Chapter 3 Selections

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 Motivations
If you assigned a negative value for radius in
Listing 2.1, ComputeArea.cpp, the program would
print an invalid result. If the radius is negative, you
don't want the program to compute the area. How
can you deal with this situation?

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2
 Objectives
!To declare bool variables and write Boolean expressions using relational operators
(§3.2).
!To implement selection control using one-way if statements (§3.3).
!To program using one-way if statements (GuessBirthday) (§3.4).
!To implement selection control using two-way if statements (§3.5).
!To implement selection control using nested if and multi-way if-else statements (§3.6).
!To avoid common errors and pitfalls in if statements (§3.7).
!To program using selection statements for a variety of examples (BMI, ComputeTax,
SubtractionQuiz) (§§3.8–3.10).
!To generate random numbers using the rand function and set a seed using the srand
function (§3.9).
!To combine conditions using logical operators (&&, ||, and !) (§3.10).
!To program using selection statements with combined conditions (LeapYear, Lottery)
(§§3.11–3.12).
!To implement selection control using switch statements (§3.13).
!To write expressions using the conditional operator (§3.14).
!To examine the rules governing operator precedence and operator associativity (§3.15).
!To debug errors (§3.16).
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 The bool Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j. C++
provides six relational operators (also known as
comparison operators) in Table 3.1 that can be
used to compare two values.

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 Relational Operators

Operator Name Example Result

< less than 1 < 2 true

<= less than or equal to 1 <= 2 true
> greater than 1 > 2 false
>= greater than or equal to 1 >= 2 false
== equal to 1 == 2 false
!= not equal to 1 != 2 true

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 One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0)
if (booleanExpression)
{
{
area = radius * radius * PI;
statement(s);
cout << "The area for the circle of " <<
}
" radius " << radius << " is " << area;
}

false false
Boolean (radius >= 0)
Expression

true true

Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI;

cout << "The area for the circle of " <<
" radius " << radius << " is " << area;

(a) (b)

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 Note

Outer parentheses required Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single
statement

if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))
Equivalent
{ cout << "i is an " <<
cout << "i is an " << "integer between 0 and 10";
"integer between 0 and 10";
}
(a) (b)

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 Examples
!Listing 3.1 gives a program that prompts the user to enter an
integer. If the number is a multiple of 5, display HiFive. If the
number is even, display HiEven.

SimpleIfDemo

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 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a
common mistake.
Logic Error Empty Body

if (radius >= 0); if (radius >= 0) { };

{ Equivalent {
area = radius * radius * PI; area = radius * radius * PI;
cout << "The area " cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area; << " is " << area;
} }
(a) (b)

This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a

compilation error or a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block
style.
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 The if...else Statement
if (booleanExpression)
{
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else
{
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

true false
Boolean
Expression

Statement(s) for the true case Statement(s) for the false case

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 Nested if Statements
if (i > k)
{
if (j > k)
cout << "i and j are greater than k";
}
else
cout << "i is less than or equal to k";

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 Multiple Alternative if Statements
if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)
cout << "Grade is A"; cout << "Grade is A";
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivale nt cout << "Grade is B";
cout << "Grade is B"; else if (score >= 70.0)
else cout << "Grade is C";
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
cout << "Grade is C"; cout << "Grade is D";
else else
if (score >= 60.0) This is better cout << "Grade is F";
cout << "Grade is D";
else
cout << "Grade is F";

(a ) (b)

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

cout << “Grade is A";
else if (score >= 80.0)
cout << “Grade is B";
else if (score >= 70.0)
cout << “Grade is C";
else if (score >= 60.0)
cout << “Grade is D";
else
cout << “Grade is F";

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

cout << “Grade is A";
else if (score >= 80.0)
cout << “Grade is B";
else if (score >= 70.0)
cout << “Grade is C";
else if (score >= 60.0)
cout << “Grade is D";
else
cout << “Grade is F";

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

cout << “Grade is A";
else if (score >= 80.0)
cout << “Grade is B";
else if (score >= 70.0)
cout << “Grade is C";
else if (score >= 60.0)
cout << “Grade is D";
else
cout << “Grade is F";

