12 em Min Material
12 em Min Material
2 (1)(iii):
2 - MARKS, 3 -MARKS ( 5- MARKS ONLY QUESTIONS GIVEN) � −� −� �
Find the rank of matrix by minor method:
� −� −� �
2 MARKS
−3 4 Solution:
EXERCISE 1.1 : 1(i). Find the adjoint of
6 2 � −� −� �
A=
Solution: � −� −� �
−3 4 A is a mattrix of order 2 X 4; ρ(A) ≤ min{4,2} = 2
A=
6 2 � −�
Consider ∆� = = -6 + 6 = 0
2 −4 � −�
adj A = (Ac)T =
−6 −3 −� −�
Consider ∆� = =6–6=0
−� � −� −�
Exercise 1.1 (2) (i) : Find the inverse of
� −� We must find all possible 2 x 2 minors of A check |A| ≠ �
−� �
Solution: A = −� �
� −� Consider ∆� = = -1 – 0 = -1 ≠ �
�
�−� = (Adj A) −� �
|�|
−� � Since 2 x 2 minor not equal to zero ⟹ ρ(A) = 2
|A| = =6–4=2
� −� Exercise 1.2 (1)(iv):
−� −�
Adj A =
−� −� Find the rank of the matrix by minor method:
� –� −�
�−� = ����� ������� � −� �
� −� −�
� −� � � � −�
Exercise 1.1(9): If adj A = � � −� , find A-1 � � −�
−� � � Solution:
Solution:
� −� �
� −� � A= � � −�
adj A = � � −� � � −�
−� � � A is a mattrix of order 3 X 3; ρ(A) ≤ min {3,3} = 3
� −� � � −� �
|adj A| = � � −� = 0 + 2(36-18) + 0 = 2(18) = 36 ∆� = � � −�
−� � � � � −�
� −� �
� � = 1(-4+6) + 2(-2+30) + 3(2 – 20)
�−� = ± (adj A) = ± �� � � −�
��� �
−� � � = 1(2) + 2(28) + 3(-18) = 2 + 56 – 54 = 4 ≠ �
1
�� � � � � �
�
3 MARK QUESTIONS =
��
� �� � = � � � = I3
� � �� � � �
EXERCISE 1.1 −� � � −� � �
� �
AT A = � � −� � � � �
�
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 � � � � −� �
1(ii) Find the adjoint of 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 �� + �� + � −� + �� − � −�� + �� + �
3 7 2 3 7 2 3 7 2 =
�
−� + �� − � � + �� + �� � + �� − ��
��
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 −�� + �� + � � + �� − �� �� + �� + ��
Solution: A = 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1
�� � � � � �
3 7 2 3 7 2 3 7 2 �
=
��
� �� � = � � � = I3
�
8−7 3−6 21 − 12 � � �� � � �
adj A = (Ac)T= 7 − 6 4−3 9 − 14 A AT = AT A = I3 ⟹ �−� = AT
3−4 3−2 8−9
1 −3 9 � 1 1 −1 Exercise 1.1(6):
= 1 � −�
1 −5 = −3 1 1 If A = , verify that A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I2
−� �
−1 1 −1 9 −5 −1 Solution:
1(iii). � −� � �
A= ��� adj A =
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
−� � � �
1
Find the adjoint of −2 1 2 −2 1 2 −2 1 2 � −� � � �� − �� �� − ��
3
1 −2 2 1 −2 2 A(adj A) = =
1 −2 2 −� � � � −�� + �� −�� + ��
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 � �
1 =
Solution: A = 3 −2 1 2 −2 1 2 −2 1 2 � �
1 −2 2 1 −2 2 1 −2 2
� � � −� �� − �� −�� + ��
� (adj A)A = =
�+� �+� �−� � � −� � �� − �� −�� + ��
1
Adj A =(3 )2 −� − � �−� �+� � �
=
�−� −� − � �+� � �
� −�
� � � � � −�
� � −� � |A| = = 24 – 20 = 4
1 1 1 −� �
= −� � � =9 � −� = 3 � � −�
�
9
� −� � � � � �
� �
� � � � |A|I2 = 4 =
� � � � � � �
Exercise 1.1 (2) (iii): Find the inverse of � � � � �
A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I2 = . Hence proved
� � � � �
� � � � −� �
Solution: Let A = � � � Exercise 1.1(9): If adj A = � � −� , find A-1
� � � −� � �
|A| = 2(8 - 7) – 3(6 – 3)+1(21 – 12) = 2(1) – 3(3) + 1(9) Solution:
= 2 – 9 + 9 = 2 ( inverse exists )
8 − 7 3 − 6 21 − 12 � � � � � � � � −� �
adj A = (Ac)T = 7 − 6 4 − 3 9 − 14 � � � � � � adj A = � � −�
3−4 3−2 8−9 � � � � � � −� � �
1 −3 9 � 1 1 −1 � � � � � � � −� �
= 1 1 −5 = −3 1 1 � � � � � � |adj A| = � � −� = 0 + 2(36-18) + 0 = 2(18) = 36
−1 1 −1 9 −5 −1 � � � � � �
−� � �
1 1 −1 �
� � �−� = ± (adj A)
�−� = (Adj A) = −3 1 1 ��� �
� �
9 −5 −1 � −� �
Practise Ex 1.1 2(ii) =±
�
� � −�
−� � � ��
� −� � �
Exercise 1.1 (5): If A = � � � � , prove that �−� = AT
� −� � � −� �
�
Solution: =±� � � −�
−� � � −� � � −� � �
� �
A= � � � � and AT = � � � −�
� −� � � � �
−� � � −� � �
� �
A AT = �
� � � � � � −�
� −� � � � �
�� + � + �� −�� + � + �� −� − � + ��
�
= ��
−�� + � + �� �� + �� + �� � − �� + ��
−� − � + �� � − �� + �� � + �� + ��
2
� � −� −� � � �
Exercise 1.1 (7): A = and B = .
