PRESENTATION 1: WIND POWER PLANT

BSEE - 4D

GROUP 4

LEADER
BAYLET, MARK LORENCE S.
GROUP MEMBERS:
BRIONES, DANIEL LUIS M.
MONTAÑEZ, JEROME O.
SEDANTES, JOHN PATRICK V.
SUNGA, BIEN EFREN S.

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR.

JUNTER A. TERESA
DATE SUBMITTED:
FEBRUARY 14, 2025
THE BEGINNING OF WIND POWER

During the second half of the 20th century, as the risks and environmental toll of fossil
fuel reliance grew increasingly apparent, there was a surge of interest in developing
cleaner, renewable sources of energy. One of the foremost among these clean energy
technologies has been wind power. The history of mankind's use of the wind as an
energy source is surprisingly long. In fact, it could be classified as one of humanity’s
oldest power sources. To trace wind energy back to its ultimate roots, we need to go
back in time, beyond the dawn of recorded history.

The first known wind turbine was said to have been built in Scotland, UK. Created by
Professor James Blyth of Anderson’s College in Glasgow (now Strathclyde University),
this turbine measured 10 meters high and was originally installed in the garden of
Blyth’s holiday home.

Since then, the way we view electricity has changed a lot, and we use it every day to
power our homes. We create that electricity through the use of wind, sun, water, and
heat produced naturally in the earth, and it is these renewable and sustainable energy
sources that we need to focus on to create a cleaner planet.
How a Wind Turbine Works

A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity

using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades,
which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor
blade. When wind flows across the blade, the air
pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The
difference in air pressure across the two sides of
the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of
the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes
the rotor to spin. The rotor connects to the
generator, either directly (if it's a direct drive
turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the rotation
and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of aerodynamic force to
rotation of a generator creates electricity.

How a Wind Power Plant Works

Wind power plants produce electricity by having an array of wind turbines in the same
location. The placement of a wind power plant is impacted by factors such as wind
conditions, the surrounding terrain, access to electric transmission, and other siting
considerations. In a utility-scale wind plant, each turbine generates electricity which runs
to a substation where it then transfers to the grid where it powers our communities.
Types of wind farms and advantages of each one
1.​ Onshore wind farms- An
onshore wind farm is a wind
farm located on land. These
wind turbines use the natural of
the surrounding air to generate
power. Typically, you will find
onshore wind farms in more
remote, rural areas of the
country, where the necessary
acreage is available and
buildings and other structures
cannot disrupt the wind flow. The construction of wind turbines on land involves
considering common wind patterns and speeds for optimal efficiency. For the
necessary energy transfer, onshore wind turbines must rotate at a consistent
speed. As the blades rotate, their energy first moves to a generator and then to
voltage cables. Finally, the energy moves to a substation, converting it to usable
electricity before distribution.

a.​ Advantages of Onshore Wind

i.​ Cost Effectiveness- Compared to offshore wind turbines, onshore

wind turbines are more affordable due to lower infrastructure and
maintenance costs. Since they are placed on land, it is easier to
access them to make repairs, if necessary. Accessing blades,
motors, and other necessary parts is less expensive.
ii.​ Positive Effects on Local Economies- Wind power benefits local
economies. The construction of wind turbines in groups or farms
creates jobs and energy savings that benefit communities.
iii.​ Simple Energy Transfer- A notable advantage of onshore wind is
how easy it is to transfer the generated energy to the local grid. An
onshore wind farm can rely on existing infrastructure to feed power
into the local power system, that allows the community to access
and benefit from the power. There is often no need to take extra,
costly steps to configure the energy transfer.
 2.​ Offshore Wind farms- Unlike onshore wind
farms, offshore wind farms are built on bodies
of water, ranging from oceans to large lakes
and fjords, where they harness the
surrounding wind. In relatively shallow water,
offshore wind turbines can be directly
attached to the sea floor. In deeper water,
turbines will need to be based upon floating
foundations, which are then held in place by
complex anchor systems.

