Design of Steel Structure

(CE3202)

Dr. Bibekananda Mandal

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Outline
• Design of connections
• Design of bolted joints
• 1. Bearing type
• 2. Slip critical connection
• Prying action
 ~ from IS 800: 2007

Larger uncertainty of connections due to:

Complexity of connection geometry Geometric imperfections Residual stresses

Types of connections
• BOLTED CONNECTIONS
– Bearing type
– Friction type
Bolted

• WELDED CONNECTIONS
– Fillet welding
– Butt welding

• RIVETED CONNECTIONS
Welded
Bolt - Limit state of failure
1. Tension
2. Shear
3. Bearing

Types of bolts based on load transfer mechanisms:

1. Bearing type: Load transferred from one connected part to other by bearing &/or shear (ex. ordinary bolts)
2. Slip critical or Slip- resistance type (pre-tensioned): Load transferred from one connected part to other by friction (ex.
HSFG bolts)
Bolt types
Bolts: 1. Ordinary bolts (or black/common/rough/unfinished)
2. High Strength bolts

High strength bolts:

• May be tightened 2 or more times that of ordinary bolts

• Connected parts are clamped tightly together between the bolts and nut heads which permits loads
to be transferred primarily by friction and not by shear

• Hand tightened or torque control method using wrench etc.

 Properties of bolts in steel construction
Specification Grade Yield stress, fy in Ultimate tensile Elongation in Grade 4.6 X.Y
MPa (min) stress, fub in MPa percentage (min)
(nominal) X =fub/100, .Y= fy/fub
IS 1367 (Pt. 3) (ISO 3.6 180 300 25
898) 4.6 240 400 22
Specifications of 4.8 320 400 14
Fasteners threaded 5.6 300 500 20
steel for technical
5.8 400 500 10
supply condition
6.8 480 600 8
HS Bolts 8.8 (d < 16 mm) 640 800 12
8.8 (d > 16 mm) 660 800 12
9.8 720 900 10
10.9 940 1000 9
12.9 1100 1200 8

Bolt geometry
Details M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M30 M36
Nominal Area (mm2) 84.3 157 245 303 353 561 817
(or, stress area or, proof area)
~ Can be taken as 0.78 Ag Typical bolt and nut: washer/cotter
pin etc.
Types of bolted joints
1. Lap joint
2. Butt joint

Lap joints

Butt joints
Types of actions (loads) on bolts

Single shear (Single lap joint)

Double shear (Butt joint)
Bolts in shear

Bolts in tension Bolts in pure moment

Types of actions (loads) on bolts

Bolts subjected to shear and Bolts subjected to shear and moment

tension/compression in its plane
 From IS 800
Failure of bolted joints (discussed in detail later)

Shear failure of bolts

Crushing or bearing of plates/bolts

Rupture or tearing of plates

Bolt failure in tension

Bursting or shearing of plates
Minimum edge distance of bolts
Design guidelines as per IS 800
Design guidelines as per IS 800 ~ Bolt strengths
I. Bearing type bolt connections (Sc. 10.3)

= No of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane

= No of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane
= A reduction factor to allow for the overloading of end bolts that occur in long
connection
= A reduction factor to allow for the effect of large grip length
= A reduction factor to account for packing plates in excess of 6 mm
= Net shear area of the bolt at threads
= Nominal plain shank area of the bolt
Design guidelines as per IS 800 ~ Bolt strengths

Reduction factors
For long joints:
(lj > 15d)

For large grips:

(lg > 5d)
Design guidelines as per IS 800 ~ Bolt strengths
Design guidelines as per IS 800 ~ Plate strength

Joint with staggered pitch

Tensile strength of bolt
Tnb = 0.9 f ub An where,
f ub = Ultimate tensile stress of bolt
 mb
 f yb Asb f yb = Yied stress of bolt
 m0
An = Net tensile stress area of bolt
Asb = Shank area of bolt
 mb = Partial safety factor for material of bolt = 1.25
 m 0 = Partial safety factor for material resistance govorned by yielding = 1.10

Tnb
Design strength of bolt in tension: Tdb = Tb  Tdb
 mb
Combined shear and tension

V = Applied shear
Te = Applied tension
Vsd = Design shear capacity
Tdb = Design tension capacity
Efficiency of joint
Strength of the joint
=
Strength of the solid plate

N. B. Strength of solid plate is less in yielding compared to tearing.

Problem 1
Find the strength and efficiency of the lap joint shown in the figure below. M20 bolts of grade 4.6
and Fe410 (E250) plates are used.
Solution:

(in tension):
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution ~ For a butt joint
(in tension):
 Problem 2
Design joint-2 of a roof truss as shown in figure below. The members
are connected with 16 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6 to the 12 mm
thick gusset plate.

1 2 3 4 5 2 2
B

6 10
7 8 9

Factored loads at
joint-2
Solution
Solution
Member AB: The bolts in the joints are in double shear. Plate strength in tension:
(T dn ) = 0.9 f u Anc  m 1 + Steength due to outstanding leg
So, the shear strength of the joint = 58 kN = 0.9  410  252 1.25 + ... i .e .  74.39 kN
The bearing strength of the joint = 105.48 kN [Net area (Anc ) = (B − n d h ) t = (60 − 1  18)  6 = 252 mm 2 ]
No of bolts required = 180/58 = 3.10 ≈ 4 Nos.