� � � � Exercise 1.1(10): Find adj(adj A), if adj A = � � �
verify that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 −� � �
� � −� −� SOLUTION:
Solution: A = ,B= � � � � � � � � �
� � � �
� � −� −� −� + �� −� + � adj A = � � � � � � � � �
AB = = −� � � −� � � −� � �
� � � � −� + �� −�� + ��
�−� �−� �+� � � � � � � �
� −�
= Adj(adj A) = � − � �+� �−� � � � � � �
�� −�� −� � � −� � �
�−� �−� �−�
� −� � � � � � � −�
|AB| = = -77+ 90 = 13
�� −�� = � � � = � � �
−�� � −� � � � � �
adj(AB) = � ��� �
−�� � Exercise 1.1(11): A = , show that
− ��� � �
� � –�� � ��� �� − ��� ��
�� −� = (Adj AB) = �� ATA-1 =
�� −�� � ��� �� ��� ��
−� −� −� −� SOLUTION: |A| = 1 + tan2 � = sec2 x
B= and |B| = = -2 + 15 = 13
� � � � � − ��� � � −��� �
Adj A = and AT =
� � ��� � � ��� � �
adj B =
−� −� �
�−� = (Adj A)
� � � � |�|
�−� = (Adj B) =
� �� −� −� � � − ��� �
�−� =
� � � � sec2 x| ��� � �
A= and |A| = = 15-14 = 1
� � � � � � − ��� � � −��� �
ATA-1 =
� −� sec2 x ��� � � ��� � �
adj A =
−� � � − ���� � − ��� � − ��� �
= cos2 x
�
�−� = (Adj A) =
� � −� ��� � + ���� − ���� � + �
|�| � −� � ���� �
�− − ���� �
� � � � � −� � � � � −� = cos x 2 ���� �
B-1A-1 = = ���� �
�� −� −� � −� � �� −� −� −� � � ���� �−
���� �
� �� − �� −� + � � –�� �
= �� = �� �����cos2 x
−�� + � �� − � −�� � cos2 x − − ���� �cos2 x
���� �
� –�� � =
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1 = Hence proved. ���� � cos2 x
�� −�� � � ����cos2 x cos2 x − ���� �
2 �
� −� � = cos x − ��� � −� ��� � ��� �
Exercise 1.1(8): If adjA = −� �� −� , find A � ��� � ��� � cos2 x − ���� �
−� � � ��� �� − ��� ��
� =
Solution: A= ± adj(adj A) ��� �� ��� ��
��� �
� −� � � −� � � −� � Exercise 1.1(12):
|Adj A | = −� �� −� −� �� −� −� �� −� � � �� �
−� � � −� � � −� � � Find the matrix A for which A =
� −� � � −� � −� −� � �
= 2(24-0)-(-4)(-6-14)+2(0+24) −� �� −� −� �� −� SOLUTION:
−� � � −� � �
= 2(24) + 4(-20) + 2(24) � � �� �
= 48 - 80 + 48 = 96 - 80 = 16 A =
−� −� � �
�
�� − � �� + � � + ��
A B = C ⇒ A = C �−�
adj(adj A) = � + � �+� �−�
�� − �� −� + �� �� − �� � �
B = ⇒ |B| = -10 + 3 = -7
�� �� �� � �� � � −�−�
= � � � = �� � � −� −� � −� −�
Adj B = ⇒ �−� =
� � �� �� � �� � � −� � �
�� � �
A= ±
� � �� � −� −�
�� � � A = C �−� = −�
��
�� � �� � � � �
� � � � −�� + � −�� + ��
�
=±�4 � � � = −�
−�� + � −�� + ��
� � � −�� −�
� � � � −�� −� −� −� � �
=± � � � = −� = −� �� =
−� �� � −�
� � � −� −�
3
Exercise 1.1(13): Exercise 1.2 (2) (i):
� −� � −� � �
Given A = , B= , and C = , Find the rank of the matrix by row reduction method:
� � � � � �
Find a matrix X such that AXB = C. � � � �
Solution: � −� � �
AXB = C ⇒ �−� (AXB)�−� = �−� C �−� � −� � ��
⇒ (�−� A)X(B�−� ) = �−� C �−�
Solution:
⇒ X = � C �−�
−�
� −� � � � � � �
A= ⇒ |A| = 0+2 = 2 & Adj A =
� � −� � A= � −� � �
� � � � � −� � ��
�−� = (Adj A) =
|�| � −� �
� −� � � � � � �
B= ⇒ |B| = 3+2 = 5 & Adj B = ~ � −� � −� R2→ R2 - 2 R1; R3→ R3 - 5 R1
