Chapter 31

1. (a) The first time the capacitor is fully charged occurs at t1 = T/4, where the period is
given by T = 2π / ω = 2π LC. Consequently,

T 2π LC 2π ( 0.079 H ) ( 4.0 ×10−6 F )

t1 = = = = 8.8 ×10−4 s.
4 4 4

(b) The second time the capacitor is fully charged occurs at t2 = T/4 + T/2 = 3T/4. Thus,

3T 3(2π ) ( 0.079 H ) ( 4.0 ×10−6 F )

t2 = = = 2.6 ×10−3 s.
4 4

5. THINK We have a series RLC circuit. Since R, L, and C are in series, the same current
is driven in all three of them.

EXPRESS The capacitive and the inductive reactances can be written as

1 1
XC = = , X L = ωd L = 2π f d L .
ωd C 2πf d C

The impedance of the circuit is Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C ) 2 , and the current amplitude is given

by I = ε m / Z .

ANALYZE (a) Substituting the values given, we find the capacitive reactance to be

1 1
XC = = = 75.8 Ω .
2π f d C 2π (30.0 Ηz)(70.0 × 10−6 F)

Similarly, the inductive reactance is

X L = 2πf d L = 2π(30.0 Η z)(920 × 10−3 H) = 173.4 Ω .

Thus, the impedance is

Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C ) 2 = (400 Ω) 2 + (75.8 Ω − 173.4 Ω) 2 = 412 Ω .

(b) The phase angle is

267
268 CHAPTER 31

⎛ X L − XC ⎞ −1 ⎛ 173.4 Ω − 75.8 Ω ⎞
φ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 13.7° .
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 400 Ω ⎠

(c) The current amplitude is

εm 72.0 V
I= = = 0.175A.
Z 412 Ω

(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements:

VR = IR = (0.175 A)(400 Ω) = 70.0 V

VL = IX L = (0.175 A)(173.4 Ω) = 30.3 V
VC = IX C = (0.175 A)(75.8 Ω) = 13.3V

Note that X L > X C , so that ε m leads I. The phasor diagram is drawn to scale below.

LEARN The circuit in this problem is more inductive since X L > X C . The phase angle is
positive, so the current lags behind the applied emf.

9. (a) Yes, the voltage amplitude across the inductor can be much larger than the
amplitude of the generator emf.

(b) The amplitude of the voltage across the inductor in an RLC series circuit is given by
VL = IX L = Iω d L . At resonance, the driving angular frequency equals the natural angular
frequency: ω d = ω = 1/ LC . For the given circuit

L 1.0 H
XL = = = 1000 Ω .
LC (1.0 H)(1.0 ×10−6 F)

At resonance the capacitive reactance has this same value, and the impedance reduces
simply: Z = R. Consequently,

εm εm 10 V
I= = = = 2.0 A .
Z resonance R 5.0 Ω
 269

The voltage amplitude across the inductor is therefore

VL = IX L = (2.0 A)(1000 Ω) = 2.0 × 103 V

which is much larger than the amplitude of the generator emf.

13. (a) Now XC = 0, while R = 400 Ω and

XL = ωL = 2πfdL = 2π (120 Hz)(230 ×10−3 H) = 173.4 Ω

both remain unchanged. Therefore, the impedance is

Z = R 2 + X L2 = (400 Ω) 2 + (173.4 Ω) 2 = 436 Ω .

(b) The phase angle is, from Eq. 31-65,

⎛ X L − XC
⎞ −1 ⎛ 173.4 Ω − 0 ⎞
φ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 23.4° .
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 400 Ω ⎠
ε m 72.0 V
(c) The current amplitude is now found to be I = = = 0.165 A .
Z 436 Ω

(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements:

VR = IR = (0.165 A)(400 Ω) ≈ 66 V
VL = IX L = (0.165A)(173.4 Ω) ≈ 28.6V.

This is an inductive circuit, so εm leads I. The phasor diagram is drawn to scale next.

17. THINK Our circuit consists of an ac generator that produces an alternating current,
as well as a load that could be purely resistive, capacitive, or inductive. The nature of the
load can be determined by the phase angle between the current and the emf.

