up business; Skill development
and startup ecosystem for agriculture in context of Startup India, Skill India, Make in
India. Development of women entrepreneurship; Social entrepreneurship; Innovative
approaches to agripreneurship; Business Incubation; Steps and procedure to start a new
business; Business incubation ecosystem in NARES; Business opportunities and challenges
in different field of agriculture and allied sectors; Sources of financing; Government policy
support to agri-preneurs.
pg. 98
47. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Unit 1: Economic Theory

Nature and tools of economic analysis; theory of consumer behavior ; production theory;
costs theory; Theory of firm; Price determination under different markets, price discrimination,
effect of taxation under different market conditions; Welfare economics market failure;
National income; Consumption; Saving and investment, Classical, Keynesian, Neo-Classical,
and Neo-Keynesian theory of output and employment determination, theory of business
cycle, functions and demand for money; Inflation; IS-LM functions; General equilibrium
analysis; Monetary and fiscal policies, recent developments in economic environment.

Unit 2: Agricultural Development and Policy

Sources of agricultural growth and development, challenges in economic growth and
sustainable agricultural, theories of development; Role of economic, technological, social,
political and environmental factors; Green GNP, nature, sources and impact of technological
change; Agricultural development in Asia; Poverty, inequality and development; Growth
models– Harrod-Domar, Neo-Classical, Rostow’s growth stages, Lewis-fei-Ranis model, induced
innovation model, land reforms; Theory of share tenancy; Institutions and development;
Features of planning in capitalists, socialist and mixed economics; Role of infrastructure
and technological change; Agricultural policy analysis and reforms– input and output price
policy, rural and irrigation infrastructure; Credit policy etc; Policies and programmes for
development of agro-industry, dairy and fisheries; Policy options for sustainable agriculture
development, measurement of poverty and poverty alleviation programmes.

Unit 3: Natural Resource and Production Economics

Characteristics and classification of natural resources, sustainability issues in natural
resource, property rights, externalities, transaction costs, need for collective action, role of
economics in natural resources accounting, planning, management and policy formulation;
Social welfare function; Allocation of renewable and non-renewable resources(forests, fisheries,
minerals water, land etc.) under various market structure; Valuation of non-market resources;
Government programmes for conservation and development of natural resources; Climate
changes, mitigation and policies, environmental regulations; Principles of farm management-
marginal returns, opportunity cost, input-output, output-output and input-input relationships;
Time comparison and comparative advantage, cost principles, farm efficiency measures and
financial analysis, farm planning and budgeting, farm records, measurement and management
of risk and uncertainty in agriculture; Diversification and insurance in agriculture and allied
sectors; Forms and applications of production functions – linear, quadratic, square root,
spillman, cubic, semi-log, Cobb-Douglas, constant elasticity of substitution (CES), variable
elasticity of substitution (VES), etc; Dualities between production, cost and profit functions;
Derivation of supply and factor demand functions from production and profit functions,
optimization of resource allocation, resource-use efficiency and returns to scale, frontier
production function; Total factor productivity, decision making under risk and uncertainties.

Unit 4: Agricultural Finance and Project Management

Importance of agricultural finance, objective, functions and principles of agricultural finance,
sources of capital acquisition; Rural credit structure-demand, supply, credit-gap; Classification
of agricultural credit – sources and forms; Cost of credit/ capital; Credit appraisal- 3Rs,
3Cs and 7Ps of credit, estimation of credit requirement; Supervisory credit system, reforms
in agricultural credit policy; Financial system in India-commercial banks, cooperatives; RRBs,
micro-finance institutions (MFIs) global financial institutions; Innovations in agricultural
financing-microfinance, Kisan credit cards; e-banking, credit inclusion, definition and
characteristics of projects; Need for project approach for agricultural development; SWOT
analysis and project identification, project life cycle, project feasibility-market technical,
financial and economic feasibility, social cost-benefit analysis; Project risk analysis; Project
scheduling and resource allocation; Financial and economic appraisal/measures, choice of
discount rate, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IIR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR);
network analysis – PERT & CPM; Fundamental of accounting and book-keeping; Analysis
of financial statements-balance sheet, income statement cash flow statement.

pg. 99
Unit 5: Agricultural Marketing, Price Analysis and trade
Concepts of agricultural marketing; Marketing functions-processing, transportation, storage
and warehousing; Channels of marketing agricultural produce-price spread and efficiency,
structure, conduct and performance analysis; Market integration; Marketing institutions-role
and functions; Government interventions including administered price policy; Regulated
markets, market segmentation, supply chain and value chain analysis in agri commodities,
buffer stock operations, price stabilization measures and policies etc; Price forecasting for
crop area allocation, marketing of agricultural inputs, role of private sector in input and
output marketing; Forward trading and futures market, Price discovery – Hedging and
speculation, e-NAM, market intelligence, commodity boards and contract farming; Marketed
surplus models; Competitive and comparative advantage in trade, trade policies, models and
agreements; Regulations and reforms for marketing and trade, WTO, SPS measures and
competitiveness; Theories of international trade, Trade blocs, Trade Creation and Trade
Diversion, trade and sustainability concerns.

Unit 6: Operations Research and Research Methods

Objective, types and process of research; Role and uses of quantitative technique in business
decision making; Sampling techniques and sample size determination; Sampling and non-
sampling errors; Index numbers, hypothesis testing; ANOVA, factor analysis, cluster analysis;
Measures of central tendency, measures of variation, skewness and kurtosis; Correlation
and regression, discriminant and dummy variable analysis; OLS, MLE estimation-
assumptions and their violations, properties, simultaneous equations systems: Identification
and estimation; Linear programming; Objective, assumptions, formulation of linear
programming problem, simplex method; Primal and dual LP problems, variable resource and
price programming, game theory.

pg. 100
48. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Unit 1: Fundamentals of Extension Education and Communication

Extension Education and Advisory Services- concept, principles and approaches; Similarities
and dissimilarities among extension education, adult education and continuing/distance
education; Historical and emerging perspectives of agricultural, veterinary, animal husbandry
and fisheries extension education in India and other countries; Community Development
and Integrated Rural Development Programmes-concept, principles and objectives; Role of
agricultural extension in different sectors of agriculture and rural development;National
Agricultural Extension System and Reforms; Public extension systems– ATMA and KVK;
National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology; Private extension system;
Pluralism in extension; Research-Extension-Farmer Interface- Farming System Research &
Extension; Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS); Farmers Field School,
Participatory approaches, participatory technology development; Technology Assessment and
Refinement; Programmes and schemes for agriculture, animal husbandry, dairy, fisheries,
and rural development implemented by Govt. of India; Impact analysis of extension programmes;
Concept, elements and models of communication; Credibility, fidelity, empathy and feedback
in communication; Problems and barriers in communication; Distortion and noise in
communication; Group and mass communication, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal
communication, social networks in communication; Art & Science of public speaking Human
behavioural dimensions in extension education- perception, attitude and emotions; Factors
affecting attitude change; Theories of personality and motivation; Understanding of basic
rural institutions, social structure, culture and norms; Social and technological change
processes, group dynamics, concepts and theories of rural leadership.

Unit 2: Extension Methods & Agricultural Journalism

Concepts of andragogy and pedagogy; Human behavioural dimensions in extension-
behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism; Factors influencing human behaviour; Types of
learning; Domains of learning-cognitive, affective and psychomotor; Learning theories;
Experiential learning; Concepts and elements of teaching and learning processes; Principles
of learning; Edgar Dale’s Cone of experience; Classification and features of different extension
methods; Selection, planning and use of Extension methods like demonstration, exhibition,
farmers fairs, field days, tours, extension literature, etc.; Preparation and presentation of
different projected and non-projected audio-visual aids; Basics of agricultural journalism;
Types of publications-bulletins; Folders, leaflets, booklets, newsletters, popular and scientific
articles; Basics of writing, readability and its indices: Principles of visual design,
fundamentals of layout and design, preparation of radio/video script; Principles of
photography and its use in extension, traditional media for communication in development
programmes.

Unit 3: Information Communication Technologies

Concept of ICT and its role in agriculture and rural development; ICT tools-print and
electronic media, community/ internet radio, e-mail, Internet, use of multimedia, use of
mobile apps, video and teleconferencing, computer-assisted instructions, touch screens,
micro-computers, web technologies and information kiosks; Social media- features and
applications; Websites, portals, expert system, Decision Support Systems (DSSs) and apps
related to agriculture, dairy, veterinary, fishery, and marketing, etc.; m-learning, e-learning;
e-learning platforms– MOOCs, OER, etc.; Digital agriculture- applications of artificial
intelligence (AI), IoT, GIS, GPS, Blockchain Technology; Big data analytics in extension;
Market intelligence and information systems in agriculture, networking system of information
and challenges in the use of ICT; Types of network-PAN, LAN, WAN, human computer
interactions-meaning; Theories of multimedia learning- Sweller’s cognitive load theory, Mayer’s
cognitive theory of multimedia learning, Schnotz’s integrative model of text and picture
comprehension, Van Merriënboer’s four-component instructional design model for multimedia
learning; Basic principles of multimedia learning.

pg. 101
Unit 4: Training & Human Resource Development
Human resources and their importance in agricultural development; Concept of human
resource management; Training and development of human resources; Training Need
Assessment– concept, methods and impact assessment; Training– concept and types; training
process- different phases of training; Models of training; Designing training curriculum;
Training strategies- academic strategy, laboratory strategy, activity strategy, personal
development strategy, organisational development strategy; Training methods; Factors
determining selection of methods; Need and principles of capacity development; Process of
capacity development; Levels of capacity- individual, organization, enabling environment;
Human resource development- manpower planning, role analysis, role efficacy, induction
training, job enrichment, self-learning mechanisms, counseling, mentorship, performance
appraisal and feedback; Career development; Evaluation of training- types, levels, and
models.

Unit 5: Research Methodology in Extension Education

Types and stages of social research; Research problems and problem statements, hypothesis;
Variables-concept and types; Research design- MAXMINCON Principle; Types of research
designs- experimental, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal, case study,
comparative; Mixed methods designs; Threats to internal and external validity; Measurement
– meaning, postulates and levels of measurement; Reliability and Validity of instruments;
Sampling designs- probability and non-probability sampling; Methods of observation-
interviews and interviews schedules, semi-structured interviews, sociometry, semantic
differential, Q methodology, projective techniques; Focus group discussion; Participant and
non-participant observation; Techniques of scale construction- paired-comparison, equal
appearing interval, summated rating; Item analysis; Scalogram analysis; Development of
knowledge test; Methods of constructing indexes; Qualitative research; Parametric and non-
parametric statistics for data analysis in social research; Tests of significance; Processing
of data, coding-tabulation; Analysis and interpretation; Report writing; Ethics in social
research.

Unit-6: Program planning, evaluation and impact assessment

Program planning and development-concepts and steps; Logic framework approach (LFA) for
planning and management of program; Program Evaluation- concept, objectives, principles,
criteria, and theories; Difference between monitoring and evaluation; Evaluation process;
Steps in programme evaluation; Types of Evaluation; Objective oriented, management
oriented; Context evaluation, input evaluation, process evaluation, product evaluation,
consumer oriented evaluation, expertise oriented evaluation, adversary oriented evaluation,
naturalistic and principal oriented evaluation, Goal free evaluation and meta evaluation;
Levels of Bennett’s hierarchy; Evaluation models- Logic model, Kirkpatrick’s model,
Stufflebeam’s model; Programme management techniques; SWOT analysis, Bar Charts,
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), Critical Path Method (CPM), differences
between PERT and CPM, advantages and disadvantages; Defining impact and impact
assessment; Impact assessment vs impact evaluation; Social impact assessment –stages and
approaches; Theories of change; Criteria and indicators; Quantitative and qualitative
techniques for impact assessment.
Unit 7: Extension Management and Organizational behaviour
Concept and principles of administration and management, classical and modern theories,
schools of management thought; Functions of management- planning, organizing, staffing,
directing and leading, controlling, coordinating, reporting and budgeting; Leadership styles
and theories; Decision-making in organization; Organizational effectiveness, organizational
climate, organizational development, job satisfaction and morale; Time management;
Performance appraisal; Coordination at different levels of extension management, methods
of coordination; Management by Objective (MBO) and Total Quality Management (TQM);
Project Management Techniques;Power and Conflicts in Organizations; Organizational
Communication-concepts, channels; Organizational climate, Organizational culture vs. climate;
Characteristics of organizational culture, creating and maintaining organizational culture;
Organizational change, individual and group behaviour in organization; Team building
process; Problem solving techniques, & negotiation, motivational theories & techniques, work
motivation; Transactional analysis; Managing Stress, conflict and Emotions; Creativity-concept
and process; Interventions for organizational development-interpersonal interventions, team
interventions, structural interventions, comprehensive interventions, mobilization and
empowerment skills; Concept and strategies in mobilization, concretisation and empowerment
of rural people.
pg. 102
Unit 8: Entrepreneurial Development
Entrepreneurship- concepts, traits, and theories; Entrepreneurial characteristics and motives;
Entrepreneurial competencies; Entrepreneurial motivation- need for power; Achievement,
affiliation and autonomy; Achievement motivation syndrome; Simulation games and exercises
for developing entrepreneurial competencies– risk taking, self- efficacy, creativity, achievement
planning, influencing process, problem solving; Entrepreneurship development cycle;
Entrepreneurial environment- internal and external factors influencing emergence of
entrepreneurship; Barriers to entrepreneurship; Women Entrepreneurship,
social entrepreneurship; Programmes and agencies promoting entrepreneurship; Types and
techniques of training for developing entrepreneurial activities in various areas;
Agripreneurship-agri-clinics and agribusiness centers; Micro Finance, start-ups, SHGs,
FPO, cooperatives.

Unit 9: Agricultural Innovation System and extension approaches

Innovation- concepts and attributes; Innovation generation process; Role of extension in
agricultural innovation system, role of enabling environment- policies and institutions,
innovation platforms; Role of innovation brokers, scaling up knowledge for innovation,
identification, characterization, documentation, validation and upscaling of ITKs and grassroots
innovations; Diffusion of innovations- concept, elements, models, and theories; Innovation
development process (technology generation and promotion); Adoption- concept, process,
models, adopter categories and their characteristics; Factors influencing adoption; Diffusion
network-opinion leadership, models of communication flows; Communication network analysis
and theories; Change agents; Concept and stages of innovation-decision process;
Consequences of innovations; New approaches and domains of extension- demand-driven
extension, market-led extension (value chain extension), farmers-led extension, group-led
extension, public-private partnership based extension system; Participatory approaches for
technology development and application; Engagement of voluntary and farmers’ organizations
in extension; Gender sensitive extension; Privatization of extension; Roles and approaches
of extension for enhancing capacity of communities for climate change adaptation; Nutri-
sensitive agriculture, agri-preneurship, agri-tourism, and urban and peri-urban agriculture;
Extension and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Stakeholders’ analysis, linkages and
strategic partnerships; Sustainable rural livelihood- sustainable livelihood approaches (SLAs).