� � −� �
� � � � � −� � −�
�−� = (Adj B) =
|�| � −� �
� � � �
� � � � � � � �
X=� ~ � −� � −� R3→ R3 – 2 R2
−� � � � � −� �
� � � � � � � � � � �
= ��
−� � � � −� � This is in echelon form; no of nonzero rows = 2 ⟹ ρ(A) = 2
� �+� �+� � � � � � � �
= �� = ��
−� + � −� + � −� � � � −� �
� �−� �+� � � �� � �
= �� = �� = Exercise 1.2 (2) (ii):
�+� �+� � � � �
� � �
� Find the rank of the matrices by row reduction method:
Exercise 1.1 (14): If A = � � � , show that A-1 = � (A2 – 3I)
� � � � � −�
Solution: � −� �
� � � � � � � � � � −� �
A= � � � � � � � � � � −� �
� � � � � � � � �
� � � = 0 (0-1 ) - 1 (0-1) + 1( 1-0) � � � � � � Solution:
� � � = 0(-1) -1(-1) + 1(1) � � � � � � � � −�
� � � � � �
� � � = 0 + 1 + 1= 2 A= � −� �
� −� �
� −� �
�−� �−� � − � � −� � � �
T
Adj A = (Ac) = � − � � − � �−� = � −� � � � −�
�−� �−� �−� −� � −� ~ � −� � R →R -3R ;R →R -R ; R →R -R
2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1
−� � −� � −� �
= � −� � � −� �
� � −� � � −�
−� � −� � −�� �� R → ��R ; R → ��R ; R → ��R
� � ~
�−� = (Adj A) = � −� � � −�� ��
2 2 3 3 4 4
|�| �
� � −� � −�� ��
� � � � � �
A2 = A x A = � � � � � � � � −�
� � � � � � ~ � −�� �� R → R – R ; R → R – R
3 3 2 4 4 2
�+�+� �+�+� �+�+� � � ��
= �+�+� �+�+� �+�+� � � −�
�+�+� �+�+� �+�+� � � −�
� � �
= � � � ~ � −�� �� R → �R
3 3
� � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � −�
A2 − 3I = � � � −� � � � � � −�
� � � � � � ~ � −�� �� R → R + R
4 4 3
� � � −� � � � � �
= � � � + � −� � � � �
� � � � � −� This is in echelon form; no of nonzero rows = 3 ⟹ ρ(A) = 3
−� � �
= � −� �
� � −�
−� � �
� �
�� − �� = � −� � = �−�
� �
� � −�
4
Exercise 1.2 (2) (iii): Exercise 1.3(1)(ii):
Find the rank of the matrices by row reduction method: Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix
� −� � � inversion method :2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = -2
� −� � �
−� � � −� SOLUTION: 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = -2
Solution: � −� � �
� = −� ⇒A X = B ⇒ X = A B
-1
� �
� −� �� −� � � −� �
� −� �
A= � −� �� ~ � −� � � R1⟷ R3 A= ,X= � ,B=
� � −�
−� � �−� � −� � �
� −�
−� � � −� |A| = = 4 + 3 = 7 ≠ 0, A-1 exists
� �
~ � −� � � R2→ R2 + 2 R1; R3→ R3 + 3 R1
� −� �� −� � � � � � �
adj A = ⇒A-1 = (adj A) =
−� � |�| � −� �
−� � � −�
��
~ � −� � � R 3→ R 3 - 2 R 2 � � � � � � �� − � � �� �
� � � −� � =� −� � −�
=
� −�� − �
=
� −��
= −��
⟹ ρ(A) = 3 �
� �
Exercise 1.2 (3)(i): � = −� ⇒ x = 2, y = - 4
Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss Jordan method:
� −� Exercise 1.3(4):
� −� Four men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in
� −�
Solution: Let A = 3 days while 2 men and 5 women can finish the same work
� −�
jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and
� −� � �
[A|I] = l.. C. M. of 2 and 5 is 10 that of one woman alone to finish the same work by using
� −� � �
�� −� � � matrix inversion method.
