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12 em Min Material

The document contains exercises and solutions related to matrices and determinants, focusing on finding the rank, adjoint, and inverse of various matrices using the minor method. It includes detailed calculations and proofs for different matrix properties and operations. The exercises are structured to enhance understanding of matrix theory and its applications in linear algebra.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views24 pages

12 em Min Material

The document contains exercises and solutions related to matrices and determinants, focusing on finding the rank, adjoint, and inverse of various matrices using the minor method. It includes detailed calculations and proofs for different matrix properties and operations. The exercises are structured to enhance understanding of matrix theory and its applications in linear algebra.

Uploaded by

mohamedyasin12t
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Exercise 1.

2 (1)(iii):
2 - MARKS, 3 -MARKS ( 5- MARKS ONLY QUESTIONS GIVEN) � −� −� �
Find the rank of matrix by minor method:
� −� −� �
2 MARKS
−3 4 Solution:
EXERCISE 1.1 : 1(i). Find the adjoint of
6 2 � −� −� �
A=
Solution: � −� −� �
−3 4 A is a mattrix of order 2 X 4; ρ(A) ≤ min{4,2} = 2
A=
6 2 � −�
Consider ∆� = = -6 + 6 = 0
2 −4 � −�
adj A = (Ac)T =
−6 −3 −� −�
Consider ∆� = =6–6=0
−� � −� −�
Exercise 1.1 (2) (i) : Find the inverse of
� −� We must find all possible 2 x 2 minors of A check |A| ≠ �
−� �
Solution: A = −� �
� −� Consider ∆� = = -1 – 0 = -1 ≠ �

�−� = (Adj A) −� �
|�|
−� � Since 2 x 2 minor not equal to zero ⟹ ρ(A) = 2
|A| = =6–4=2
� −� Exercise 1.2 (1)(iv):
−� −�
Adj A =
−� −� Find the rank of the matrix by minor method:
� –� −�
�−� = ����� ������� � −� �
� −� −�
� −� � � � −�
Exercise 1.1(9): If adj A = � � −� , find A-1 � � −�
−� � � Solution:
Solution:
� −� �
� −� � A= � � −�
adj A = � � −� � � −�
−� � � A is a mattrix of order 3 X 3; ρ(A) ≤ min {3,3} = 3
� −� � � −� �
|adj A| = � � −� = 0 + 2(36-18) + 0 = 2(18) = 36 ∆� = � � −�
−� � � � � −�
� −� �
� � = 1(-4+6) + 2(-2+30) + 3(2 – 20)
�−� = ± (adj A) = ± �� � � −�
��� �
−� � � = 1(2) + 2(28) + 3(-18) = 2 + 56 – 54 = 4 ≠ �

� −� � Since 3 x 3 minor not equal to zero ⟹ ρ(A) = 3



=±� � � −�
−� � �
Exercise 1.2 (1)(i):
� −�
Find the rank of the matrix by minor method:
−� �
Solution:
� −�
A= ; A is a mattrix of order 2X2; ρ(A) ≤ min{2,2}
−� �
=2
� −�
� = = 4 – 4 = 0 ; ρ(A) ≠ 2 ⟹ ρ(A) < 2
−� �
a11 = 2 ≠ 0 ⟹ Since 1 x 1 minor not equal to zero ρ(A) = 1
Exercise 1.2 (1)(ii):
−� �
Find the rank of the matrix by minor method: � −�
� −�
Solution:
−� �
A= � −�
� −�
A is a mattrix of order 3 X 2; ρ(A) ≤ min{3,2} = 2
−� �
� = = 7 – 12 = -5 ≠ 0 ;
� −�
Since 2 x 2 minor not equal to zero ⟹ ρ(A) = 2

1
�� � � � � �

3 MARK QUESTIONS =
��
� �� � = � � � = I3
� � �� � � �
EXERCISE 1.1 −� � � −� � �
� �
AT A = � � −� � � � �

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 � � � � −� �
1(ii) Find the adjoint of 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 �� + �� + � −� + �� − � −�� + �� + �
3 7 2 3 7 2 3 7 2 =

−� + �� − � � + �� + �� � + �� − ��
��
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 −�� + �� + � � + �� − �� �� + �� + ��
Solution: A = 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1
�� � � � � �
3 7 2 3 7 2 3 7 2 �
=
��
� �� � = � � � = I3

8−7 3−6 21 − 12 � � �� � � �
adj A = (Ac)T= 7 − 6 4−3 9 − 14 A AT = AT A = I3 ⟹ �−� = AT
3−4 3−2 8−9
1 −3 9 � 1 1 −1 Exercise 1.1(6):
= 1 � −�
1 −5 = −3 1 1 If A = , verify that A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I2
−� �
−1 1 −1 9 −5 −1 Solution:
1(iii). � −� � �
A= ��� adj A =
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
−� � � �
1
Find the adjoint of −2 1 2 −2 1 2 −2 1 2 � −� � � �� − �� �� − ��
3
1 −2 2 1 −2 2 A(adj A) = =
1 −2 2 −� � � � −�� + �� −�� + ��
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 � �
1 =
Solution: A = 3 −2 1 2 −2 1 2 −2 1 2 � �
1 −2 2 1 −2 2 1 −2 2
� � � −� �� − �� −�� + ��
� (adj A)A = =
�+� �+� �−� � � −� � �� − �� −�� + ��
1
Adj A =(3 )2 −� − � �−� �+� � �
=
�−� −� − � �+� � �
� −�
� � � � � −�
� � −� � |A| = = 24 – 20 = 4
1 1 1 −� �
= −� � � =9 � −� = 3 � � −�

9
� −� � � � � �
� �
� � � � |A|I2 = 4 =
� � � � � � �
Exercise 1.1 (2) (iii): Find the inverse of � � � � �
A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I2 = . Hence proved
� � � � �
� � � � −� �
Solution: Let A = � � � Exercise 1.1(9): If adj A = � � −� , find A-1
� � � −� � �
|A| = 2(8 - 7) – 3(6 – 3)+1(21 – 12) = 2(1) – 3(3) + 1(9) Solution:
= 2 – 9 + 9 = 2 ( inverse exists )
8 − 7 3 − 6 21 − 12 � � � � � � � � −� �
adj A = (Ac)T = 7 − 6 4 − 3 9 − 14 � � � � � � adj A = � � −�
3−4 3−2 8−9 � � � � � � −� � �
1 −3 9 � 1 1 −1 � � � � � � � −� �
= 1 1 −5 = −3 1 1 � � � � � � |adj A| = � � −� = 0 + 2(36-18) + 0 = 2(18) = 36
−1 1 −1 9 −5 −1 � � � � � �
−� � �
1 1 −1 �
� � �−� = ± (adj A)
�−� = (Adj A) = −3 1 1 ��� �
� �
9 −5 −1 � −� �
Practise Ex 1.1 2(ii) =±

� � −�
−� � � ��
� −� � �
Exercise 1.1 (5): If A = � � � � , prove that �−� = AT
� −� � � −� �

Solution: =±� � � −�
−� � � −� � � −� � �
� �
A= � � � � and AT = � � � −�
� −� � � � �

−� � � −� � �
� �
A AT = �
� � � � � � −�
� −� � � � �
�� + � + �� −�� + � + �� −� − � + ��

= ��
−�� + � + �� �� + �� + �� � − �� + ��
−� − � + �� � − �� + �� � + �� + ��
2
� � −� −� � � �
Exercise 1.1 (7): A = and B = .
� � � � Exercise 1.1(10): Find adj(adj A), if adj A = � � �
verify that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 −� � �
� � −� −� SOLUTION:
Solution: A = ,B= � � � � � � � � �
� � � �
� � −� −� −� + �� −� + � adj A = � � � � � � � � �
AB = = −� � � −� � � −� � �
� � � � −� + �� −�� + ��
�−� �−� �+� � � � � � � �
� −�
= Adj(adj A) = � − � �+� �−� � � � � � �
�� −�� −� � � −� � �
�−� �−� �−�
� −� � � � � � � −�
|AB| = = -77+ 90 = 13
�� −�� = � � � = � � �
−�� � −� � � � � �
adj(AB) = � ��� �
−�� � Exercise 1.1(11): A = , show that
− ��� � �
� � –�� � ��� �� − ��� ��
�� −� = (Adj AB) = �� ATA-1 =
�� −�� � ��� �� ��� ��
−� −� −� −� SOLUTION: |A| = 1 + tan2 � = sec2 x
B= and |B| = = -2 + 15 = 13
� � � � � − ��� � � −��� �
Adj A = and AT =
� � ��� � � ��� � �
adj B =
−� −� �
�−� = (Adj A)
� � � � |�|
�−� = (Adj B) =
� �� −� −� � � − ��� �
�−� =
� � � � sec2 x| ��� � �
A= and |A| = = 15-14 = 1
� � � � � � − ��� � � −��� �
ATA-1 =
� −� sec2 x ��� � � ��� � �
adj A =
−� � � − ���� � − ��� � − ��� �
= cos2 x

�−� = (Adj A) =
� � −� ��� � + ���� − ���� � + �
|�| � −� � ���� �
�− − ���� �
� � � � � −� � � � � −� = cos x 2 ���� �
B-1A-1 = = ���� �
�� −� −� � −� � �� −� −� −� � � ���� �−
���� �
� �� − �� −� + � � –�� �
= �� = �� �����cos2 x
−�� + � �� − � −�� � cos2 x − − ���� �cos2 x
���� �
� –�� � =
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1 = Hence proved. ���� � cos2 x
�� −�� � � ����cos2 x cos2 x − ���� �
2 �
� −� � = cos x − ��� � −� ��� � ��� �
Exercise 1.1(8): If adjA = −� �� −� , find A � ��� � ��� � cos2 x − ���� �
−� � � ��� �� − ��� ��
� =
Solution: A= ± adj(adj A) ��� �� ��� ��
��� �
� −� � � −� � � −� � Exercise 1.1(12):
|Adj A | = −� �� −� −� �� −� −� �� −� � � �� �
−� � � −� � � −� � � Find the matrix A for which A =
� −� � � −� � −� −� � �
= 2(24-0)-(-4)(-6-14)+2(0+24) −� �� −� −� �� −� SOLUTION:
−� � � −� � �
= 2(24) + 4(-20) + 2(24) � � �� �
= 48 - 80 + 48 = 96 - 80 = 16 A =
−� −� � �

�� − � �� + � � + ��
A B = C ⇒ A = C �−�
adj(adj A) = � + � �+� �−�
�� − �� −� + �� �� − �� � �
B = ⇒ |B| = -10 + 3 = -7
�� �� �� � �� � � −�−�
= � � � = �� � � −� −� � −� −�
Adj B = ⇒ �−� =
� � �� �� � �� � � −� � �
�� � �
A= ±
� � �� � −� −�
�� � � A = C �−� = −�
��
�� � �� � � � �
� � � � −�� + � −�� + ��

=±�4 � � � = −�
−�� + � −�� + ��
� � � −�� −�
� � � � −�� −� −� −� � �
=± � � � = −� = −� �� =
−� �� � −�
� � � −� −�

3
Exercise 1.1(13): Exercise 1.2 (2) (i):
� −� � −� � �
Given A = , B= , and C = , Find the rank of the matrix by row reduction method:
� � � � � �
Find a matrix X such that AXB = C. � � � �
Solution: � −� � �
AXB = C ⇒ �−� (AXB)�−� = �−� C �−� � −� � ��
⇒ (�−� A)X(B�−� ) = �−� C �−�
Solution:
⇒ X = � C �−�
−�

� −� � � � � � �
A= ⇒ |A| = 0+2 = 2 & Adj A =
� � −� � A= � −� � �
� � � � � −� � ��
�−� = (Adj A) =
|�| � −� �
� −� � � � � � �
B= ⇒ |B| = 3+2 = 5 & Adj B = ~ � −� � −� R2→ R2 - 2 R1; R3→ R3 - 5 R1
� � −� �
� � � � � −� � −�
�−� = (Adj B) =
|�| � −� �
� � � �
� � � � � � � �
X=� ~ � −� � −� R3→ R3 – 2 R2
−� � � � � −� �
� � � � � � � � � � �
= ��
−� � � � −� � This is in echelon form; no of nonzero rows = 2 ⟹ ρ(A) = 2
� �+� �+� � � � � � � �
= �� = ��
−� + � −� + � −� � � � −� �
� �−� �+� � � �� � �
= �� = �� = Exercise 1.2 (2) (ii):
�+� �+� � � � �
� � �
� Find the rank of the matrices by row reduction method:
Exercise 1.1 (14): If A = � � � , show that A-1 = � (A2 – 3I)
� � � � � −�
Solution: � −� �
� � � � � � � � � � −� �
A= � � � � � � � � � � −� �
� � � � � � � � �
� � � = 0 (0-1 ) - 1 (0-1) + 1( 1-0) � � � � � � Solution:
� � � = 0(-1) -1(-1) + 1(1) � � � � � � � � −�
� � � � � �
� � � = 0 + 1 + 1= 2 A= � −� �
� −� �
� −� �
�−� �−� � − � � −� � � �
T
Adj A = (Ac) = � − � � − � �−� = � −� � � � −�
�−� �−� �−� −� � −� ~ � −� � R →R -3R ;R →R -R ; R →R -R
2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1
−� � −� � −� �
= � −� � � −� �
� � −� � � −�
−� � −� � −�� �� R → ��R ; R → ��R ; R → ��R
� � ~
�−� = (Adj A) = � −� � � −�� ��
2 2 3 3 4 4
|�| �
� � −� � −�� ��
� � � � � �
A2 = A x A = � � � � � � � � −�
� � � � � � ~ � −�� �� R → R – R ; R → R – R
3 3 2 4 4 2
�+�+� �+�+� �+�+� � � ��
= �+�+� �+�+� �+�+� � � −�
�+�+� �+�+� �+�+� � � −�
� � �
= � � � ~ � −�� �� R → �R
3 3
� � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � −�
A2 − 3I = � � � −� � � � � � −�
� � � � � � ~ � −�� �� R → R + R
4 4 3
� � � −� � � � � �
= � � � + � −� � � � �
� � � � � −� This is in echelon form; no of nonzero rows = 3 ⟹ ρ(A) = 3
−� � �
= � −� �
� � −�
−� � �
� �
�� − �� = � −� � = �−�
� �
� � −�

4
Exercise 1.2 (2) (iii): Exercise 1.3(1)(ii):
Find the rank of the matrices by row reduction method: Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix
� −� � � inversion method :2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = -2
� −� � �
−� � � −� SOLUTION: 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = -2

Solution: � −� � �
� = −� ⇒A X = B ⇒ X = A B
-1
� �
� −� �� −� � � −� �
� −� �
A= � −� �� ~ � −� � � R1⟷ R3 A= ,X= � ,B=
� � −�
−� � �−� � −� � �
� −�
−� � � −� |A| = = 4 + 3 = 7 ≠ 0, A-1 exists
� �
~ � −� � � R2→ R2 + 2 R1; R3→ R3 + 3 R1
� −� �� −� � � � � � �
adj A = ⇒A-1 = (adj A) =
−� � |�| � −� �
−� � � −�
��
~ � −� � � R 3→ R 3 - 2 R 2 � � � � � � �� − � � �� �
� � � −� � =� −� � −�
=
� −�� − �
=
� −��
= −��
⟹ ρ(A) = 3 �
� �
Exercise 1.2 (3)(i): � = −� ⇒ x = 2, y = - 4
Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss Jordan method:
� −� Exercise 1.3(4):
� −� Four men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in
� −�
Solution: Let A = 3 days while 2 men and 5 women can finish the same work
� −�
jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and
� −� � �
[A|I] = l.. C. M. of 2 and 5 is 10 that of one woman alone to finish the same work by using
� −� � �
�� −� � � matrix inversion method.
~ R1→ �R1; R2→ � R2
�� −� � � SOLUTION:
�� −� � �
~ R2→ R2 - R1 Let one man complete the work in x days
� � −� �
� −� � � let one women complete the work in y days
~ R1→ �R1
� � −� � � �
man one day work = � , women one day work = �
� � −� �
~ R 1→ R 1 + R 2
� � −� � � � �
Given: 4( � ) + 4 (� ) = � , 2( � ) + 5 (� ) = �
� � �

� � −� � �
~ R1→ �R1
� � −� � � �
� � � �
−� � = ⇒A X = B ⇒ X = A-1B
∴ A-1 = � � � �
−� � � �
Exercise 1.3(1)(i):
� �
Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix � � � �
A= ,X= � ; B= �
� �
inversion method: 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3 � �
� �
SOLUTION: 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3 |A| = = 20 – 8 = 12 ≠ 0, A-1 exists
� �
� � � −� � −� � � −�
= adj A = ⇒ A-1 =
� � � −� −� � �� −� �
A X = B ⇒ X = A-1B � � −� ��−��
� � −� �
+ �
� � � � ��
� � −� X= = =
A= ,X= � B= �� −� � � �� −�
+
� �� −�+��
� � −� � � � ��
� � �
|A| = = 4 – 5 = -1 ≠ 0, A-1 exists � � �
� � � � �� ��� ��
� = �� � = � = �
� −�
adj A = � �� ��� ��
−� �
� �
� � � −�
A-1 = |�| (adj A) = −� �
= ��
⇒ =
� �
⇒ x = 18 and

=

⇒ y = 36
−� � � � � �� � ��

X = A-1B ��

� � −� −� −� + �� �� One man can complete the work in 18 days


� = -1 −� � = −� = -1
−� �−� −� one woman can complete the work in 36 days
� −��
� = � ⇒ x = -11, y = 4

5
Exercise 1.3(3): Exercise 1.4(2):
A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every

amount and a fixed amount of annual increment. If his salary correct answer while mark is deducted for every wrong

was ₹19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3 answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80
years of service and ₹23,400 per month at the end of the first marks. How many questions did he answer correctly ? (Use
month after 9 years of service, find his starting salary and his Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
annual increment. Solution: Let Number of question answered correctly be x
(Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.) Let Number of question answered wrong be y

SOLUTION: Given : For correct answer 1 mark, wrong answer - � mark
Let salary be ₹ x and annual increment be ₹ y �
x + y = 100 ; x - � y = 80 ⇒ 4x – y = 320
Given: x + 3y = 19800 and x + 9y = 23400
� � � ����� � �
= ∆= = -1 - 4 = - 5
� � � ����� � −�
� ��� �
AX = B ⇒ � = �−� � and �−� = (adj A) ∆� = = -100-320 = - 420
|�| ��� −�
� � � ���
|A| = = 9 – 3 = 6 ≠ 0, A-1 exists ∆� = = 320 – 400 = - 80
� � � ���
∆� −���
� −� � � −� X= = = 84, No. of questions answered correctly = 84
adj A = & A-1 = � ∆ −�
−� � −� �
∆� −��
� � −� ����� Y= = = 16. No. of question answered wrong = 16
X=� ∆ −�
−� � �����
� ������ − ����� Exercise 1.4(3):
= A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another
� −����� + ����� solution which is 25% acid. How much each should be mixed
� ������ to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? ( Use Cramer’s
=�
���� Rule)
������/� ����� Solution: Let 50% acid be x litres and 25% acid be y litres
= = Given: x + y = 10
����/� ���
�� �� ��
Initial salary x = ₹ 18000, annual increment = ₹ 600 � + y = (10) ⇒ 10 x + 5y = 80
��� ��� ���
x + y = 10; 10 x + 5y = 80
Exercise 1.4(1)(i): � �
∆= = 5 – 10 = -5
Solve : 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0 �� �
�� �
∆� = = 50 – 80 = -30
Solution: 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0 �� �
� ��
∆� = = 80 – 100 = -20
5x – 2y = - 16 , x + 3y = 7 �� ��
∆� −��
−�
� x = ∆ = −� = 6, 50% acid 6 litres to be mixed
∆= = 15 + 2 = 17

� ∆� −��
y= = = 4, 25% acid 4 litres to be mixed
−�� −� ∆ −�
∆� = = -48 + 14 = -34
� � Exerscise 1.4(4):
� −�� A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A
∆� = = 35 + 16 = 51
� � and B simultaneously. However, Pump B can pump water in
x=
∆�
=
−��
=- 2, x = -2 or out at the same rate. If Pump B is dvertently run in
∆ �� reverse, then the tank will be filled in 30 minutes. How long
y=
∆� ��
= �� = 3, y=3 would it take each pump to fill the tank by it self
∆ SOLUTION:
Exercise 1.4(1)(ii): Solve the following systems of linear Let the Pump A and Pump B fill the tank in x and y mins.
� �
� � Water filled by Pump A and Pump B in 1 min is � , � resp.
equations by Cramer’s rule: �
+ 2y = 12, �
+ 3y = 13 � � � � � �
Given: + = and - =
� � �� � � ��
Solution: �� �� �� ��
⇒ + = � ��� − = �
� � � �
� �
∆ = = 9 -4 = 5 �� ��
� � ∆ = = − ��� − ��� =− ���
�� −��
�� � � ��
∆� = = 36 – 26 = 10 ∆� = = -30 - 10= - 40
� �� � � � −��
�� �
� �� ∆� = = 10 – 30 = - 20
∆� = = 39 – 24 = 15 � �� �
� �� � −�� �
� �� �� = = , Pump A fill the tank in 15 mins
� −��� ��
= =2, y = �
=3 � −�� �
� � = = ��, Pump B fill the tank in 30 mins
� � −���
x=�, y=�
______________________________________________________

6
Exercise 1.6(1)(iii): Question 15.
Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following
Decrypt the received encoded message � −� �� �
systems of equations by rank method:
2x + 2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1, 3x + y + 2z = 4 −� −�
with the encryption matrix and the decryption
Solution: � �
� � � � � matrix as its inverse, where the system of codes are
� −� � � = �
� � � � � described by the numbers � − �� to the letters A- �
A X = B respectively, and the number 0 to a blank space.
� � � � Solution:
[A|B] = � −� � �
−� −�
� � � � Let the encoding matrix be
� �
� −� � �
−� −�
~ � � � � R1↔ R2 Let � =
� �
� � � �
−� −�
� −� � � |�| = =− � + � = �
� �
~ � � −� � R2→ R2 – 2R1 ; R3→ R3 – 3R1
� � −� � � �
Now ��� � =
−� −�
� −� � �
� � � � �
~ � � −� � R3→ R3 – R2 So �−� = � =
� � � −� −� −� −� −�
�( � � ) = 3 , � � = 2 Now coded Decoded row matrix (��−� )

�( � � ) ≠ � � row matrix (B)


System inconsistent , No solution 2 −3 � �
� −� = ( 2+6 2+3)
−� −�
Exercise 1.7(1)(ii): = � �
Solve the following system of homogenous equations:
2x + 3y – z = 0, x – y – 2z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0 20 4 � �
�� �
Solution: −� −�
= (�� − � �� − �)
2x + 3y – z = 0, x – y – 2z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0 = �� ��
� � −� � �
� −� −� � = � So the sequence of decoded matrices is [8 5] , [12 16]. Thus
� � � � �
the receivers read this message as HELP.
A X = O
� � −� �
[A|O] = � −� −� �
� � � �
� −� −� �
~ � � −� � R 1↔ R 2
� � � �
� −� −� �
~ � � � � R2→ R2 – 2 R1; R3→ R3 – 3 R1
� � � �
� −� −� �
~ � �� �� � R2→ �R2 ; R3→ � R3
� �� �� �
� −� −� �
~ � �� �� � R 3→ R 3 – R 2
� � �� �
⇒ �( � � ) = 3 , � � = 3
⇒ �( � � ) = � � = 3 = Number of unknowns
⇒ system consistent with unique solution
⇒ System consistent with trivial solution
⇒ x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