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

cout << “Grade is A";
else if (score >= 80.0)
cout << “Grade is B";
else if (score >= 70.0)
cout << “Grade is C";
else if (score >= 60.0)
cout << “Grade is D";
else
cout << “Grade is F";

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

cout << “Grade is A";
else if (score >= 80.0)
cout << “Grade is B";
else if (score >= 70.0)
cout << “Grade is C";
else if (score >= 60.0)
cout << “Grade is D";
else
cout << “Grade is F";

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 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.

int i = 1; int i = 1;
int j = 2; int j = 2;
Equivalent
int k = 3; int k = 3;

if (i > j) if (i > j)
if (i > k) This is better if (i > k)
cout << "A"; with correct cout << "A";
else indentation else
cout << "B"; cout << "B";

(a) (b)

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 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force the else
clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of braces:

int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;

if (i > j)
{
if (i > k)
cout << "A";
}
else
cout << "B";

This statement prints B.

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 TIP
if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent
even = true; bool even
else = number % 2 == 0;
even = false; This is better

(a) (b)

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 CAUTION
Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
cout <<"It is even."; cout << "It is even.";

(a) (b)
This is better

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Common Errors in Selection Statements
Common Error 1: Forgetting Necessary Braces
if (radius >= 0) if (radius >= 0)
area = radius * radius * PI; {
cout << "The area " area = radius * radius * PI;
<< " is " << area; cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;
}
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

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Common Errors in Selection Statements
Common Error 2: Wrong Semicolon at the if Line
Logic Error Empty Body

if (radius >= 0); if (radius >= 0) { };

{ Equivalent {
area = radius * radius * PI; area = radius * radius * PI;
cout << "The area " cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area; << " is " << area;
} }
(a) (b)

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Common Errors in Selection Statements
Common Error 3: Mistakenly Using = for ==
if (count = 1)
cout << "count is zero" << endl;
else
cout << "count is not zero" << endl;

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 Common Errors in Selection Statements
Common Error 4: Redundant Testing of Boolean Values

Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
cout <<"It is even."; cout << "It is even.";

(a) (b)
This is better

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 Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on
weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight
in kilograms and dividing by the square of your
height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation

BMI < 18.5 Underweight

18.5 = BMI < 25.0 Normal
25.0 = BMI < 30.0 Overweight
30.0 = BMI Obese

ComputeBMI
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 Example: Computing Taxes
The US federal personal income tax is calculated based on
the filing status and taxable income. There are four filing
statuses: single filers, married filing jointly, married filing
separately, and head of household. The tax rates for 2002
are shown in Table 3.6.

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 Example: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0)
{
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1)
{
// Compute tax for married file jointly
}
else if (status == 2)
{
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
else if (status == 3)
{
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else
{
// Display wrong status
ComputeAndInterprtTax
}

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Example: A Simple Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program for a first grader to practice
subtractions. The program randomly generates two single-digit
integers number1 and number2 with number1 >= number2 and
displays a question such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the student, as
shown in the sample output. After the student types the answer, the
program displays a message to indicate whether the answer is
correct.

SubtractionQuiz

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 Logical Operators

Operator Name Description

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction
|| or logical disjunction

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 Truth Table for Operator !
p !p Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.
false true !( weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false

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 Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age > 28) && (weight < 140) is false, because (age
false true false > 28) and (weight < 140) are both false.

true false false

true true true (age > 18) && (weight >= 140) is true, because
both (age > 18) and (weight >= 140) are true.

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 Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age > 34) || (weight < 140) is false, because both (age
false true true > 34) and (weight < 140) are false.

true false true (age > 18) || (weight >= 150) is false, because (age >
true true true 18) is true.

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 Examples
Listing 3.3 gives a program that checks whether a number is
divisible by 2 and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and
whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

TestBooleanOperators

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 Short-Circuit Operator
When evaluating p1 && p2, C++ first evaluates p1 and then
evaluates p2 if p1 is true; if p1 is false, it does not evaluate p2.
When evaluating p1 || p2, C++ first evaluates p1 and then evaluates
p2 if p1 is false; if p1 is true, it does not evaluate p2. Therefore, &&
is referred to as the conditional or short-circuit AND operator, and ||
is referred to as the conditional or short-circuit OR operator.

