Sheet 1

11–1C Which bicyclist is more likely to go faster: one who keeps his head and his body in the
most upright position or one who leans down and brings his body closer to his knees? Why?
11–2C Consider laminar flow over a flat plate. How does the local friction coefficient change
with position?
11–3C Define the frontal area of a body subjected to exter nal flow. When is it appropriate to use
the frontal area in drag and lift calculations?
11–4C Define the planform area of a body subjected to external flow. When is it appropriate to
use the planform area in drag and lift calculations?
11–5C Explain when an external flow is two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and axisymmetric.
What type of flow is the flow of air over a car?
11–6C What is the difference between the upstream veloc ity and the free-stream velocity? For
what types of flow are these two velocities equal to each other? 11–7C What is the difference
between streamlined and bluff bodies? Is a tennis ball a streamlined or bluff body?
11–8C Name some applications in which a large drag is desired.
11–9C What is drag? What causes it? Why do we usually try to minimize it?
11–10C What is lift? What causes it? Does wall shear con tribute to the lift?
11–11C During flow over a given body, the drag force, the upstream velocity, and the fluid
density are measured. Explain how you would determine the drag coefficient. What area would
you use in the calculations?
11–12C During flow over a given slender body such as a wing, the lift force, the upstream
velocity, and the fluid density are measured. Explain how you would deter mine the lift
coefficient. What area would you use in the calculations?
11–13C What is terminal velocity? How is it determined?
11–14C What is the difference between skin friction drag and pressure drag? Which is usually
more significant for slender bodies such as airfoils?
11–15C What is the effect of surface roughness on the fric tion drag coefficient in laminar and
turbulent flows?
11–16C What is the effect of streamlining on (a) friction drag and (b) pressure drag? Does the
total drag acting on a body necessarily decrease as a result of streamlining? Explain.
11–17C What is flow separation? What causes it? What is the effect of flow separation on the
drag coefficient?
11–18C What is drafting? How does it affect the drag coef ficient of the drafted body?
11–19C In general, how does the drag coefficient vary with the Reynolds number at (a) low and
moderate Reynolds num bers and (b) at high Reynolds numbers (Re . 104)?
11–20C Fairings are attached to the front and back of a cylindrical
body to make it look more streamlined. What is the effect of this
modification on the (a) friction drag, (b) pres sure drag, and (c)
total drag? Assume the Reynolds number is high enough so that
the flow is turbulent for both cases.

