Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VIII- Eastern Visayas
Maydolong National Highschool
School ID: 313514

MECHANICAL AND BIODEGRADATION PROPERTIES OF DRIED MARIGOLD

FLOWER EXTRACT (Tagetes erecta) BASED BIOPLASTIC

A Science Investigatory Project

Gielle Fiona L. Balanay

Ma. Elaiza Mae M. Nebril
Saina A. Shivbhakt

S.Y. 2022-2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Production of Bioplastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CHAPTER IV – RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ii
 ABSTRACT

This research project investigates the development and

characterization of biodegradable plastic using dried marigold flower extract as

the primary raw material. The said extract was studied to be used as a

bioplastic alternative for single-use plastic bags. The study looked at how

different amounts of liquid extract affected the bioplastic's biodegradability,

tensile strength, and elasticity. To get the desired consistency, the researchers

precisely measured the amount of flowers, water, vinegar, cornstarch, gelatin,

and glycerin added. The mixture was heated, stirred, and cooled to create the

bioplastic, which was then thoroughly tested. In Setup A, 5 grams of the flowers

were used and 10 grams was used in Setup B. The amount of time required for

the bioplastic to disintegrate was used to determine biodegradability, tensile

strength was evaluated in grams (g) using a spring balance, while elasticity was

determined by stretching the biological plastic and comparing it to its original

dimensions (in centimeters) to determine its capacity to stretch and return to its

original shape. The results show that the different amounts of rice starch

influence the bioplastic's characteristics, with Set-Up A displaying different

qualities than Set-Up B. This study contributes to our understanding of

sustainable bioplastic manufacturing and its potential uses in reducing plastic

waste and contributing to a greener, more environmentally friendly future.

Therefore, the researchers conclude that using marigold extract can

successfully become an alternative bioplastic.

1
 CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

People have come to the point where plastics have become evident in

their lives and in every corner of the world. Plastics are used in packaging food

and other commodities, appliances, furniture, clothes, and various other

products, only to wind up in landfills, seas, or even the air we breathe. It is one

of the most serious problems that we need to tackle in order to continue

breathing the same air in the near future (Kumar et al., 2021). Plastics have

been flooding our lands and oceans, killing living species and producing

pollution, which leads to climate change and other natural phenomena that

affect the entire planet. For example, it causes the ice in the polar regions to

melt, resulting in a rise in sea level, which causes higher storm surges, floods,

and coastal damage (Jorge Daniel Taillent, 2021). Plastic has killed numerous

aquatic creatures in the water, and it is also detrimental to people. Because it

also includes hazardous substances that have a negative impact on the

environment.

Plastic pollution is a major environmental challenge, with millions of

tons of plastic waste ending up in our oceans, landfills, and incinerators each

year. Only 14% of plastic packaging is collected for recycling globally, and the

rest is incinerated, landfilled, or leaked into the environment. This has a

devastating impact on marine life, wildlife, and human health. As a result, over

300 million tons of plastic waste have accumulated in our oceans, and this

number is expected to triple by 2040 (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016).

2
 This leaves with the question, "how effective can a bioplastic derived

from flowers be?" The study of the researchers investigates sustainable

materials by repurposing dry marigold flowers and flower waste from oil

extraction for biopolymer packaging films. It aligns with the eco-friendly trend,

contributing to the evolution of eco-conscious packaging materials (Dintcheva

& Morici, 2023).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The aim of this study was to make a bioplastic with the same quality as

petroleum-based plastic. Specifically, the researchers intend to answer the

following questions:

1. Is there a significant effect of the amount of marigold flowers in terms

of the following:

a. Biodegradability;

b. Tensile Strength; and

c. Elasticity?

2. Is there a significant difference between the mechanical properties of

set-up A and set-up B?

3. Is there a significant difference between the biodegradation of set-up A

and set-up B?

The researchers formulated the following hypotheses:

1. There is no significant effect of the amount of marigold flowers in

terms of the following:

a. Biodegradability;

b. Tensile strength; and

c. Elasticity.

3
 2. There is no significant difference between the mechanical properties

of set-up A and set-up B.