Member BC: The bolts in the joints are in double shear.

So, the shear strength of the joint = 58 kN
The bearing strength of the joint = 105.48 kN
No of bolts required = 225/58 = 3.88 ≈ 4 Nos.

Member BD: The bolts in the joints are in single shear.

So, the shear strength of the joint = 29 kN
The bearing strength of the joint = 52.74 kN
No of bolts required = 110/29 = 3.79 ≈ 4 Nos.

Member BE: The bolts in the joints are in single shear.

So, the shear strength of the joint = 29 kN
The bearing strength of the joint = 70.32 kN
No of bolts required = 75/29 = 2.59 ≈ 3 Nos.
Combined shear and tension

V = Applied shear
Te = Applied tension
Vsd = Design shear capacity
Tdb = Design tension capacity
Tensile strength of bolt
Tnb = 0.9 f ub An where,
f ub = Ultimate tensile stress of bolt
 mb
 f yb Asb f yb = Yied stress of bolt
 m0
An = Net tensile stress area of bolt
Asb = Shank area of bolt
 mb = Partial safety factor for material of bolt = 1.25
 m 0 = Partial safety factor for material resistance govorned by yielding = 1.10

Tnb
Design strength of bolt in tension: Tdb = Tb  Tdb
 mb
Problem 3
Check whether the joint shown in below is safe or not. 8-16 mm dia bolts of grade
4.6 have been used to make the connection at section 1-1 (Neglect the effect of prying action).
Also, determine the number of 16 mm dia bolts of grade 4.6 required to connect the
double angle section (8 mm thick each) member with the tee-bracket.
Solution:
Solution
Solution
2. Slip critical connection
Nominal shear capacity: Vnsf =  f ne K h Fo
Where, = Slip factor, co-efficient of friction (As per table 20) Kh = 1 Kh = 0.85
ne = Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
= 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in over sized and short slotted holes and for
(a) Standard (b) Oversized
fasteners in long slotted holes loaded perpendicular to slot
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to slot
Fo = Minimum bolt tension (proof load) at installation
= 0.7 fub Anb
= Net area of the bolt at the threads (c ) Short Slot (d) Long slot
= Proof stress
Kh = 0.85 K h = 0.85 / 0.70
Ultimate tensile stress of bolt

Design Strength, = 1.1 for slip resistance designated at service load

= 1.25 for slip resistance designated at ultimate load
Problem 4
Calculate the shear capacity of the M20 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 used in the double
cover butt joint as shown in the figure below, if:
(i) Slip resistance is designated at the service load
(ii) Slip resistance is designated at the ultimate load
Take coefficient of friction as 0.3 and fasteners are in clearance holes.
Solution:
Vnsf =  f ne K h Fo
where, F0 = 0.7 fub Anb
Prying action Note:
• For flexible flange the
force will migrate
towards the edge of
flange due to liver
action.
• Maximum value of the
prying force will be
reached when only the
corners of the flange
remain in contact with
Prying force, Where,
the other connected part.
lv = Distance from the bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet
weld or to half the root radius of a rolled section
le = Distance between prying force and bolt centreline,
which is the minimum of either the end distance or the value

β = 2 for non pre-tensioned bolt and 1 for pre-tensioned bolt

η = 1.5
be = Effective width of flange per pair of bolts
fo = Proof stress in consistent units = 0.7 fub
t = thickness of the end plate
Problem 5
For the joint shown in the figure below, check the design is safe or not.
M20 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 are used.
Solution:

Edge distance = 40 mm
le
(minimum of
these two)

(Assuming size of
the weld = 8 mm)
Solution

Tnb = 0.9 f ub An
 mb
 f yb Asb
 m0
Additional slides
Staggered Bolted Connections
Design strength due to rupture of critical
section
0.9 An fu
Rupture strength of critical section, Tdn = IS 800: 2007

where  ml Cl. 6.3

fu = Ultimate stress of the material,

γml = Partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress,
An = Net effective area of the member
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + σ t
4𝑔𝑖
Rupture on net effective area

Net area An = (b – d)  t Net area An = (b – 2d)  t

What if the holes are not in a line?

A

B (b – 2d)  t < An < (b – d)  t

An = ??
D
Line ABC – d ?
C E Line ABDE – 2d ?
 Rupture on net effective area ~ Staggered
Need to include additional length/area of failure plane due to non-perpendicular path.

g Pn

ps

▪ Additional strength depends on: (a) Increase in geometric length, and (b) Combination
of tension and shear stresses along the diagonal line.
▪ This combined effect makes a direct calculation difficult.
Rupture on net effective area ~ Staggered
t

d
g
g b An = [b – nd + (ps2/4g)]  t
d g

ps ps ps

o Empirically developed based on experimental evidence

o All possible failure path (straight as well as zigzag) are to be tried to find the
minimum net area
Example
In the next class…
Design of connections
• Design of welded joints
Thank you…