11–23 During a high Reynolds number experiment, the total drag

force acting on a spherical body of diameter D 5 12 cm subjected to airflow at 1 atm and 58C is
measured to be 5.2 N. The pressure drag acting on the body is calculated by integrat ing the
pressure distribution (measured by the use of pressure sensors throughout the surface) to be
4.9 N. Determine the friction drag coefficient of the sphere.
11–29 Advertisement signs are commonly carried by taxi cabs for
additional income, but they also increase the fuel cost. Consider a
sign that consists of a 0.30-m-high, 0.9-m-wide, and 0.9-m-long
rectangular block mounted on top of a taxicab such that the sign
has a frontal area of 0.3 m by 0.9 m from all four sides. Determine
the increase in the annual fuel cost of this taxicab due to this sign.
Assume the taxicab is driven 60,000 km a year at an average speed
of 50 km/h and the over all efficiency of the engine is 28 percent.
Take the density, unit price, and heating value of gasoline to be
0.72 kg/L, $1.10/L, and 42,000 kJ/kg, respectively, and the density of air to be 1.25 kg/m3
11–31 A submarine can be treated as an ellipsoid with a
diameter of 5 m and a length of 25 m. Determine the
power required for this submarine to cruise horizontally
and steadily at 40 km/h in seawater whose density is
1025 kg/m3. Also determine the power required to tow
this submarine in air whose density is 1.30 kg/m3.
Assume the flow is turbulent in both cases
11–33 During major windstorms, high vehicles such as RVs and semis may be thrown off the
road and boxcars off their tracks, especially when they are empty and in open areas. Consider a
5000-kg semi that is 9 m long, 2.5 m high, and 2 m wide. The distance between the bottom of the
truck and the road is 0.75 m. Now the truck is exposed to winds from its side surface. Determine
the wind velocity that will tip the truck over to its side. Take the air density to be 1.1 kg/m3 and
assume the weight to be uniformly distributed.
11–34 A 70-kg bicyclist is riding her 15-kg bicycle down hill on a road with a slope of 88
without pedaling or braking. The bicyclist has a frontal area of 0.45 m2 and a drag coef ficient of
1.1 in the upright position, and a frontal area of 0.4 m2 and a drag coefficient of 0.9 in the racing
position. Disregarding the rolling resistance and friction at the bear ings, determine the terminal
velocity of the bicyclist for both positions. Take the air density to be 1.25 kg/m3.
11–35 A wind turbine with two or four hollow hemispheri cal cups
connected to a pivot is commonly used to measure wind speed.
Consider a wind turbine with four 8-cm-diameter cups with a center-
to-center distance of 40 cm, as shown in Fig. P11–35. The pivot is
stuck as a result of some malfunc tion, and the cups stop rotating. For
a wind speed of 15 m/s and air density of 1.25 kg/m3, determine the
maximum torque this turbine applies on the pivot.
11–36 40 cm Reconsider Prob. 11–35. Using EES (or other) software,
investigate the effect of wind speed on the torque applied on the pivot. Let the wind speed vary
from 0 to 50 m/s in increments of 5 m/s. Tabulate and plot the results
11–38 During steady motion of a vehicle on a level road, the power delivered to the wheels is
used to overcome aero dynamic drag and rolling resistance (the product of the rolling resistance
coefficient and the weight of the vehicle), assum ing the friction at the bearings of the wheels is
negligible. Consider a car that has a total mass of 950 kg, a drag coef ficient of 0.32, a frontal
area of 1.8 m2, and a rolling resis tance coefficient of 0.04. The maximum power the engine can
deliver to the wheels is 80 kW. Determine (a) the speed at which the rolling resistance is equal to
the aerodynamic drag force and (b) the maximum speed of this car. Take the air density to be
1.20 kg/m3.
11–39 Reconsider Prob. 11–38. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of car speed
on the required power to overcome (a) rolling resistance, (b) the aerodynamic drag, and (c) their
combined effect. Let the car speed vary from 0 to 150 km/h in increments of 15 km/h. Tabulate
and plot the results
11–43 A 7-m-diameter hot air balloon that has a total mass of 350 kg is standing still in air on a
windless day. The bal loon is suddenly subjected to 40 km/h winds. Determine the initial
acceleration of the balloon in the horizontal direction.
11–44E The drag coefficient of a vehicle increases when its windows
are rolled down or its sunroof is opened. A sports car has a frontal area
of 18 ft2 and a drag coefficient of 0.32 when the windows and sunroof
are closed. The drag coeffi cient increases to 0.41 when the sunroof is
open. Determine the additional power consumption of the car when the
sunroof is opened at (a) 35 mi/h and (b) 70 mi/h. Take the density of
air to be 0.075 lbm/ft3
11–45 To reduce the drag coefficient and thus to improve the fuel
efficiency of cars, the design of side rearview mir rors has
changed drastically in recent decades from a simple circular plate
to a streamlined shape. Determine the amount of fuel and money
saved per year as a result of replacing a 13-cm-diameter flat
mirror by one with a hemispherical back, as shown in the figure.
Assume the car is driven 24,000 km a year at an average speed of
95 km/h. Take the density and price of gasoline to be 0.75 kg/L
and $0.90/L, respectively; the heating value of gasoline to be
44,000 kJ/kg; and the overall efficiency of the engine to be 30
percent
 Sheet 2

11–46C How is the average friction coefficient determined in flow over a flat plate?
11–47C What fluid property is responsible for the develop ment of the velocity boundary layer?
What is the effect of the velocity on the thickness of the boundary layer?
11–48C What does the friction coefficient represent in flow over a flat plate? How is it related to
the drag force acting on the plate?

11–49 Consider laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate. Now the free-stream velocity of the
fluid is tripled. Deter mine the change in the drag force on the plate. Assume the flow to remain
laminar.
11–53 The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a continuous
sheet of plastic that is 1.2 m wide and 2 mm thick at a rate of 18
m/min. The sheet is subjected to airflow at a velocity of 4 m/s on
both top and bottom surfaces normal to the direction of motion of the
sheet. The width of the air cooling section is such that a fixed point
on the plastic sheet passes through that section in 2 s. Using
properties of air at 1 atm and 608C, determine the drag force the air
exerts on the plastic sheet in the direction of airflow.