a.​ Advantages of Onshore Wind

i.​ Efficient Energy Generation- These farms can be more effective

at creating energy than onshore wind farms, as sea winds are more
robust and blow in the same direction. As a result, an offshore wind
farm could create more electricity than an onshore wind farm of the
same size winds on land are less predictable and typically less
strong. Additionally, offshore wind turbines can be much larger,
which contributes further to their efficiency.
ii.​ Minimal Intrusion- Issues like noise pollution and visual
disruptions are less significant with offshore wind farms. Projects
are strictly regulated in order to minimize the potential
environmental impacts of offshore farms on navigation, commercial
fishing, and marine life. In some cases, offshore wind farms can
actually enhance marine life by acting as artificial reefs.

Advantages of Wind Power Plants

1.​ Renewable Energy Source – Wind is a natural, inexhaustible resource, making wind
power a sustainable energy option.
2.​ Low Operational Costs – After installation, wind turbines require minimal maintenance
and have low operating costs.
3.​ Eco-Friendly – Wind power does not produce greenhouse gas emissions, reducing
reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.
4.​ Efficient Land Use – Wind farms can be built on agricultural land, allowing farmers to
continue using the land for crops or livestock.
5.​ Energy Independence – Wind power reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels,
enhancing energy security.
6.​ Scalability – Wind power plants can be deployed in different sizes, from small turbines
for individual use to large wind farms supplying entire communities.
Disadvantages of Wind Power Plants
1.​ Intermittency – Wind energy production is variable and depends on wind availability,
requiring backup power sources or energy storage.
2.​ High Initial Costs – The installation of wind turbines and infrastructure is expensive,
though costs decrease over time.
3.​ Noise Pollution – Wind turbines can be noisy, which may be a concern for nearby
communities.
4.​ Impact on Wildlife – Birds and bats can collide with turbine blades, posing a risk to
certain species.
5.​ Grid Integration Challenges – Remote wind farms require extensive transmission
infrastructure to deliver electricity to urban areas.

Technical Aspects of Wind Power Plant

Wind power plants or also known as wind farms, are facilities that convert kinetic energy from
the wind into electrical energy using wind turbines. The following are the main technical aspects
of wind power plants, starting from design considerations, ratings and specifications options,
and key components needed to run the power plant properly and safely.

Wind Turbine Design

​ Turbine Types - In wind power plants, the primary turbine types are horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT), with HAWT being the most commonly
used due to its higher efficiency in most wind conditions; VAWT designs include the Darrieus
and Savonius types.

1.​ Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs): The most common type, with the rotor shaft
and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and the blades facing into the wind.

2.​ Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs): Less common, with the main rotor shaft arranged
vertically, allowing the turbine to capture wind from any direction without needing to
adjust orientation.
​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Variation of VAWT design

Key Components - It is the main component that forms the structure, base, and runs the whole
operation and function of a wind turbine.

1.​ Rotor Blades: Typically made of composite materials like fiberglass or carbon fiber,
designed to capture wind energy efficiently.
2.​ Nacelle: Houses the gearbox, generator, and other critical components.
3.​ Tower: Supports the nacelle and rotor blades, usually made of steel or concrete.
4.​ Foundation: Ensures stability and transfers loads from the tower to the ground.
Aerodynamic Design - It is the shaping of the turbine blades, specifically using airfoil profiles, to
maximize the lift force generated by the wind, allowing the blades to rotate efficiently and
produce the most power possible by harnessing the air flow around them, similar to how
airplane wings work; essentially, it's the science of optimizing the blade design to capture the
most energy from the wind.

1.​ Blade Shape: Airfoil-shaped to maximize lift and minimize drag.

2.​ Pitch Control: Adjusts the angle of the blades to optimize energy capture and
protect the turbine from high winds.
3.​ Yaw Mechanism: Aligns the turbine with the wind direction.