Unit 10: Gender Sensitization and Empowerment

Concepts of Gender- gender roles, gender equality, gender equity; Gender relations, gender
balance, gender bias, gender blindness, gender needs- practical and strategic, issues in
agriculture and extension; Gender mainstreaming- approaches and methods; Gender analysis
framework and tools; Gender empowerment measures; Dimensions and methodologies for
empowerment; Gender impact assessment; Gender budgeting; Gender specific technologies;
Gender dimensions in food and nutritional security: Women’s empowerment-principles,
framework and dimensions; Strategies and barriers for women empowerment; Empowerment
through SHG, financial inclusion, micro-finance, internet and education; Women
entrepreneurship; Public-private partnership for the economic empowerment of women;
Building rural institutions for women empowerment; Digital women rights, constitutional
provisions; Global and national policies and mission for empowerment of women; Government
programmes and schemes for women.

pg. 103
49. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
Unit 1: Probability and Mathematical Statistics
Elements of measure theory, Borel field, Probability measure; Random variable, Axiomatic
approach to probability; Laws of addition and multiplication; Bayes’ theorem; Discrete and
continuous variables; Mathematical expectation; Mathematical expectation of functions of
random variables; Moment generating function, Characteristic function; Raw and central
moments; Functions of random variables; Distribution function and its properties; Univariate
and bivariate probability distributions; Conditional and marginal distributions; Independence
of random variables; Transformation of random variables; Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Jensen
inequality, Markov inequality; Chebyshev’s inequality; Bernoulli weak law of large numbers;
Kolmogorov strong law of large numbers; Central limit theorem; Demoviere- Laplace central
limit theorem; Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson, Negative binomial, Geometric, Hypergeometric
and Uniform distributions; Rectangular, Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Beta, Cauchy and
Lognormal distributions; Bivariate normal distribution; Probability distributions of functions
of random variables; Exponential Family of distributions; Mean and variance of above
mentioned distributions; Sampling distributions; Distribution of mean, difference between
two means and correlation coefficient; Central t, F and chi-square distributions, their
properties and interrelationships; Variance stabilizing transformations; Correlation and
regression; Multiple and partial correlation coefficients; Order statistics; Distribution of r th
order statistics; Joint distribution of several order statistics and their functions; Distribution
of range and median.
Unit 2: Statistical Inference
Point estimation: unbiasedness, consistency, sufficiency, completeness; Neyman factorization
theorem with application; Minimum variance unbiased estimator; Cramer Rao inequality;
Rao Blackwell theorem; Methods of estimation: method of moments, method of minimum
chi-square, method of maximum likelihood, their properties and applications; confidence
interval estimation for parameters of normal, exponential, binomial and poisson distributions;
Testing of hypothesis; Neyman Pearson lemma; Unbiased test; Uniformly most powerful
unbiased tests and their constructions; One and two-sample tests about mean, variance,
proportion, simple correlation coefficient and simple regression coefficient; Behrens-Fisher
problem; Bartlett’s chi-square test; Likelihood ratio test and its asymptotic properties; Chi-
square tests the goodness of fit and independence; Non-parametric tests, one and two
sample sign and Wilcoxon sign rank tests, run test for randomness, Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney
U test, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's tests, Kendall's coefficient of concordance; Elements
of sequential analysis; Wald's sequential probability ratio test.
Unit 3: Multivariate Analysis
Concept of random vector, expectation operator, dispersion matrix, independence of random
vectors; Multinomial distribution; Multivariate normal distribution, marginal, joint and
conditional distributions; Sample mean vector and its distribution; Maximum likelihood
estimates of mean vector and dispersion matrx; Tests of hypotheses about mean vectors;
Wishart distribution and its properties; Hotelling's T 2 and Mahalanobis’ D 2 statistics; Null
distribution of Hotelling's T 2 ; Multivariate analysis of variance; Wilk's lambda criterion and
its properties; Discriminant analysis, computation of linear discriminant function (LDF),
classification between two multivariate normal populations based upon LDF and Mahalanobis’
D 2 ; Canonical correlations; Factor analysis; Principal component analysis; Cluster analysis,
similarities and dissimilarities, hierarchical clustering, single and complete linkage methods
of clustering; Path analysis and computation of path coefficients; Multi- dimensional scaling;
Hierarchical and non- hierarchical clustering algorithm.
Unit 4: Design of Experiments
Theory of linear estimation; Gauss Markoff theorem; Atkins transformation; Hypothesis
testing and analysis of variance; Analysis of covariance; Random, fixed and mixed effects
models; Basic principles of design of experiments; Orthogonality; Contrast, mutually
orthogonal contrasts; Completely randomized, randomized complete block and latin square
designs; Missing plot technique; Orthogonal and mutually orthogonal latin squares; Graeco
latin square designs; Balanced incomplete block (BIB) designs, general properties, analysis
without and with recovery of intra-block information, construction of BIB designs; Partially
balanced incomplete block (PBIB) designs with two associate classes, general properties;
Youden square designs; Cross-over designs; Factorial experiments, confounding in 2 n and
3 n factorial experiments, partial and total confounding; Fractional factorial designs for
symmetrical factorials; Asymmetrical factorials; Split-plot and strip-plot designs; Combined
analysis of experiments; Designs for fitting first order and second order response surfaces,
second order rotatable designs; Multiple comparison procedures; Sampling in field
experiments.
pg. 104
Unit 5: Sample Surveys
Complete survey vs sample survey; Probability sampling vs purposive sampling; Sampling
error; sample space, sampling design, sampling strategy; Confidence interval; Simple random
sampling with and without replacement, estimation of population mean and population
proportion; Inverse sampling; Stratified random sampling, optimum allocation, number of
strata, construction of strata boundaries; Determination of sample size; Ratio, regression
and product methods of estimation; Separate and combined ratio estimators; Cluster
sampling; Multi-stage sampling with equal probability of selection of Units at each stage;
Two-phase sampling; Successive sampling over two occasions; Probability proportional to
size sampling - Cumulative method and Lahiri's method of selection; Horvitz Thompson
estimator, ordered and unordered estimators, sampling strategies due to Midzuno-Sen and
Rao-Hartley-Cochran; Inclusion probability proportional to size sampling; Systematic sampling;
Probability proportional to size systematic sampling; Non-sampling errors, sources and
classification, non-response in surveys; Response error, interpenetrating sub-samples,
imputation methods; Warner's randomized response technique.

Unit 6: Statistical Genetics

Physical basis of inheritance, segregation and linkage; Analysis of segregation, detection and
estimation of linkage for qualitative characters; Amount of information about linkage;
Combined estimation, disturbed segregation; Gene and genotypic frequencies; Random mating;
Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium; Disequilibrium due to linkage for two pairs of genes
and sex-linked genes; Forces affecting gene frequency; Equilibrium between forces in large
populations, polymorphism; Fisher’s fundamental theorem of natural selection; Random
genetic drift; Effect of finite population size; Polygenic system for quantitative characters;
Average effect of gene; Average effect of gene substitution; Dominance deviation; Breeding
value; Epistatic interaction deviation, Genotype-environment correlation, genotype-environment
interaction and its application; Multiple allelism in continuous variations; Maternal effects;
Different components of genetic variance and their partitioning; Effect of inbreeding on
quantitative characters; Heterosis; Inbreeding depression; Effect of inbreeding on mean and
variance of quantitative characters; Resemblance between relatives; Phenotypic and
genetic covariance between different relatives; Concept and estimation of genetic parameters;
Heritability, repeatability and genetic correlation; Response due to selection, selection index
and its applications in plant and animal genetic improvement programmes; Correlated
response to selection; Restricted selection index; Survival analysis.
Unit 7: Regression Analysis
Simple and multiple linear regression models and their analysis; Estimation and testing of
regression parameters, sub-hypothesis testing, restricted estimation; Polynomial regression;
Use of orthogonal polynomials; Use of dummy variables; Regression with ordinal data;
Selection of variables, stepwise and stagewise regressions; Regression diagnostics; Adequacy
and validation of models; Examination of residuals-specification error, auto- correlation,
Durbin-Watson statistic, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity; Weighted Least Squares;
Components of time-series; Fitting of different trend models; Autocorrelation and partial
auto-correlation functions; Correlogram; Determination of cyclical variations; Periodogram
analysis; Linear Stationary models-auto-Regressive, moving average and mixed processes;
Linear non-stationary models; Forecasting; Indirect Least Squares; Pooling of cross-section
and time-series data; Demand and supply curves; Determination of demand curves from
market data; Engel’s curves; Pareto curves.

Unit 8: Mathematical Methods in Statistics and Optimization Techniques

Limit and continuity; Differentiation of functions, successive differentiation, partial
differentiation; Mean value theorems, Taylor and Maclaurin's series; Integration of rational,
irrational and trigonometric functions; Differential equations of first order, linear differential
equations of higher order with constant coefficients; Simple interpolation; Divided differences;
Numerical differentiation and integration; Group, ring, field and vector spaces, subspaces,
basis, Galois field, Fermat's theorem and primitive elements; Linear independence and
dependence of vectors, row and column spaces; Submatrices and partitioned matrices;
Determinant, rank and inverse of a matrix; Determinant and inverse of partitioned matrices;
Special matrices - unitary, similar, Hadamard, circulant, Helmert's, Idempotent and
Orthogonal; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Spectral decomposition of matrices; Kronecker and
Hadamard product of matrices, kronecker sum of matrices, permutation matrices, full rank
factorization; Generalized inverses, Moore-Penrose inverse, applications of generalized inverse;
pg. 105
Generalized inverse of partitioned matrices; Solutions of linear equations, equations having
many solutions; Spectral decomposition of matrices; Quadratic forms; Optimization techniques
and soft computing: Classical optimization techniques; Constrained optimization; Optimization
and inequality; Numerical methods of optimization; Direct search method, sequential search
method, random search method, simplex search method, gradient method and method of
steepest ascent; Linear programming techniques - simplex method, duality and sensitivity
analysis; Two-person zero-sum game and linear programming; Integer programming;
Statistical applications; Non- linear programming; Kuhn-Tucker conditions; Quadratic
programming; Elements of multiple objective programming; Dynamic programming; Optimal
control theory; Soft computing tools - Artificial Neural Network, support vector machines
and probabilistic reasoning; Genetic algorithm, decision tree, Bayes classifiers, fuzzy logic;
Rough set; Simulation methods for various probability models; Resampling techniques;
Jackknife and Bootstrap; Monte Carlo simulation.

pg. 106
50. HOME SCIENCE

Unit 1: Human Nutrition, Health and Interventions

Balanced diet-food groups, food pyramid; Macro and micronutrients in human nutrition-
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water-requirements, sources, functions,
metabolism and effects of deficiency and toxicity of the nutrients; Inborn errors of metabolism
phytochemicals, antioxidants, prebiotics and probiotics, functional foods and nutraceuticals;
Drug and nutrient interaction; Diet & nutritional therapy in disorders of obesity, underweight,
gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver, heart, lungs, cancer, diabetes mellitus, food allergies and
intolerances; Major public health and nutritional problems in india-causes, magnitude and
distribution; Assessment of Community Nutritional status by standard methods; National
nutrition policy, national and international organizations programmes to combat malnutrition;
Nutritional epidemiology, public health aspects of human nutrition; Objectives, principles
and importance of nutrition education, nutrition monitoring and surveillance; Nutrition and
physical fitness, nutrition in emergencies and disasters.

Unit 2: Food Science and Processing Technologies

Technologies Need & Scope of Food Science, methods of cooking-merits & demerits, factors
affecting cooking; Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability, food fortification,
enrichment and supplementation; Food additives and preservatives; Anti- nutritional factors
& toxicants in foods; Food hygiene and sanitation, Food-borne illnesses, infections and food
poisoning; Food adulteration, food standards, laws & regulations for food safety; Post -
harvest losses, food spoilage and its causes; Food processing techniques, effects on
nutritional value; Quantitative and qualitative changes during and processing of foods;
Principles and methods of food processing, drying, concentration, freezing, fermentation,
irradiation, canning, sterilization, pasteurization storage of perishable and non-perishable
foods, traditional and modern food storage; New product development - nanotechnology;
Food service management of institutional level-hospital, educational institutions, social and
special institutions; Perspectives of food service-menu planning, food cost analysis; Organic
and genetically modified foods.

Unit 3: Textile Science, Fashion Designing and Garment Production

Natural and Man-made fibers: Classification and Processing; Testing and quality control of
textiles and apparel; Its importance, textile performance standards, fiber, yarn and fabric
testing; Dyes and pigments – classification, dyeing techniques (solution dyeing, yarn dyeing,
piece and garment dyeing), styles (direct, resist and discharge) and methods of printing
(block, screen, stencil, roller, transfer printing); Principles of weaving- looms, basic weaves
(plain, twill and satin), decorative/ fancy weaves (jacquard, dobby, leno, double cloth, warp
and weft figuring, pile weave); Knitting (principles and classification); Finishes – principles,
classification and methods of finishing; Stain removal, washing, care and storage of clothes;
Anthropometric measurements (importance and techniques); Clothing construction (basic
principles of drafting, flat pattern and draping), principles of pattern making through flat
pattern and draping; standards of good fit, grading and alteration of basic block; Clothing
requirements for different age groups, factors affecting clothing choices and fashion trends; Use of
CAD in the textile industry; Role and importance of textile and garment industry in Indian
economy; Marketing of textiles and clothing- price determination (different methods of
pricing); Export and import procedure and policies; Sale promotion techniques; Status of
Textile and Apparel industries in the Global scenario; Textile and environment-banned dyes,
eco-friendly textiles, contamination and effluent treatment, eco-label and eco marks; Zero
waste designing, upcycling and recycling.