11–55E Consider a refrigeration truck traveling at 70 mi/h at

a location where the air is at 1 atm and 808F. The refrig
erated compartment of the truck can be considered to be a 9-
ft-wide, 8-ft-high, and 20-ft-long rectangular box. Assum
ing the airflow over the entire outer surface to be turbulent
and attached (no flow separation), determine the drag force
acting on the top and side surfaces and the power required to
overcome this drag.

11–59 During a winter day, wind at 55 km/h, 58C, and 1 atm

is blowing parallel to a 4-m-high and 10-m-long wall of a
house. Approximating the wall surfaces as smooth, deter
mine the friction drag acting on the wall. What would your
answer be if the wind velocity has doubled? How realistic is
it to treat the flow over side wall surfaces as flow over a flat
plate?
 Sheet 3
11–61C Why is flow separation in flow over cylinders delayed when the boundary layer is
turbulent?
11–62C In flow over bluff bodies such as a cylinder, how does the pressure drag differ from the
friction drag?
11–63C In flow over cylinders, why does the drag coef ficient suddenly drop when the boundary
layer becomes turbulent? Isn’t turbulence supposed to increase the drag coefficient instead of
decreasing it?

11–64 A 0.1-mm-diameter dust particle whose density is 2.1 g/cm3 is observed to be suspended
in the air at 1 atm and 258C at a fixed point. Estimate the updraft velocity of air motion at that
location. Assume Stokes law to be applicable. Is this a valid assumption?
11–68 Dust particles of diameter 0.06 mm and density 1.6 g/cm3 are unsettled during high winds
and rise to a height of 200 m by the time things calm down. Estimate how long it takes for the
dust particles to fall back to the ground in still air at 1 atm and 308C, and their velocity.
Disregard the initial tran sient period during which the dust particles accelerate to their terminal
velocity, and assume Stokes law to be applicable.
11–69 A 2-m-long, 0.2-m-diameter cylindrical pine log (density 5
513 kg/m3) is suspended by a crane in the horizontal position. The
log is subjected to normal windsof 40 km/h at 58C and 88 kPa.
Disregarding the weight of the cable and its drag, determine the
angle u the cable will make with the horizontal and the tension on
the cable.

11–70 A 6-mm-diameter electrical transmission line is exposed to

windy air. Determine the drag force exerted on a 160-m-long
section of the wire during a windy day when the air is at 1 atm and 158C and the wind is blowing
across the transmission line at 65 km/h.
11–72 One of the popular demonstrations in science muse ums involves the suspension of
a ping-pong ball by an upward air jet. Children are amused by the ball always com ing
back to the center when it is pushed by a finger to the side of the jet. Explain this
phenomenon using the Bernoulli equation. Also determine the velocity of air if the ball has
amass of 3.1 g and a diameter of 4.2 cm. Assume the air is at 1 atm and 258C.
 Sheet 4
11–73C Why is the contribution of viscous effects to lift usually negligible for airfoils? 11–74C
Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at an angle of attack of 58. Is the (a) lift and (b) drag
acting on the airfoil zero or nonzero?
11–75C What is stall? What causes an airfoil to stall? Why are commercial aircraft not allowed
to fly at conditions near stall?
11–76C Air is flowing past a nonsymmetrical airfoil at zero angle of attack. Is the (a) lift and (b)
drag acting on the airfoil zero or nonzero?
11–77C Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at zero angle of attack. Is the (a) lift and (b)
drag acting on the air foil zero or nonzero?
11–78C Both the lift and the drag of an airfoil increase with an increase in the angle of attack. In
general, which increases at a higher rate, the lift or the drag?
11–79C Why are flaps used at the leading and trailing edges of the wings of large aircraft during
takeoff and land ing? Can an aircraft take off or land without them?
11–80C Air is flowing past a spherical ball. Is the lift exerted on the ball zero or nonzero?
Answer the same ques tion if the ball is spinning.
11–81C What is the effect of wing tip vortices (the air cir culation from the lower part of the
wings to the upper part) on the drag and the lift?
11–82C What is induced drag on wings? Can induced drag be minimized by using long and
narrow wings or short and wide wings? 11–83C Explain why endplates or winglets are added to
some airplane wings.