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 Examples
Write a program that lets the user enter a year and checks whether it
is a leap year.

A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100 or if it is

divisible by 400. So you can use the following Boolean expression
to check whether a year is a leap year:

(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)

LeapYear

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 Problem: Lottery
Randomly generates a lottery of a two-digit number,
prompts the user to enter a two-digit number, and
determines whether the user wins according to the
following rule:
• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the
award is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is
$3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the
lottery, the award is $1,000.
Lottery

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 switch Statements
switch (status)
{
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: cout << "Errors: invalid status“ << endl;
}

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switch Statement Flow Chart
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers break

status is 1
Compute tax for married file jointly break

status is 2
Compute tax for married file separatly break

status is 3
Compute tax for head of household break

default
Default actions

Next Statement

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 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed in case value1: statement(s)1;
parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

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 switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch break;
statement. If the break statement case value2: statement(s)2;
is not present, the next case
statement will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the
}
switch-expression. When the value in a case statement matches the
value of the switch-expression, the statements
starting from this case are executed until either a
break statement or the end of the switch
statement is reached.
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41
animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 3:

switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 2: // Fall to through to the next case
case 3: // Fall to through to the next case
case 4: // Fall to through to the next case
case 5: cout << "Weekday"; break;
case 0: // Fall to through to the next case
case 6: cout << "Weekend";
}

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animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 3:

switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 2: // Fall to through to the next case
case 3: // Fall to through to the next case
case 4: // Fall to through to the next case
case 5: cout << "Weekday"; break;
case 0: // Fall to through to the next case
case 6: cout << "Weekend";
}

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animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 3:

switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 2: // Fall to through to the next case
case 3: // Fall to through to the next case
case 4: // Fall to through to the next case
case 5: cout << "Weekday"; break;
case 0: // Fall to through to the next case
case 6: cout << "Weekend";
}

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animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 3:

switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 2: // Fall to through to the next case
case 3: // Fall to through to the next case
case 4: // Fall to through to the next case
case 5: cout << "Weekday"; break;
case 0: // Fall to through to the next case
case 6: cout << "Weekend";
}

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animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 3:

switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 2: // Fall to through to the next case
case 3: // Fall to through to the next case
case 4: // Fall to through to the next case
case 5: cout << "Weekday"; break;
case 0: // Fall to through to the next case
case 6: cout << "Weekend";
}

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46
 Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year
and displays the animal for the year.

pig
0: monkey
rat
1: rooster
dog ox 2: dog
3: pig
rooster tiger 4: rat
year % 12 = 5: ox
monkey rabbit 6: tiger
7: rabbit
8: dragon
sheep dragon
9: s nake
horse snake 10: horse
11: sh eep

ChineseZodiac

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 Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y=1
else
y = -1;

is equivalent to

y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(booleanExpression) ? expression1 : expression2

Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
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48
 Conditional Operator
cout << ((num % 2 == 0) ? "num is even" :
"num is odd");

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49
 Conditional Operator, cont.
(booleanExp) ? exp1 : exp2

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50
 Operator Precedence
How to evaluate 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) – 1?

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 Operator Precedence
! var++, var--
! +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
! (type) Casting
! ! (Not)
! *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and
remainder)
! +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
! <, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
! ==, !=; (Equality)
! && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
! || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
! =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
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Companion
Website
Enumerated Types
enum Day {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY};

Once a type is defined, you can declare a variable of that type:

Day day;

The variable day can hold one of the values defined in the
enumerated type. For example, the following statement assigns
enumerated value MONDAY to variable day:

day = MONDAY;

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Appendix

Enumerated Types
As with any other type, you can declare and initialize a variable in
one statement:

Day day = MONDAY;

Furthermore, C++ allows you to declare an enumerated type and

variable in one statement. For example,

enum Day {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY} day = MONDAY;

TestEnumeratedType

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