Unit 4: Human Development and Family Dynamics

Stages of human development (prenatal development stage, infancy, early childhood, middle
childhood, adolescence, early and middle adulthood, old age and maturity); Physical,
emotional, intellectual, social, moral, language and personality development; Role of family,
school and peer interaction in the development of the child; Theories of child/human
development; Socio-cultural aspects of population growth and population policies;
Developmental programmes for women and children; Status of women in India, rights of
women and children, national policy for children, national commission for women; Marriage
- concept and meaning; Readiness for marriage- physiological, social, psychological and
others; Dynamics of marriage and family relationships; Parenting styles and community
education; Premarital association, premarital guidance and counseling; Approaches to study
family- developmental social, psychological and educational; Family disorganization, family
crises and family therapy; Family planning; Legal aspects: laws regarding marriage, adoption,
pg. 107
divorce, inheritance; Children with special needs (types of impairments: physical, visual,
auditory, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, speech defects, and learning disabilities) special
education for children with developmental challenges; Early Childhood Care and Education.
Curriculum Designs and Educational Philosophies; Methods of child study, Method of
Developmental Assessment-APGAR, Anthropometric measurements, Brazelton Neonatal
Behavioural Assessment Scale (BNBAS), Baley Scale of Infant Development (BSID), Stanford
Binet Intelligence Scale, Weschelar Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI, WAIS, WISC), Vineland
Social Maturity Scale, Adaptive Behaviour Scale, Anthropometric, Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT), Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM), Children Apperception Test (CAT), Peabody Picture
Vocabulary Test (PPVT), The Differential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II); Guidance and counseling-
across lifespan and for caregivers; Health and well being across life span development;
Research methods- data collection and classification, coding, tabulation, inferential and
descriptive statistics.
Unit 5: Family Resource Management and Consumer Science
Systems approach to Family Resource Management, concept, planning, resources,
communication, process of management art principles and interior enrichment, housing and
space design, types of house plans, economy in construction, building materials, building
regulations-norms and standards, household energy and equipment, family finance and
consumer education; Process of management; Decision making process; Application of
management process to time, money and energy for work simplification; Application of
Mundel’s classes of change in household work, agricultural and allied tasks; Energy crisis,
its causes and implications for energy management in homes; Equipment, tools and
accessories for rural and urban houses; Guidelines for budgeting; Banking, e-banking and
insurance; Credit; Consumer rights, consumer protection act and other laws; Elements and
principles of art and their application in interior decoration; Design and its type; Colour-
its importance in interior decoration, colour theories, colour schemes and their application
in interior decoration; Furniture and household furnishing – types, selection, care and
maintenance; Wall and window types- treatments; Floor and floor coverings; Lighting-
functions, natural and artificial light; Flower arrangement, tools and accessories used;
Functional design and arrangement of work places for different occupational activities;
Ergonomics ergonomic designing of furniture and equipment; Work and work station design
Determining physiological cost of work; Planning interiors for people with special needs;
Environment and health hazards due to pollution; Concepts of household and farm waste
and its utilization techniques; Environmental education and rain water harvesting;
Entrepreneurship development, creativity & innovation, enterprise, enterprise policy &
program, Business plans.
Unit 6: Home Science/Community Science Extension Education and Communication
Management
Home science extension education: concept, principles, philosophy, objectives and approaches;
Genesis of rural development programmes in India; Community development and Integrated
Rural Development- concept, principles and objectives; Relationship between family and
community development; Gender sensitivity in extension education programmes; Leadership-
concept, types, identification, training and mobilizing local leaders for community
participation; Problems of women leaders; Panchayati Raj-philosophy, concept, functioning
and scope; Extension methods and audio-visual aids; Classification, selection, use and
production; Designing of AV AIDS for transfer of communication; Concept, functions, key
elements theories and models of communication; Barriers to communication; History of
communication; Advanced techniques in mass communication and participatory
communication- theories and models, designing and developing participatory messages;
Concept, need and constraint of community-based learning; Concept, steps, principles and
theories of programme planning; Application of programme planning for Home Science
Extension/ Extension Education and Communication Management through PERT and CPM;
Evaluation- concept, significance, methods and tools for monitoring and evaluation;
Development programmes, viz. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Development
of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Training of Rural Youth for Self-
Employment (TRYSEM); Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Role of Non- governmental
Organizations (NGOs) in extension, SWOT analysis of development programmes; Programs
and agencies promoting women as entrepreneurs; Types and techniques of training for
developing entrepreneurial activities in home science/community science areas; Self help
groups- concept, organization, mobilization and functioning of SHGs for sustainability;
Important extension training institutes in India; Women in agriculture: Role of women in
agriculture and allied sectors; Women friendly tools and implements; Women and gender
issues.
pg. 108
51. FARM MACHINERY & POWER
Unit 1: Farm Mechanization and Equipment
Status of farm mechanization in India; power availability on farms and trends in mechanization.
Functional requirement, principle of working, constructional features and operation of animal and
power operated equipment for land development, tillage, sowing, planting, transplanting, fertilizer
application, inter-cultivation, plant protection, harvesting, threshing, mowing, chaff cutting and
baling; special equipment for crops such as vegetables, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, potato, fruits
and orchard crops and plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cashew nut etc.

Unit 2: Farm Machinery Design

Design and selection of machinery elements viz. gears, pulleys, chains and sprockets, belts,
bearings, couplings and springs and fasteners. farm machine system characteristics and
evaluation, dynamic balancing and stability of farm machines, force analysis on agricultural tools
and implements, pull, draft, unit draft and power of farm equipment, design of soil working tools
for sowing and planting; design of fertilizer applicators, inter-cultivation equipment, harvesters and
threshers; pneumatic and hydraulic controls, machine learning, IoT, robotics, mechatronics,
construction and operation of farm equipment, selection and operation of drones.

Unit 3: Farm Machinery Testing, Evaluation and Management

Calibration of seed drills, planters, plant protection equipment; methods of testing and performance
evaluation of tillage equipment, seed drills and planters, fertilizer applicators, sprayers and dusters,
harvesting and threshing equipment, grain and straw combines, and special equipment such as
sugarcane, cotton, rice and potato planter; calculations of field capacity, efficiency and rates of seed
fertilizer and chemical applicators; calculation of capacity, efficiency and losses in threshers,
harvesters and chaff cutters; Farm machinery selection and management for different soils, crops
and operations; cost analysis of animal and tractor operated implements and tractors; matching
power-implement system, estimation of energy and power requirements, reliability of farm
machinery, measurement of power of engine, electric motors and their characteristics including
batteries; familiarization with standards formulation and its need, different organizations for
standards and their role in standardization of farm equipment, measurement of specification of
different farm equipment.
Unit 4: Engines and Tractor Systems
Engineering thermodynamics, power cycles, fuels; various systems of IC engines; operations,
adjustment and troubleshooting of different systems; calculations of power, torque, speed, firing
arrangement and intervals, heat load and power transmission from piston to the flywheel; tractor
power transmission, differential, final drives; power outlets such as P.T.O. and drawbar; recent
trends in tractor design; emissions and control of pollutants; mechanical and power steering;
tractor chassis mechanics, hitching systems, hydraulic controls for tractors, automatic position
and draft control; tractor performance tests, operation and maintenance tractors and power tillers.
Unit 5: Ergonomics and Safety
Anthropometry in equipment design, physiological cost and effect of work on physiological
responses, fatigue and comfort; ergonomics in design of farm tools; safety aspects of agricultural
machinery; effect of noise and vibration on work performance; chemical hazards and control
measures; operator’s protective gadgets; design of tractor controls viz., hand and foot controls,
visual range and limitations, seat design etc.
Unit 6: Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction
Dynamic properties of soil and their measurements; stress-strain relationships; theories of soil
failure, mechanics of tillage tools; design parameters and performance of tillage tools. Introduction
to traction devices, tyre function and size, their selection, mechanics of traction devices, traction
theories, slippage and sinkage of wheels, evaluation and prediction of traction performance; soil
compaction - causes and methods for alleviating the effect on soil and crop responses.
Unit 7: Energy in Agriculture
Conventional and renewable energy sources in agriculture; solar radiation and its measurement;
characteristics of solar spectrum; solar energy collection for thermal and PV application as well as
its storage; solar photovoltaic conversion and SPV powered systems. Types of wind mills and their
applications; thermo-chemical conversion of biomass, direct combustion, pyrolysis and gasification,
chemical conversion processes, carbonization, briquetting, pelletization and densification of
biomass; bioconversion into alcohols, methyl and ethyl esters, organic acids,; types of biogas plants,
biogas properties, uses and distribution, alternate fuels for IC engines; energy requirement in
agricultural production systems, energy ratio and specific energy value, inflow and outflow of energy
in unit agricultural operation, energy audit, accounting and analysis.
pg. 109
Unit 8: Manufacturing Technology
Specification of ferrous, non-ferrous, alloys and composite materials including composition,
production techniques and selection for farm equipment, workshop practices applied in prototype
production, common tools and press operations, metal cutting and machining, jigs, fixtures and
gauges, casting and die-casting processes; basic joining processes, welding processes, weldments
testing and metallurgy; basic machines selection for farm equipment workshop and its planning.

Unit 9: Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques

Mechanical measurements, sensors and transducers types and their application, theory of strain
gauges and their use, signal transmission and processing, signal conditioning and monitoring, data
acquisition and storage, dynamic measurements; measurement of temperature, pressure, strain,
force, torque, power, sound level, vibrations etc.; determination of fuel properties of different liquid
and gaseous fuels, measurement of fluid flow rates etc.

Unit 10: Machinery for Precision Agriculture

Importance of precision agriculture. Mapping in farming for decision-making; Geographical
concepts of Precision Agriculture; Understanding and identifying variability; Geographical Position
System (GPS) Basics (Space Segment, Receiver Segment, Control Segment), Error and correction,
Function and usage of GPS. Introduction to Geographic Information System (GIS), function and
use of GIS, IDI devises usage in Precision Agriculture Yield monitor, variable rate applicator for
fertilizers, seed, chemicals etc. Remote sensing Aerial and satellite imagery; above-ground (non-
contact) sensors; data analysis, concepts of data analysis, resolution, Surface analysis. Analysis of
application interpretive products (map, charts, application map etc.); Electronics and Control
Systems for Variable rate applications, Precision Variable Equipment, Tractor- Implement
interface technology, Environmental Implications of Precision Agriculture; Spatial Analysis,
Variable Rate Application, Reducing of negative environmental impact.

pg. 110
52. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS & IT

Unit 1: Computer Organization and Architecture

Computer Organization and Architecture – Boolean Algebra, Minimization of Boolean Functions,
Number System, Basic concepts of floating-point number system, Sequential and Combinational
Circuits, Flip flops – types, Race Condition and Comparison. Input/ Output Unit, Memory
Organization, ALU and Control Unit, Instruction and Execution Cycle in CPU, Introduction to
Microprocessors, Interrupts, CISC and RISC Architecture.

Unit 2: Programming Languages & Data Structure

Programming Languages (Java, C++, Python), Computer Algorithms, Flow Charts, Building Blocks,
Control Structures, Arrays, Object Oriented Programming Concepts, Memory Allocation, File
management. Internet Programming – Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) and XML, Building
Static and Dynamic Web Pages, Client Side and Server Side Scripting Languages, Mobile Apps,
Database Connectivity, Data Structure: Representation of Character, String and their
Manipulation, Linear List Structure, Stack, Queue, Heaps, Linked list, Arrays. Tree: Representation
of Tree Structures and Different Tree Traversal Algorithms, Graph, Sorting and Searching
Algorithms.

Unit 3: Software Engineering

Requirement Analysis and Specification; Software Development: Phases, Process Models, Project
Structure, Project Team Structure, Types of Metrics, Measurement, Software Quality Factors,
Project Cost Estimation, Project Scheduling, Quality Assurance Plan and Project Monitoring Plans,
Gantt Charts, PERT and CPM, Coding Tools and Techniques, Software Testing and Maintenance,
CASE Tools, Object Oriented Analysis and Design, UML Modeling and Diagrams.

Unit 4: Networking and Operating System

Types of Networks, Network topology. Data Communication: Concepts of Data, Signal, Channel,
Bandwidth, bit-rate and baud rate. Analog and Digital Communications, Asynchronous and
Synchronous transmission. ISO-OSI Reference Model, TCP/IP Reference Model – Data Link Layer
Function and Protocols: Framing, Error Control, flow control; sliding window protocol, IP-v4 & IP-
v6, Dual Stack, Network infrastructure and Security- switches, routers, firewall, intranet, internet,
Virtual Private Network. Internet standards and Services, Cryptography, Authentication and
firewalls, Adhoc networks. Operating system – Process Management: Inter-Process Communication,
Process Scheduling; Memory management: Swapping, Virtual Memory, Paging and Segmentation;
Device Management: Deadlocks, Semaphores; File systems – Files, directories, Security and
Protection Mechanisms: Basics of Unix/Linux/Windows Server Configuration.

Unit 5: Compiler Construction

Theory of Computation: Models of computation- Finite Automata, Pushdown Automata, Non-
determinism and NFA, DPDA and PDAs and Languages accepted by these structures. Grammars,
Languages, non-computability and Examples of non-computable problems. Context Free
Grammars (CFG), Linear Bounded Automata (LBA), Turing Machine (TA).
Compilers – Regular Expression, Finite automata, Formal languages, Finite State Machines, Lexical
Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Parsing Algorithms, Symbol tables, Error Handling, Types of
Languages.
Unit 6: Data Base Management System
Definition and Features, Data Models, Relational Database: Logical and Physical Structure,
Relational Algebra, Relational Calculus, Database Design, Normalization, Concurrency Control,
Security and Integrity, Query Processing and Optimization, Backup and Recovery; Distributed
Databases – Concepts, architecture, Design; Structured Query Language (SQL),Concepts and
Principles of Data Warehousing, Data Warehousing Design and Schema, Spatial Databases, GIS
Concepts and Principles, Big Data Concepts & Architecture.