EXPRESS The generator emf and the current are given by

270 CHAPTER 31

ε = ε m sin(ωd − π / 4), i(t ) = I sin(ωd − 3π / 4).

The expressions show that the emf is maximum when sin(ωdt – π/4) = 1 or

ωdt – π/4 = (π/2) ± 2nπ [n = integer].

Similarly, the current is maximum when sin(ωdt – 3π/4) = 1, or

ωdt – 3π/4 = (π/2) ± 2nπ [n = integer].

ANALYZE (a) The first time the emf reaches its maximum after t = 0 is when ωdt – π/4
= π/2 (that is, n = 0). Therefore,

3π 3π
t= = = 8.73 ×10−3 s .
4ωd 4(270 rad/s)

(b) The first time the current reaches its maximum after t = 0 is when ωdt – 3π/4 = π/2, as
in part (a) with n = 0. Therefore,

5π 5π
t= = = 1.45 ×10−2 s.
4ωd 4(270 rad/s)

(c) The current lags the emf by +π / 2 rad, so the circuit element must be an inductor.

(d) The current amplitude I is related to the voltage amplitude VL by VL = IXL, where XL
is the inductive reactance, given by XL = ωdL. Furthermore, since there is only one
element in the circuit, the amplitude of the potential difference across the element must
be the same as the amplitude of the generator emf: VL = εm. Thus, εm = IωdL and

εm 25.0 V
L= = = 0.149 H.
I ωd (620 ×10−3A)(270 rad/s)

LEARN The current in the circuit can be rewritten as

⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
i (t ) = I sin ⎜ ωd − ⎟ = I sin ⎜ ωd − − φ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

where φ = +π / 2. In a purely inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90°.

21. (a) The rms current in the cable is

 271

P 300 × 103 W
I rms = = = 3.75 A.
Vt 80 ×103 V

Therefore, the rms voltage drop is ∆V = I rms R = ( 3.75 A )( 2 × 0.30 Ω ) = 2.3V .

R = ( 3.75 A ) ( 2 × 0.30 Ω ) = 8.4 W.

2
(b) The rate of energy dissipation is Pd = I rms
2

(c) Now I rms = (300 ×103 W)/ ( 8.0 × 103 V ) = 37.5 A , so

∆V = ( 37.5A )( 2 × 0.30 Ω ) = 22.5V ≈ 23 V.

(d) Pd = ( 37.5 A ) ( 2 × 0.30 Ω ) = 8.4 × 102 W.

2

(e) I rms = (300 ×103 W)/ ( 0.80 × 103 V ) = 375 A , so

∆V = ( 375 A )( 2 × 0.30 Ω ) = 2.25 × 102 V ≈ 2.3 × 102 V .

(f) Pd = ( 375 A ) ( 2 × 0.30 Ω ) = 8.4 × 104 W.

2

25. (a) Now XL = 0, while R = 200 Ω and XC = 1/2πfdC = 354 Ω. Therefore, the
impedance is
Z = R 2 + X C2 = (400 Ω) 2 + (354 Ω) 2 = 534 Ω.

(b) The phase angle is

⎛ X L − XC ⎞ −1 ⎛ 0 − 354 Ω ⎞
φ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = −41.5°
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 400 Ω ⎠

(c) The current amplitude is

εm 7.0 V
I= = = 0.135 A .
Z 534 Ω

(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements:

VR = IR = (0.135A)(400Ω) ≈ 54.0V
VC = IX C = (0.135A)(354Ω) ≈ 47.8V

The circuit is capacitive, so I leads ε m . The phasor diagram is drawn to scale next.
272 CHAPTER 31

29. We shall use

ε m2 R ε m2 R
Pavg = = .
2Z 2 2 ⎡ R 2 + (ω d L − 1/ ω d C ) ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦

b
where Z = R 2 + ω d L − 1 / ω d C g 2
is the impedance.

