UNIT-1 : GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

1. Divide a line segment of 100mm into 11 equal parts

2. Construct an ellipse when the distance between the focus and directrix is 35 mm and
eccentricity is 3/4. Also draw the tangent and normal to any point on the curve.
3. Construct an ellipse when the distance between the focus and directrix is 50 mm and
eccentricity is 2/3. Also draw the tangent and normal to any point on the curve.
4. Construct a parabola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 50 mm and
eccentricity is 1. Also draw the tangent and normal to any point on the curve.
5. Construct a parabola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 40 mm and
eccentricity is 2/2. Also draw the tangent and normal to any point on the curve.
6. Construct a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 60 mm and
eccentricity is 3/2. Also draw the tangent and normal to any point on the curve.
7. Construct a regular pentagon of side 50mm by general method.
8. Construct a regular hexagon of side 50mm by general method.
9. Construct a regular hexagon with the distance across corners as 80mm
10. Inscribe a regular pentagon in a circle of 75mm diameter
11. Construct a parabola with the distance of the focus from the directrix as 50mm
12. Inscribe a regular hexagon in a circle of 80mm diameter
13. The vertex of a hyperbola is 60mm from its focus .draw the curve ,if eccentricity is 3/2
14. Construct a regular hexagon of side 28mm when one side is vertical
15. draw overlapping pentagon and hexagon of side 30mm by using general method
16. A string is wound from a circle of 30 mm diameter. Draw the locus of end
of string P for wounding the string’s one turn. string is kept tight during
wounding. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point.
17. A circle of 15mm radius is rolling on a straight line, construct the cycloid. Draw the
tangent and normal at any point of curve.

SCALES:
1. Construct a vernier scale of R.F = 1: 2.5 to show decimeters, centimeters and millimeters.
The scale should be capable of reading up to 4 decimeters. Mark on your scale the following
distances: (i) 3.23 dm and (ii) 3.65 dm.
2. Construct a Diagonal scale of RF = 3:200 showing meters, decimeters and centimeters. The
scale should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56 meters
3. Draw a Vernier scale of R.F. = 1/25 to read up to 4 meters on it show lengths 2.39 m and 0.91
m.
4. Draw a diagonal scale of 1:2.5, showing centimeters and millimeters and long enough to
measure upto 20 centimetres.
5. The distance between two stations by rail is 50 km and it is represented on a certain map by
a 1cm long line. Find the R.F. and construct a diagonal scale showing single kilometer and
long enough to measure upto 700 km. Indicate a distance of 538 km on this scale.
UNIT – 2: PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES
1. Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground line, keeping the projectors
25 mm apart.
A, in the H.P. and 20 mm behind the V.P.
B, 40 mm above the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
C , in the V.P. and 40 mm above the H.P.
D,25 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.
E, 15 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
F, 40 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
G, in both the H.P. and the V.P.
2. A point P is 50 mm from both the reference planes. Draw its projections in all possible positions
3. A point p is 20mm below H.P and lies in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from XY is
40mm. Draw its projections
4. Two points A and B are in the H.P. The point A is 30 mm in front of the V.P, while B is behind the
V.P. The distance between their projectors is 75 mm and the line joining their top views makes
an angle of 45° with XY. Find the distance of the point B from the V.P.
5. A line PQ 65 mm long has its end P, 15 mm above the HP and 15 mm in front of the VP. It is
inclined at 55° to the HP and 35° to the VP. Draw its projections, and find its true length.
6. A point at 25mm above the reference line x y is the front view of two points A and B. The top
view of A is 40mm behind V.P. and the top view of B is 50mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the points.
7. A line PQ has its end P, 10 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. The end Q is 85 mm
in front of the VP. The front view of the line measures 75 mm. The distance between the end
projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length.
8. The front and top views of a straight line PQ measures 50 mm and 65 mm, respectively. The
point P is on the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. The front view of the line is inclined at 45°to
the reference line. Determine the true length of PQ and its true inclinations with the reference
planes.
9. A point P is 45mm above HP and 25mm in front of VP. Another point Q is 25mm above HP and
55mm in front of VP. The top view of the line PQ is inclined at 40° to XY line. Draw the
projections of the line. Identify and find the true length and true inclinations of the line with HP
and VP.
10. A line AB 75mm long has its end A is in HP and other end B is in VP. The line is inclined 45° to HP
and 30° to VP. Draw the projections.
11. The top view of a line is 65mm long and inclined to XY at 30º. One end is 20mm above HP and
10mm in front of VP. The other end is 60mm above HP and is in front of VP. Identify and find the
true length of the line, its inclination with HP and VP.
12. One end P of line PQ, 80mm long is 10mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. The line is inclined
at 40° to HP and the top view of the line is making 50° with VP. Draw the projections of the line
and find its true inclination with the VP.
13. A line CD 90mm long is inclined at 60 degrees to the HP & 45degrees to the VP .Draw the
projections to the given conditions. Assume points 25mm above HP and 40mm infront of VP.
PROJECTION OF PLANES
1.Rectangle 25mm × 50mm sides is resting on HP on one of its small side ,the surface
of the plane makes 600 inclination with HP. Draw it’s projections.