7
CHAPTER 2 : COMPLEX NUMBERS (v) z2 + 2zw + w2 = (z + w)2 = (4 + i)2 (Ref(i))
2 MARKS, 3 MARKS, 5 MARKS = 42 + 2(4)i + i2 = 16 + 8i − 1 = 15 + 8i
(vi) (z + w)2 = (4 + i)2 = 16 + 8i − 1 = 15 + 8i
2 MARKS
Ex 2.1 EXERCISE 2.3
Simplify: 1. �� = � − �� , �� =− �� , �� = �
1947 1950
(i) i +i 1947 = 1944 + 3 (i) �� + �� + �� = �� + �� + ��
1944 3 1948 2
=i ⋅i +i ⋅i 1950 = 1948 + 2 L.H.S = z1 + z2 + z3
3 2 1944
= i + i =− i − 1 i =1 = 1 − 3i + −4i + 5 = (1 − 3i − 4i) + 5
1948
=− 1 − i i =1 = 1 − 7i + 5 = 6 − 7i - (1)
________________________________________________ R.H.S = z1 + z2 + z3
1948 −1869 = 1 − 3i + −4i + 5
2. i −i 1948 = multiple of 4
1 = 1 − 3i − 4i + 5
= i1948 − 1869 = 1868 + 1
i1869

1 1 1 = 6 − 7i - (2)
=1− =1− =1 −
i1869 i1868+1 i1868 ⋅ i1 (1) = (2) LHS = RHS
1 1 i i
=1− =1− × =1− 2 ∴ z1 + z2 + z3 = z1 + z2 + z3
i i i i
= 1 − ( − i) = 1 + i
__________________________________________________ (ii) �� �� �� = �� �� ��
�� L.H.S : z1 z2 = (1 − 3i)( − 4i) =− 4i + 12i2 = − 4i − 12
3. ��� = �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� +
�=� z1 z2 z3 = −12 − 4i 5 =− 60 − 20i - (3)
�� �� ��
� +� +� R.H.S : z2 z3 = ( − 4i)5 =− 20i
= i − 1 − i + 1 + i. i4 + i4 i2 + i4 i3 + i4 i4 + i8 i + i8 i2 + z1 z2 z3 = (1 − 3i)( − 20i) = − 20i + 60i2
i8 i3 + i8 i4 =− 60 − 20i - (4)
=i−1−i+1+i−1−i+1+i−1−i+1 =0 (3) = 4 z1 z2 z3 = z1 z2 z3
� � �
4. ��� + = ��� ⋅ �� + ∵ =� EXERCISE 2.4
��� ��� �� ��

=− � + =− � + � = � 1. Write in the rectangular form.
�⋅(�)�
(1) (5 + 9i) + (2 − 4i)
�(�+�)
5. � . �� . �� …����� = ��+�+�+⋯+���� � =

= 5 + 9i + 2 − 4i = 5 − 9i + 2 + 4i = 7 − 5i
����(����+�)
=� � = �����×���� = � ∵ �(multiple of 4 ) = 1. ]
10−5i 10−5i 6−2i 60−20i−30i+10i2
(ii) = × =
6+2i 6+2i 6−2i 62 +22
�� 60−50i−10 50−50i 10(5−5i) 5 5i �(�−�)
6. ��+�� �� + ��+� + ��+� + ��+� = � = = = = − =
36+4 40 40 4 4 �
�=�
1 1 2+i 2+i
= i51 + i52 + i53 + i54 ) + i55 + i56 + i57 + i58 + i59 + i60 (iii) 3i + =− 3i + × =− 3i +
2−i 2−i 2+i 22 +12
= 0 + 0 + i56 ⋅ i3 + 1 =− 3i +
2+i
=
−15i+2+i
=
2−14i �
= (� − ��)
5 5 5 �
=− i + 1 = 1 − i
(2) Find the rectangular form of the following � = � + ��.
Ex 2.2

(i) �� z = x + iy
(1) z = 5 − 2i w =− 1 + 3i Find the value of �
1 x −y � �
(i) z + w = 5 − 2i + ( − 1 + 3i)=5 − 2i − 1 + 3i = 4 + i = z−1 = + i x2+y2 ∴ �� =
z x2+y2 � ��+��
(ii) z − iw = 5 − 2i − i( − 1 + 3i) = 5 − 2i + i − 3i2 ____________________________________________________________________
= 5 − i − 3( − 1) = 5 − i + 3 = 8 − i (ii) �� (��)
(iii) 2z + 3w = 2(5 − 2i) + 3( − 1 + 3i) = 10 − 4i − 3 + 9i z = x + iy ∴ z = x − iy
= 7 + 5i iz = i(x − iy) = ix − i2 y = y + ix ∴ �� �� = �
2
(iv) zw = (5 − 2i)( − 1 + 3i) = − 5 + 15i + 2i − 6i
= − 5 + 17i + 6 = 1 + 17i

8
(iii) �� (�� + �� − ��) (iii) |� + �| = |� − �| [z = x + iy ]
3z + 4z − 4i = 3(x + iy) + 4(x − iy) − 4i |x + iy + i | = |x + iy − 1|
= 3x + i3y + 4x − i4y − 4i |x + i(y + 1)| = |x − 1 + iy|
= (3x + 4x) + i(3y − 4y − 4) ⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
= 7x + i( − y − 4) ⇒ x2 + y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
Im 3z + 4z − 4i =− y − 4 ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 ⇒ 2x + 2y = 0
��
(3) If �� = � − � , �� =− � + �� , Find the inverses of �� �� & . ⇒ x + y = 0 Locus of z is � + � = �
��

Solution : (iv) � = �−� = �
z1 z2 = (2 − i)( − 4 + 3i) = − 8 + 6i + 4i − 3i2 ⇒ �� = � ⇒ |�|� = � ⇒ |� + ��|� = � ⇒ �� + �� = �
=− 8 + 10i + 3 =− 5 + 10i
⇒ � � + �� = �
−1 −5 −10 −5−10i −5(1+2i)
z1 z2 = +i = = (4) show that the following eqns represent a circle , and find
(−5)2 +102 (−5)2 +102 25+100 125

=
1
−1 − 2i its centre and radius . (each 2 Mark)
25
(i) |� − � − �| = � ⇒ |� − � + � | = �
z1 −1 z2 −4+3i 2+i −8−4i+6i+3i2
z2
= z1
= 2−i
× 2+1 = 22 +12 It is in the form of � − �� = � ; it forms or rep eqn of circle
−8+2i−3 1 �� = � + i i.e (�, �) � = �
= = ( − 11 + 2i)
4+1 5
(ii) |�� + � − ��| = �
EXERCISE 2.5
÷� |� + � − ��| = � ⇒ |� − ( − � + ��)| = �
2i |2i| |2||i| 2(1) 2
1. (i) 3+4i
= |3+4i| = = 25
=5 It is in the form of � − �� = � ; it forms or rep eqn of circle
32 +42
2−i 1−2i (2−i)(1−i)+(1−2i)(1+i) �� =− � + �� i.e. ( − �, �) �=�
1 (ii) + =
1+i 1−i (1+i)(1−i)
(ii) �� − � + ��� = �
2−2i−i+i2 +1+i−2i−2i2
= ÷� |� − � + ��| =

⇒ |� − ( + � − ��) =

12 +12 � �
2−3i−1+1−i+2 4−4i 42 +(−4)2 It is in the form of � − �� = � ; it forms or rep eqn of circle
= = =
1+1 2 2

center �� = � − �� i.e (�, − �) � =
32 4 2 �
= = =2 2
2 2 _____________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 2.6 5. Obtain the cartesian eqn for the locus of
(3) Obtain cartesian form of the locus of = � + �� � = � + �� in each of the following cases.
(i) [�� (��)]� = � (i) |� − �| = �� � = � + ��
Solution : |� + �� − �| = �� ⇒ |� − � + ��| = ��
� = � + �� (� − �)� + �� = ��
iz = i x + iy = ix + i2 y =− y + ix �� − �� + �� + �� = ��� = ���
Re (iz) =− y �� + �� − �� + �� − ��� = � ⇒ �� + �� − �� − ��� = �
[Re(iz)]2 = ( − y)2 = y2 (ii) � − � � − � − � �
= �� Given � = � + ��
∴ [��(��)]� = � ⇒ �� = � � + �� − � �
− � + �� − � �
= ��
� �
(ii) �� [(� − �)� + �] = �. � − � + �� − (� − �) + �� = ��
� �
Soln: � = � + �� (� − �)� + �� − (� − �)� + �� = ��
(1 − i)z + 1 = (1 − i)(x + iy) + 1
(� − �)� + �� − �−� �
+ �� = ��
2
= x + iy − ix − i y + 1
�� − �� + �� + �� − �� − �� + � + �� = ��
= x + iy − ix + y + 1
�� − �� + �� + �� − �� + �� − � − �� = ��
= x+y+1 +i y−x
−�� + �� + �� − � − �� = �
�� � − � � + � = � ⇒ � − � = � ⇒ � = �
−�� − � = � ⇒ − �� = �
−�
Locus of z ix � = �
�� �� + � = �
9
� = � + ��. EXERCISE 2.6
|�| = �� + ��
�−��
� +� � |�|−� (1) � = � + �� is a complex number such that =�.
� + �� =± +� �+��
� |�| � Show that locus of z is real axis .

10 (i) Find the square root of � + �� Solution : � = � + ��

z = 4 + 3i a = 4 b=3 Given:
�−��
=�
�+��
|z−4i|
|z| = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5 |z+4i|
=1
|z − 4i| = |z + 4i|
|z|+a ib |z|−a
a + ib =± + |x + iy − 4i| = |x + iy + 4i|
2 |b| 2
|x + i(y − 4)| = |x + i(y + 4)|

5+4 3 5−4 9 3 1
x2 + (y − 4)2 = x2 + (y + 4)2
4 + 3i =± +i =± +i x + (y − 4)2 = x2 + (y + 4)2
2
2 |3| 2 2 3 2
x2 + y2 − 8y + 16 = x2 + y2 + 8y + 16

9
+
1
i =±
3
+
1
i ⇒− 16y = 0
2 2 2 2
� = � equation of x – axis
(ii) Find the square root of −� + �� EXERCISE 2.7

�−�
z =− 6 + 8i a =− 6 b=8 1. (iv) ��� � �
+����
� �

|z| = ( − 6)2 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10 Consider � − � =− � + � = �( ��� � + � ��� � )


a =− 1 b=1
|z|+a ib |z|−a
a + ib =± + |b| r = a2 + b2 = ( − 1)2 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
2 2

b 1 π
α = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (1) =
10+(−6) 8 10−(−6) a −1 4
−6 + 8i =± +i π 3π
2 |8| 2
θ = π−α = π−4 = 4
−1 + i lies in II quadrant
3π 3π
10−6 8 10+6 4 16 i − 1 =− 1 + i = 2 cos + isin
=± +i = ± +i 4 4
2 8 2 2 2
3π 3π
i−1 2 cos +isin
4 4
=± ( 2 + i 8) = ± ( 2 + i2 2) π π = π 3π
cos +isin cos +i sin
3 3 3 4

(iii) Find the square root of −� − ��� 3π π 3π π


= 2 cos − + i sin −
4 3 4 3
z =− 5 − 12i a =− 5 b =− 12
9π−4π 9π−4π
= 2 cos + isin
12 12
|z| = ( − 5)2 + ( − 12)2 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13
5π 5π
= 2 cos + isin
12 12
|z|+a b |z|−a
a + ib =± +i
2 |b| 2
�−� �� ��
� � = � ��� ��� + + ���� ��� +
��� +���� �� ��
� �
13+(−5) −12 13−(−5) 8 −12 18
=± +i = ± + i
2 12 2 2 12 2 _____________________________________________________________________
(2) Find the rectangular form.
=± ( 4 − i 9) =± (2 − i3) = ± (2 − 3i)
� � � �
(i) ��� + ���� ��� + ����
� � �� ��
π π π π
= cos + + isin +
6 12 6 12
Note :
2π+π 2π+π 3π 3π
= cos + isin = cos + isin
� = � + �� 12 12 12 12
� � � �
� = �� + �� = ��� + ���� = +�⋅
� � � �
� � �
(� + �) = � + ��� + �
(� − �)� = �� − ��� + ��

13
(9) If � = � − �� . Find the rotation of � by � radians by 5 MARKS
counter clockwise direction.
EXAMPLE 2.8(ii)
� = � − �� = �( ��� � + � ��� �) ��+�� �� �+� ��
PROVE : − is purely imaginary
a = 2 b =− 2 �−�� �+��

r= a2 + b2 = 22 + ( − 2)2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 Solution :
b −2 19+9i 19+9i 5+3i 95+57i+45i+27i2 95+102i−27
α = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (1) = × = =
a 2 5−3i 5−3i 5+3i 52 +32 25+9
π π
α= ⇒ θ =− α =− lies in IV Quadrant 68+102i (2+3i)
4 4 = = 34 = 2 + 3i
π 34 34
π π −i
∴ z = 2 − 2i = 2 2 cos − 4 + i sin − 4 = 2 2e 4
8+i 8+i 1−2i 8−16i+i−2i2
= × = 12 +22
� 1+2i 1+2i 1−2i
(i) rotated by � 8−15i+2 10−15i 5(2−3i)
= = = = 2 − 3i
� � � � � 1+4 5 5
−� � �(− + ) �
�� = � �� � ⋅� � = � �� � � = � �� ��
19+9i 15 8+i 15
�� Let z = 5−3i
− 1+2i
= (2 + 3i)15 − (2 − 3i)15
(ii) rotated by

� �� � �� �� z = (2 + 3i)15 − (2 − 3i)15
�� = � �� −�
� ⋅ �� � = � ���(− �+ �
)
= � �����
= (2 + 3i)15 − (2 − 3i)15
��
(iii) rotated by 15 15
� = 2 + 3i − 2 − 3i
� �� � �� ��
15 15
�� = � ��−�� ⋅ �� � = � ���(− �+ �
)
= � ��� � = 2 − 3i − 2 + 3i
15 15
(8) � ≠ � , S.T. =− 2 + 3i − 2 − 3i =− z
(i) � − � + �� � + � + � − �� � = ��� ⇒ � =− � ∴ � is purely imaginary
L ⋅ H ⋅ S = 1 − ω + ω2 6 + 1 + ω − ω2 6
EXERCISE 2.4 7 (ii)
= 1 + ω2 − ω 6 + 1 + ω − ω2 6
��−�� �� ��−�� ��
= −ω − ω 6 + − ω2 − ω2 6 = ( − 2ω)6 + −2ω2 6 PROVE + is real .
�+� �−��
= ( − 2)6 ω6 + ( − 2)6 ω2 6 = 64ω6 + 64ω12 Solution :
= 64 + 64 = ���
19−7i 19−7i 9−i 171−19i−63i+7i2
(ii) � + � � + � �
�+� �
�+� … �+� � ���
=� = × =
9+i 9+i 9−i 92 +12
171−82i−7 164−82i
L.H.S = =
81+1 82
11
1 + ω 1 + ω2 1 + ω4 1 + ω8 … 1 + ω2 82(2−i)
= =2−i
= 1 + ω 1 + ω2 1 + ω4 1 + ω8 1 + ω16 82
11 20−5i 20−5i 7+6i
1 + ω32 1 + ω64 1 + ω128 … 1 + ω2 = ×
7−6i 7−6i 7+6i
2 2 2
= 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 140+120i−35i−30i2
=
1 + ω2 (1 + ω)(1 + ω2 )(1 + ω)(1 + ω2 ) 72 +62
140+85i+30
= 1 + ω 1 + ω2 6 = [1 + ω2 + ω + ω3 ]6 =
49+36
= (0 + 1)6 = 16 = �
170+85i 85(2+i)
�+���

+� ���
� = = =2+i
�� �� 85 85
(3) Find the value of � �
�+��� −� ���
�� �� 19−7i 12 20−5i 12
Solution : Let z = 9+i
+
7−6i
� �
let � = ��� + ���� z = (2 − i) 12
+ (2 + i)12
�� ��
π π
∵ |z| = 1 ⇒ z−1 = z = sin − icos z = (2 − i)12 + (2 + i)12
10 10
π π 10 10 10
1+sin +i cos
∴ 10
π
10
π =
1+z
=
1+z
= (z)10 = (2 − i)12 + (2 + i)12
1+sin −i cos 1 z+1
10 10 1+
z z 12 12
= 2−i + 2+i
π π 10
= sin 10 + icos 10
= (2 + i)12 + (2 − i)12 = z
π π 10
= i10 cos 10
− isin 10
∴ � = � , � is real .
8 2 π π
= i ⋅ i cos × 10 − isin × 10
10 10
=− �[���� − ���� �] =− �( − �) = �

15
EXAMPLE 2.14 Exercise 2.5 (9): S.T �� + �� = � has five solution .
−� � −� �
show that the points � , �
+�

and �
−�

forms a Solution :
equilateral triangle. z3 + 2z = 0 - (1)
Solution :
3
−� � −� � z =− 2z
Let �, �, � represent �� = � ; �� = �
+�

; �� =

−�

|z|3 = −2 |z| ⇒ |z|3 = 2|z|
−1 3 1 3
AB = z1 − z2 = 1 − +i = 1+ −i
2 2 2 2 |z|3 − 2|z| = 0 ⇒ z |z|2 − 2 = 0
2
3 3 3 2 3 9 3 12 z =0 & |z|2 − 2 = 0
= −i = 2
+ − = + = = 3
2 2 2 4 4 4 2
z=0 |z|2 = 2 ⇒ zz = 2 ⇒ z =
−1 3 −1 3 z
BC = z2 − z3 = 2
+i − 2
−i 2
2 2 3 4
sub in (1) z + 2 ⋅ z = 0 ⇒ z + 4 = 0
−1 3 1 3 2 3
= +i + +i = i = |i 3|
2 2 2 2 2 z =0 z4 + 4 = 0
2 ⇒ � = � �� + � = � gives 4 solution
= 02 + 3 = 3
∴ It has five solution.
−1 3 1 3
AC = z1 − z3 = 1 − −i = 1+ +i Exercise 2.6 (2)
2 2 2 2

2 ��+�
3 3 3 2 3 9 3 12 � = � + �� , show that locus of z , �� = � is
= +i = 2
+ = + = = 3 ��+�
2 2 2 4 4 4
��� + ��� + � − �� = �
�� = �� = �� . Therefore It forms equilateral triangle .
Solution : � = � + ��
EXAMPLE 2.15
2z + 1 2(x + iy) + 1 2x + i2y + 1
���� +�� �� +�� �� = =
�� = �� = �� = � , �� + �� + �� ≠ �; S.T =� iz + 1 i(x + iy) + 1 ix + i2 y + 1
�� +�� +��
(2x+1)+i2y (1−y)−ix
r2
= ×
2 (1−y)+ix (1−y)−ix
Solution: z1 = r ⇒ z1 = r2 ⇒ z1 z1 = r2 ⇒ z1 = ,
z 1 (2x+1)(1−y)−ix(2x+1)+i2y(1−y)
=
r2 r2 (1−y)2+x2
similarly z2 = z , z3 = z
2 3 (2x+1)(1−y)+2xy 2y(1−y)−x(2x+1)
= (1−y)2+x2
+i (1−y)2 +x2
r2 r2 r2 1 1 1
z1 + z2 + z3 = z + z + z = r2 z1
+
z2
+
z3
1 2 3 R.P I.P
z2z3+z1z3+z1z2 z z +z z +z z )
=r 2
z1 z1z3
= r2 2 3 1 3 1 2 Im
2z+1
=0⇒
2y(1−y)−x(2x+1)
=0
z1 z2 z3
iz+1 (1−y)2+x2
r2 z2 z1+z1 z3+z1 z2 z2 z3 +z1 z3 +z1 z2
z1 + z2 + z3 =
z1 z2 z3
= r2 z1 z2 z3
2y − 2y2 − 2x2 − x = 0
z2 z3 +z1 z3 +z1 z2 ∴ ����� �� ��� + ��� + � − �� = �
z1 + z2 + z3 = r2
r.r.r
Example 2.27:
r3 z1 z2 +z2 z3 +z3 z1 |z1 z2+z2 z3+z3 z1∣
= ⇒ r= �−� �
r2 z1 +z2 +z3 z1+z2 +z3 � = � + �� arg = ∴ Locus is �� + �� = � .
�+� �
(7) If �� , �� and �� are 3 complex nos, such that
Solution : � = � + ��
�� = � , �� = � , �� = � , �� + �� + �� = � �−� �+��−� (�−�)+�� (�+�)−��
= = ×
�+� �+��+� (�+�)+�� (�+�)−��
Show that ��� �� + ��� �� + �� �� = �.
(�−�)(�+�)−��(�−�)+��(�+�)−�� ��
Solution : z1 = 1 z2 = 2 z3 = 3 =
(�+�)� +��
2 2 2
z1 =1 z2 =4 z3 =9 (�−�)(�+�)+�� �(�+�)−�(�−�)
= (�+�)�+��
+�
(�+�)� +��
z1 z1 = 1 z2 z2 = 4 z3 z3 = 9
1 4 9 R.P I.P
z1 = z z2 = z z3 = z
1 2 3 �(�+�)−�(�−�)
� � � �−� � −� (�+�)�+�� �
�� + �� + �� = � ⇒ + + ��� = ⇒ ��� =
=� �+� � (�−�)(�+�)+�� �
�� �� �� (�+�)�+��
���� +����� +��� ��
=� �(�+�)−�(�−�) �
�� ���� ⇒ = ��� =∞
(�−�) �+�)+�� �
�� ��+��� ��+�����
=1
�� �� �� ⇒ �� = � i.� (� − �)(� + �) + �� = �
�� �� + ��� �� + ����� = �� �� �� � � − � + �� = �
�� �� + ��� �� + ����� = �� �� |�� |
⇒ �� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = � � � + �� = �

16
Exercise 2.7. (6) Example 2.34 : solve : �� + �� = �
�−� � z3 + 8i = 0
If � = � + �� ��� = S.T. �� + �� + �� − �� + � = � .
�+� � z3 =− 8i
Solution : � = � + �� = 8( − i)
π π
z−i x+iy−i x+i(y−1) x+i(y−1) (x+2)−iy z3 = 8 cos − isin
2 2
z+2
= x+iy+2
= (x+2)+iy
= (x+2)+iy
× (x+2)−iy π π
= 8 cos − 2 + isin − 2
x(x+2)−ixy+i(y−1)(x+2)−i2 y(y−1) π π
= (x+2)2 +y2
= 8 cos 2kπ − + i sin 2kπ −
2 2
3 4kπ−π 4kπ−π
x(x+2)+y(y−1) (y−1)(x+2)−xy z = 8 cos + i sin
= (x+2)2 +y2
+i (x+2)2 +y2
2 2
1
1 4kπ−π 4kπ−π 3
(y−1)(x+2)−xy z = 8 cos
3 + i sin
2 2
z−i π −1 (x+2)2+y2 π
arg z+2
= ⇒ tan
4 x(x+2)+y(y−1) =4 z = 23 1/3
cos 4k − 1
π
+ i sin 4k − 1
π
6 6
(x+2)2+y2
k = 0,1 , 2
(y−1)(x+2)−xy π
x(x+2)+y(y−1)
= tan 4
=1 � � � �
� = � , � = � ��� − + � ��� − =� −
� � � �
xy + 2y − x − 2 − xy = x2 + 2x + y2 − y
= �−�
x2 + y2 + 2x − y − 2y + x + 2 = 0 � �
� = �, � = � ��� + � ��� = �(� + �) = ��
� �
Locus is �� + �� + �� − �� + � = � �� �� � �
� = �, � = � ��� + � ��� = − −
� � � �
�+�
Exercise 2.7 (4): If = ��� �� + � ����� then � = � ���� =− � − �
�−�
Example 2.35
�+�
Solution : = ����� + � �����
�−� Find the cube roots of � + �
�+�
= ���� ⇒ � + � = ���� (� − �) = ���� − ����� Solution :
�−�
3 1
� + ����� = ���� − � ⇒ � � + ���� = ���� − � Let z = 3 + i = ( 3 + i)3
���� −� 3 + i = r( cos θ + i sin θ)
�= divide nr & dr be ���
�+����
� a= 3 b=1 a2 = 3 b2 = 1
��� − �� ��� −�−�� ����+� ����−(����−� ����)