Wind Turbine Electrical Systems

It is the set of components within the turbine that convert the mechanical energy produced by
the spinning blades into electricity, including the generator, inverter, transformer, and control
systems, which work together to regulate voltage and frequency and deliver power to the grid;
essentially, it's the system that takes the rotational energy from the blades and turns it into
usable electricity.
Generator Types - The purpose of a generator in a wind turbine is to convert the mechanical
energy created by the spinning blades (due to wind) into electrical energy, essentially generating
electricity from the wind's kinetic energy; it acts as the key component that transforms the
rotational motion of the turbine shaft into usable electricity.

1.​ Induction Generators: Commonly used in older designs, requiring a grid connection to
operate.
2.​ Synchronous Generators: Used in modern turbines, capable of operating independently
of the grid.
3.​ Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs): Increasingly popular due to
higher efficiency and reliability.

Power Conversion - It is the process of transforming the kinetic energy of wind into electrical
energy by using the rotating blades to turn a generator, essentially converting wind's mechanical
energy into electricity that can be used on the power grid; this process involves the blades
capturing wind energy, transferring it through a shaft to the generator, which then produces
electricity.
​

1.​ Rectifiers and Inverters: Convert the variable frequency AC generated by the turbine into
a stable frequency suitable for the grid.
2.​ Transformers: Step up the voltage for efficient transmission over long distances.

Grid Integration - a collection of all activities related to connecting Wind Power Plants to the
grid. Also, it is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy
(RE) to the grid. Robust integration methods maximize the cost-effectiveness of incorporating
variable RE into the power system while maintaining or increasing system stability and reliability.

1.​ Grid Connection: Wind farms are connected to the electrical grid via substations.

2.​ Power Quality: Advanced control systems ensure stable voltage and frequency,
minimizing grid disturbances.
Wind Turbine Control Systems

It is the brain of a wind turbine, responsible for managing all its critical components to ensure
safe and optimized operation by adjusting blade pitch, yaw angle, and generator power output
based on wind conditions, maximizing energy production while protecting the turbine from
damage; essentially, it monitors and regulates the turbine's functions to generate electricity
efficiently in changing weather situations.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) - a computer system with software tools
used for monitoring and controlling wind turbines and/or wind farms from an operations console
or center.

1.​ Monitoring: Real-time data collection on turbine performance, wind speed, and
environmental conditions.
2.​ Control: Remote operation and adjustment of turbine settings to optimize performance
and safety.

Pitch and Yaw Control - it is the adjusting of the angle of blades to optimize power generation by
controlling the amount of wind captured, while "Yaw Control" refers to rotating the entire nacelle
(the housing at the top of the tower) to always face directly into the wind, ensuring maximum
efficiency; essentially, pitch controls the blade angle and yaw controls the turbine's direction to
the wind.

1.​ Pitch Control: Adjusts blade angle to regulate rotor speed and power output.

2.​ Yaw Control: Rotates the nacelle to keep the blades facing the wind.
​ Safety Systems - A safety system in a wind turbine is a set of mechanisms designed to
protect the turbine from damage by automatically responding to potentially dangerous
conditions like high wind speeds, overvoltage, overheating, or grid failure, often including
features like blade pitch control, yaw control, overspeed protection, and lightning protection
systems to ensure safe operation.

1.​ Braking Systems: Mechanical and aerodynamic brakes to stop the rotor in emergencies.

2.​ Lightning Protection: Grounding systems to protect against lightning strikes.

Wind Turbine Specifications

​ Wind turbine specifications include the size of the blades, tower height, rotor diameter,
and electrical output.

Common Wind Turbine Specifications

1.​ Rotor Diameter: Typically ranges from 80 to 120 meters for onshore turbines, and up to
160 meters for offshore.

2.​ Hub Height: Generally between 80 to 120 meters.

3.​ Rated Power: Commonly between 2 to 5 MW per turbine.

​ Wind Farm Specifications - A wind farm's specifications regarding wind turbines typically
include details like the turbine's rated power capacity usually in megawatts, blade length, tower
height, rotor diameter, cut-in wind speed (the minimum wind speed for power generation), rated
wind speed the optimal wind speed for maximum power, and the number of turbines within the
farm, all of which are chosen based on the specific wind conditions of the location to maximize
energy production.