2. A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP, on one of it’s sides with it’s
surface 450 inclined to HP. Draw it’s projections
3. A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP on one of it’s sides while it’s
opposite vertex(corner) is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections

4. A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at 30° to the
H.P and parallel to the H.P. Draw its projections
5. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 mm side, having one of its sides in the
H.P and its surface making an angle of 45° with the H.P.

6. Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter resting in the H.P. on a point A on

the circumference, its plane inclined at 45° to the H.P.
7. A thin 30°-60° set-square has its longest edge in the V.P. Its surface makes an angle
of 45° with the V.P. Draw its projections.

8. A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm x 30 mm has its shorter side in the V.P its top
view if its front view is a square of 30 mm long sides
UNIT -3: PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
1. A hexagonal prism, base 30mm side and axis 75mm long, has an edge of the base parallel to the
H.P. Its axis makes an angle of 60° with the H.P. Draw its projections.
2. Draw the projection of a pentagonal pyramid, whose base edge is 30 mm and axis is 40 mm
long. The pyramid is resting on a horizontal plane draw its projections.
3. Draw the projections of a square prism, side of base 35mm and axis 55mm long, resting on face
in H.P with its axis perpendicular to V.P
4. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm rests on an edge of the base on the HP
with the triangular face containing that edge perpendicular to the HP and parallel to the VP.
Draw its projections so that the base is visible.
5. A pentagonal pyramid has height 60 mm and the side of a base 30 mm. The pyramid rests on
one of its slant edges on the H.P .Draw its projections.
6. A cone of diameter of base 60 mm and axis length equal to 120 mm rests on a point of its
periphery of the base on H.P such that its axis is inclined at an angle of 35° with the H.P and the
apex is near to the observer. Draw its projection.
7. Draw the projections of a cylinder 75 mm diameter and 100 mm long, lying on the ground with
its axis inclined at 30° to the V.P and parallel to the ground.
8. Draw the projections of a cylinder, base 30 mm diameter and axis 40 mm long, resting with a
point of its base circle on HP such that the axis is making an angle of 30°with HP .
9. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, situated with a rectangular face parallel to and
10mm above the HP, axis perpendicular to the VP and one base in the VP. Take side of the base
40mm and the axis 65mm long.
10. A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one of its generator on HP
which makes 300 inclinations with VP. Draw it’s projections?

11. A circular cone, 40 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis is resting on HP,
on one point of base circle such that it’s axis makes 450 inclination with HP.
Draw it’s projections.
12. A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base
circle on VP while it’s axis makes 450 with VP. Draw its projections.

UNIT-5:
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
1. Draw the isometric projections of a square prism of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm
long, when its axis is (i) Vertical (ii) Horizontal.
2. Draw the isometric projections of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis 60 mm
long, when its axis is (i) Vertical and (ii) Horizontal
3. Draw the isometric projections of a cylinder of base diameter 40 mm and axis 75 mm
long, when its axis is (i) Vertical and (ii) Horizontal
4. Draw the isometric projections of a hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis 60
mm long, when its axis is (i) Vertical (ii) Horizontal.
5. Draw the isometric projections of a hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis
60 mm long, when its axis is (i) Vertical (ii) Horizontal.
6. Draw the isometric projections of a pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis 60
mm long, when its axis is (i) Vertical (ii) Horizontal.
7. Draw the isometric projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis
60 mm long, when its axis is (i) Vertical (ii) Horizontal.

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION TO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

1 . Draw the three orthographic views of the object shown in figure. All dimensions are in mm.
 2. Draw Front view, Top view and Side view of the given isometric view given in figure below
according to first angle projection method. All dimensions are in mm.

3 . Draw the three orthographic views of the object shown in figure. All dimensions are in mm.