11–85 A small aircraft has a wing area of 35 m2, a lift coef ficient of 0.45 at takeoff settings, and
a total mass of 4000 kg. Determine (a) the takeoff speed of this aircraft at sea level at standard
atmospheric conditions, (b) the wing loading, and (c) the required power to maintain a constant
cruising speed of 300 km/h for a cruising drag coefficient of 0.035.
11–86 Consider an aircraft that takes off at 260 km/h when it is fully loaded. If the weight of the
aircraft is increased by 10 percent as a result of overloading, determine the speed at which the
overloaded aircraft will take off. Answer: 273 km/h
11–87 Consider an airplane whose takeoff speed is 220 km/h and that
takes 15 s to take off at sea level. For an airport at an 653 CHAPTER
11 elevation of 1600 m (such as Denver), determine (a) the take off
speed, (b) the takeoff time, and (c) the additional runway length
required for this airplane. Assume constant acceleration for both cases.
11–89 A jumbo jet airplane has a mass of about 400,000 kg when fully
loaded with over 400 passengers and takes off at a speed of 250 km/h.
Determine the takeoff speed when the airplane has 100 empty seats. Assume each passenger with
luggage is 140 kg and the wing and flap settings are main tained the same. Answer: 246 km/h
11–90 Reconsider Prob. 11–89. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of
passenger count on the takeoff speed of the aircraft. Let the number of passengers vary from 0 to
500 in increments of 50. Tabulate and plot the results.
11–91 A tennis ball with a mass of 57 g and a diameter of 6.4 cm is hit with
an initial velocity of 105 km/h and a backspin of 4200 rpm. Determine if the
ball falls or rises under the combined effect of gravity and lift due to
spinning shortly after hitting. Assume air is at 1 atm and 258C.
11–93 The NACA 64(l)–412 airfoil has a lift-to-drag ratio of 50 at 08 angle
of attack, as shown in Fig. 11–43. At what angle of attack does this ratio
increase to 80?
11–94 Consider a light plane that has a total weight of 11,000 N and a wing area of 39 m2 and
whose wings resem ble the NACA 23012 airfoil with no flaps. Using data from Fig. 11–45,
determine the takeoff speed at an angle of attack of 58 at sea level. Also determine the stall
speed.
11–96 An airplane has a mass of 50,000 kg, a wing area of 300 m2, a maximum lift coefficient of
3.2, and a cruising drag coefficient of 0.03 at an altitude of 12,000 m. Determine (a) the takeoff
speed at sea level, assuming it is 20 percent over the stall speed, and (b) the thrust that the
engines must deliver for a cruising speed of 700 km/h

11–97 Consider a blimp that can be approximated as a 3-m

diameter, 8-m long ellipsoid and is connected to the ground. On
a windless day, the rope tension due to the net buoyancy effect
is measured to be 120 N. Determine the rope tension when there
are 50 km/h winds blowing along the blimp (parallel to the
blimp axis)
11–100 A plastic boat whose bottom surface can be approx
imated as a 1.5-m-wide, 2-m-long flat surface is to move
through water at 158C at speeds up to 45 km/h. Determine the
friction drag exerted on the boat by the water and the power
needed to overcome it.

11–101 Reconsider Prob. 11–100. Using EES (or other)

software, investigate the effect of boat speed on the drag force acting on the bottom surface of
the boat, and the power needed to overcome it. Let the boat speed vary from 0 to 100 km/h in
increments of 10 km/h. Tabulate and plot the results.
11–102 The cylindrical chimney of a factory has an exter nal diameter of 1.1 m and is 20 m high.
Determine the bend ing moment at the base of the chimney when winds at 110 km/h are blowing
across it. Take the atmospheric conditions to be 208C and 1 atm.
11–106 A paratrooper and his 8-m-diameter parachute weigh 950 N. Taking
the average air density to be 1.2 kg/m3, deter mine the terminal velocity of the
paratrooper.
11–112 During an experiment, three aluminum balls (rs 5 2600 kg/m3) having
diameters 2, 4, and 10 mm, respectively, are dropped into a tank filled with
glycerin at 228C (rf 5 1274 kg/m3 and m 5 1 kg/m·s). The termi nal settling
velocities of the balls are measured to be 3.2, 12.8, and 60.4 mm/s,
respectively. Compare these values with the velocities predicted by Stokes law
for drag force FD 5 3pmDV, which is valid for very low Reynolds numbers
(Re ,, 1). Determine the error involved for each case and assess the accuracy
of Stokes law.
11–113 Repeat Prob. 11–112 by considering the more general form of Stokes law expressed as
FD 5 3pmDV 1 (9p/16)rV2D2 where r is the fluid density.
11–116 Stokes law can be used to determine the viscosity of a fluid by
dropping a spherical object in it and measuring