�= � = = r= a2 + b2 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2
��� + �� ��� +�−�� ����+� ����+����−� ��� �
� b 1 1
α = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1
�=
����+� ����−����+� ����
=
�� ����
⇒ � = � ��� � a 3 3
� ���� � ����
π
α=
(6) ��� � + ��� � + ��� � = ��� � + ��� � + ��� � 6
π
S.T. ��� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = � ��� (� + � + � θ=α= 3 + i lies in I Quadrant
6
��� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = � ��� (� + � + �) π π
3 + i = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
π π
Solution : = 2 cos 2kπ + + i sin 2kπ +
6 6
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0
12kπ+π 12kπ+π
i sin α + i sin β + i sin γ = 0i = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
cos α + cos β + cos γ + i sin α + i sin β + i sin γ = 0 + i0 -- (A) 1
12kπ+π 12kπ+π 3
let a = cos α + i sin α = eiα : b = cos β + i sin β = eiβ ( 3 + i)1/3 = 21/3 cos 6
+ i sin
6
c = cos γ + i sin γ = eiγ π π
z = 21/3 cos 12k + 1 + isin (12k + 1)
18 18
From (A) we get a+b+c = 0
3 3 3
⇒ a + b + c = 3abc k = 0,1,2
3 � � �
eiα 3
+ eiβ + eiγ 3
= 3eiα ⋅ eiβ ⋅ eiγ � = � �� = ��/� ��� �� + � ��� ��
= ��/� ����
⇒ ei3α + ei3β + eiβγ = 3ei(α+β+γ) ��� ��� ���

cos 3α + i sin 3α + cos 3β + i sin 3β + cos 3γ + i sin3γ � = � �� = ��/� ��� + � ��� = ��/� �� ��
�� ��
= 3( cos α + β + γ + i sin α + β + γ ��� ��� ���
� = � �� = ��/� ��� + � ��� = ��/� �� ��
(cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ) + i sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ �� ��

= 3 cos α + β + γ + sin (α + β + γ)]


Equating real part
��� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = ���� (� + � + �)
��� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = ���� (� + � + �)

17
10. If the equation �� + �� + � = � & �� + �' � + �' = � have a 2. Solve the equation ��� − ���� + ��� − �� = � if the
��' −�'� �−�' roots form an arithmatic progression
common root Show that it is �−�'
or �'−� .
Solution : 9x3 − 36x2 + 44x − 16 = 0
Solution : a = 9 b =− 36 c = 44 d =− 16
x2 + px + q = 0 x2 + p' x + q' = 0 Let the roots be α , β , γ be in . A.P
Let α be the common root α = a1 − d , β = a1 , r = a1 + d
α2 + pα + q = 0 & α2 + p' α + q' = 0 −b −( − 36)
α2 α 1 S. O. R = a1 − d + a1 + a1 + d = =
⇒ ' = = a 9
pq − p' q q − q' p' − p ⇒ 3a1 = 4 ⇒ a1 = 4/3
α2 pq' − p' q q − q' 4 9 -36 44 -16
⇒ = & α = 3
α q − q' p' − p
pq' −p' q q−q' 0 12 -32 16
⇒α= q−q'
or p' −p. 9 -24 12 0
EXERCISE 3.2: Quadratic equation is
1} If � is real, discuss the nature of the roots of the polynomial 9x2 − 24x + 12 = 0 12

equation ��� + �� + � = � interm of �. 2


÷ 3 3x − 8x + 4 = 0
Solution : 2
(x − 2) x − 3 = 0 ∴ x = 2 , 2/3
2x2 + kx + k = 0 a = 2 b = k c = k 2 4
∆ = b2 − 4ac = k2 − 4 2 k = k2 − 8k ∴ Roots are 2 , , −6 −2
3 3 3 3
= k(k − 8)
2. Solve the equation ��� − ���� + ��� − �� = � if the
(i) for real and equal roots
roots form a geometric progression .
∆=0 ⇒k k−8 =0 k=0 k=8
Solution : 3x3 − 26x2 + 52x − 24 = 0
(ii) For real & distinct roots
Δ > 0 ⇒ k(k − 8) > 0 a = 3 b =− 26 c = 52 d =− 24
⇒ k ∈ ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (8, ∞) a1
(iii) For imaginary roots let the roots be α , β, γ .root are in G.P. α = β = a1 γ = a1 r
r
a1 −(d)
Δ < 0 ⇒ k(k − 8) < 0 Product of roots = ⋅ a1 ⋅ a1 r =
r a
⇒ k ∈ (0,8) −( − 24) 24
5) Prove that a straight line and parabola cannot intersect at ⇒ a31 = = ⇒ a31 = 8 ⇒ a1 = 2
3 3
more than 2 points 2 3 -26 52 -24
Solution: 0 6 -40 24 36
Parabola eqn : y2 = 4ax – (1) 3 -20 12 0
line eqn : y = mx + c – (2) 2
Quadratic eqn 3x − 20x + 12 = 0
sub (2) in (1) (mx + c)2 = 4ax ⇒ x−
2
(x − 6) = 0
3
⇒ m2 x2 + 2mcx + c2 = 4ax 2 2 - 2/3
- 18/3

⇒ m2 x2 + 2mc − 4a x + c2 = 0 ⇒ x = , 6 ∴ roots are , 2 , 6


3 3
This is a quadratic eqn in x , x can have max 2 values . 6.Solve the equation
EXERCISE : 3.3 Solution :
1. Solve the cubic equation ��� − �� − ��� + � = � , if sum of (i) 2x3 − 9x2 + 10x = 3, � + −� + �� + −� = �� − �� = �

the two of roots vanishes. 2x3 − 9x2 + 10x − 3 = 0 ( ∴ x =1 is a root)


Solution : 1 2 -9 10 -3
2x3 − x2 − 18x + 9 = 0 0 2 -7 3
-6
a = 2 b =− 1 c =− 18 d = 9 2 -7 3 0
Let the roots be α , β , γ Quadratic eqn 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
given α + β = 0 1 1
−b −(−1) 1
x−3 x− =0 ⇒ x=3,x= - 1/2
2 2
also α + β + γ = = = 1
- 6/2
a 2 2
Roots are 1 , 3 ,
∵ α + β = 0 ⇒ γ = 1/2 2

1 2 -1 -18 9 (ii) 8x3 − 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0 � + −� + −� + � = �� − � = � ≠ �

2 But 8 + −7 = 1 −2 + 3 = 1 ( x = -1 is a root )
0 1 0 -9 -1 8 -2 -7 3
2 0 -18 0 0 -8 10 -3 24

Quad. eqn 2x2 − 18 = 0 8 -10 3 0


⇒ x2 − 9 = 0 Quadratic equation .
⇒ x2 = 9 3 1
8x2 − 10x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x − x− = 0 - 6/8 - 4/8
⇒ x =± 3 4 2
1 3 1 3 1
roots are 3 , − 3 , 2 . x= x= Roots are −1 , ,
4 2 4 2

21
Exercise 3.5 1
⇒ t−8=0 t+ =0
1 (i) Solve : ���� � − ���� � + � = �. 8
1
Solution : ⇒ t=8 t =−
8
sin2 x − 5sin x + 4 = 0 −1 3
⇒ x3/2n = 23 x3/2n =
Let t = sin x 2
2n
∴ t2 − 5t + 4 = 0 2n −1 3 3
⇒ x= 23 3 x=
t−4 t−1 =0 2
⇒ t−4= 0 t−1=0 −1 2n 1
= 22n = 4n x= =
⇒t=4 t=1 2 4n

⇒ sin x = 4 sin x = 1 (4): Solve : �



+�

=�+
� ��
.
π � � �
Not possible sin x = sin 2
π x a b 6a
⇒ x = nπ + ( − 1)n n∈Z Solution : 2 a
+3
x
= +
2 a b
� �
(1) (ii): Solve: ��� + �� = ��� − � 1 b 6a x
2t + 3 ⋅ = + t=
Solution : t a b a

12x3 + 8x = 29x2 − 4 ⇒ 12x3 − 29x2 + 8x + 4 = 0 b 6a 1 a


⇒ 2t2 + 3 = +
b
⋅t = x
a t
1 and −1 are not roots of above equation
b 6a
2 12 -29 8 4 ⇒ 2t2 − + t+3 = 0
a b
0 24 -10 -4 b 6a b 3a b
⇒ 2t2 − t − t + 3 = 0 ⇒ t 2t − − 2t − =0
12 -5 -2 0 a b a b a
3a b 3a b
2
Quad. eqn 12x − 5x − 2 = 0 ⇒ t− 2t − =0 ⇒t− =0 2t − = 0
b a b a
2 1 3a b
x− x+ =0 ⇒ t= 2t =
b a
3 4 -24
2 1 ⇒
x
=
3a x
=
b
x− =0 x+ = 0 a b a 2a
3 4
2 1 x 9a2 x b2
x= ,− ⇒ = ⇒ =
a b2 a 4a2
3 4 −8 3
9a3 b2 9a3 b2
2
roots are 2 , , − .
1 12 12 ⇒x= ⇒x= ∴ soln : ,
b2 4a b2 4a
3 4
� �
5(ii) Solve: � + �� − �� − � = �
2 (i).Examine for the rational roots of ��� − �� − � = �
Solution : x4 + 3x3 − 3x − 1 = 0
Solution :
1 1 3 0 -3 -1
an = 2 a0 =− 1 Rational root theorem ,
P
is a root of polynomial (p, q = 1 0 1 4 4 1
q
-1 1 4 4 1 0
p must divide a0 , q must divide an
a0 =− 1 divisor of a0 is −1 , 1 . 0 -1 -3 -1
an = 2 divisor of an is 1 , − 1 , 2 , − 2 1 3 1 0
p 1 1
possible values ± 1 , ± 2
q −b ± b2− 4 ac
Quadralic eqn: x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 [ X = ]
1 2 -1 0 -1 2a

0 2 1 1 −3± 32−4(1)(1) −3± 9−4 −3± 5


x= = =
2 1 1 0 2 2 2
−3+ 5 −3− 5
−b ± b2 − 4 ac roots are 1 , − 1 , ,
2x2 + x + 1 = 0 X = 2 2
2a 1
(6): Find all the real numbers satisfying
−1 ± 1 − 4(1)(2) −1 ± 1 − 8 81
⇒x= = �� − � ��+� + �� = �
2 2 /
8
Solution : 4x − 3 2x+2 + 25 = 0
−1 ± −7 −1 ± 7i
= = 22 x − 3 ⋅ 2x ⋅ 22 + 32 = 0
2 2
x = 1 is the only rational root 2x 2 − 3(4) ⋅ 2x + 32 = 0
Let 2x = t ⇒ t2 − 12t + 32 = 0
(3): Solve: ���/�� − ��−�/�� = ��
Solution : ⇒ (t − 8)(t − 4) = 0
8x3/2n − 8 ⋅ x−3 2n = 63 ⇒ t−8=0 t−4=0
8
Let t = x3/2n ⇒ 8t − 8 ⋅ t−1 = 63 ⇒ 8t − = 63 t ⇒ t=8 t=4
−64
⇒ 8t2 − 8 = 63t ⇒ 2x = 23 2x = 22
⇒ 8t2 − 63t − 8 = 0
1 ⇒ x=3 x=2
⇒ t−8 t+ =0 64 1
8 − 8
8