Unit 7: Computer Graphics

Raster Scan and Random Scan Graphics; Continual Refresh and Storages Displays; Display
Processors and Character Generators; Colour Display Techniques. Frame Buffer and Bit
Operations, Raster graphics, Points, Lines and Curves, Scan Conversion; Line-Drawing Algorithms;
Circle and Ellipse Generation; Polygon Filling; Conic-Section Generation. Anti- Aliasing; Two-
dimensional viewing; Basic Transformations; Co-ordinate systems; Windowing and Clipping;
Segments; Interactive Picture-Construction Techniques; Interactive Input/Output Devices. Three-
Dimensional Concepts: 3-D Representations and Transformations; 3-D Viewing; Algorithm for 3-D
Volumes, Spline Curves and Surfaces.
pg. 111
Unit 8: Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI); Knowledge: General Concept of Knowledge, Knowledge
Based System, Representation of Knowledge, Knowledge Organization and Manipulation,
Acquisition of Knowledge, Ontologies. Symbolic Approach: Syntax and Semantics for Prepositional
Logic (PL) and First Order Predicates Logic (FOPL), Properties of Well-Formed Formulas (wffs),
Conversion to clausal form, Inference Rules, Resolution Principle, Non deductive inference methods.
Search and Control Strategies: Blind Search, Breadth-first search, Depth – First search, Hill
Climbing Method, Branch and Bound Search. Games theory, Theorem Proving, Natural Language
Processing, Robotics. Data Mining: Supervised, unsupervised and Association Rule Mining, Artificial
Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Genetic Algorithms, Fuzzy Logic. Expert Systems: Introduction to
Expert System, and its Characteristics, Application and Importance, Rule Based System
Architecture; Software Agents.

Unit 9: Statistics, Modeling and Simulation

Frequency distribution, Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis. Theory
of Probability. Random variable and mathematical expectation. Correlation and regression. Basic
Principles of Design of Experiments. Analysis of Variance. Completely randomized design (CRD),
Randomized complete block design (RCBD), Latin Square Design (LSD), Split Plot and Strip Plot
Design. Probability Distributions: Binomial, Poisson, Normal Distributions and their Applications.
Concept of sampling, Sampling vs. Complete Enumeration, Sampling from a Finite Population,
Simple Random Sampling. Generation and Testing of Random Numbers, Simulation of Stochastic
Events and processes, Discrete Event Simulation.

Unit 10: Bioinformatics

Basics of Bioinformatics, Basic Molecular Biology; Introduction to the Basic Principles of
Structure/Function Analysis of Biological Molecules; Genome Analysis; Different Types and
Classification of Genome Databases (HTGS, DNA, Protein, EST, STS, SNPs, Unigenes etc.) Role of
Bioinformatics in Genomics; Nature of Genomic Data; Overview of Available Genomic Resources on
the Web; NCBI/ EBI/ EXPASY etc; Nucleic Acid Sequence Databases; GenBank/EMBL/ DDBJ;
Database Search engines: Entrez, SRS. Overview/Concepts in Sequence Analysis; Pairwise
Sequence Alignment Algorithms: Needleman & Wunsch, Smith & Waterman; BLAST, FASTA;
Scoring matrices for Nucleic Acids and Proteins: PAM, BLOSUM, Dynamic Programming Algorithm,
Multiple Sequence Alignment: PRAS, CLUSTALW. Sequence Based Gene Prediction and its Function
Identification, SSR, SNPs and Various Markers for Identification of Genetic Traits, Gene Expression.
Phylogenetic Analysis Algorithms; Maximum Parsimony, Distance based: UPGMA, Neighbour-
Joining.

pg. 112
53. LAND & WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING

Unit 1: Groundwater Development, Wells and Pumps

Water resources of India, Irrigation potential and contribution of groundwater, utilizable
groundwater resources and level of groundwater development in the country, scope of groundwater
development, Aquifer types and determination of aquifer parameters; Principles of groundwater
flow, interaction between surface and groundwater, natural and artificial groundwater recharge;
Well Hydraulics of fully and partially penetrating wells; Design, construction and development of
irrigation wells; Well interference and multiple well systems; Water lifts, pumps and prime movers,
well and pumps characteristics, performance evaluation and selection of pumps; Energy
requirement in groundwater pumping; Design of centrifugal pumps; Groundwater pollution; Salt
water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers; Application of GIS and Remote Sensing for
groundwater development and management; Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater.

Unit 2: Open Channel Hydraulics

Hydraulics of open channel flow, energy and momentum principles, Computation of energy loss,
sequent depths and specific energy curve, Hydraulic jump and its classification; Study of critical
flow, uniform flow, gradually varied flow, rapid varied flow, spatially varied flow and unsteady flow
and their computations; Principles of pipe flow and pipe flow problems; Theories and methods of
open channel design.

Unit 3: Soil, Plant, Water and Atmosphere Relationship

Soil moisture characteristics and its measurement, field capacity, permanent wilting point, plant
available water and extractable water; Soil and land irrigability classifications, factors affecting
profile water storage; Determination of soil water content, computation of soil water depletion, soil
water potential and its components, hydraulic head; Field water budget water: gains and water
losses from soil, deep percolation beyond root zone, and capillary rise; Evapotranspiration (ET) and
irrigation water requirement, critical stages of crop growth in relation to irrigation; Irrigation
scheduling; Soil-Plant-Water relationship, Water movement through soil plant atmosphere system.
Crop adaptation to water deficit conditions, morpho-physiological effect of water deficit; Drought
tolerance and mechanisms of drought tolerance. Management strategies to improve crop
productivity under limited water supplies; Contingent crop plans and other strategies for aberrant
weather conditions; Cropping patterns, alternate land use and crop diversification in rain fed
regions.

Unit 4: Hydrology and Soil and Water Conservation

Hydrologic cycle and its different components, Measurement and analysis of hydrologic data.
Probability concepts, distributions and applications. Intensity duration frequency analysis.
Hortonian and saturation overland flow theories; Rainfall and run off relationships, stream gauging
and runoff measurement; Different methods of surface runoff estimation, hydrographs, synthetic
unit hydrograph, IUH, unit hydrograph theory and its application, SCS-curve number method,
stochastic hydrology, time series analysis; Flood routing methods and calculations; Soil loss
measurement techniques. Soil loss estimation models such as: Empirical models (USLE and its
revisions), WEPP and EPIC models. Design of temporary and permanent soil and water conservation
structures, including gully control structures; Software for soil loss estimation, sediment
transport and deposition, and reservoir sedimentation; Design and construction of farm pond and
check dams; Cost analysis of water harvesting structures. Seepage theory; Design of earthen dams
and retaining walls, slope stability analysis; Mathematical models and simulation of hydrologic
processes; Application of remote sensing and GIS in soil and water conservation; Satellite data
availability, processing and analysis for soil and water conservation.

Unit 5: Watershed Management

Watershed concept, Identification and characterization of watersheds. Hydrological and
geomorphological characteristics of watersheds; Land capability and irrigability classification, land
use land cover and soil maps; Principles of watershed management; Quantitative evaluation of
watershed management techniques. Development of watershed management plans, its feasibility
and economic evaluation; Land levelling and grading, machineries and equipment for land levelling;
Rainfed agriculture and command area development (CAD) programmes; Use of remote sensing and
GIS in watershed management. Dryland water management technologies; Floods and drought
modelling and management plans.

pg. 113
Unit 6: Irrigation Water Management
History of irrigation and irrigation water management in India. Classification of irrigation projects
in India. Crop water demand and irrigation water requirement; Soil water depletion, plant indices
and climatic parameters. Crop modelling and water production function; Irrigation software:
CROPWAT, Aqua Crop; Irrigation methods: Surface and pressurized irrigation system such as drip
and sprinkler irrigation; Merits and demerits of various methods; Hydraulics of furrow, check basin
and border irrigation, Hydraulics and design of pressurized irrigation systems. Operation and
maintenance of sprinkler and drop irrigation system; Cropping pattern change analysis using GIS
and remote sensing; Irrigation efficiency and economics of different irrigation systems; Application,
distribution and water use efficiencies; Agronomical considerations in the design and operation of
irrigation projects, characteristics of irrigation and farming systems affecting irrigation
management; Irrigation legislation; Irrigation strategies under different situation of water
availability, optimum crop plans and cropping patterns in canal command areas; Quality of
irrigation water and irrigation with poor quality water; On farm water management, socio-economic
aspects of on farm water management. Scope for economizing the use of water; Irrigation water
measurement: velocity-area method, water meters, weirs, notches, flumes, orifices, etc. Use of
artificial intelligence and sensors in irrigation water management; Water rights and legal aspects.
Irrigation water users’ association (WUA) and responsibilities.

Unit 7: Management of Degraded, Waterlogged and other Problematic Soils and Water Present
status of degraded soils and their distribution in India. Water quality criteria and use of brackish
waters in agriculture; Excess salt and salt tolerant crops; Concept of critical water table depths for
crop growth; Contribution of shallow water table to crop water requirements; Management
strategies for flood prone areas and crop calendar for flood affected areas; Crop production and
alternate use of problematic soils and fish production; Agricultural field drainage and theory of flow
in saturated soil; Flow net theory and its application; Drainage investigations; Drainage
characteristics of various type of soils; Water table contour maps and isobaths maps; Drainage
coefficient; Design and installation of surface and subsurface drainage system; Interceptor and
relief drains and their design; Drain pipe and accessories; Pumped drainage; Drainage requirements
of crops; Drainage in relation to salinity and water table control; Reclamation of ravine, waterlogged,
swampy areas and polders; Salt-affected soils and their reclamation; Command area development
organizational structures and activities; River valley projects and interstate disputes;
Environmental considerations in land and water resources management; Management strategies
for degraded and water-logged areas and problematic soils and waters.

pg. 114
54. BIOINFORMATICS

Unit 1: Concepts in Computing

Fundamentals of Computing, Introduction to Operating Systems, WINDOWS, UNIX/Linux
operating systems, Batch Processing, Multi-programmed Batch System, Time Sharing System,
Distributed System, Real Time System, Dead lock, CPU scheduling, Computer Security,
Visualization techniques, Viewing in three dimension, Image Processing with emphasis on biological
systems, Computer Networking, Security of the network, Network topology and architecture,
Hierarchical networks, TCP/IP family of protocols, Parallel & High performance computing, Cloud
computing

Unit 2: Programming Languages

Programming in C, Variables and operators, Control Flow statements and loops, Arrays and
Pointers, string, Functions, File handling in C, Overview of Object Oriented Programming using
Python: class and objects, functions and operator overloading, inheritance, Introduction to PERL,
BioPerl modules, Web technology using PHP and Python.

Unit 3: Database Management System and Biological Databases

Definition, purpose, advantage, components of Database System; Data Models; Three level
Architecture for Database System –internal, conceptual and external levels; Role of Schemas,
Client/Server architecture; Relational Databases: Relational data models (binary, ternary,
quaternary & n-ary relations), Primary and secondary keys, Data Definition Language; Data
Manipulation Language; Structured Query Language; Classification of biological databases; Nucleic
acid, protein, genome and structural databases; tools and databases for sequence submission and
retrieval; Concepts of Bigdata and NoSQL.

Unit 4: Mathematics and Statistics

Coordinate geometry: Basic concepts of 2D and 3D geometry; Vector algebra– Addition and
subtraction of vectors, Dot and cross product; Matrix algebra: basic definitions, matrix operations,
transpose of a matrix, inverse of matrix, Eigen values, Eigen vectors; Introduction to Probability and
Statistics, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem; Random variable, mathematical expectation;
Frequency distributions, Descriptive Statistics; Probability Distributions: Binomial, Multinomial,
Poisson and Normal Distribution; Introduction and properties of ‘t’, Chi-square and F distributions;
Hypothesis testing; Basic concepts of Simple Random sampling and Stratified random sampling;
Correlation and regression; Cluster Analysis-Hierarchical and Non-Hierarchical methods, Principal
Component Analysis; Hidden Markov Models.

Unit 5: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Biochemistry: Hydrophobic, electrostatic and van der Waals forces, General introduction to physical
techniques for determination of structure of biopolymers, Structure, properties and functions of
amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, Anatomy of Proteins - Secondary structures, Motifs,
Domains, Tertiary and quaternary structures, Classification of Protein topologies, Helices and
sheets, Helix-coil theory, Conformation of polypeptides and side chains, molten globules, enzymes
and folding pathways; Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: Nucleic acids as genetic material,
Genetic code, Genome organization and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication,
transcription and translation, recombinant DNA technology, Site directed mutagenesis, Mutation,
RNA editing, RNA processing;

Unit 6: Genomics and Proteomics

Genomics: Classical ways of genome analysis, Evolution of sequencing technologies, Genomic
libraries, Physical mapping of genomes; Genome sequencing strategies: Sequencing by synthesis,
ligation, single molecular sequencing; Microarrays analysis and applications; Next generation
sequencing technologies, Sequence assembly and annotation, exome sequencing; Genome
structural and functional annotation; Functional genomics; Candidate gene identification, Linkage
analysis, genotyping analysis; Whole genome analysis and comparative genomics; ncRNAs; Genome
Editing; Proteomics: Mass spectrometry and analysis, peptide identification and protein interface;
Metabolomics for elucidating metabolic pathways; Applications of genomics and proteomics in
agriculture;

pg. 115
Unit 7: Analytical Bioinformatics
Introduction, origin, history of Bioinformatics; Bioinformatics applications in agriculture; Basic
concepts of sequence similarity, Sequences alignments: local and global alignment, pairwise and
multiple sequence alignment, Dynamic programming-Needleman and Wunsch, Smith-Waterman
algorithms; Scoring matrices: PAM & BLOSUM, Motifs and Patterns; Analysis of nucleotide and
protein sequences: Pre-processing of NGS data, Bowtie, BWA, HISAT, FM Index, Assembly
assessment measures, Quantification of gene expression: RPKM, FPKM, TPM; ncRNA analysis;
Phylogenetic analyses: Types of phylogenetic trees, Tree-Building Methods: Character-based and
Distance-based methods; Tree Evaluation: Bootstrapping; Introduction to systems and network
biology; Tools and models for GWAS and Genomic Selection; Data mining & Knowledge discovery,
Machine learning techniques: Supervised and unsupervised learning, Artificial Neural Network,
Support Vector Machine, Random Forest; Deep Learning;

Unit 8: Molecular Modelling and drug designing

Concepts of Protein Modelling, Molecular mechanics, Force Fields, Local and global energy minima,
Energy minimization techniques; Algorithms in predicting secondary structure of proteins- Chau-
Fasman algorithm, Protein folding energy landscape; Protein structure prediction: ab initio,
homology modeling and fold recognition methods, Ramachandran plot; Visualization tools: Rasmol,
SwissPDB, PyMol, QMol; Techniques of MD Simulation, Simulated annealing; RNA Secondary
Structure prediction techniques, Algorithmic perspective of RNA folding; Drug designing: Receptor-
based and ligand-based drug design, Design of ligands, docking, Classical SAR/QSAR, Molecular
descriptors, Pharmacophore mapping and applications.