~ R1→ �R1; R2→ � R2
�� −� � � SOLUTION:
�� −� � �
~ R2→ R2 - R1 Let one man complete the work in x days
� � −� �
� −� � � let one women complete the work in y days
~ R1→ �R1
� � −� � � �
man one day work = � , women one day work = �
� � −� �
~ R 1→ R 1 + R 2
� � −� � � � �
Given: 4( � ) + 4 (� ) = � , 2( � ) + 5 (� ) = �
� � �
� � −� � �
~ R1→ �R1
� � −� � � �
� � � �
−� � = ⇒A X = B ⇒ X = A-1B
∴ A-1 = � � � �
−� � � �
Exercise 1.3(1)(i):
� �
Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix � � � �
A= ,X= � ; B= �
� �
inversion method: 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3 � �
� �
SOLUTION: 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3 |A| = = 20 – 8 = 12 ≠ 0, A-1 exists
� �
� � � −� � −� � � −�
= adj A = ⇒ A-1 =
� � � −� −� � �� −� �
A X = B ⇒ X = A-1B � � −� ��−��
� � −� �
+ �
� � � � ��
� � −� X= = =
A= ,X= � B= �� −� � � �� −�
+
� �� −�+��
� � −� � � � ��
� � �
|A| = = 4 – 5 = -1 ≠ 0, A-1 exists � � �
� � � � �� ��� ��
� = �� � = � = �
� −�
adj A = � �� ��� ��
−� �
� �
� � � −�
A-1 = |�| (adj A) = −� �
= ��
⇒ =
� �
⇒ x = 18 and
�
=
�
⇒ y = 36
−� � � � � �� � ��
�
X = A-1B ��
5
Exercise 1.3(3): Exercise 1.4(2):
A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every
�
amount and a fixed amount of annual increment. If his salary correct answer while mark is deducted for every wrong
�
was ₹19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3 answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80
years of service and ₹23,400 per month at the end of the first marks. How many questions did he answer correctly ? (Use
month after 9 years of service, find his starting salary and his Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
annual increment. Solution: Let Number of question answered correctly be x
(Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.) Let Number of question answered wrong be y
�
SOLUTION: Given : For correct answer 1 mark, wrong answer - � mark
Let salary be ₹ x and annual increment be ₹ y �
x + y = 100 ; x - � y = 80 ⇒ 4x – y = 320
Given: x + 3y = 19800 and x + 9y = 23400
� � � ����� � �
= ∆= = -1 - 4 = - 5
� � � ����� � −�
� ��� �
AX = B ⇒ � = �−� � and �−� = (adj A) ∆� = = -100-320 = - 420
|�| ��� −�
� � � ���
|A| = = 9 – 3 = 6 ≠ 0, A-1 exists ∆� = = 320 – 400 = - 80
� � � ���
∆� −���
� −� � � −� X= = = 84, No. of questions answered correctly = 84
adj A = & A-1 = � ∆ −�
−� � −� �
∆� −��
� � −� ����� Y= = = 16. No. of question answered wrong = 16
X=� ∆ −�
−� � �����
� ������ − ����� Exercise 1.4(3):
= A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another
� −����� + ����� solution which is 25% acid. How much each should be mixed
� ������ to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? ( Use Cramer’s
=�
���� Rule)
������/� ����� Solution: Let 50% acid be x litres and 25% acid be y litres
= = Given: x + y = 10
����/� ���
�� �� ��
Initial salary x = ₹ 18000, annual increment = ₹ 600 � + y = (10) ⇒ 10 x + 5y = 80
��� ��� ���
x + y = 10; 10 x + 5y = 80
Exercise 1.4(1)(i): � �
∆= = 5 – 10 = -5
Solve : 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0 �� �
�� �
∆� = = 50 – 80 = -30
Solution: 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0 �� �
� ��
∆� = = 80 – 100 = -20
5x – 2y = - 16 , x + 3y = 7 �� ��
∆� −��
−�
� x = ∆ = −� = 6, 50% acid 6 litres to be mixed
∆= = 15 + 2 = 17
�
� ∆� −��
y= = = 4, 25% acid 4 litres to be mixed
−�� −� ∆ −�
∆� = = -48 + 14 = -34
� � Exerscise 1.4(4):
� −�� A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A
∆� = = 35 + 16 = 51
� � and B simultaneously. However, Pump B can pump water in
x=
∆�
=
−��
=- 2, x = -2 or out at the same rate. If Pump B is dvertently run in
∆ �� reverse, then the tank will be filled in 30 minutes. How long
y=
∆� ��
= �� = 3, y=3 would it take each pump to fill the tank by it self
∆ SOLUTION:
Exercise 1.4(1)(ii): Solve the following systems of linear Let the Pump A and Pump B fill the tank in x and y mins.