22
CHAPTER 5 - 2 DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Example 5.17:
(ONLY 5 MARKS) Find the vertex , focus , directrix, and length of Latus rectum
Exercsie 5.1 (6). of �� − �� − �� − � = �
Find the equation of the circle through the points
Solution :
(�, �), ( − �, �), and (�, �). x2 − 4x − 5y − 1 = 0
Solution: x2 − 4x = 5y + 1
x2 − 4x + 4 = 5y + 4 + 1
Let the required circle be (x − 2)2 = 5y + 5
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ---(A) (x − 2)2 = 5(y + 1)
5
The circle passes through (1,0), ( − 1,0) and (0,1) X= x−2 Y= y+1 4a = 5 ⇒ a =
4
X2 = 5y
(1,0) ⇒ 1 + 0 + 2g(1) + 2f(0) + c = 0
Parabola open upward .
2g + c =− 1…………(1) vertex = (2, − 1)=(h,k) { x-2 = 0; y+1 = 0}
( − 1,0) ⇒ 1 + 0 + 2g( − 1) + 2f(0) + c = 0 5 1
Focus : (0,a)⇒[(h,k+a)] = 2, − 1 + 4 = 2, 4
−2g + c =− 1……. . (2) Eqn of directrix: Y= -a [ y = k -a ]
5 9
(0,1) ⇒ 0 + 1 + 2g(0) + 2f(1) + c = 0 y =− 1 − 4 = −
4
9
2f + c =− 1………. (3) y =−
4
Now solving (1), (2) and (3) . Length of Latus rectum = 4a = 5
2g + c =− 1 ----(1) Exercsie 5.2 - 4(iv)
Find the vertex , focus , directrix, and length of Latus rectum
−2g + c =− 1 -----(2)
of �� − �� + �� + �� = �
(1) +(2) ⇒ 2c =− 2 ⇒ c =− 1 Solution :
Substituting c =− 1 in (1) we get x2 − 2x + 8y + 17 = 0
2g − 1 =− 1 x2 − 2x =− 8y − 17
x2 − 2x + 1 =− 8y − 17 + 1
2g =− 1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ g = 0
(x − 1)2 =− 8y − 16
Substituting c =− 1 in (3) we get (x − 1)2 =− 8(y + 2)
2f − 1 =− 1 ⇒ 2f =− 1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ f = 0 X=x−1 Y= y+2 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
X2 =− 8Y Parabola open downward
So we get g = 0, f = 0 and c =− 1
Vertex(0,0) = (1,-2)=(h,k) { x − 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0}
So the required circle will be Focus (0, -a)
= (1, − 4)
x2 + y2 + 2(0)x + 2(0)y − 1 = 0 (h + 0, k − a)
Equation of Latusrectum (Y = -a) :
(i.e) x2 + y2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
y + 2 =− 2 ⇒ y =− 4
Example 5.10 Equation of directrix Y = a : y + 2 = 2 ⇒ y = 0
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points Length of latus rectum 4a = 8
(�, �), (�, − �), and (�, �). Ex 5.2 - 4(v)
Solution
Find the vertex, focus, directrix and length of Latus rectum
Let the general equation of the circle be
of �� − �� − �� + �� = �
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. ----(1)
Solution :
It passes through points (1,1), (2, − 1) and (3,2).
y2 − 4y − 8x + 12 = 0
Therefore, 2g + 2f + c =− 2 ----(2) y2 − 4y = 8x − 12
4g − 2f + c =− 5 -----(3) y2 − 4y + 4 = 8x − 12 + 4
6g + 4f + c =− 13 ----(4) (y − 2)2 = 8x − 8
(2)-(3) gives −2g + 4f = 3 ---(5) (y − 2)2 = 8(x − 1)
(4)-(3) gives 2g + 6f =− 8 ---(6) Y2 = 8X
1 X=x−1 Y = y − 2 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
(5) + (6) gives f =−
2
1 5 Parabola open left ward
Substituting f =− 2 in (6),g=− 2 Vertex(0,0) = (1,2)=(h,k) { x − 1 = 0, x =− 1;
1 5 y − 2 = 0, y = 2 }
Substituting f =− 2 and g=− 2 in (2),c=4
Focus (a, 0)
Therefore, the required equation of the circle is = (3,2) {h + a = 1+2, k + 0 = 2+0 }
(h + a, k + 0)
5 1
x2 + y2 + 2 − x+2 −2 y+4 = 0 Eqn of directrix : X =- a
2
⇒ x2 + y2 − 5x − y + 4 = 0 x − 1 =− 2 x =− 2 + 1 =− 1 x =− 1
Length of latus rectum 4a = 8
23
EXAMPLE 5.20 Ex 5.2 - 8(v)
Find the vertex, focus, length of major and minor axis of Identify type of conic and find center , foci , vertices and
��� + ���� + ��� − ���� + ��� = � directrices of ���� + ���� − ���� + ��� + ��� = �
Solution : Solution :
4x2 + 36y2 + 40x − 288y + 532 = 0 18x2 + 12y2 − 144x + 48y + 120 = 0
4x2 + 40x + 36y2 − 288y =− 532 18x2 + 12y2 − 144x + 48y =− 120
4 x2 + 10x + 36 y2 − 8y =− 532
18 x2 − 8x + 12 y2 + 4y =− 120
4 x2 + 10x + 25 + 36 y2 − 8y + 16 =− 532 + 100 + 576
18 x2 − 8x + 16 + 12 y2 + 4y + 4
2 2
4(x + 5) + 36(y − 4) = 144
= −120 + 288 + 48 = 216
4(x + 5)2 36(y − 4)2
÷ 144 + =1 18(x−4)2 12(y+2)2
144 144 ÷ 216 + =1
2 2 216 216
(x+5) (y−4)
+ = 1 Major axis X-axis: (x−4)2 (y+2)2
36 4 + =1 X= x−4 Y=y+2
12 18
X=x+5 Y=y−4 X2 Y2
+ = 1 Major axis parallel to y-axis ;
12 18
x2 y2 2 2
+ = 1 , { a = 36 ⇒ a = 6 b = 4 ⇒ b = 2}
36 4 ( a2 = 18 , a = 18 = 3 2 & b2 = 12 b = 12 = 2 3)
2 2 2
c = a − b = 36 − 4 = 32 , c = 32 c = a2 − b2 = 18 − 12 = 6
center ( − 5,4) a a2 18 3. 6. 6
= = = 6
=3 6
e c 6
Foci: (h ± c, k) = ( − 5 ± 4 2, 4)
Center (4, − 2)
i.e. ( − 5 + 4 2, 4); ( − 5 − 4 2, 4) =
vertices(h ± a, k): ( − 5 ± 6,4) i.e (1,4); ( − 11,4) Vertices (h , k± a)= 4, − 2 ± 3 2 = 4, − 2 + 3 2 ; 4, − 2 − 3 2
Foci(h , k± c) = 4, − 2 ± 6 = 4, − 2 + 6 ; 4, − 2 − 6
length of major axis = 2a = 2(6) = 12 a
length of minor axis = 2b = 2(2) = 4 . Eqn of directrices: Y = ± e ⇒ y + 2 = ± 3 6

EXAMPLE 5.21 i.e y =− 2 + 3 6 , y =− 2 − 3 6


For the ellipse ��� + �� + ��� − �� + �� = � Find, eccentricity, center, vertices , foci of
Find center , vertices, foci. Also prove � ⋅ � ⋅ � = � ���� + ��� − ��� + ��� − �� = �
Solution : Solution :
4x2 + y2 + 24x − 2y + 21 = 0 ; 4x2 + 24x + y2 − 2y =− 21 36x2 + 4y2 − 72x + 32y − 44 = 0
36x2 − 72x + 4y2 + 32y = 44
4 x2 + 6x + 1 y2 − 2y =− 21
36 x2 − 2x + 4 y2 + 8y = 44
4 x2 + 6x + 9 + 1 y2 − 2y + 1 =− 21 + 36 + 1 = 16 36 x2 − 2x + 1 + 4 y2 + 8y + 16 = 44 + 36 + 64 = 144
36(x − 1)2 (y + 4)2
4(x+3)2 (y−1)2 ÷ 225 +4 =1
4(x + 3)2 + (y − 1)2 = 16 ⇒ ÷ 16 + =1 144 144
16 16 2 2
(x − 1) (y + 4)
(x+3)2 (y−1)2 + =1 X=x−1 Y=y+4
+ =1 X=x+3 Y=y−1 4 36
4 16
X2 Y2
X2 Y2 + =1 Major axis parallel to Y-axis
+ =1 Major axis Y-axis 4 36
4 16
2
a2 = 16 a = 4 b2 = 4 b =2 { a 2 = 36 ⇒ a = 6}
b =4 ⇒b=2
c2 = a2 − b2 = 16 − 4 = 12 ⇒ c = 12 = 2 3 c2 = a2 − b2 = 36 − 4 = 32
Center −3,1
⇒ c =± 32 =± 4x4x2 =± 4 2
vertices (h ± a, k): −3,1 ± 4 = −3,3 ; −3, − 3
Foci (h ± c, k): −3,1 ± 2 3 = −3,1 + 2 3 ; ( − 3,1 − 2 3) center = (1, − 4)
Length of major axis 2a = 8 vertices (h , k ± a) = (1, − 4 ± 6) = (1, − 4 + 6), (1, − 4 − 6)
Length of minor axis 2b = 2 2 = 4 = (1,2), (1, − 10)
�2 4 Foci (h , k± c) = (1, − 4 ± 32)
Length of latus rectum = 2 �
=24=2
=(1, − 4 + 4 2); (1, − 4 − 4 2)
c 4 2 2 2
e= = =
a 6 3

24
Example 5.24 Exercise 5.2 - 8(vi)
Find the centre, foci and � of hyperbola Identify the conic and find centre , foci , vertices and
���� − ���� − ��� + ��� − ��� = � directrices of ��� − �� − ��� − �� + �� = �
Solution : solution :
11x2 − 25y2 − 44x + 50y − 256 = 0 9x2 − y2 − 36x − 6y + 18 = 0
11x2 − 44x − 25y2 + 50y = 256 9x2 − 36x − y2 − 6y =− 18
11 x2 − 4x − 25 y2 − 2y = 256
11 x2 − 4x + 4 − 25 y2 − 2y + 1 = 256 + 44 − 25 9 x2 − 4x − y2 + 6y =− 18
11(x − 2)2 − 25(y − 1)2 = 275 9 x2 − 4x + 4 − y2 + 6y + 9 =− 18 + 36 − 9
11(x − 2)2 25(y − 1)2 9(x − 2)2 − (y + 3)2 = 9
÷ 275 − =1
275 275 (x−2)2 (y+3)2

(x−2)2

(y−1)2
=1 X=x−2 Y=y−1 ÷9 − =1 X=x−2 Y=y+3
1 9
25 11
X2 Y2
x2

y2
= 1 Transverse axis parallel to x-axis − = 1 Transverse axis parallel to x - axis
1 9
25 11
{a2 = 1 ⇒ a = 1 ; b2 = 9 ⇒ b = 3}
a2 = 25 ⇒ a = 5 & b2 = 11 b = 11
c2 = a2 + b2 = 25 + 11 = 36 ⇒ c =± 6 c2 = a2 + b2 = 1 + 9 = 10 ⇒ c = 10

centre = (2,1) centre = (2, − 3)

Foci h ± ae, k = (2 ± 6,1) = (2 + 6,1); (2 − 6,1) Vertices (h ± a, k) = (2 ± 1, − 3) = (2 + 1, − 3); (2 − 1, − 3)

= (8,1); ( − 4,1) = (3, -3);(1, -3)


c 6 Foci (h±a,k) =(2± 10,-3) =(2+ 10,-3);(2- 10,-3)
e=a=5
a a a2 1
Ex 5.4 (3) Eqn of directrices X= ± : { = = }
e e c 10
Show that the line � − � + � = � touches Ellipse 1 1 1
�� + ��� = �� . Also find the co. ordinates of point of contact. x−2= ± ⇒ x=2+ , x=2−
10 10 10
Solution: CREATED.
x−y+4 = 0 x2 + 3y2 = 12 Prove that the line �� + ��� = � touches �� − ��� = � .
x2 3y2
Find point of contact.
−y =− x − 4 + =1 Solution:
12 12
5x + 12y = 9 x2 − 9y2 = 9
x2 y2
⇒y=x+4 + =1
12 4
x2 y2
⇒ 12y =− 5x + 9 − =1
9 1
m=1 c=4
−5 9
⇒y= x+ a2 = 9 b2 = 1
a2 = 12 b2 = 4 12 12

−5 3 5 3
condition: c2 = a2 m2 + b2 ⇒y= x+ m =− c=
12 4 12 4

L.H.S c2 = 42 = 16 Condition: c2 = a2 m2 − b2

R.H.S: a2 m2 + b2 = 12 1 + 4 = 12 + 4 = 16 3 2 9
L.H.S: c2 = 4
=
16
L.H.S=R.H.S
−5 2 25
R.H.S: a2 m2 − b2 = 9 12
−1=9
144
−1
∴ line touches Ellipse
225−144 81 9
a2 m b2 = = =
Point of contact = − c
,
c
144 144 16