Unit 9: Data structures and Algorithms

Linear and non-linear data structure: Linked list, Stack, Queues, Trees-Terminologies, Binary trees,
Tree traversal (Pre-order, In-order, post-order), AVL trees, Graph theory, Depth-first search and
Breadth-first search algorithms; Algorithms and complexity, Iterative and recursive algorithms,
Big-O Notation, Algorithm design and analysis techniques, Greedy Algorithms, Randomized
Algorithms, Divide-and-Conquer approach, Searching and Sorting algorithms;

pg. 116
55. FOOD TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Introductory Food Technology

Introduction to food technology. Food processing industries/ institutions/ food
scientists of importance in India. Food attributes viz. colour, texture, flavour,
nutritive value and consumer preferences; Causes of food spoilage, sources of
microbial contamination of foods, food borne illnesses, water activity and its
relation to spoilage of foods; Spoilage of processed products and their detection;
Principles and methods of food preservation; Food fortification, Composition and
related quality factors for processing; Methods of food preservation such as heat
processing, pasteurization, canning, dehydration, freezing, freeze drying,
fermentation, microwave, irradiation and chemical additives; Refrigerated and
modified atmosphere storage; Aseptic preservation, hurdle technology, hydrostatic
pressure technology and microwave processing; Use of non-thermal technologies
(microfiltration, bacteriofugation, ultra high voltage electric fields, pulse electric
fields, high pressure processing, irradiation, thermosonication), alternate-thermal
technologies (ohmic heating, dielectric heating, infrared and induction heating)
and biological technologies (antibacterial enzymes, bacteriocins, proteins and
peptides) in food processing. Super critical fluid extraction; Cold plasma
technology.

Unit 2: Technology of Foods of Plant Origin

Post harvest handling and storage of fresh fruits and vegetables; Preparation of
fruits and vegetables for processing. Minimally processed products. Cold chain
logistics; ZECC (Zero Energy Cool Chambers), CCSR (Charcoal cool storage Rooms)
Thermal processing and process time evaluation for canned products, process
optimization, aseptic canning, methods for canning of different fruits, and
vegetables; Dehydration and associated quality changes during drying and storage
of dehydrated products. Solar drying. Intermediate moisture foods. Preparation
and utilization of fruits and vegetables juices in non-fermented/ fermented/
aerated beverages, health drinks. Membrane technology; Chemistry and
manufacture of pectin, role in gel formation and products like jellies and
marmalades; Technology of preservatives, pickles, chutneys and sauces; Nature
and control of spoilage in these products; Re-structured fruits and vegetables. By
products utilization of fruits and vegetable processing industry; Processing
methods of frozen fruits and vegetables, IQF products, packaging, storage and
thawing. Role of pectinases; Tomato products such as juice, puree, paste, soup,
sauce and ketchup. Other convenience foods from fruits and vegetables; Beverages,
tea, cocoa and coffee processing; Medicinal and aromatic plants: their therapeutic
values; Spice Processing viz. cleaning, grading, drying, grinding, packaging and
storage; Oleoresins and essential oils and extraction.

Structure, composition of different grains like wheat, rice, barley, oat, maize and
millets; Anti-nutritional factors in food grains and oilseeds; Milling of grains; Wheat
flour/semolina and its use in traditional/non-traditional foods like breads,
biscuits, cakes, doughnuts, buns, pasta goods, extruded, confectionary products,
breakfast and snack foods; Rheology of wheat and rice flour. Preparation of vital
wheat gluten and its utilization. Instant ready mixtures; Enzymes (amylases and
proteases) in milling and baking; Milling and parboiling of rice; by-products of rice
milling and their utilization. Processed products from rice; Pearling, malting,
brewing and preparation of malted milk feeds from barley; Significance of 13-
glucans. Milling of oats and its processing into flakes, porridge and oatmeal. Wet
and dry milling of corn, manufacture of corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch, corn
steep liquor and germ oil. Structure and composition of pulses and their importance
in Indian diet; Milling and processing of pulses viz. germination, cooking, roasting,
frying, canning and fermentation. Use in traditional products, protein concentrates
and isolates; Modified starches and proteins; Oilseeds: edible oilseeds, composition
and importance in India. Oilseed processing. Oil extraction and its processing, by-
products of oil refining. Production, packaging and storage of vanaspati, peanut
butter, protein concentrates, isolates and their use in high protein foods. Export of
oilseed cakes; International market and consumer preferences for quality in cakes
for use in textured vegetable proteins. Millets: composition, nutritional
significance, structure and processing. Dairy analogues based on plant milk.
pg. 117
Unit 3: Technology of Foods of Animal Origin
Milk and Milk production in India. Importance of milk processing plants in the
country. Handling and maintenance of dairy plant equipment. Dairy plant
operations viz. receiving, separation, clarification, pasteurization, standardization,
homogenization, sterilization, storage, transport and distribution of milk. Problems
of milk supply in India. UHT, toned, humanized, fortified, reconstituted and
flavoured milks. Technology of fermented milks. Milk products processing viz.
cream, butter, ghee, cheese, condensed milk, evaporated milk, whole and skimmed
milk powder, ice-cream, butter oil, khoa, channa, paneer and similar products.
Judging and grading of milk products. Cheese spreads by spray and roller drying
techniques. EMC (Enzyme modified cheese), Enzymes in dairy processing.
Insanitization viz. selection and use of dairy cleaner and sanitizer. In plant cleaning
system. Scope and functioning of milk supply schemes and various national and
international organizations. Specifications and standards in milk processing
industry. Dairy plant sanitation and waste disposal.
Scope of meat, fish and poultry processing industry in India. Chemistry and
microscopic structure of meat tissue; Ante mortem inspection. Slaughter and
dressing of various animals and poultry birds. Post mortem examination; Rigor
mortis; Retails and wholesale cuts. Factors affecting meat quality. Curing,
smoking, freezing, canning and dehydration of meat, poultry and their products;
Sausage making; Microbial factors influencing keeping quality of meat. Processing
and preservation of fish and its products; Handling, canning, smoking and freezing
of fresh water fish and its products; Meat tenderization and role of enzymes in meat
processing; Utilization of by-products; Zoonotic diseases. Structure and
composition of egg and factors effecting quality; Quality measurement;
Preservation of eggs using oil coating, refrigeration, thermostabilization and
antibiotics; Packing, storage and transportation of eggs; Technology of egg products
viz. egg powder, albumen, flakes and calcium tablets; Industrial and food user
physiological conditions and quality of fish products.
Unit 4: Food Quality Management
Objectives, importance and functions of quality control. Quality systems and tools
used for quality assurance including control charts, acceptance and auditing
inspections, critical control points, reliability, safety, recall and liability; The
principles and practices of food plant sanitation. Food and hygiene regulations.
Environment and waste management; Total quality management, good
management practices, HACCP and codex in food. International and National food
laws; US-FDA/ISO-9000 and FSSAI; Food adulteration, food safety; Sensory
evaluation, panel screening, selection methods; Sensory and instrumental analysis
quality control. Quality control of food at all stages and for packaging materials;
Non-destructive food quality evaluation methods.
Unit 5: Food Engineering/Packaging and Labelling
Unit operations of food processing viz. grading, sorting, peeling and size reduction
machineries for various unit operations, energy balance in food processing; Automation
in different unit operations of food processing: Raw food material sorting, grading, size
reduction, mixing and agitation, thermal processing, dehydration, packaging, CIP, quality
control; Packaging materials viz. properties and testing procedures, packaging of fresh
and processed foods; Shelf-life studies; Recent trends in packaging, aseptic, modified
atmosphere, vacuum and gas packaging; Nutritional labelling requirements of foods;
Requirements and functions of containers; Principles of package design. Time
Temperature labels and indicators.
Unit 6: Food Microbiology & Biotechnology
Fermentation technology, fermented food products (animal and plant based), microbial
spoilage of foods, bacterial growth curve, hurdle technology; Fermenter and bioreactors:
Transport phenomenon in microbial systems, types of reactors, working principles, aeration
and agitation, sterilization and sanitation, advances in continuous fermentation,
developments in solid-state fermentation for food applications; Role of biotechnology in
productivity of plants, livestock and microbes for improved nutrition and quality; Use of
biotechnology in production of food additives viz. preservatives, colorants, flavours. Use of
biotechnologically improved enzymes in food processing industry, biomass production
using industrial wastes; Single cell proteins, Food contaminants viz. aflatoxins,
botulism; Food intoxication and infection; Consumer concerns about risks and values,
Biotechnology and food safety.
pg. 118
Unit 7: Flavour Chemistry Technology
Flavour composition of foods/beverages (identification and quantitative analysis of
the flavour precursors and their products, characterization of the staling reaction
using stable isotopes). Flavour composition of foods/beverages in relation with
maturation and microbial activity/ or the processing conditions (e.g. fermented
dairy products, beer, wine, honey, fruits). Analysis of odour-active compounds of
food/beverages (Charm analysis; Synthesis of flavour by microorganisms and plant
cells. Lipid derived flavours. Investigation of equilibrium of key flavour compounds
that govern the flavour stability of beverages. Natural antioxidant constraints in
spices; Role of microorganisms in flavour development; Flavor emulsions, flavour
composites, essential oils and oleoresins; Flavor encapsulation and stabilization.

Unit 8: Consumer Sciences and Food Product Development

Consumer Sciences, Food Product Development, Health Foods Socio-cultural,
psychological and economical consideration for food appearance, Domestic
and export marketing; Consumer trends and their impact on new product
development. Product development viz. to conceive ideas, evaluation of ideas,
developing ideas into products, test marketing and commercialization; Role of food
in human nutrition; Nutritional disorders, natural contaminants and health
hazards associated with foods; Diet therapy. Functional properties of foods:
Dextrinization, Gelatinisation, Crystallisation, gelation, foaming, coagulation, denaturation
and syneresis, foaming, emulsification. Therapeutic / Engineered / Fabricated and
Organic foods/ Nutraceutical and functional foods. Nutrigenomics: concept of
personalized medicine. Use of nanotechnology in functional food industry.

pg. 119
56. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

Unit 1: Heat and Mass Transfer

Basic laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic properties and processes, energy
equations, heat, work, heat engine, heat pump, refrigeration and steam tables; Modes
of heat transfer, heat exchanger; Mass transfer and mass-heat-momentum transfer
analogies; Fluid statics, fluid dynamics, continuity equation and Bernoulli’s theorem;
Dimensional analysis and simulation. Simulation models and mathematical modeling.
Finite difference analysis, Finite element analysis.

Unit 2: Farm Structures, Farmstead Planning and Plant Design

Farmstead planning, survey and data collection for information bank. Analysis of data,
Lay outs; Cost estimation and appraisal; project development; Time, motion and input
analysis, Flow charts & drawings, Case studies; Farm electrification, load estimation
and selection of equipment; Standby power units, their selection, maintenance and
operation. Farm fencing, Safety devices including fire-fighting. Benefit-cost analysis;
house hold electrical wiring. Illumination, transmission and distribution of
electricity. Rural water supply and sanitary structures, sceptic tank design, piggery,
poultry, piggery, and other animal house structures; environment control; rural road
culverts and nallah structures, Rat proof godowns, piggery, poultry and other
livestock structures; Feed stuff storage structures, Farm workshop, Machinery and
implement sheds; biogas plant. Green house construction, operation and maintenance;
economics of green house production. Plant size, Product and process design, Process flow
charts, analysis of plant cost and profitability, Preparation of project report and its appraisal.

Unit 3: Storage Engineering

EMC, sorption and desorption isotherms, water activity and psychrometry; Storage
environment and its interaction with stored product; Factors/parameters influencing
the shelf life of the stored product, quality deterioration mechanisms and their control;
Storage practices (including fumigation) for food grains. Design of bulk storage and
aeration system; Analysis of heat, moisture and gas transfer in bulk storage
structures; Bag storage structures, their design and management; Storage of
perishables in ventilated, refrigerated, controlled and modified atmosphere storage
systems and their design, modern storage system; Quality analysis of stored produce;
Storage structures for animal feed, silage etc; Chilling rooms, walk-in cooling rooms
for perishables. BIS standards on practices and design of systems for food grains and
other commodities, CAP storage, hermetic storage etc.

Unit 4: Material Handling Packaging and Transport

Bulk conveying equipment viz. belt conveyors, screw/auger conveyors, bucket
elevators and drag/chain conveyors; Estimation of energy requirement, damage to
products during mechanical handling. Operation and maintenance of conveying
equipment; Packaging material characteristics and selection; Packaging techniques
and equipment for liquid, powder and granular materials, and horticultural produce.
Refrigerated containers and trucks for perishable foods. Safety standards in handling,
packaging and transport of agricultural produce. Types of packaging materials, barrier
properties, CFB Boxes, modified atmosphere packaging, smart and active packaging,
Edible films, Antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging, Micro and nano-encapsulation
cold chain management. Refrigerated containers and trucks for perishables; Damage
and losses during transportation.

Unit 5: Post Harvest Operations

Grading, cleaning, washing, sorting, shelling, dehusking, decortication, milling,
polishing, pearling, drying (Osmotic, evaporative and freeze drying), pasteurization and
sterilization of liquid foods, size reduction cryogenic grinding, granulation,
crystallization, filtration, membrane processing, microfiltration, ultra filtration, nano-
filtration, reverse osmosis, evaporation, distillation, mixing, clarification, coagulation,
mechanical separation, sedimentation, screw pressing/ expelling, leaching, extraction,
palleting , extrusion and industrial fermentation

pg. 120
Unit 6: Processing Technology and Processing Equipment Design
Pre-milling/conditioning treatments; Theory of grain drying, thin layer and deep bed
drying, Process technology and machinery for cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fruits,
vegetables, flowers, spices, condiments, plantation crops, animal products, sea-foods,
fiber crops, animal feed, natural resins and gums, Bioprocess engineering, enzyme
reaction kinetics, Industrial fermentation and processing, down-stream processing,
bio-separation; Minimal processing of fruits and vegetables, high pressure processing,
Ohmic heating, ultraviolet light, pulsed electric field, pulsed light field, micro and nano
encapsulation of food ingredients, Food nanotechnology, Seed processing and
technology, Agricultural byproducts/residue utilization, Waste disposal of food
processing plants, different methods and equipment; Process equipment and
machinery auditing;
Design of grain cleaners, graders, dryers, parboiling plants, size reduction machines,
bioreactors, fermenters, centrifuges, cyclones, heat-exchanger, evaporators, filters,
extrusion cookers. Computer aided design and analysis of machines and machine
components. Materials, manufacturing processes, design of elements and selection of
standard parts.