1.​ Capacity: Ranges from a few MW for small farms to several hundred MW for large-scale
installations.

2.​ Number of Turbines: Varies based on site capacity and turbine size.

3.​ Annual Energy Production (AEP): Estimated based on wind resource and turbine
efficiency.
Wind Turbine Maintenance and Operation

​ Wind turbine maintenance and operation refers to the process of keeping wind turbines
in working order and generating electricity.

​ Routine Maintenance - Routine maintenance on a wind turbine refers to the regular

scheduled inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and minor repairs performed to ensure the turbine
operates smoothly and efficiently, typically including checks on critical components like blades,
gearbox, generator, yaw system, and tower foundation, with the goal of preventing major
failures and extending the turbine's lifespan.

1.​ Inspections: Regular checks of blades, gearbox, generator, and other components.

2.​ Lubrication: Ensuring moving parts are properly lubricated to reduce wear and tear.

​ Predictive Maintenance - a proactive approach that uses data analysis and sensors to
monitor the condition of a turbine's components, allowing operators to anticipate potential
failures and schedule maintenance tasks before issues escalate, minimizing downtime and
optimizing operational efficiency; essentially, it's about predicting when a turbine might need
repairs by analyzing real-time data on factors like vibration, temperature, and speed, rather than
relying on scheduled maintenance intervals.

1.​ Condition Monitoring: Using sensors and data analytics to predict and prevent failures.

2.​ Remote Diagnostics: SCADA systems enable remote troubleshooting and diagnostics.

​ Operational Challenges - Operational challenges in wind turbines primarily relate to the

inconsistency of wind speed, impacting power generation, as well as issues like maintenance
needs due to harsh weather conditions, potential damage from lightning strikes, and the need
for effective grid integration to manage fluctuations in power output; additionally, concerns about
visual impact and wildlife interactions can also be considered operational challenges depending
on the context.

1.​ Weather Conditions: Extreme weather can impact turbine performance and maintenance
schedules.

2.​ Component Wear: High stress on components like gearboxes and bearings requires
frequent monitoring and replacement.
Wind Turbine Future Trends

​ Future trends in wind turbines include more powerful turbines, floating wind turbines, and
better integration into urban areas.

​ Offshore Wind Farms - a group of wind turbines constructed in the ocean, on the
continental shelf, where they harness the powerful and consistent winds blowing over the water
to generate electricity, essentially a large-scale wind farm situated out at sea, utilizing
specialized turbines designed to withstand the marine environment and anchored to the seabed.

1.​ Floating Turbines: Enabling deployment in deeper waters with higher wind speeds.

2.​ Larger Turbines: Increasing rotor diameters and hub heights to capture more energy.

​ Advanced Materials - refers to composite materials like carbon fiber reinforced polymers
(CFRP), which are used primarily in the turbine blades, offering high strength and stiffness while
remaining lightweight, allowing for larger and more efficient blade designs compared to
traditional fiberglass composites.

1.​ Composite Materials: Development of lighter and stronger materials for blades and other
components.
2.​ Smart Materials: Integration of materials that can change properties in response to
environmental conditions.
​

Digitalization and AI - use of advanced data collection and analysis systems to monitor
and optimize turbine performance, while "AI" (artificial intelligence) is the application of
algorithms that can learn from this data to make intelligent decisions, like adjusting blade pitch
or predicting maintenance needs, to maximize energy production and efficiency within a wind
farm.
​

1.​ Machine Learning: Optimizing turbine performance and predictive maintenance through
AI algorithms.

2.​ Digital Twins: Virtual replicas of wind farms for simulation and optimization.
Wind power plants are a critical component of the global transition to renewable energy.
Advances in turbine design, electrical systems, control technologies, and site selection continue
to improve the efficiency and reliability of wind energy. As the industry evolves, innovations in
offshore wind, advanced materials, and digitalization will further enhance the viability and
sustainability of wind power.