3. There is no significant difference between the biodegradation of set-up

A and set-up B.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers aimed to develop a type of bioplastic that can

decompose within a shorter period compared to traditional plastics. These

plastics often accumulate in drainage systems and waterways, leading to

floods and contributing to climate change. The study also aimed to address the

Philippines' issue of excessive plastic waste in the environment. As plastics are

recyclable, can be reused or recycled yet a quarter billion are still unattended

and degrade vast oceans. Hence, the researchers aimed to promote the

conservation of natural resources in the country by using dried Marigold

(Tagetes erecta) as a raw material. This byproduct is commonly decomposed

and yielded on soil, but the researchers believed it could be repurposed to

create a more efficient and useful product than other waste products such as

starch. The bioplastic derived from dried Marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta) will

release less carbon dioxide (CO2) during its decomposition process or may not

contribute to its production at all.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The purpose of this research is to assess the viability of using Marigold

flowers (Tagetes erecta) as a raw material in bioplastic production. The

research will concentrate on the biodegradation and mechanical characteristics

of the bioplastic made from Marigold. Tensile strength, elasticity, and

4
 biodegradability are among the qualities that were examined. The study

explores the influence of different additives and processing conditions on the

qualities of the bioplastic. This research is confined to the use of Marigold

(Tagetes erecta) as a raw material in the production of bioplastics. Alternative

bioplastic sources, such as agar-agar or cassava starch, will not be explored.

The study will take place in school laboratory, and the results may not be

representative of real-world conditions. Lastly, the study will be constrained by

resource availability and time constraints.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Marigold extract – extract from marigold flowers, with lutein and zeaxanthin,

enhances bioplastics by improving UV resistance, thermal stability, and acting

as an antioxidant, extending lifespan and functionality for packaging and

agricultural films.

Biodegradability – refers to the ability of things to get disintegrated

(decomposed)

Bioplastics – plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources,

such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust,

recycled food waste, etc.

Climate change – a long-term shift in global weather patterns, characterized

by rising temperatures, changes in precipitation, and other environmental

impacts, primarily caused by the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon

dioxide, into the atmosphere.

Plastic waste – the accumulation of plastic objects in the Earth's environment

that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans.

5
 Tensile Strength – maximum load that the bioplastic can support without

fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of

the material.

Elasticity – refers to the property of the bioplastic to return to its original shape

and size when a deforming force is removed. It measures a material's ability to

stretch or compress and then recover its initial state.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Marigold Flowers (Tagetes erecta)

Set-Up A Set-Up B
5g of marigold flowers 10g of marigold flowers

(Experimented)
Bioplastic

6
 CHAPTER 2:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The essential powder of the flowers of Tagetes erecta was finally

reported to contain an overall of forty-five constituents including limonene,

terpinolene, (Z)- myroxide, piperitone, piperitenone, piperitenone oxide and b-

caryophyllene (Ferdosi et al., 2022)

Tagetes minuta (TM) is a marigold plant in the sunflower (Asteraceae)

family. Tagetes species originally has been used as a source of essential oil

for the flavoring in the food industries. The powders and extracts of Tagetes

are rich in the orange-yellow carotenoid and are used as a food colorant in

foods such as pasta, vegetable oil, margarine, mayonnaises, salad dressing,

baked goods, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, citrus juice,

mustard and as colorant in poultry feed (Shirazi et al., 2014).

Another study explores the development of a bilayer bio-based film

made of polylactic acid (PLA) incorporated with marigold flower extract, used

as a natural antioxidant source. The marigold extract, rich in astaxanthin, was

selected for its accessibility and cost-effectiveness compared to commercial

astaxanthin. The research aimed to investigate the film’s properties and its

effectiveness in controlling lipid oxidation in a fatty-food simulant, particularly

soybean oil, during storage. The study assessed the thermal, molecular,

surface, and barrier characteristics of the film (Samsudin et al., 2014).

Bioplastic is an overly broad phrase that refers to a variety of plastic

polymers that are either sourced from renewable resources or biodegradable,

or both. According to their qualities, bio-based and biodegradable bioplastics,

bio-based and durable (non-biodegradable) bioplastics, and petrochemical-

7
 based and biodegradable bioplastics are classified. Bio-based and

biodegradable bioplastics are made from renewable resources, such as plant

biomass, and will biodegrade under particular environmental circumstances.