Unit 7: Engineering Properties and Quality of Biomaterials

Uniqueness of bio-materials and physical characteristics viz. size, volume, density,
porosity, surface areas, friction, rolling resistance, angle of repose; Properties of bulk
particulate solids viz. specific surface area, mean diameter, flow rate. Aerodynamics
drag coefficient and terminal velocity. Pressure drop through packed beds; Thermal
properties such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity; Dielectric
properties viz. dielectric and microwave radiation, dielectric constant, energy
absorption, heating. Optical properties and transmittance and reflectance; Rheological
properties and stress- strain-time relationship, rheological models, visco-elasticity,
Hertz’s theory of contact stresses; Food Quality and BIS specifications for quality of
food materials, milling quality analysis, cooking and baking qualities; Food additives
and derived substances, factors affecting toxicity, designing safety in products and
processes, establishing safe raw material supply; Organoleptic and sensory evaluation
of product quality; Determination of protein, oil content, carbohydrates, color,
hardness, texture, nutritive value, bio-availability and microbial loads, non-destructive
quality evaluation techniques; Measurement techniques and instruments for food
quality determination, destructive and non-destructive quality evaluation, UV VIS NIR
spectroscopy, X-ray, CT, NMR, machine vision; Maturity, ripening stages and indices
of fruits and vegetables.

Unit 8: Agri-Project Planning and Management

Project development, market survey and time motion analysis; Selection of equipment,
technology option, techno-economic feasibility; Processing in production catchment.
Product and process design, PERT, CPM, transportmodel, simplex, linear and dynamic
programming, operation log book. Material balance and efficiency analysis,
performance testing, performance indices, energy requirement and consumption;
Marketing of agricultural products, market positioning. BIS/FSSAI/ISO/
CODEX/GMP/HACCP standards or guidelines on best practices, equipment and their
design and operation for handling, processing and storage of food/feed, food safety
management and system traceability.

Unit 9: Aquaculture Processing Technology & Structures Design

Inland fish farming and associated considerations, Site selection for aquaculture
design of dykes, sluice, channels etc., Fish Physiology and micro-climatic
considerations, Aeration & feeding systems, Design of fish rearing structures,
Hatcheries, containers for live fish, fingerlings, fish seeds; Aquaculture in recirculatory
systems, oxygen and aeration, sterilization and disinfection. Recirculation of water,
Reuse systems, water exchange, Design of re-use systems. Inlet and outlet structures,
water treatment plants.

pg. 121
Unit 10: Dairy Engineering, Instrumentation and Process Control

Principles of dairy equipment design, Design of Vessels, Design of milk storage tank,
Design considerations for Heat exchangers, Design of reaction vessels, evaporators,
pasteurizers, cream separators, Homogenizers, Butter churn, Drum dryer, Spray
dryer; Dairy product processing; Vapour compression refrigeration system, Vapour
absorption refrigeration system, Heat pumps, Design of refrigeration equipment,
Design of cold storage and air conditioning system. Advanced dairy processes, their
operations & design, UHT processing, Adsorption and Sorption processes,
Electrodialysis, Aeration and gas transfer, Dairy plant maintenance; Static and
dynamic characteristics of lnstruments, Transducer elements, Intermediate elements,
indicating and recording elements. Measurement of motion, force, torque, power,
temperature, humidity, pressure and flow. Physical and chemical sensors, biosensors,
Fuzzy logic, neural networks and control. Monitoring of plant parameters through
internet, Data loggers, Data Acquisition systems (DAS), Introduction to Direct digital
Control (DDC), supervisory control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), Virtual
Instrumentation

pg. 122
57. VETERINARY ANATOMY
Unit 1: Gross Anatomy
Ox as a “Type” animal and structures of other domestic animals (horse, dog, pig, sheep, goat and
poultry) in comparison. Bones of fore and hind limbs, axial system viz; skull, vertebrae, ribs and
sternum in domestic animals. Joints, their classification and important joints in ox. Myology in
general, muscles of appendicular and axial system in ox. Heart, systemic and pulmonary
circulation. Aorta and its important branches in thoracic and abdominal regions. Blood supply of
fore and hind limbs. Venous drainage of fore and hind limbs, head, neck, thorax and abdomen and
portal circulation in ox. Superficial lymph nodes of ox in relation to antemortem and postmortem
examinations. Thymus and spleen in general. Cisterna chili and major lymphatic ducts of head,
neck, thorax and abdomen. Formation of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities; reflection of these
cavities. Organs of digestive system and associated glands, respiratory system, urogenital system
(in male and female). Nervous system (central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and
autonomic nervous system). Major nerve blocks. Topographic location of organs in domestic
animals in relation to their surgical sites (for carrying out surgical procedures i.e. laryngotomy,
oesophagotomy, gastrotomy, rumenotomy, cystotomy, urethrotomy, caesarian section, exploratory
laparotomy, mammectomy, thoracotomy, thoracocentesis etc) and clinical examination (palpation,
percussion auscultation), site to record temperature, pulse, palpable lymph nodes, collection of
blood and pregnancy diagnosis. Endocrine glands-pituitary, adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid
glands of ox. Organs of sense- eye, internal ear, integument and hoof. General principles of
biomechanics during locomotion and weight bearing. Radiographic techniques, radiographic
visualization of organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity. Postmortem examination and
collection of material for teaching and research.

Unit 2: Anatomy of Fowl

Study of various organs of digestive, respiratory and urogenital system in fowl.
Unit 3: Microanatomy
Definition of histology and preparation of histological slides, Microscope and microscopy. Light and
ultra-structural picture of animal cell, Basic tissues of the body-epithelium, connective tissue,
muscular and nervous tissue in general. Light and ultrastructure of important organs of digestive
system viz; tongue, tooth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas. Respiratory organs
viz; nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and lungs. Urinary organs- kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and
urethra. Genital organs of male- testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, Accessory sex glands in male-
prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland and penis. Genital system in female- ovary,
oviduct, uterus, vagina, vulva and mammary glands. Sensory organs of smell, taste, vision, hearing
and touch. Endocrine glands-pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, lymph
nodes, spleen, thymus and bursa. Light and ultrastructure of nervous system.

Unit 4: Developmental Anatomy and teratology

Embryology and its scope in veterinary practice Gametogenesis, classification of eggs fertilization,
cleavage, gastrulation and establishment of three germ layers. Intra and extra embryonic
membranes of chick and mammals. Placentation in mammals. Morphogenesis and histogenesis of
digestive, respiratory, musculoskeletal, urinary and genital organs, blood vascular and nervous
systems in mammals and chicks. Development of eye, ear and endocrine glands.
Unit 5: Anatomical Techniques (Gross, Histological and Histochemical)
Embalming fluid and its preparation, Embalming techniques, Museum techniques including
preparation of dry specimens, wet specimens, transparent specimens, corrosion cast, plastinated
specimens, taxidermy, gross staining of brain specimens, alizarin technique for bone and
cartilage. Preparation of tissues for microtomy and light microscopy using different fixatives,
Different staining methods for routine light microscopy and special staining methods, Frozen
sectioning techniques and staining methods for enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, pigments,
cytoplasmic granules, nucleic acid, muscular and nervous tissue. Silver staining, differential
staining for cell types, Natural and synthetic dyes, Metachromatia and supravital staining.
Chemical composition of living cells.

Unit 6: Wild life and forensic Anatomy

Introduction, scope and importance of anatomy of wild animals origin, evolution and classification
of wild mammals and birds, morphological adaptations of wild mammals and birds, radiography
and ultrasonography as a tool to study wild life anatomy, skeletal system, digestive, respiratory,
reproductive and urinary systems of elephant, wild carnivores, wild ruminants, wild primates,
cervidae family. Cardiovascular system, nervous system and sense organs of wild animals, Anatomy
of wild birds, application of wild life anatomy in forensic veterinary medicine, clinical anatomy of
captive wild animals.
pg. 123
58. AGRICULTURAL PHYSICS

Unit 1: Basic agricultural Physics

Conservation of mass, energy and momentum; Forces in nature; Measurement of heat, specificheat,
heat transfer processes; Huygens’ principle, reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarization, interference
and scattering of light waves; Optics theory, principles of optical instruments; Change of phase and
polarization, electricity and magnetism; Elasticity, stress-strain relationship, moduli of elasticity,
Hook’s law and strength of materials; Hydrostatic pressure, surface tension, capillary rise and contact
angle, Hydrodynamics- laminar and streamline flow, Poiseuille’s equation, Stoke’s law, equations of
state, Laws of thermodynamics; Free energy, Entropy and concept of negative entropy; Van’t Hoff
Equation.

Unit 2: Soil Physics

Factors and processes of soil formation; Physical properties of soils; Soil texture, mass- volume
relationship; Soil structure, aggregation. porosity, pore size distribution; Soil water
measurements, Soil water potential; Soil water retention and movement under saturated and
unsaturated conditions; Characterization of the Vadoze zone, Infiltration, redistribution
andevaporation of soil water; Field water balance and water use efficiency; Irrigation methods
surface and pressurise irrigation systems-Merits and demerits; Groundwater recharging; Soil
aeration; Thermal properties of soil and heat transport and measurement techniques; Inf1uence of
soil water, temperature and aeration on crop growth andtheir management; Solute transport insoils,
Soil quality indices, Soil physicalconstraints and their management. Soil tilth and tillage, Resource
conserving technologies and Conservation agriculture; Dynamics of soil physical environment under
diverse soil and cropmanagement. Concepts of Soil health card, digital soil mapping

Unit 3: Soil and water conservation and watershed management

Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, infiltration and surface runoff; Measurement and analysis of
hydrological data; Probability concepts, intensity, duration and frequency analysis; Rainfall- runoff
relationships; runoff measurement, surface runoff estimation, hydrographs; Soil erosion- its types, extent
& control options; Soil loss measurement and estimation, Universal Soil Loss Equation and its
modifications; principles of soil and water conservation; Soil and water conservation measure for
arable and non-arable land; Watershed - its concept, characterization and management, Integrated
watershed management; land capability classification; Rainwater harvesting and recycling;

Unit 4: Radiation Physics

Basics of electromagnetic spectrum and its interaction with matter; Laws of radiation: scattering,
reflection, transmission, absorption, emission; Diffuse and specular radiations; Photo-electric effects;
Radiation units, flux, intensity, emittance, inter conversion of radiometric units; Energybalance of land
surfaces. Atomic Theory; Radioactivity and radioactive laws, alpha-, beta-, andgamma- rays, detection
and measurement of radiation; Properties of X-rays; Bragg’s law; Nuclear fission, fusion, nuclear
reactions, neutron moderation, nuclear energy, atomic power; Isotopes and its application; UV-Visible, IR,
NMR, EPR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction; Applications of radioactivity in agriculture.

Unit 5: Plant Biophysics and Nanotechnology

Introduction and scope of plant biophysics; Structure and properties of water; strong and weak
molecular interactions, Experimental techniques used for separation and characterization of
biomolecules sedimentation, ultra- centrifugation, diffusion, osmosis, viscosity, polarization and
electrophoresis, chromatography; Fiber physics; Basic spectroscopic techniques, Chlorophyll
fluorescence; photosynthesis, transpiration, thermal imaging, Applications of electromagnetic field
in agriculture; Nanostructures, Properties and characterization of nanomaterials;
Nanoformulations, Nanobiology, Nanotoxicology; Nanosensors, Application of nanotechnology in
agriculture.

Unit 6: Remote Sensing

Principles of remote sensing, remote sensing systems — active and passive, sensors and platforms;
Imaging and non-imaging systems; satellite characteristics, spatial, spectral, radiometric and
temporal resolutions, multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal and microwave remote sensing; spectral
signatures of natural targets and its physical basis, spectral indices;; Air borne remote sensing; Digital image
processing; formats, pre-processing, enhancement, classification; National and International satellite

pg. 124
systems for land, weather, ocean and other observations; Applications of remote sensing in agriculture
and natural resource management; — crop acreage, crop yield, irrigation management, soil type and
properties, abiotic/biotic stress in crops, precision agriculture, soil and water conservation and
watershed management, management of degraded, waterlogged and other problematic soils, crop
insurance, applications of drones in agriculture.

Unit 7: Geo-informatics
Principles and concepts: Hardware and software requirements; Geographic information system (GIS) -
Definition, components; Maps and projections, principles of cartography; Basic geodesy: Geoid
/Datum/Ellipsoid; Projections and coordinate systems, types and scales; Accuracy of maps; Raster and
Vector data models; DBMS and RDBMS; Geostatistical analyses; Spatial interpolation - Thiessen
polygon; Inverse square distance; Kriging; Digital Elevation Mode1; Different spatial and temporal
analysis and modelling; Principles of GPS, DGPS; Errors in GPS data and correction; GPS
constellations; Geoinformatics applications in agriculture and natural resourcemanagement.

Unit 8: Atmospheric physics

Weather and climate: atmosphere and its constituents; Meteorological elements and their
measurements; Heat balance of the earth and atmosphere; Climatic classification systems;
Climatology of India, agro-ecological regions; Monsoon, western disturbances, cyclones, droughts;
Wind system, precipitation, cloud, pressure pattern; Atmospheric stability; Weather forecasting:
numerical weather prediction; El Nino, La Nina and ENSO; Greenhouse gases, Global warming, and
climate change; Impacts, adaptation and mitigation of climate change in agriculture; Physiological
response of crop plants to weather (light, temperature, CO2, moisture and solar radiation); Heat
units, thermal time and thermal use-efficiency and their applications; Micro-, meso- and macro-
climates; Modification of microclimate; Exchange of mass, momentum and energy between surface
and atmosphere, exchange coefficients; Richardson number & Reynolds’analogy; Boundary layer; Eddy
covariance techniques; Wind profile; Radiation distribution withinplant canopy; Role of surface albedo,
photo-chemical pollution and aerosols in modifying micro- climate, Boundary layer; Concept of
evapotranspiration: potential, reference and actual evapotranspiration, crop coefficient;
measurement of evapotranspiration. Energy balance of landsurfaces.