INSTALLING A WIND POWER PLANT

It is widely recognized that the resources of our planet are finite, which makes the development
of wind and solar power facilities for energy generation essential. As of 2024, India has an
installed capacity of over 90.76 GW of electrical energy. This positions India as the
fourth-largest producer of renewable energy in the world. This highlights the country's
commitment to producing renewable energy.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN A WIND POWER PLANT
SITE SELECTION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY
1)​ Wind Speed & Direction
a)​ Ideally, wind speeds should be 5–25 m/s (meters per second).
b)​ Use anemometers or wind maps to measure wind patterns.
2)​ Topography & Land Availability
a)​ Avoid obstacles (mountains, buildings, forests) that may disrupt wind flow.
b)​ Ensure enough space for turbine installation and maintenance.
3)​ Environmental Impact
a)​ Check for effects on wildlife, noise pollution, and local communities.
b)​ Conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
4)​ Grid Connectivity
a)​ Ensure the site is near a power grid to reduce transmission costs.
5)​ Government Regulations & Permits
a)​ Obtain necessary approvals from local authorities, energy boards, and
environmental agencies.
How to Select the Location of Wind Power Plants?

The location of the wind power plant is generally selected in the wind inlet and outlet of the
larger basin or the wind inlet and outlet of the larger ocean lake. Specific locations such as
valleys where high mountains surround basins (or oceans and lakes) are located, or where
there are karst caves running through the mountains, are more likely to have greater wind
power.

In terms of wind structure construction, the wind inlet and outlet should be selected to construct
a building with a wind device with a reverse check valve, and the sealing area will change from
large to small according to the law of wind velocity movement along the tuyere from bottom to
top. Therefore, the wind energy per unit area is increased to make the wind turbine run faster.
Therefore, the wind energy per unit area is increased to make the wind turbine run faster.

The flow of wind is affected by topography, and the velocity of wind is affected by seasonal
change. Therefore, the location selection of wind power plant should start from the following
factors.

1.​ Select the location where the wind is strong at the inlet and outlet of the canyon, such as
the valley where the air exchanges between the surrounding mountain basin and
low-lying terrain (including lakes, oceans, plains, deserts, etc.).
2.​ Wind power plants are constructed at locations where the average annual wind speed is
more than 3m/s and the operating wind speed is more than 4m/s, and the time to reach
the above two points is more than 4000 hours per year.
3.​ Choose the terrain that can build wind power structures and install wind turbines to build
wind power stations.
4.​ The area at the center of power consumption should be selected.
5.​ Traffic roads can be built near wind power stations to facilitate the transportation of
materials for wind power towers and the management of wind power stations.
It can be difficult and costly to obtain planning consent for onshore wind turbine projects and all
planning applications are inherently risky – some much more than others. It is important to
understand the extent and nature of these risks when considering a wind turbine project, and to
understand the costs, financial returns and environmental benefits. Once these are adequately
understood an objective view can be taken whether to proceed to a planning application and
incur the costs of doing so.
The purpose of a wind feasibility study is to :

●​ Determine the most appropriate scale and location of turbine for the site
●​ Initial assessment of on-site wind resource
●​ Technical assessment of physical and planning constraints and initial technical issues
that may affect the viability of the project
●​ Initial assessment of project costs, payment and return on investment
●​ Provide an objective view as to the level of risk should the project proceed to a planning
application

2. Choosing the Right Wind Turbine

Select a wind turbine based on:

Capacity: Small (1-10 kW for homes), Medium (10-100 kW for businesses), Large (>100 kW for
commercial farms).​
Type:

●​ Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) – Common, high efficiency.

●​ Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) – Suitable for urban areas.​
Height & Blade Size: Taller towers and longer blades capture more wind energy.

3. Procuring Equipment & Infrastructure

You will need:

Wind Turbines​
Towers & Foundations (Concrete bases)​
Inverters & Controllers (To regulate power output)​
Transmission Lines (For grid connection)​
Batteries (Optional) for energy storage in off-grid systems

4. Installation Process

Step 1: Prepare the Site

●​ Clear land, build access roads, and lay foundation.