� �
� � Water filled by Pump A and Pump B in 1 min is � , � resp.
equations by Cramer’s rule: �
+ 2y = 12, �
+ 3y = 13 � � � � � �
Given: + = and - =
� � �� � � ��
Solution: �� �� �� ��
⇒ + = � ��� − = �
� � � �
� �
∆ = = 9 -4 = 5 �� ��
� � ∆ = = − ��� − ��� =− ���
�� −��
�� � � ��
∆� = = 36 – 26 = 10 ∆� = = -30 - 10= - 40
� �� � � � −��
�� �
� �� ∆� = = 10 – 30 = - 20
∆� = = 39 – 24 = 15 � �� �
� �� � −�� �
� �� �� = = , Pump A fill the tank in 15 mins
� −��� ��
= =2, y = �
=3 � −�� �
� � = = ��, Pump B fill the tank in 30 mins
� � −���
x=�, y=�
______________________________________________________
6
Exercise 1.6(1)(iii): Question 15.
Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following
Decrypt the received encoded message � −� �� �
systems of equations by rank method:
2x + 2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1, 3x + y + 2z = 4 −� −�
with the encryption matrix and the decryption
Solution: � �
� � � � � matrix as its inverse, where the system of codes are
� −� � � = �
� � � � � described by the numbers � − �� to the letters A- �
A X = B respectively, and the number 0 to a blank space.
� � � � Solution:
[A|B] = � −� � �
−� −�
� � � � Let the encoding matrix be
� �
� −� � �
−� −�
~ � � � � R1↔ R2 Let � =
� �
� � � �
−� −�
� −� � � |�| = =− � + � = �
� �
~ � � −� � R2→ R2 – 2R1 ; R3→ R3 – 3R1
� � −� � � �
Now ��� � =
−� −�
� −� � �
� � � � �
~ � � −� � R3→ R3 – R2 So �−� = � =
� � � −� −� −� −� −�
�( � � ) = 3 , � � = 2 Now coded Decoded row matrix (��−� )
7
CHAPTER 2 : COMPLEX NUMBERS (v) z2 + 2zw + w2 = (z + w)2 = (4 + i)2 (Ref(i))
2 MARKS, 3 MARKS, 5 MARKS = 42 + 2(4)i + i2 = 16 + 8i − 1 = 15 + 8i
(vi) (z + w)2 = (4 + i)2 = 16 + 8i − 1 = 15 + 8i
2 MARKS
Ex 2.1 EXERCISE 2.3
Simplify: 1. �� = � − �� , �� =− �� , �� = �
1947 1950
(i) i +i 1947 = 1944 + 3 (i) �� + �� + �� = �� + �� + ��
1944 3 1948 2
=i ⋅i +i ⋅i 1950 = 1948 + 2 L.H.S = z1 + z2 + z3
3 2 1944
= i + i =− i − 1 i =1 = 1 − 3i + −4i + 5 = (1 − 3i − 4i) + 5
1948
=− 1 − i i =1 = 1 − 7i + 5 = 6 − 7i - (1)
________________________________________________ R.H.S = z1 + z2 + z3
1948 −1869 = 1 − 3i + −4i + 5
2. i −i 1948 = multiple of 4
1 = 1 − 3i − 4i + 5
= i1948 − 1869 = 1868 + 1
i1869
1 1 1 = 6 − 7i - (2)
=1− =1− =1 −
i1869 i1868+1 i1868 ⋅ i1 (1) = (2) LHS = RHS
1 1 i i
=1− =1− × =1− 2 ∴ z1 + z2 + z3 = z1 + z2 + z3
i i i i
= 1 − ( − i) = 1 + i
__________________________________________________ (ii) �� �� �� = �� �� ��
�� L.H.S : z1 z2 = (1 − 3i)( − 4i) =− 4i + 12i2 = − 4i − 12
3. ��� = �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� + �� +
�=� z1 z2 z3 = −12 − 4i 5 =− 60 − 20i - (3)
�� �� ��
� +� +� R.H.S : z2 z3 = ( − 4i)5 =− 20i
= i − 1 − i + 1 + i. i4 + i4 i2 + i4 i3 + i4 i4 + i8 i + i8 i2 + z1 z2 z3 = (1 − 3i)( − 20i) = − 20i + 60i2
i8 i3 + i8 i4 =− 60 − 20i - (4)
=i−1−i+1+i−1−i+1+i−1−i+1 =0 (3) = 4 z1 z2 z3 = z1 z2 z3
� � �
4. ��� + = ��� ⋅ �� + ∵ =� EXERCISE 2.4
��� ��� �� ��
�
=− � + =− � + � = � 1. Write in the rectangular form.