(a) Considered as a function of C, Pavg has its largest value when the factor
R 2 + (ωd L − 1/ ωd C ) has the smallest possible value. This occurs for ωd L = 1/ ωd C , or
2

1 1
C= = . × 10−4 F.
= 117
ω L
2
d b2πg b60.0 Hzg c60.0 × 10 Hh
2 2 −3

The circuit is then at resonance.

(b) In this case, we want Z2 to be as large as possible. The impedance becomes large
without bound as C becomes very small. Thus, the smallest average power occurs for C =
0 (which is not very different from a simple open switch).

ε m2
(c) When ωdL = 1/ωdC, the expression for the average power becomes Pavg = , so the
2R
maximum average power is in the resonant case and is equal to

( 30.0 V ) = 37.5 W.
2

Pavg =
2 (12.0 Ω )

(d) At maximum power, the reactances are equal: XL = XC. The phase angle φ in this case
may be found from
X − XC
tan φ = L = 0,
R
which implies φ = 0° .
 273

(e) At maximum power, the power factor is cos φ = cos 0° = 1.

(f) The minimum average power is Pavg = 0 (as it would be for an open switch).

(g) On the other hand, at minimum power XC ∝ 1/C is infinite, which leads us to set
tan φ = −∞ . In this case, we conclude that φ = –90°.

(h) At minimum power, the power factor is cos φ = cos(–90°) = 0.

33. (a) The current amplitude I is given by I = VL/XL, where XL = ωdL = 2πfdL. Since the
circuit contains only the inductor and a sinusoidal generator, VL = εm. Therefore,

VL εm 30.0V
I= = = = 0.0562A = 56.2 mA.
X L 2π f d L 2π (1.00×103 Hz)(85.0 ×10−3 H)

(b) The frequency is now 5 times larger than in part (a), so the inductive reactance XL is 5
times larger and the current is 1/5 as much. The current is now

I = (0.0562 A)/5 = 0.0112 A = 11.2 mA.

37. (a) The period is T = 4(2.50 µs) = 10.0 µs.

(b) The frequency is the reciprocal of the period:

1 1
f = = = 1.00 ×105 Hz.
T 10.0µ s

(c) The magnetic energy does not depend on the direction of the current (since UB ∝ i2),
so this will occur after one-half of a period, or 5.00 µs.

(d) Writing the electrical energy stored in the LC circuit as

Q2
UE = cos 2 (ωt + φ )
2C

we see that in one full cycle, UE is at a maximum twice (when cos(ωt + φ ) = ±1 .

41. THINK The frequency of oscillation f in an LC circuit is related to the inductance L

and capacitance C by f = 1/ 2π LC .
274 CHAPTER 31

EXPRESS Since f ∼ 1/ C , the smaller value of C gives the larger value of f, while the
larger value of C gives the smaller value of f. Consequently, f max = 1/ 2π LCmin , and
f min = 1/ 2π LCmax .

ANALYZE (a) The ratio of the maximum frequency to the minimum frequency is

f max Cmax 410 pF

= = = 6.4.
f min Cmin 10 pF

(b) An additional capacitance C is chosen so the desired ratio of the frequencies is

160
. MHz
r= = 2.96.
0.54 MHz

Since the additional capacitor is in parallel with the tuning capacitor, its capacitance adds
to that of the tuning capacitor. If C is in picofarads (pF), then

C + 410 pF
= 2.96.
C + 10 pF
The solution for C is
( 410 pF ) − ( 2.96 ) (10 pF) = 41.53pF ≈ 42 pF.
2

C=
( 2.96 ) − 1
2

(c) We solve f = 1 / 2 π LC for L. For the minimum frequency, C = 410 pF + 42 pF =

452 pF and f = 0.54 MHz. Thus, the inductance is

1 1
L= = = 1.9 ×10−4 H.
( 2π ) ( 2π ) ( 452 ×10 F )( 0.54 ×10 Hz )
2 2 2 −12 2
Cf 6

LEARN One could also use the maximum frequency condition to solve for the
inductance of the coil in (d). The capacitance is C = 10 pF + 42 pF = 52 pF and f = 1.60
MHz, so

1 1
L= = = 1.9 × 10−4 H.
( 2π ) ( 2π ) ( 52 ×10 F )(1.60 × 106 Hz )
2 2 2 −12 2
Cf