Unit 9: Mathematical modelling and Data Analytics

Applications of matrices, determinants, differentiation and integration; Numerical modelling: finite
difference and finite element; Iterative technique, Fourier analysis, Infinite series and Taylor series;
Probability, probability distribution and applications in agriculture; Measures of central tendency
and dispersion; correlation and regression, Spatial statistics: Variogram and interpolationtechniques;
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Covariance; Statistical Design of Agricultural Experiments; Test of
Significance (t-Test, F test, Chi-square test). Surface modelling; Fundamentals of dynamic simulation,
systems, models and simulation; Mechanistic, stochastic and deterministicmodels; Model calibration,
validation, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Simulation models for water, heat, and solute
movement in two- and three-dimensional porous media; Modelling root water uptake; Crop weather
models and its application in crop yield estimation, biotic and abiotic stress characterization;
Advantage and limitations of modelling.

pg. 125
59. ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION

Unit-1: Transducers and Applications

Introduction to Measurement Systems: General concepts and terminology, measurement systems,
sensor classification, static characteristics of measurement systems-Range, accuracy, linearity,
resolution, noise, repeatability, precision and sensitivity etc. Estimation of errors. Dynamic
characteristics of measurement systems. Zero-order first-order and second-order measurement
systems and response. Measuring Devices: Displacement: Resistive Potentiometer, Resistive strain
gauges inductive displacement transducer, Capacitive Displacement Transducers, Piezo Electric
Transducers, Ultrasonic Methods. Temperature: Thermal expansion methods, Thermo electric,
radiation methods-thermal and photon detectors based thermometers. Pressure: Methods of
pressure measurement: Dead weight gauges and manometers, elastic transducers, high pressure
measurement. Flow: Anemometers, velocity sensors obstruction meters, averaging Pitot tubes, Rota
meters, Electromagnetic, Vortex shedding, Ultrasonic Flow meters. Velocity and Acceleration:
Seismic displacement, velocity and acceleration pickups (Accelerometers). Gyroscopic angular
displacement and velocity sensors. Force and Torque: Methods of force measurement and
characteristics, Bonded strain gauge, Variable Reluctance, Piezo Electric Transducer, Torque
measuring on rotating shafts. Humidity, Density and Radiation Measurement: Capacitive
Impedance and Piezoelectric Hygrometers. Differential Pressure, U-tube and ultrasonic
Densitometers and pH measurement: Ion Selective Type. Radiation Fundamentals-Radiation
Detectors - Radiation Thermometers and Optical Pyrometers. Digital Sensors: Position encodes,
variable frequency sensors-quartz digital thermometer, SAW sensors, digital flow meters, sensors
based on semiconductor junctions: thermometers based on semiconductor junctions, magneto
diodes and magneto transistors, photodiodes and phototransistors, charge-coupled sensors.

Unit-2: Signal Conditioning Circuits

Bridges: The Wheat Stone Bridge - Single Variable Element, Two Single Variable Element & Four
Single Variable Element, Excitation, Readout - bridge amplifier, instrumentation Amplifier,
minimize common mode voltage, Isolator, Chopper Amplifier Interference: Local Problems,
Subsystems Problems - grounding mechanisms, Outside & Local Interface - guard circuit, Analog
Filtering - Design of 1st order & 2nd order filters, Operational Amplifiers, Instrumentation
Amplifiers, Isolation Amplifiers, System Solutions Offsetting & Linearizing: Offsetting - use of bridge
in offsetting, 4 - to - 20 mA Current Transmission - typical 4 - 20 mA Transmission, isolated 4 - 20
mA Transmission, basic 0 to 10 V to 4 to 20 mA Translation circuit, Non Linearity & Linearizing -
Digital Linearizing & Analog Linearizing Thermoswitches & Thermocouples Interfacing: Thermo
switches, Ambient Referenced Thermocouples, Isolated Thermocouple Measurement,
Thermocouple to Frequency, Thermocouple to 4 - to - 20 m A Temperature Transmitter, Isolated
Multiplexing of Thermocouples RTD's Interfacing: Single Op - Amp Interface, using a Signal
Conditioner, Bridge configuration using 3 -wire RTD, Linearizing RTD Circuits, Current
Transmitters for RTD Outputs, RTD Based Precision controller Thermistor Interfacing: Simple
Interface Circuits, High - Resolution Differential Thermometer, Current Transmitters, Thermistor to
Frequency Conversion Semiconductor Temperature Transducers Interfacing: T - to - F Conversion
using Diodes, Absolute Temperature - to - current Conversion, Temperature Control Circuits,
Multiplexed Applications, Isolation, 4 - to - 20 m A Current Transmission Pressure Transducer
Interfacing: Strain Gauge Based Transducers, Potentiometer to Frequency Transducer, Interfacing
High level Semiconductor Transducers, Isolated Pressure Transmitter, Pressure Control System.
Force Transducer Interfacing: Spring Driven Rheostat, Strain - gauge & Signal Conditioner, High
Resolution Load Cell Platform Interface, Strain Gauge to Frequency Conversion, Isolators &
Transmitters Flow Meter Interfacing: Differential Pressure Flow meters, Frequency output
Flowmeters, Anemometers, Hinged Vane Flowmeter, Thermal Flow Meter, Transmission & Readout
Level Transducers Interfacing: Float & Potentiometer, Optical Sensing & Thermal Sensing
Miscellaneous Applications: 4 - to - 20 m A Transmission, Topics on Filtering, Programmable - Gain
Isolator, High - Performance Floating Data Amplifier, Isolated All - Electronic Multiplexing, Pulsed
- Mode Bridge Excitation

Unit-3: Process Control Instrumentation

Introduction: Incentives for process control, Design aspects of process control system, Process
degree of freedom. Mathematical model of first order processes: level, pressure and thermal
processes - Second order process: Interacting and non-interacting processes, - Time and frequency
response analysis. Basic Single Loop Control Actions: Characteristics and dynamics of Discrete
pg. 126
Control Modes: ON-OFF, Multi Speed, Floating Controllers. Characteristics and dynamics
offeedback control modes: Proportional, Integral and Derivative control modes - P+I, P+D and
P+I+D control modes. P-1-D Controller Tuning and Stability Analysis: Tuning of Controllers:
Evaluation criteria - IAE, ISE, ITAE, Tunings - Process reaction curve method - Ziegler Nichols
method - Damped oscillation method. Design of Lead, Lag compensators, stability analysis MIMO
Systems -Multi-loop Control: MIMO Systems: Dynamics of Distillation column and Heat exchangers
processes, Multi loop Controllers: Feed-forward control - ratio control- cascade control - adaptive -
split-range control - multivariable control - examples from distillation column and boiler systems.
Modem control practices in: Power plants, pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals industries. Final
Control Element: /P converter - pneumatic and electric actuators - valve positioner - control valves
-characteristics of control valves - inherent and installed characteristics - control valve sizing -
cavitation and flashing -selection criteria.
Unit-4: Data Acquisition Systems
Data Loggers and Data Acquisition Systems: Data acquisition systems-configurations components,
analog multiplexes and sample and hold circuits-specifications and design considerations. DACs:
specifications - characteristics, types of DACs (serial, parallel, direct and indirect). Hybrid and
monolithic DACs. ADCs: specifications - characteristics, types of ADCs (serial, parallel, direct and
indirect). Hybrid and monolithic ADCs. sigma-delta ADCs', Hybrid DAS - Schematic diagram -
configurations - specifications. Error Budget of DACs and ADCs: Error sources, error reduction and
noise reduction techniques in DAS. Error budget analysis of DAS. Case study of a DAC and an
ADC. Data Acquisition Hardware and Software: Specifications of Hardware-IO analog signal range,
gain for analog input and resolution in ADC converter, resolute\ion in DAC and counter chips,
sampling frequency and maximum update rates, triggering capacity. Digital lines and ports, data
acquisition VIs. Distributed AND Stand Alone Data Loggers: Introduction, methods of operation-
programming and logging data using PCMCIA cards, standard alone operation- direct and remote
connection to the host PC, standalone logger/controller hardware interface-RS232C, RS485
standard, communication bottlenecks and system performance, using Ethernet to connect data
loggers. IEEE 488 Standard: Introduction, characteristics, physical connection configurations,
device types, bus structure, GPIB hand shake, device communication, IEEE 488.2, standard
commands for programmable instruments. Display Systems: LCD Flat panel displays, Digital
storage CROs, Plasma displays, Projection systems. Analyzers - Spectrum Analyzers - guidelines,
various triggering techniques, different types of spectrum analyzers, Recorders. Display devices
and Display systems, Logic Analyzers - State and time referenced data capture. Scalar and Vector
Network analyzers.
Unit-5: Virtual Instrumentation
Virtual Instrumentation: Historical perspective, advantages, block diagram and architecture of a
virtual instrument, data-flow techniques, graphical programming in data flow, comparison with
conventional programming. Development of Virtual Instrument using GUI, Real-time systems,
Embedded Controller, OPC, HMI / SCADA software, Active X programming. VI Programming
Techniques: VIs and sub-VIs, loops and charts, arrays, clusters and graphs, case and sequence
structures, formula nodes, local and global variables, string and file I/O, Instrument Drivers,
Publishing measurement data in the web. VI Chassis Requirements: Common Instrument
Interfaces: Current loop, RS 232C/ RS485, GPIB. VISA and IVI. Application of Virtual
Instrumentation: Instrument Control, Signal Measurement and generation: Data Acquisition.
Advanced LabVIEW Data Concepts: Advanced file I/O, Configuring INI files, Calling code from other
languages, Fitting Square Pegs into round holes: Advanced. Connectivity in Lab VIEW: Lab VIEW
web server, E-mailing data from Lab VIEW, Remote Panels, Self-describing data, shared variables,
talking to other programs and objects, talking to other computers, database, report generation.
Simulation of systems using VI, Development of Control system, Industrial Communication, Image
acquisition and processing, Motion control.
Unit-6: Analytical Instrumentation
Electrochemical Instruments: Basic concepts of Analytical instrumentation, Electro chemical
instruments- pH meter, Conductivity meter, Dissolved oxygen analyzers using Polarographic
principle - sodium analyzer- silica analyzers- Polarographic Instruments. Absorption
Spectrophotometers: UV, VIS spectrophotometers - single beam and double beam instruments -
instrumentation associated with the above spectrophotometers - sources and detectors. IR SPM-
sources and detectors for IR spectrophotometers, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, Interpretation &
Analysis. Emission Spectrophotometers: Flame emission and atomic absorption spectrophotometer
- Atomic emission spectrophotometer - sources for Flame Photometers and online calorific value
pg. 127
measurements. Gas and Liquid Chromatographs: Basic principle of gas chromatography, liquid
chromatography, HPLC different types of columns, detectors, recorders and associated equipment,
Salient features of liquid chromatography, Detectors used. Principle of Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance: Instrumentation associated with NMR spectrophotometer- Introduction to mass
spectrophotometers, Principle of electron spin resonance (ESR). Gas Analyzers: Flue gas analysis
using thermal conductivity principle, Katharometer - oxygen analyzers using paramagnetic
principle, Zirconium oxide cells, Pollution Monitoring Instruments. Industrial analyzer circuits; CO
monitors - Nox analyzer - Sox Analyzer - H2S analyzer system, Nuclear Radiation Detectors: GM
counter, Scintillation counter, Ionization chamber - Solid state detector, Gamma Spectrometry,
Industrial application of radiation measurement. Thermal Analyzers: Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC), Derivative Thermo Gravimetric Analyzers (DTGA).
Unit-7: Real Time and Embedded Systems
Introduction: Embedded systems overview, design challenge, processor technology, IC technology,
Design Technology, Trade-offs. Single purpose processors RT-level combinational logic, sequential
logic (RT-level), custom single purpose processor design (RT-level), optimizing custom single
purpose processors. General Purpose Processors and Communication Interface: Basic architecture,
operation, Pipelining, Programmer's view,
development environment, Application Specific Instruction-Set Processors (ASIPs)- Micro
Controllers and Digital Signal Processors. Need for communication interfaces, RS232
/UART, RS422 / RS485, USB, Infrared, IEEE 1394 Firewire, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, Blue tooth.
Introduction to RTOS and Basic Design: Architecture of the Kernel, Tasks and Task scheduler,
Interrupt service routines, Semaphores, Mutex, Mailboxes, Message Queues, Event Registers,
Pipes, Signals Principles, Semaphores and Queues, Hard real time scheduling considerations,
Saving memory and power an example RTOS like µC - OS (Open Source) Embedded S/W
Development tools. Real Time Operating Systems: Timers, Memory Management, Priority inversion
problem, Embedded operating systems Embedded Linux, Real-time operating systems, RT Linux,
Handheld operating systems, Windows CE. Design Technology: Introduction, Automation,
Synthesis, Parallel evolution of compilation and synthesis, Logic Synthesis, RT synthesis,
Behavioral Synthesis, Systems Synthesis and Hardware/ Software Co- Design, Verification,
Hardware/Software co-simulation, Reuse property codes.

Unit-8: Digital Image Processing

Introduction: Fundamentals steps of Image processing, Components of an Image processing
system, Image sampling and quantization, relationship between the pixels. Gray level
transformation, Smoothing and sharpening spatial filters, Smoothing and sharpening frequency
domain lters, Homo morphic filtering. Image Transforms: 2-Dimensional Orthogonal and Unitary
Transforms-I-Dimensional DFT-2-Dimensional DFT- Cosine Transform- The Sine Transform- The
Hadamard Transform- The Haar Transform- The Slant Transform -The KL Transform- The Singular
Value Decomposition Transform. Image Enhancement: Basic Gray Level Transformations-Image
Negatives, Log transformations, Power-law Transformations, Piecewise-Linear Transformation
Functions- Histogram Processing-Histogram equalization, Histogram matching, local
Enhancement, Use of Histogram Statistics for Image Enhancement-Enhancement using
Arithmetic/Logic Operations-Image Subtraction, Image Averaging. Image Segmentation: Edge
linking and boundary detection, Thresholding- Global and Adaptive, Region based segmentation,
Segmentation by morphological watersheds, color segmentation. Colour Image Processing: Colour
Fundamentals- Colour Models- Pseudocolour Image Processing- Basics of Full- Colour Image
Processing - Colour Transformations- Smoothing and Sharpening - Colour Segmentation - Noise in
Colour Images - Colour Image Compression Morphological Operations: Dilation and erosion,
Opening and closing, Hit or Miss transforms, Morphological algorithms, Extensions to gray scales
images and its applications. Image compression: Compression models, Error free coding, lossy
coding, compression standards, color image compression, Introduction to fractals.
Image Representation and Description: Representation-Chain codes, Polygonal Approximations,
Signatures, Boundary Segments, Skeletons- Boundary Descriptors- simple descriptors, shape
numbers, Fourier Descriptors, statistical moments -Regional Descriptors- simple descriptors,
topological descriptors, texture, moments of two- dimensional functions. Image
Degradation/Restoration: Unconstrained and Constrained Restoration- Restoration in the presence
of Noise Only-Spatial Filtering, Periodic Noise Reduction by Frequency Domain Filtering,
Estimating the degradation Function-Estimation by Image Observation, Estimation by
Experimentation, Estimation by Modeling- Inverse Filtering- Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener)

pg. 128
Filtering- Constrained Least Squares Filtering- Geometric Mean Filter Geometric Transformations-
Spatial transformations, Gray-level Interpolation.
Unit-9: Microcontroller, PLC, SCADA Programming and their Applications Microcontroller:
Architecture, programming and applications, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Basics:
Definition, Overview of PLC systems, input/output modules, Power supplies and Isolators. Basic
PLC programming: Programming On-Off inputs/ outputs.Creating Ladder diagrams, Basic PLC
functions, PLC Basic Functions, register basics. PLC Intermediate and Advanced Functions:
Arithmetic functions, Number comparison functions, Skip and MCR functions, data move
systems. Utilizing digital bits, sequencer functions, Matrix fu ctions. PLC Advanced Functions:
Analog PLC operation, Networking of PLC, Applications of PLC: Controlling of Robot using PLC,
PID control of continuous processes etc. HART and Field Bus:
Introduction-Evolution of signal standard – HART Communication Protocol - Communication Modes
- HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducers) modes-Control system interface HART
commands - HART Field Controller - Field Bus Architecture Basic requirement of field bus standard
fieldbus topology, CAN bus." SCADA: Basic building blocks of computer control system - SCADA -
MTU and RTU, Case studies On SCADA.