Bio-based and durable bioplastics are likewise created from renewable

resources, but they are designed to have a longer life duration. These

bioplastics are more sustainable since they are made from renewable

resources (Ashter, 2016).

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

A group of researchers from Italy investigated the repurposing of dry

flower and dry flower waste to formulate biopolymer packaging films, melt

mixing these wastes to polylactic acid and developed their films (Dintcheva &

Morici, 2023).

Researchers created degradable bioplastics by incorporating pinewood

nanocellulose into PVA matrices. It involves isolating and characterizing

cellulose and nanocellulose, followed by the manufacturing of these bioplastics

through PVA-nanocellulose blending, possibly with orange peel extract. This

sustainable approach holds promise for advancing eco-friendly materials.

(Farrah Dibha et al., 2023).

8
 CHAPTER 3:

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers employed an experimental design in this study to

explore the viability of utilizing marigold flowers (tagetes erecta) as a substitute

for traditional plastic in the production of bioplastic. The design involves

manipulating the quantity of marigold flowers in the bioplastic and assessing its

impact on key factors such as tensile strength, biodegradability, and elasticity.

MATERIALS

1. Marigold flowers. Serves as the base of this product. They are colorful

plants, typically in shades of yellow, orange, and red. They are part of the

Tagetes genus, often grown for decoration in gardens. Marigolds have cultural

and medicinal significance and are commonly used in floral arrangements and

as garden borders. 20 grams of dried marigold flowers are needed

2. Glycerin. Glycerin is a trihydroxy alcohol that is sweet, syrupy, and made by

saponifying fats and oils. Glycerin and glycerol are alternatives. It is categorized

as an alcohol, any of a number of volatile hydroxyl compounds created by

distillation from hydrocarbons. An exact measurement of 120 milliliters of

glycerin is necessary.

3. Water. A colorless, transparent, odorless liquid that plays an important role

in the production of bioplastic. It is used as a solvent to dissolve the

biopolymers, such as starch and cellulose. Water also helps to form the

bioplastic film by gelatinizing the biopolymers. The measurement to be used is

150ml.

9
 4. Cornstarch. A corn-derived carbohydrate. It's blended with plasticizers and

polymers to create bioplastics, offering structure and strength while being

biodegradable and eco-friendly.

4. Vinegar. Vinegar is used in the manufacturing of bioplastics to break down

starch molecules into shorter strands. The gelatinization procedure makes the

starch more soluble in water and more manageable. Additionally, vinegar is

utilized to crosslink the molecules of starch, giving the bioplastic its tensile

strength. The measurement to be used is 44.36 ml

PRODUCTION OF BIOPLASTIC

Fill your pot with 150ml of water and about 15 - 20

marigold flowers bring it to a boil for 25-30
minutes, until you achieve your desired color.

When the water becomes the color you like, strain

the liquid thoroughly.

Add 35g of glycerol, 40g of gelatin, 44.36ml of

vinegar, 20 grams of cornstarch and mix
thoroughly until there are no clumps

Then heat the mixture to 95 C. Stir the mixture while you

are heating it, and once it is at the right temperature (or
when it starts to resemble like sugar wax), remove it from
the heat and keep stirring.

Scoop out any excess froth with a spoon or strainer.

Carefully pour the mixture into a flat pan or baking
tray, and make sure to spread it out to let it dry.

10
 Once it’s fully dried, carefully remove the bioplastic
from the baking tray. the researchers then proceed
to test the product in terms of biodegradability,
tensile strength, and elasticity.

PARAMETERS

A. Tensile Strength: A spring balance was utilized to measure the tensile

strength. By hooking the bioplastic to it and pulling it downwards, the spring

balance would indicate how much force it took until the bioplastic ripped

apart.

B. Elasticity: The original size was measured with a measuring tape. It was

then stretched and measured once more to determine its capacity to

expand and return to its original shape without tearing.

C. Biodegradation: The bioplastic was placed underneath the soil, and the

researchers observed how many days it would take for it to fully degrade.

DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive statistics such as mean was used to answer the first

question on significant effect of the amount of marigold flowers in terms of

tensile strength, elasticity, and biodegradation. For the second and third

research questions, independent t-test was utilized to get the significant

difference between the two set-ups in each parameter.