45. The rms current in the motor is

 275

ε rms ε rms 420 V

I rms = = = = 5.24 A.
Z R 2 + X L2 ( 61.0 Ω ) + ( 52.0 Ω )
2 2

49. (a) After the switch is thrown to position b the circuit is an LC circuit. The angular
frequency of oscillation is ω = 1/ LC . Consequently,

ω 1 1
f= = = = 123 Hz.
2π 2π LC 2π ( 54.0 ×10 −3
H )( 31.2 ×10−6 F )

(b) When the switch is thrown, the capacitor is charged to ε = 34.0 V and the current is
zero. Thus, the maximum charge on the capacitor is

Q = ε C = (34.0 V)(31.2 × 10–6 F) = 1.06 × 10–3 C.

The current amplitude is

C 31.2 ×10−6 F
I = ωQ = ε = (34.0 V) = 0.817 A.
L 54.0 ×10−3 H

53. (a) All the energy in the circuit resides in the capacitor when it has its maximum
charge. The current is then zero. If Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor, then the
total energy is
Q 2 ( 5.00 ×10 C )
−6 2

U= = = 3.47 ×10−6 J.
2C 2 ( 3.60 × 10−6 F )

(b) When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current is a maximum and all the energy
resides in the inductor. If I is the maximum current, then U = LI2/2 leads to

2U 2 ( 3.47 ×10−6 J )
I= = = 9.62 × 10−3 A.
L 75 ×10−3 H

(c) The period of oscillation is

1
T= = 2π LC = 2π (75.0 × 10−3 H)(3.60 × 10−6 F) = 3.26 × 10−3 A.
f

57. (a) The maximum charge is Q = CVmax = (1.0 × 10–9 F)(3.0 V) = 3.0 × 10–9 C.

(b) From U = 21 LI 2 = 21 Q 2 / C we get

276 CHAPTER 31

Q 3.0 ×10−9 C
I= = = 1.0 ×10−3 A.
LC ( 9.0 ×10 −3
H )(1.0 ×10−9 F )

(c) When the current is at a maximum, the magnetic energy is at a maximum also:

1 2 1
LI = ( 9.0 × 10−3 H )(1.0 ×10−3 A ) = 4.5 × 10−9 J.
2
U B ,max =
2 2

61. Since ω ≈ ω', we may write T = 2π/ω as the period and ω = 1/ LC as the angular
frequency. The time required for 50 cycles (with 3 significant figures understood) is

⎛ 2π
t = 50T = 50 ⎜
⎝ω
⎞
(
⎟ = 50 2π LC = 50 2π
⎠
) ( ( 490 ×10 H )(19.0 ×10 F) )
−3 −6

= 0.959 s.

The maximum charge on the capacitor decays according to qmax = Qe − Rt / 2 L (this is called
the exponentially decaying amplitude in Section 31-5), where Q is the charge at time t = 0
(if we take φ = 0 in Eq. 31-25). Dividing by Q and taking the natural logarithm of both
sides, we obtain
q FG IJ
ln max = −
Rt
Q H K 2L
which leads to
2 L ⎛ qmax ⎞ 2 ( 490 × 10−3 H )
R=− ln ⎜ ⎟=− ln ( 0.850 ) = 0.166 Ω .
t ⎝ Q ⎠ 0.959s

65. (a) The inductive reactance for angular frequency ωd is given by X L = ωd L , and the
capacitive reactance is given by XC = 1/ωdC. The two reactances are equal if ωdL = 1/ωdC,
or ω d = 1/ LC . The frequency is

ωd 1 1
fd = = = = 4.6 ×102 Hz.
2π 2π LC 2π (12×10 H)(10 × 10 F)
−3 −6

(b) The inductive reactance is

XL = ωdL = 2πfdL = 2π(4.6 × 102 Hz)(12 × 10–3 H) = 34.6 Ω,

Or about 35 Ω. The capacitive reactance has the same value at this frequency.

(c) The natural frequency for free LC oscillations is f = ω / 2π =1/2π LC , the same as
we found in part (a).