Unit-10: Robot Design and Control

Robot Fundamentals: Definitions, History of robots, present and future trends in robotics, Robot
classifications, Robot configurations, Point to Point robots, Continuous Path robots, Work volume,
Issues in design and controlling robots Repeatability, Control resolution, spatial resolution,
Precision, Accuracy, Robot configurations, Point to Point robots, Continuous Path robots, Work
volume, Applications of robots. Drives used in robots- Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric drives,
Comparison of drive systems and their relative merits and demerits. Manipulator Kinematics:
Matrix Algebra, Inverse of matrices, rotational groups, matrix representations of coordinate
transformation, transformation about reference frame and moving frame Forward & Inverse
Kinematics examples of 2R, 3R & 3P manipulators, Specifying position and orientation of rigid
bodies Euler's angle and fixed rotation for specifying position and orientation Homogeneous
coordinate transformation and examples D-H representation of kinematics linkages Forward
kinematics of 6R manipulators using D-H representations Inverse kinematics of 6R manipulators
using D-H representations, Inverse Kinematics geometric and algebraic methods.
Robotics Dynamics: Velocity Kinematics, Acceleration of rigid body, mass distribution Newton's
equation, Euler's equation, Iterative Newton -Euler's dynamic formulation, closed dynamic,
Lagrangian formulation of manipulator dynamics, dynamic simulation, computational
consideration. Autonomous navigation and Trajectory Planning: Introduction, general
considerations in path description and generation, joint space schemes, Cartesian space schemes,
path generation in runtime, planning path using dynamic model point to point and continuous
trajectory, 4-3-4 & trapezoidal velocity strategy for robots. Robot Sensors: Internal and external
sensors, position- potentiometric, optical sensors, encoders - absolute, incremental, touch and slip
sensors velocity and acceleration sensors, proximity sensors, force& torque sensors, laser range
finder, camera. Micro-controllers, DSP, centralized controllers, real time operating systems. Robot
Controllers: Essential Components-Drive for Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators, H-bridge drives
for DC Motor with overload, over current and stall detection methods, example of a micro-
controller/ microprocessor based- robot Controller. Micro-robotics and MEMS (Microelectro
mechanical systems), fabrication technology for Micro-robotics, stability issue in legged robots,
under-actuated manipulators. Robot Vision: Introduction, Image acquisition, Illumination
Techniques, Image conversion, Cameras, sensors, Camera and system interface, Frame buffers and
Grabbers, Image processing, low level & high level machine vision systems.
Unit-11: Speech Processing
Introduction to speech processing - its necessity. Digital models for speech signals: process of
speech production, acoustic theory of speech production, and models of speech production,
auditory knowledge. Digital representation of speech waveform: sampling speech signals,
quantization, delta modulation, differential PCM, code conversion, other new methods of coding.
Fundamentals of speech analysis: background of speech processing tools, spectrographic analysis,
short time analysis, time frequency analysis, homomorphic analysis. Linear predictive coding of
speech: basic principles, solutions of LPC equations, prediction error, application of LPC
parameters. Fundamentals of speech recognition: current state of speech recognition systems,
techniques and problems for noisy speech recognition, statistical and speech model based methods.
Speech enhancement: spectral subtraction, noise masking, and comb filtering, statistical modeling.
pg. 129
60. TEXTILE MANUFACTURE & TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1. Basic concepts

Introduction to Textile Manufacture Sciences. Basics of polymer science, fibre manufacturing
processes, physical, mechanical and chemical properties; chain and step growth polymerization
methods, polymer’s macromolecular architecture, molecular weight of polymers, copolymerization,
cross-linked polymers, general structure and characteristics of polymers, properties of fibre forming
polymers, and their applications

Unit 2. Textile Fibres

Introduction to textile fibres and its classification; Extraction of natural fibres; Principle and
working of ginning; Structure and morphology of natural fibres, Manmade and synthetic
fibres:Viscose, Acetate, Acrylic, Nylon, polyester, High Performance Fibres. Principle of melt
spinning, wet spinning, dry spinning, dry-jet-wet spinning and gel spinning; Post spinning
operations such as drawing, heat setting, spin finish and its applications; Texturing methods.
Structure-property relations of fibres; Use of natural and man-made fibres; Production and
consumption of natural and synthetic fibres. Grading and marketing of natural fibres.
Superabsorbent polymers and fibres. Principle of electrospinning. Nano fibres and its applications.

Unit 3. Yarn manufacture, structure and properties

Concepts and working principles of opening, cleaning and blending; blow-room machines, carding,
combing, roller drawing for cotton spinning; Spinning of natural fibres (cotton, jute, wool, silk) and
its blends, Blending of man-made fibres with natural/synthetic fibres and their spinning; Woollen
spinning and semi-worsted and worsted systems: gill box / drawing; Periodic mass variation in sliver
and auto-leveler; Principles of drafting, twisting, and bobbin/cop building on roving and ring frame;
Modern developments in ring spinning; Principle of ring doubler and two for-one twister;
Relationship between single yarn twist and folded yarn twist; Principles of compact, rotor, air-jet,
air-vortex, friction, wrap and twist-less spinning processes and their structure-property
relationship.
Cotton fibre selection through bale management. Forces on fibres during opening and cleaning
processes and its effect. Technological considerations in the design of high production card. Card
wire geometry, Roller slip. Roller eccentricity and vibration. Blending of fibres, evaluation of
blending efficiency. Analysis of forces on yarn and traveller. Spinning tension in ring and rotor
spinning. Spinning geometry, Twist flow in ring and rotor spinning. End breaks during spinning.
Influence of fibre configuration and orientation on yarn properties; Fibre packing density of yarn;
Yarn twist and its relation to yarn properties. Stress-strain relation, Mass irregularity and fibre
migration in yarns. Specialty yarns: Design, manufacture, characterization and application of
Hybrid yarns, High bulk yarns, Electro-conductive yarns, technical sewing threads, Coated yarns,
Reflective yarns and Elastomeric yarns.

Unit 4. Fabric manufacture, Structure and Properties

Introduction to various fabric forming principles: weaving, knitting, nonwoven and braiding. Stages
of woven fabric manufacturing: winding, warping, sizing, drawing and tying in and weaving.
Winding: principles, precision and random winding, digicone winding, yarn tensioning and clearing.
Warping: direct and sectional warping. Sizing: size materials, sizing machines, process and quality
control, modern trends. Drawing and tying in. Basic fabric designs: plain, matt, rib, twill and satin,
drafting and lifting plans. Primary motions of shuttle looms: cam shedding, cam designs, dobby
and jacquard systems, picking systems, loom timing, beat up, sley eccentricity. Secondary and
auxiliary motions: take up, let off, warp and weft stop and warp protecting motions.
Principles of weft insertion systems in shuttle-less weaving machines (projectile, rapier, water-jet
and air-jet); Principles of multiphase and circular looms; Geometry of plain knitted fabric loop.
Fundamentals and classification of weft (plain, rib, interlock and purl) and warp (pillar, tricot, atlas,
inlay and nets) knitting; Different knit stitches such as loop, tuck and float; structures and their
properties, weft and warp knitting machines. Nonwovens: Definitions and classifications,
production technology, selection criteria and important properties of fibres used, different types of
web information and bonding techniques, production and properties of needle punched, adhesive
bonded, thermally bonded, hydroentangled, spun bonded and meltblown fabrics. Braided
structures: Types of braiding processes, classification of braids, braid geometry, structure-property
relationship, over braiding.
Specialty fabrics: 3D fabric, spacer fabric, profile fabric, multi-axial fabric, auxetic fabric/textile,
leno structure, Multi-functional fabrics.

pg. 130
Unit 5. Textile testing
Standard conditions for textile testing; Physical and chemical methods of fibre identification and
blend estimation; Methods of investigating fibre structure such as density, x-ray diffraction,
birefringence, optical and electron microscopy such as SEM, IR. spectroscopy, thermal methods
such as DSC, DMA, TMA and TGA; Mechanical properties of fibres; Fibre testing instruments,
equipment & standards; Calibration; Fibre structure-property correlation. Testing methods:
Measurement of length, fineness and crimp of fibres; Determination of maturity, foreign matter,
and moisture content of cotton; Principles of AFIS, HVI etc.; Measurement of twist, linear density
and hairiness of yarn; Evenness testing of silvers, rovings and yarns; Analysis of periodic variations
in mass per unit length; Uster classimat; Spectrogram and V-L curve analysis; Tensile testing of
fibres, yarns and fabrics; Automation in tensile testers; Tearing, bursting and abrasion resistance
tests for fabrics; Pilling resistance of fabrics; Bending, shear and compressional properties of
fabrics, fabric drape and handle (KESF, FAST etc); Crease and wrinkle behavior; Fastness
characteristics of textiles; Matching of shade; Air, water and water-vapour transmission through
fabrics; Thermal resistance of fabrics; Testing of interlaced and textured yarns; Special tests for
carpets and nonwoven fabrics. Testing of special yarns (textured yarns, core yarn, ropes, braids
etc). Testing of special fabrics (different types of nonwovens, carpets, different types of technical
textiles like bullet proof fabrics, UV protective fabrics, EMS fabrics)

Unit 6. Textile chemical processing

Textile Chemical Processing: Natural and added impurities in Textiles, singeing, desizing, scouring,
bleaching, mercerization of cotton; Carbonisation, scouring and bleaching of wool, Degumming of
silk and Assessment processes; principles of dyeing and printing of textile materials, basic
characterstics of dyes, chemical structures of dyes, classification, dyeing of cotton, polyester,
wool/nylon; Methods of printing, preparation of printing pastes, Direct discharge and resist printing
styles; Introduction to chemical and mechanical finishes; chemical finshes for hand modifications;
Easy oil, water and soil repellency; Fire retardant and antimicrobial finishes; Dye-fibre interaction;
Thermodynamics and kinetics of dyeing; Beer-Lambert's law; Kubelka-Munk theory and its
application in colour measurement system; Advance in mechanical finishes – calendaring raising,
and softening. Principles and chemistry of Chemical finishes - easy care, antimicrobial, anti UV,
antistat, softening, Flame retardant, water repellent. Principle of repellency, oil, water and soil, self-
cleaning textiles. Wellness finishes for aroma, health and hygiene. New technologies -
microencapsulation, plasma, nano technology. Finishing of technical textiles. Membranes and
laminates. Multi - functional finishing.

Unit 7. Garment manufacturing and smart textiles

Different methods and principles of developing basic patterns viz. drafting, flat pattern method
and draping. Traditional textiles and costumes of India and their influence on contemporary trends
in fashion. Structural and applied designs in apparels. Sewing techniques and their applications
in manufacturing of apparels/garments. Apparel standards, specification. Application of art
principles in textile designs.

Definition, classification and applications of functional and smart textiles; Smart and Intelligent
textiles: Passive and Active functionality, stimuli sensitive textiles, Electronic textiles: wearable
computers, flexible electronics. Perceptions of sensations related to mechanical, thermal and
moisture stimuli. Thermal transmission: Thermoregulatory mechanisms of human body, heat
transfer theories, thermal conductivity of fibrous materials, steady state measurement techniques
for heat transfer, transient heat transfer mechanism: warm-cool feeling. Moisture transmission:
transfer of liquid moisture and vapour transfer through fibrous materials.

Unit 8 : Technical textiles:

Fibres, yarns and fabric structures in technical textiles and their relevant properties. Filtration:
Textile and other filter media for dry and wet filtration. Mechanisms of separation. Requirements
for good filter media and filtration. Fiber and fabric selection for filtration. Geotextiles: Types and
application of geosynthetics. Functions and application areas of geotextiles. Fibres and fabric
selection criteria for geotextile applications. Mechanics of reinforcement, filtration and drainage by
geotextiles. Soil characteristics. Methods of long- term prediction of geotextile life and survivability
in soil. Automotive Textiles: Application of textiles in automobiles. Requirement and design for
pneumatic tyres, airbags and belts. Methods of production and properties of textiles used in these
applications. Sewing threads, cords and ropes: Types, method of production and applications.
Functional requirements, structure and properties. Miscellaneous: Functional requirements and
types of textiles usedfor paper making, agricultural, architectural, packaging and footwear.

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Unit 9 : Concept of sustainability in textile:
Green processing technologies - Enzyme biotechnology, plasma technology in textiles; waterless
dyeing technologies, low liquor dyeing, Low-salt reactive dyes, Reducing water and energy
consumption - Efficient liquor extraction, Low wet pick up and drying technologies. Combined
dyeing and finishing, Textile recycling: polymer, fiber, yarn, fabric and garment. Industrial
hazardous waste management. Laws related to environmental protection specially with reference to
textile industry, Compliance, certification, social accountability and ethical practices. standards for
labelling, textile labels and environmental labelling; life cycle analysis of textiles.

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