11
 CHAPTER 4:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The researchers conducted experiments across three different setups (Set-Up

A and B) where different quantities of Marigold extract were used in the production of

bioplastic. The researchers evaluated the biodegradability, tensile strength, and

elasticity of the bioplastic produced in each setup. Here is a breakdown of the data and

its implications.

As shown in table 1: Set-Up A, the researchers used 5 grams of Marigold

extract. In set-up B, the researchers used 10 grams. The researchers measured

biodegradability on how many days the bioplastic decomposes. Tensile strength was

determined using a spring balance with grams (g) as the unit of measurement.

Elasticity was tested by stretching the bioplastic and comparing it to its original size in

centimeters (cm) to determine the amount of stretching that the bioplastic could

withstand.

Table 1: Results of the Experiments in terms of Biodegradability

Biodegradability (days)
Set-up A: 5g
Trial 1 7
Trial 2 15
Trial 3 13
Mean: 11.67
Set-up B: 10g
Trial 1 15
Trial 2 17
Trial 3 22
Mean: 26

Set-Up A had an average biodegradability period of 11.67 days, indicating that

the bioplastic in this setup decomposed relatively faster compared to the other setups.

12
The researchers believed that in that time of experimentation they had inconsistent

measurements in all trials that lead to a faster decomposition of the bioplastic.

Table 2: Results of the Experiments in terms of Tensile Strength

Tensile Strength (g)

Set-up A: 5g
Trial 1 154
Trial 2 149
Trial 3 201
Mean: 252
Set-up B: 10g
Trial 1 224
Trial 2 219
Trial 3 177
Mean: 206.67

Tensile strength of Set-up A is 252 grams (g), indicating that the bioplastic in

this setup displayed the highest resistance to stretching before breaking. Set-Up A

exhibited an average length increase of 6.29% and an average width increase of

6.05% after stretching, indicating moderate elasticity (as seen in Table 3).

Table 3: Results of the Experiments in terms of Elasticity

Elasticity
Original Size Size After
Length Width Length Width

Set-up A: 5g 10.25 9.3 12.9 10.16

Trial 1 11.2 9.86 12.7 10.16
Trial 2 11.5 10 13 11.25
Trial 3 Mean: 26.46

Set-up B: 10g 12 9.8 14 11

Trial 1 12 10.9 15 13
Trial 2 12 11.3 17 13.4
Trial 3 Mean: 64.27

13
 Set-Up B had an average tensile strength of 206.67 g, which was considerably

lower than Set-Up A, suggesting that the bioplastic in this setup was less resistant to

stretching. Set-Up B had an average length increase of 5.92% and an average width

increase of 5.61%, showing similar but slightly lower elasticity compared to Set-Up A

(refer to Table 3).

Table 4: T-test between Set-up A and Set-up B for Tensile Strength

Set-Up A Set-Up B
Mean 168 206.6666667
Variance 823 666.3333333
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.983072827
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat -1.234042553
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.171260126
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.342520252
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273

From the result on table 4, the study fails to reject the null hypothesis. The

observed difference between the sample means (168-207) was not convincing enough

to say that the average tensile strength between the two set-ups differ significantly.

This shows that regardless of the amount of Marigold extract, the tensile strength will

not differ significantly.

Table 5: T-test between Set-up A and Set-up B for Elasticity

Set-Up A Set-Up B
Mean 1.923333333 6.4
Variance 2.244258333 16.41
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -0.5056742
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 2
t Stat -1.557262123
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.129855005

14
 t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.259710009
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273

This experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis based on the results in Table

5. It is not clear from the observed difference in sample means (1.92-6.4) that there is

a significant difference in the average elasticity between set-up A and set-up B. This

indicates that the elasticity would not change much based on the quantity of marigold

extract.

Table 6: T-test between Set-Up A and Set-Up B for Biodegradation

Set-Up A Set-Up B
Mean 11.66666667 18
Variance 17.33333333 13
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.53293871
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat -2.897472836
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.050665419
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.101330837
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273

According to Table 6's results, the study fails to reject the null hypothesis. It is

not sufficiently clear from the observed difference in sample means (12-18) that there

is a significant difference in the average tensile strength between the two setups. This

indicates that there would be little difference in the biodegradation based on the

quantity of marigold extract used.