12(1) 4
LHS=RHS Line touch hyperbola
= − , 4 = −3,1
4
a2 m b2
pt of contact = − c
,−
c

5
−9 − −1 4
12
= 3 , 3 = 5, −
3
4 4

25
CHAPTER 6 - VECTOR ALGEBRA EXAMPLE 6.5: Prove by vector method:
( 5 MARKS ONLY) Sin( � − �) = sin � cos � - cos � sin �
EXERCISE 6.1 (5): Prove by vector method: Solution:
cos( � − �) = cos � cos � + sin � sin � |a|=|b|= 1
Solution: ∠AOB = α − β
|a|=|b|= 1 A(cosα , sinα )
B(cosβ , sinβ )
∠AOB = α − β
a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i + sinβ j
A(cosα , sinα )
b x a = |b||a| sin (α − β) k = (1)(1) sin (α − β) k
B(cosβ , sinβ )
= sin (α − β) k ______(1)
a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i + sinβ j i j k
b x a = cosβ sinβ 0
b. a = |b||a|cos (α − β)= (1)(1) cos (α − β)
cosα sinα 0
= cos (α − β) ______(1) = i (0) - j(0) + k (cosβ sinα - cosαsinβ)
b. a = (cosβ i + sinβ j).(cosα i + sinα j) = k (cosβ sinα - cosαsinβ) _______(2)
From (1) and (2)
= cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ _______(2)
sin (α − β) k = k (cosβ sinα - cosαsinβ)
From (1) and (2) cos( α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin (α − β) = (cosβ sinα - cosα sinβ)
EXAMPLE 6.3 : Prove by vector method: EXERCISE 6.1(10): Prove by vector method:-
cos( � + �) = cos � cos � - sin � sin � Solution: sin ( � + �) = sin � cos � + cos � sin �
Solution: Solution:
|a|=|b|= 1 & |a|=|b|= 1
∠AOB = α + β ∠AOB = α − β
A(cosα , sinα ) & A(cosα , sinα ) & B(cosβ , -sinβ )
B(cosβ , -sinβ ) a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i - sinβ j
a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i - sinβ j b x a = |b||a| sin (α + β) k = (1)(1) sin (α + β) k
b. a = |b||a|cos (α + β)= (1)(1) cos (α + β) = sin (α + β) k ______(1)
= cos (α + β) ______(1) i j k
b x a = cosβ −sinβ 0
b. a = (cosβ i - sinβ j).(cosα i + sinα j) cosα sinα 0
= cosα cosβ - sinα sinβ _______(2) = i (0) - j(0) + k (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ)
From (1) and (2) cos( α + β) = cos α cos β - sin α sin β = k (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ) _______(2)
EXAMPLE 6.7 : Prove by vector method that the From (1) and (2)
perpendiculars (ALTITUDES) drawn from the vertices to the sin (α + β) k = k (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ)
opposite sides of a triangle are concurrent. sin (α + β) = (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ)
Solution:
Example 6.6: If � is the midpoint of the side BC of a triangle
In triangle ABC,
Altitudes AD, BE meet at O. ���, show by vector method that
To prove the third altitude from c to |��|� + |��|� = � |��|� + |��|�
AB also pass through O. Solution:
AD ⊥ BC ⇒ OA ⊥ BC BE ⊥ CA ⇒ OB ⊥ CA In triangle ABC , D is mid point of BC
⇒ OA ⊥ BC ⇒ OB ⊥ CA BD = DC & DB =− DC
⇒ OA . BC = 0 ⇒ OB . CA = 0 Equal magnitude but opposite direction
⇒ OA .( OC - OB ) = 0 ⇒ OB .( OA - OC ) = 0
|AB|2 + |AC|2
⇒ OA. OC - OA. OB= 0 ⇒ OB. OA - OB. OC= 0
= |AB + DB|2 + |AB + DC|2 DC =− DB
⇒ OA. OC = OA. OB ⇒ OB. OA = OB. OC
2 2
OA. OC = OA. OB & OB. OA = OB. OC = |AD + DB| + |AD − DB|
⇒ OA. OC = OB. OC = |AD|2 + |DB|2 + 2AD ⋅ DB + |AD|2 + |DB|2 − 2AD ⋅ DB
⇒ OC. OA = OC. OB
⇒ OC. OB - OC. OA = 0 = 2|AD|2 + 2|DB|2
⇒ OC.( OB - OA ) = 0 ⇒ OC. AB = 0 = 2 |AD|2 + |DB|2
⇒ OC ⊥ AB = 2 |AD|2 + |BD|2
⇒ OC ⊥ AB
Altitude from C to AB also pass through O

29
3 - MARKS Exercise ��. �
EXERCISE 11.1 Question �.
(2) In a pack of 52 playing cards, two cards are drawn For the random vaniable � with the given probability mass
at random simultaneously. If the number of black function as below, find the mean and variance
cards drawn is a random variable, find the values of �
� = �, �
the random variable and number of points in its (i) �(�) = ��

inverse images. � = �, �, �, �

SOLUTION: No of cards = 52; No of cards drawn = 2; Solution:
�� � ��
Total number of points = 52�� = ���
= 1326 (i) Given probability mass function
X be the discrete random variable denoting number of black cards �
� = �, �
��
x = { 0, 1, 2} �(�) = �
�� � �� � = �, �, �, �
X(0) = X(2 Red cards) = 26�� = ���
= 325 �

X(1) = X(1 Red, 1 Black) = 26�� x 26�� = 26 x 26 = 676 x 0 1 2 3 4 5


�� � �� f(x) 1/5 1/5 1/10 1/5 1/5 1/10
X(2) = X( 2 Black cards) = 26�� = ���
= 325 � � � � �
Mean �(�) = ���(�) = � + � + � + � + � + �
Values of X 0 1 2 total
� � ��+� ��
No. of elements in = + = = = �. �
� � �� ��
325 676 325 1326
inverse images � �� = �� �(�) �
� � � � �
= � + �� ( ) + �� ( ) + �� ( ) + �� ( ) + �� ( )
EXERCISE 11.2 � �� � � ��
� � � �� �� � � � �� � �� �
2. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its = � + � + �� + � + �
+
��
= + + +
� � � �
+ =
� �
+

faces, and ‘5’ on remaining three faces. The die is thrown =
��+��
= ��
��
��
twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws, find
(i) the probability mass function Variance ��� (�) = � �� − [�(�)]�
�� ��� ���−��� ���
(ii) the cumulative distribution function = − = = = �. ��
�� ��� ��� ���
(iii) P(4 ≤ X < 10) (iv) P(X ≥ 6)
(ii) Given probability mass function
Solution: �−�
+ 1 3 3 5 5 5 �(�) = , � = �, �, �

1 2 4 4 6 6 6 � 1 2 3
3 4 6 6 8 8 8
3 4 6 6 8 8 8 �(�) �/� �/� �/�
5 6 8 8 10 10 10 Mean �(�) = ���(�) = + + = � + = = �. ��
� � � � �
� � � � �
5 6 8 8 10 10 10 � � �
5 6 8 8 10 10 10 � �� = ��� �(�) = �� ( ) + �� ( ) + �� ( )
� � �
� � � �+�+� �� ��
Given that die is marked ' 1 ' on one face, ' 3 ' on two of its = + + = = =
� � � � � �
faces and ' 5 ' on remaining three faces. i.e., {�, �, �, �, �, �} in Variance ��� (�) = � �� − [�(�)]�
a single die. �� � � �� �� ��−�� �
� � �� = − = − = = = �. ��
� �=� = ; � �=� = ; �(� = �) = ; � � � � � �
�� �� ��
�� �
� �=� = ; �(� = ��) = (iii) Given probability mass function
�� ��
�(� − �), � < � < �
(i) Probability mass function: �(�) =
�, otherwise
� 2 4 6 8 10 Total Here ' � ' is a continuous random variable

� � �� �� � Mean E(X) = ��(�)��
−∞
�(�) 1 �
�� �� �� �� �� � � �� ��
=� �(� − �)�� = � �� − � �� = � −
� � � � �
(ii) The Cumulative distribution function:
� � � � � � �
� for �<� =� −� − − =� + =� =
� � � � � � �
�/�� for �≤� ∞
�/�� for �≤� � �� = �� �(�)��
−∞
�(�) = � �
��/�� for �≤� =� �� (� − �)�� = � �� − �� ��
��/�� for �≤� � �
� �
� for � ≤ �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
=� − =� ( − )−( − ) =
� � � � � � � �
(iii)P(4 ≤ X < 10)= �(� = �) + �(� = �) + �(� = �) �

� �� �� �� �� Variance ��� � = � � − [�(�)]�
= + + = =
�� �� �� �� �� �� � � �� �� ��−�� �
(iv) �(� ≥ �) = �(� = �) + �(� = �) + �(� = ��) = − �
= − = =
� � � �� ��
�� �� � ��
= + + =
�� �� �� ��

37


�−� for x>0 4. Four fair coins are tossed once. Find the probability mass
(iv) � � = �
function, mean and variance for number of heads occurred.
� otherwise
Since ' � ' is a continuous random variable SOLUTION:
∞ ∞ �!
Mean �(�) = ��(�)�� [ � −��
� � �� = ] n = 4, X - random variable denoting no.of heads
−∞ � �� + �
� ∞ −
� � �! � X= { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 } n(S)=�� =16
= �� �� = �

� [ n = 1, a = �]
� � ( )�+� � � �
� P(x= 0) = 4�� (� )� = 1. �� = ��
� � �
= ( �) = = � � � �
� �
� P(x= 1) = 4�� (� )� = 4. �� = ��

� �� = �� ⋅ �(�)�� � � �
−∞ P(x= 2) = 4�� (� )� = 6. �� = ��
� ∞ �
= �� ⋅ �−�/� �� [ n = 2, a = �] � � �
� � P(x= 3) = 4�� ( )� = 4. =
� �! � � � �� ��
= � (�) � + �
= �
( �) � � �
� � P(x= 4) = 4�� (� )� = 1. �� = ��
��
= = � Probabaility mass function

Variance ��� (�) = � �� − [�(�)]� =� − � = � X 0 1 2 3 4
2.Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement � � � � �
P(X=x)
from an urn containing four red balls and three black balls. �� �� �� �� ��
Let � be the possible outcomes drawing red balls. Find the P=

and q =

� �
probability mass function and mean for �.
� � �
Solution: Mean = np = 4 ( � ) = 2 & Variance = npq = 4 ( � ) ( � ) = 1
Number of Red balls = �; Number of Black balls = � Question 7.
Total number of balls = � The probability density function of the random variable � is
Two balls are drawn without replacement ����−�� for � > �
n(s) = ��� given by �(�) = Find the mean and
� for � ≤ �
X denote number of red balls X = { 0, 1, 2 } vaniance of �
���
��� ��� ��� � Solution:
�(� = �) = �(��, ��) = = ��� = =
��� ��� � ����−�� for x>0
��� Given p.d.f. is �(�) =
� � = � = � ( 1R, 1B) =
��� ���
=
���
=
�����
=�
� � for x≤0
��� ��� ���
��� Mean �(�) = ∞ −∞ ��(�)��
��� ∞ �!
−∞ � −��
�(� = �) = �(��, ��) =
���
= ��� ���
= ��� =
� = �� � � � �� [ �� �−�� �� = ]
��� � �� + �
��� �
��� �! ��� � �
=16 x = 16 x =16 x �� = � [n = 2 ; a = 4 ]
∴ Probability mass function � �+ � ��
∞ ∞
� � �� = �� �(�)�� = �� �� �−�� �� [n = 3;a = 4 ]
0 1 2 −∞ �
�! ����� � � �
= 16 x � �+ �
= 16 x ��
=16 x ��� = �� = �
�(�) �/� �/� �/� � � �−� �
� � � � � � �
Variance Var⁡(X) = � �� − [�(�)]� = − = =
� � � �
�(�) = ���(�) = �( ) + �( ) + �( ) = =�+�+�=�
� � � �
Question 8.
Question �. A lottery with 600 tickets gives one prize of ₹��� , four
If � and �� are the mean and variance of the discrete
prizes of ₹���, and six prizes of ₹��. If the ticket costs is ₹�,
random variable �, and �(� + �) = �� and �(� + �)� = ���,
find the expected winning amount of a ticket.
find � and �� .
Solution: Given, total number of tickets = ���
Solution:
One prize of Rs. 200; Four prizes of R. 100
Mean = �, Vaniance = �� Six prizes of Rs. 50
Given � � + � = �� and �(� + �)� = ��� Let ' � ' be the random variable “denotes the winning
� � + � = �� � �� + �� + � = ��� amount” and it can take the values 200,100 and 50 .
�(�) = �� − � � �� + �� � + � = ��� �
p(X= ���) = ��� ; P(X = 100) =��� ; P(x = 50) = ���
� �

� � =� �
� � + � � + � = ���
∴ Probability mass function is
∴ ���� � = � � = � �
� � + �� = ���
� 200 100 50
� �� = ��� − �� = ��
Variance Var⁡(X)=E �� − [�(�)]� �(�) �/��� �/��� �/���
��� ��� ��� ���
�� − �� = �� = �� ∴ � = � ��� �� = �� ∴ �(�) = ���(�) = + + = = �. �
��� ��� ��� ���
Expected winning amount = Amount won − Cost of lottery
= �. �� − �. �� =− �. ��
ie., Loss of Rs. �. ��

38
�+�
3 - MARKS 5. (i) Define an operation ∗ on Q, a ∗ � = � ; �, � ∈ � .
EXERCISE 12.1
���� ���� ���� Examine the closure, commutative, and associative
7. Let � = ���� , � = ���� , � = ���� be any properties satisfied by ∗on ℚ.
�+�
���� ���� ���� (ii) Define an operation ∗ on Q, a ∗ � = ; �, � ∈ � .

three boolean matricesof the same type. Find (i) A∨B (ii) Examine the existence of identity and the existence of
A∧B (iii) (A∨B) ∧C (iv) (A∧B) ∨C . inverse for the operation ∗on ℚ.
SOLUTION: Solution:
1010 0101 1V0 0V1 1V0 0V1 �+�
A∨B = 0101 V 1010 = 0V1 1V0 0V1 1V0 Closure property: Let a, b ∈ Q then 2 ∈ ℚ
1001 1001 1V1 0V0 0V0 1V1 ⇒a∗b∈ℚ
1 1 1 1 ∴ closure property satisfied
= 1 1 1 1 Commutative property:
1 0 0 1 Let a, b ∈ Q, to verify a ∗ b = b ∗ a
1010 0101 �+� �+� � +�
L.H.S: a ∗ b = 2 & R.HS: b ∗ a = 2 = 2 = L.H.S
A∧B = 0101 ∧ 1010
1001 1001 ∴ Commutative property satisfied
1∧0 0∧1 1∧0 0∧1 0 0 0 0 Associative property
= 0∧1 1∧0 0∧1 1∧0 = 0 0 0 0 Let a, b, c ∈ Q, to verify a∗ (b ∗c) = (a∗ b) ∗ c
�+�
1∧1 0∧0 0∧0 1∧1 1 0 0 1 �+� �+
2 2�+�+�
1 1 1 1 1101 L.H.S: a∗ (b ∗c) = a ∗ ( 2
)= 2
= 4
�+�
(A∨B) ∧C = 1 1 1 1 ∧ 0110 �+� 2
+� �+�+2�
R.H.S: (a∗ b) ∗ c = ( )∗c= = 4
1 0 0 1 1111 2 2
1∧1 1∧1 1∧0 1∧1 1 1 0 1 L.H.S ≠ R.H.S. Associative property not satisfied
= 1∧0 1∧1 1∧1 1∧0 = 0 1 1 0 (ii) Identity property:
1∧1 0∧1 0∧1 1∧1 1 0 0 1 Let e be the identity element such that
�+�
0 0 0 0 1101 a ∗ e = a ⇒ 2 = a ⇒ a + e = 2a
(A∧B) ∨C = 0 0 0 0 V 0110
⇒ e = 2a - a = a since e = a which is not unique
1 0 0 1 1111 So identity property not satisfied
0V1 0V1 0V0 0V1 1 1 0 1
= 0V0 0V1 0V1 0V0 = 0 1 1 0 Since identity property not satisfied inverse also not
1V1 0V1 0V1 1V1 1 1 1 1 satisfied
EXERCISE 12.2 Exercise 12.2 (6)
Construct the truth table for the following statements.
Exercise 12.2(5)(i).
(i) ¬p∧¬q
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each of Solution:
the following implication. No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
(i) If x and y are numbers such that x = y , then x² = y² p q ¬p ¬q ¬p∧¬q
Solution: T T F F F
(i) Conditional statement: p → q T F F T F
If x and y are numbers such that x = y , then x² = y² F T T F F
(ii) Converse statement: q → p . F F T T T
If x and y are numbers such that x² = y² then x = y Last column corresponding to ¬p∧¬q
(iii) Inverse Statement: ¬p → ¬q Exercise 12.2 (6):
If x and y are numbers such that x ≠ y , then x² ≠ y² Construct the truth table for the following statements.
(iv) Contrapositive statement: ¬q → ¬p (ii) ¬( p∧¬q)
If x and y are numbers such that x² ≠ y² then x ≠ y Solution:
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
Exercise 12.2(5)(ii).
p q ¬q p ∧ ¬q ¬( p∧¬q)
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each of
T T F F T
the following implication. T F T T F
(ii) If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rectangle F T F F T
Solution: F F T F T
(i) Conditional statement: p → q
If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rectangle Last column corresponding to ¬( p∧¬q)
(ii) Converse statement: q → p . Exercise 12.2 (6): Construct the truth table for
(iii) ( p ∨q) ∨ ¬q
If a quadrilateral is a rectangle then it is a square
Solution: No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
(iii) Inverse Statement: ¬p → ¬q p q ¬q pvq ( p ∨ q) ∨ ¬q
If a quadrilateral is not a square then it is not a rectangle T T F T T
(iv) Contrapositive statement: ¬q → ¬p T F T T T
If a quadrilateral is a not a rectangle then it is a not a square F T F T T
F F T F T

Last column corresponding to ( p ∨q) ∨ ¬q


41
Exercise 12.2: (7)
Exercise 12.2 (6): Verify whether the following compound propositions are
Construct the truth table for the following statements. tautologies or contradictions or contingency:
(iv) (¬p→r) ∧( p↔q) (iv) ((p→q) ∧(q→r))→( p→r)
Solution: Solution:
No of simple statements = 3; No. of rows = 23 = 8 No of simple statements = 3; No. of rows = 23 = 8
T→F F T →F ((p→q)
¬ T →F F (p→q) T →F F
p q r T→F F F ← T F (¬p→r)∧(p p q r F ∧(q→r))
p p→ q ∧(q→r) p→r
¬p→r p↔q ↔q) q→r →( p→r)
T T T F T T T T T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F T
T T F F T T T
T F T F T F T T
T F T F T F F T F F F T F F T
T F F F T F F F T T T T T T T
F T T T T F F F T F T F F T T
F T F T F F F F F T T T T T T
F F T T T T T F F F T T T T T
F F F T F T F Since last column contains ONLY T so it is tautology
Last column corresponding (¬p→r) ∧( p↔q) Exercise 12.2: (8): Show that (i) ¬(p∧q) ≡ ¬p∨¬q
Exercise 12.2: (7) Solution:No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
Verify whether the following compound propositions are L.H.S R.H.S
tautologies or contradictions or contingency: p q p∧q ¬p ¬q
¬(p∧q) ¬p∨¬q
(i) (p∧q)∧¬( p∨q)
Solution: T T T F F F F
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 T F F T F T T
(p∧q) ∧ F T F T T F T
p q p∧q p∨q ¬(p∨q) F F F T T T T
¬( p∨q)
T T T T F F Since column corresponding to L.H.S and R.H.S are identical,
T F F T F F Hence ¬(p∧q) ≡ ¬p∨¬q
F T F T F F Exercise 12.2: (8): Show that (ii) ¬(p→q) ≡ p∧¬q
F F F F T F Solution:No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
T→F F L.H.S R.H.S
Since last column contains ONLY F So it is contradiction p q ¬q
p→q ¬(p→q) p ∧ ¬q
Exercise 12.2: (7)
Verify whether the following compound propositions are T T T F F F
tautologies or contradictions or contingency: T F F T T T
(ii)((p∨q) ∧¬p)→q F T T F F F
Solution: F F T F T F
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 Since column corresponding to L.H.S and R.H.S are identical,
(p∨q) ∧ T → F F Hence ¬(p→q) ≡ p∧¬q
p q p∨q ¬ p
¬p ((p∨q) ∧¬p) → q Exercise 12.2: (9): Prove that q → p ≡¬p→¬q
T T T F F T Solution:No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
T F T F F T L.H.S R.H.S
F T T T T T p q T→F F ¬p ¬q T→F F
F F F T F T q→ p ¬p → ¬q
Since last column contains ONLY T so it is tautology T T T F F T
Exercise 12.2: (7) T F T F T T
Verify whether the following compound propositions are F T F T F F
tautologies or contradictions or contingency:(iii) F F T T T T
(p→q)↔(¬p→q) Since column corresponding to L.H.S and R.H.S are identical,
Solution: Hence q → p ≡¬p → ¬q
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 Exercise 12.2: (10):
T→F F Show that p→q and q→p are not equivalent
T→F F T→F F
p q ¬p F← T F Solution:
p→q ¬p → q
(p→q)↔(¬p→q) No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
T T T F T T T→F F T→F F
p q
T F F F T F p→q q→ p
F T T T T T T T T T
F F T T F F T F F T
Since last column contains both T and F it is contigencey F T T F
F F T T
Since column corresponding p → q AND q → p are NOT
identical . p→q and q→p are not equivalent

42
5 MARKS
Exercise 12.2: (11): Example 12.9
Show that ¬(p↔q) ≡ p ↔ ¬q Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii)
Solution: associative property, (iv) existence of identity, and (v)
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 existence of inverse for the operation +� on �� using table
p ↔ ¬q corresponding to addition modulo 5.
p q ¬(p↔q) ¬q
p↔q SOLUTION: Z5 = { [0], [1], [2], [3], [4] } = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }
T T T F F F +5 0 1 2 3 4
T F F T T T
0 0 1 2 3 4
F T F T F T
F F T F T F 1 1 2 3 4 0
Since column corresponding p → q AND q → p are NOT 2 2 3 4 0 1
identical 3 3 4 0 1 2
p→q and q→p are not equivalent
4 4 0 1 2 3
Exercise 12.2: (13):
Using truth table check whether the statements CLOSURE PROPERTY:
¬(p∨q)∨(¬p∧q) and ¬p are logically equivalent. All the elements in the table are form the set only
Solution: Closure property is verified
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 Commutative property :
¬( p∨q ¬p∧q ¬(p∨q)∨(¬
p q p∨q ¬p Table is symmetric about main diagonal
) p∧q)
T T T F F F F Commutative property is verified
T F T F F F F Associative property:
F T T F T T T +5 is alwys associative, Associative property is verified
F F F T T F T Identity property:
Since column corresponding ¬(p∨q)∨(¬p∧q) and ¬p are
0 ∈ Z5 is the identity element, identity property is verified.
identical
Hence ¬(p∨q)∨(¬p∧q) and ¬p are logically equivalent Inverse property:
ELEMENT 0 1 2 3 4
INVERSE 0 4 3 2 1
Inverse property is verified
Example 12.10
Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii)
associative property, (iv) existence of identity, and (v)
existence of inverse for the operation ��� on a subset A =
{1,3,4,5,9} of the set of remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
SOLUTION:
A= {1,3,4,5,9}
x11 1 3 4 5 9
1 1 3 4 5 9
3 3 9 1 4 5
4 4 1 5 9 3
5 5 4 9 3 1
9 9 5 3 1 4
CLOSURE PROPERTY:
All the elements in the table are form the set only
Closure property is verified
Commutative property :
Table is symmetric about main diagonal
Commutative property is verified
Associative property:
x11 is alwys associative, Associative property is verified
Identity property:
1 ∈ A is the identity element, identity property is verified.
Inverse property:
ELEMENT 1 3 4 5 9
INVERSE 1 4 3 9 5
Inverse Property satisfied
43

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