�⋅(�)�
(1) (5 + 9i) + (2 − 4i)
�(�+�)
5. � . �� . �� …����� = ��+�+�+⋯+���� � =
�
= 5 + 9i + 2 − 4i = 5 − 9i + 2 + 4i = 7 − 5i
����(����+�)
=� � = �����×���� = � ∵ �(multiple of 4 ) = 1. ]
10−5i 10−5i 6−2i 60−20i−30i+10i2
(ii) = × =
6+2i 6+2i 6−2i 62 +22
�� 60−50i−10 50−50i 10(5−5i) 5 5i �(�−�)
6. ��+�� �� + ��+� + ��+� + ��+� = � = = = = − =
36+4 40 40 4 4 �
�=�
1 1 2+i 2+i
= i51 + i52 + i53 + i54 ) + i55 + i56 + i57 + i58 + i59 + i60 (iii) 3i + =− 3i + × =− 3i +
2−i 2−i 2+i 22 +12
= 0 + 0 + i56 ⋅ i3 + 1 =− 3i +
2+i
=
−15i+2+i
=
2−14i �
= (� − ��)
5 5 5 �
=− i + 1 = 1 − i
(2) Find the rectangular form of the following � = � + ��.
Ex 2.2
�
(i) �� z = x + iy
(1) z = 5 − 2i w =− 1 + 3i Find the value of �
1 x −y � �
(i) z + w = 5 − 2i + ( − 1 + 3i)=5 − 2i − 1 + 3i = 4 + i = z−1 = + i x2+y2 ∴ �� =
z x2+y2 � ��+��
(ii) z − iw = 5 − 2i − i( − 1 + 3i) = 5 − 2i + i − 3i2 ____________________________________________________________________
= 5 − i − 3( − 1) = 5 − i + 3 = 8 − i (ii) �� (��)
(iii) 2z + 3w = 2(5 − 2i) + 3( − 1 + 3i) = 10 − 4i − 3 + 9i z = x + iy ∴ z = x − iy
= 7 + 5i iz = i(x − iy) = ix − i2 y = y + ix ∴ �� �� = �
2
(iv) zw = (5 − 2i)( − 1 + 3i) = − 5 + 15i + 2i − 6i
= − 5 + 17i + 6 = 1 + 17i
8
(iii) �� (�� + �� − ��) (iii) |� + �| = |� − �| [z = x + iy ]
3z + 4z − 4i = 3(x + iy) + 4(x − iy) − 4i |x + iy + i | = |x + iy − 1|
= 3x + i3y + 4x − i4y − 4i |x + i(y + 1)| = |x − 1 + iy|
= (3x + 4x) + i(3y − 4y − 4) ⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
= 7x + i( − y − 4) ⇒ x2 + y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
Im 3z + 4z − 4i =− y − 4 ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 ⇒ 2x + 2y = 0
��
(3) If �� = � − � , �� =− � + �� , Find the inverses of �� �� & . ⇒ x + y = 0 Locus of z is � + � = �
��
�
Solution : (iv) � = �−� = �
z1 z2 = (2 − i)( − 4 + 3i) = − 8 + 6i + 4i − 3i2 ⇒ �� = � ⇒ |�|� = � ⇒ |� + ��|� = � ⇒ �� + �� = �
=− 8 + 10i + 3 =− 5 + 10i
⇒ � � + �� = �
−1 −5 −10 −5−10i −5(1+2i)
z1 z2 = +i = = (4) show that the following eqns represent a circle , and find
(−5)2 +102 (−5)2 +102 25+100 125
=
1
−1 − 2i its centre and radius . (each 2 Mark)
25
(i) |� − � − �| = � ⇒ |� − � + � | = �
z1 −1 z2 −4+3i 2+i −8−4i+6i+3i2
z2
= z1
= 2−i
× 2+1 = 22 +12 It is in the form of � − �� = � ; it forms or rep eqn of circle
−8+2i−3 1 �� = � + i i.e (�, �) � = �
= = ( − 11 + 2i)
4+1 5
(ii) |�� + � − ��| = �
EXERCISE 2.5
÷� |� + � − ��| = � ⇒ |� − ( − � + ��)| = �
2i |2i| |2||i| 2(1) 2
1. (i) 3+4i
= |3+4i| = = 25
=5 It is in the form of � − �� = � ; it forms or rep eqn of circle
32 +42
2−i 1−2i (2−i)(1−i)+(1−2i)(1+i) �� =− � + �� i.e. ( − �, �) �=�
1 (ii) + =
1+i 1−i (1+i)(1−i)
(ii) �� − � + ��� = �
2−2i−i+i2 +1+i−2i−2i2
= ÷� |� − � + ��| =
�
⇒ |� − ( + � − ��) =
�
12 +12 � �
2−3i−1+1−i+2 4−4i 42 +(−4)2 It is in the form of � − �� = � ; it forms or rep eqn of circle
= = =
1+1 2 2
�
center �� = � − �� i.e (�, − �) � =
32 4 2 �
= = =2 2
2 2 _____________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 2.6 5. Obtain the cartesian eqn for the locus of
(3) Obtain cartesian form of the locus of = � + �� � = � + �� in each of the following cases.