Step 2: Assemble & Install the Tower

●​ Lift and secure the tower using cranes.

Step 3: Attach the Nacelle & Blades

●​ Install the generator, rotor, and gearbox on top.

Step 4: Connect to Electrical Systems

●​ Link the turbine to the inverter, batteries (if any), and grid.

Step 5: Testing & Commissioning

●​ Conduct trial runs to check efficiency, safety, and grid synchronization.

5. Operation & Maintenance

●​ Regular Inspections – Check for wear and tear on blades, gears, and electrical
components.
●​ Lubrication & Cleaning – Prevent rusting and improve efficiency.
●​ Performance Monitoring – Use SCADA systems for real-time monitoring.
6. Cost Considerations

●​ Turbine Cost: 60–70% of total cost.

●​ Installation & Labor: 10–20%.
●​ Grid Connection & Transmission: 10–15%.
●​ Maintenance: Ongoing costs for servicing and repairs.

EXISTING WIND POWER PLANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

1.​ BANGUI WIND FARM (59.1 MW CAPACITY)

The Bangui Windmills, also known as the Bangui Wind Farm, is a popular wind
farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Its installation consists of 20 units of
70-meter high Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind turbines, stretching along a 9-kilometer
shoreline of Bangui Bay, facing the West Philippine Sea. It stands as a prominent
symbol of sustainability, converting wind into electric energy, and was initiated
with a $48 million aid grant from the Danish government in 1998.

2.​ CAPARISPISAN WIND PROJECT ( 81 MW CAPACITY)

Caparispisan Wind Farm, also known as the North Luzon Renewables

Wind Farm, is a wind farm in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. The
wind farm was a joint venture of AC Energy Holdings, the Philippine
Alliance for Infrastructure and the UPC Philippines Wind Holdco. The wind
farm project amounted to $220 million. The wind farm's groundbreaking
took place on September 3, 2013, initially planned that the plant be
connected to the national grid by June 2014. The wind farm was fully
commissioned by the Energy Regulatory Commission on November 11,
2014, and was later inaugurated on November 19 of the same year. The
wind farms has 27 individual wind turbines occupying a 625 hectare land
 area. AC Energy Holdings Inc. planned to increase the wind farms capacity
to 81 MW (Safety Factored) by 2015.

3.​ NABAS WIND FARM ( 36 MW CAPACITY)

These are courtesy of Nabas Wind Farm which delivered its first power to the
Visayas Grid in 2015. The construction was led by PetroGreen Energy
Corporation (PGEC), a fully owned subsidiary of PetroEnergy Resources
Corporation (PERC). Barangay Pawa, a remote area in Nabas, is sited high up in
its mountain ranges. It is said that this barangay is where winds blow the
strongest among all other areas in Nabas.
 4.​ PILILLA WIND FARM ( 54 MW CAPACITY)

Drive 40 kilometers southeast of Manila toward Pililla, Rizal, and green rolling hills start
to appear, some reaching up to 300 meters above sea level. On this site sit 27 wind
turbines from Gamesa of Spain, arranged in three clusters. Each turbine stretches up
125 meters, as tall as a 33-story building. In total, these turbines produce 54MW of wind
power per year, providing electricity to approximately 66,000 households in Manila. ​
Strategic placement and strong wind resources help make the Pililla wind farm a
commercial success. It is also a lively tourist destination that helps support the local
economy: During Holy Week, an average of 130,000 visitors travel to Pililla, increasing
appreciation for renewable energy in the Philippines, and providing opportunities for
residents to generate new streams of income.
 5.​ PUERTO GALERA WIND FARM ( 48 MW CAPACITY)

Philippines Hybrid Energy Systems Inc (PHESI) is the owner-developer and

operator of a 48.0MW wind power project located in the Province of Puerto
Galera, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. The first phase of the project is composed
of 8 units of Gamesa G90 (2.0MW) turbines with a combined 16.0MW generating
capacity, an access road, a substation, a 7.5km long 69kV transmission line, and
a metering station which was completed mid-2019 and achieved commercial
operations in Q3 2019.
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