15
 CHAPTER 5:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The study concluded by highlighting Marigold (Tagetes erecta) as the

independent variable, which was explored thoroughly for its potential

applications. The investigation focused on maximizing the benefits of this

variable in the product's development, ensuring that all of its possible uses and

advantages were fully considered and utilized. The study examined the effects

of varying liquid extract concentrations on the bioplastic's elasticity, tensile

strength, and biodegradability. The researchers carefully calculated the

amounts of flowers, water, vinegar, cornstarch, gelatin, and glycerin to achieve

the right consistency. To develop the bioplastic, the mixture was heated, mixed,

and cooled. It was then put through a rigorous testing procedure. Five grams

of the flowers were employed in Setup A, and ten grams in Setup B.

Biodegradability was assessed by measuring the time it took for the bioplastic

to break down; tensile strength was calculated in grams (g) using a spring

balance; and elasticity was assessed by stretching the bioplastic and

measuring the difference between its original dimensions (in centimeters) to

see how much it could stretch and regain its original shape. The outcomes

demonstrate how the various concentrations of rice starch affect the properties

of the bioplastic; Set-Up A exhibits distinct properties from Set-Up B.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the amount of Marigold extract present has a

considerable impact on the tensile strength, biodegradability, and elasticity.

The primary components of the plastic were significantly impacted by changing

16
 the amount of extract used. The bioplastic didn't jeopardize or impair the

ecosystem around it. The effectiveness of the bioplastic has been

demonstrated. The goal of the bioplastic, to reduce the risks of plastic pollution

to people and other creatures, was achieved by the researchers.

RECOMMENDATION

To avoid any errors and prevent potential failures, the researchers

strongly advise prioritizing thorough research with the goal of producing an

effective biodegradable plastic. The bioplastic is fit to be used for commercial

and everyday use in the way of reusable/biodegradable plastic cups, bags,

containers, utensils, and cosmetic product containers. As the quality of the

plastic is tightly linked to the quantities of its constituent ingredients, the

accuracy of material measurements cannot be stressed. It is crucial to put the

plastic through rigorous elasticity, tensile strength, and biodegradability testing

in order to obtain more precise and detailed information.

17
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kumar, R., Verma, A., Shome, A., Sinha, R., Sinha, S., Jha, P. K., Kumar, R., Kumar, P.,

Shubham, Das, S., Sharma, P., & Vara Prasad, P. V. (2021). Impacts of Plastic

Pollution on Ecosystem Services, Sustainable Development Goals, and Need

to Focus on Circular Economy and Policy Interventions. Sustainability, 13(17),

9963. mdpi.

Jorge Daniel Taillant. (2021). The Rising Seas. Oxford University Press EBooks, 4986.

https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080327.003.0003

The circular economy at sea: regenerating the world’s life support system. (2016).

Ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/thecircular-

economy-at-sea/part-1

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2016). The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of

plastics. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/the-new-plastics-economy-

rethinking-the-future-of-plastics

Ferdosi, M. F. H., Khan, I. H., & Javaid, A. (2022). Composition of Essential Oil Isolated

From Marigold (Tagetes Erecta L.) Flowers Cultivated in Lahore,

Pakistan. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 51(4), 683–688.

https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v51i4.63486

Shirazi, M. T., Gholami, H., Kavoosi, G., Rowshan, V., & Tafsiry, A. (2014). Chemical

composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities ofTagetes

minutaandOcimum basilicumessential oils. Food Science & Nutrition, 2(2), 146–155.

https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.85

Ashter, S. A. (2016). Bioplastics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

Www.sciencedirect.com.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/bioplastics

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Farrah Dibha, A., Masruri, M., & Srihardyastutie, A. (2023). Degradable Bioplastic

Developed from Pine-Wood Nanocellulose as a Filler Combined with Orange Peel

Extract. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 23(1), 127.

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.75520

Dintcheva, N. Tz., & Morici, E. (2023). Recovery of Rose Flower Waste to Formulate Eco-

Friendly Biopolymer Packaging Films. Molecules, 28(7), 3165.

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073165

Samsudin, H., Soto-Valdez, H., & Auras, R. (2014). Poly(lactic acid) film incorporated with

marigold flower extract (Tagetes erecta) intended for fatty-food application. Food

Control, 46, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.045

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APPENDICES

20