(i) [�� (��)]� = � (i) |� − �| = �� � = � + ��
Solution : |� + �� − �| = �� ⇒ |� − � + ��| = ��
� = � + �� (� − �)� + �� = ��
iz = i x + iy = ix + i2 y =− y + ix �� − �� + �� + �� = ��� = ���
Re (iz) =− y �� + �� − �� + �� − ��� = � ⇒ �� + �� − �� − ��� = �
[Re(iz)]2 = ( − y)2 = y2 (ii) � − � � − � − � �
= �� Given � = � + ��
∴ [��(��)]� = � ⇒ �� = � � + �� − � �
− � + �� − � �
= ��
� �
(ii) �� [(� − �)� + �] = �. � − � + �� − (� − �) + �� = ��
� �
Soln: � = � + �� (� − �)� + �� − (� − �)� + �� = ��
(1 − i)z + 1 = (1 − i)(x + iy) + 1
(� − �)� + �� − �−� �
+ �� = ��
2
= x + iy − ix − i y + 1
�� − �� + �� + �� − �� − �� + � + �� = ��
= x + iy − ix + y + 1
�� − �� + �� + �� − �� + �� − � − �� = ��
= x+y+1 +i y−x
−�� + �� + �� − � − �� = �
�� � − � � + � = � ⇒ � − � = � ⇒ � = �
−�� − � = � ⇒ − �� = �
−�
Locus of z ix � = �
�� �� + � = �
9
� = � + ��. EXERCISE 2.6
|�| = �� + ��
�−��
� +� � |�|−� (1) � = � + �� is a complex number such that =�.
� + �� =± +� �+��
� |�| � Show that locus of z is real axis .
z = 4 + 3i a = 4 b=3 Given:
�−��
=�
�+��
|z−4i|
|z| = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5 |z+4i|
=1
|z − 4i| = |z + 4i|
|z|+a ib |z|−a
a + ib =± + |x + iy − 4i| = |x + iy + 4i|
2 |b| 2
|x + i(y − 4)| = |x + i(y + 4)|
5+4 3 5−4 9 3 1
x2 + (y − 4)2 = x2 + (y + 4)2
4 + 3i =± +i =± +i x + (y − 4)2 = x2 + (y + 4)2
2
2 |3| 2 2 3 2
x2 + y2 − 8y + 16 = x2 + y2 + 8y + 16
=±
9
+
1
i =±
3
+
1
i ⇒− 16y = 0
2 2 2 2
� = � equation of x – axis
(ii) Find the square root of −� + �� EXERCISE 2.7
�−�
z =− 6 + 8i a =− 6 b=8 1. (iv) ��� � �
+����
� �
b 1 π
α = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (1) =
10+(−6) 8 10−(−6) a −1 4
−6 + 8i =± +i π 3π
2 |8| 2
θ = π−α = π−4 = 4
−1 + i lies in II quadrant
3π 3π
10−6 8 10+6 4 16 i − 1 =− 1 + i = 2 cos + isin
=± +i = ± +i 4 4
2 8 2 2 2
3π 3π
i−1 2 cos +isin
4 4
=± ( 2 + i 8) = ± ( 2 + i2 2) π π = π 3π
cos +isin cos +i sin
3 3 3 4
13
(9) If � = � − �� . Find the rotation of � by � radians by 5 MARKS
counter clockwise direction.
EXAMPLE 2.8(ii)
� = � − �� = �( ��� � + � ��� �) ��+�� �� �+� ��
PROVE : − is purely imaginary
a = 2 b =− 2 �−�� �+��
r= a2 + b2 = 22 + ( − 2)2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 Solution :
b −2 19+9i 19+9i 5+3i 95+57i+45i+27i2 95+102i−27
α = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (1) = × = =
a 2 5−3i 5−3i 5+3i 52 +32 25+9
π π
α= ⇒ θ =− α =− lies in IV Quadrant 68+102i (2+3i)
4 4 = = 34 = 2 + 3i
π 34 34
π π −i
∴ z = 2 − 2i = 2 2 cos − 4 + i sin − 4 = 2 2e 4
8+i 8+i 1−2i 8−16i+i−2i2
= × = 12 +22
� 1+2i 1+2i 1−2i
(i) rotated by � 8−15i+2 10−15i 5(2−3i)
= = = = 2 − 3i
� � � � � 1+4 5 5
−� � �(− + ) �
�� = � �� � ⋅� � = � �� � � = � �� ��
19+9i 15 8+i 15
�� Let z = 5−3i
− 1+2i
= (2 + 3i)15 − (2 − 3i)15
(ii) rotated by
�
� �� � �� �� z = (2 + 3i)15 − (2 − 3i)15
�� = � �� −�
� ⋅ �� � = � ���(− �+ �
)
= � �����
= (2 + 3i)15 − (2 − 3i)15
��
(iii) rotated by 15 15
� = 2 + 3i − 2 − 3i
� �� � �� ��
15 15
�� = � ��−�� ⋅ �� � = � ���(− �+ �
)
= � ��� � = 2 − 3i − 2 + 3i
15 15
(8) � ≠ � , S.T. =− 2 + 3i − 2 − 3i =− z
(i) � − � + �� � + � + � − �� � = ��� ⇒ � =− � ∴ � is purely imaginary
L ⋅ H ⋅ S = 1 − ω + ω2 6 + 1 + ω − ω2 6
EXERCISE 2.4 7 (ii)
= 1 + ω2 − ω 6 + 1 + ω − ω2 6
��−�� �� ��−�� ��
= −ω − ω 6 + − ω2 − ω2 6 = ( − 2ω)6 + −2ω2 6 PROVE + is real .
�+� �−��
= ( − 2)6 ω6 + ( − 2)6 ω2 6 = 64ω6 + 64ω12 Solution :
= 64 + 64 = ���
19−7i 19−7i 9−i 171−19i−63i+7i2
(ii) � + � � + � �
�+� �
�+� … �+� � ���
=� = × =
9+i 9+i 9−i 92 +12
171−82i−7 164−82i
L.H.S = =
81+1 82
11
1 + ω 1 + ω2 1 + ω4 1 + ω8 … 1 + ω2 82(2−i)
= =2−i
= 1 + ω 1 + ω2 1 + ω4 1 + ω8 1 + ω16 82
11 20−5i 20−5i 7+6i
1 + ω32 1 + ω64 1 + ω128 … 1 + ω2 = ×
7−6i 7−6i 7+6i
2 2 2
= 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 1+ω 140+120i−35i−30i2
=
1 + ω2 (1 + ω)(1 + ω2 )(1 + ω)(1 + ω2 ) 72 +62
140+85i+30
= 1 + ω 1 + ω2 6 = [1 + ω2 + ω + ω3 ]6 =
49+36
= (0 + 1)6 = 16 = �
170+85i 85(2+i)
�+���
�
+� ���
� = = =2+i
�� �� 85 85
(3) Find the value of � �
�+��� −� ���
�� �� 19−7i 12 20−5i 12
Solution : Let z = 9+i
+
7−6i
� �
let � = ��� + ���� z = (2 − i) 12
+ (2 + i)12
�� ��
π π
∵ |z| = 1 ⇒ z−1 = z = sin − icos z = (2 − i)12 + (2 + i)12
10 10
π π 10 10 10
1+sin +i cos
∴ 10
π
10
π =
1+z
=
1+z
= (z)10 = (2 − i)12 + (2 + i)12
1+sin −i cos 1 z+1
10 10 1+
z z 12 12
= 2−i + 2+i
π π 10
= sin 10 + icos 10
= (2 + i)12 + (2 − i)12 = z
π π 10
= i10 cos 10
− isin 10
∴ � = � , � is real .
8 2 π π
= i ⋅ i cos × 10 − isin × 10
10 10
=− �[���� − ���� �] =− �( − �) = �
15
EXAMPLE 2.14 Exercise 2.5 (9): S.T �� + �� = � has five solution .
−� � −� �
show that the points � , �
+�
�
and �
−�
�
forms a Solution :
equilateral triangle. z3 + 2z = 0 - (1)
Solution :
3
−� � −� � z =− 2z
Let �, �, � represent �� = � ; �� = �
+�
�
; �� =
�
−�
�
|z|3 = −2 |z| ⇒ |z|3 = 2|z|
−1 3 1 3
AB = z1 − z2 = 1 − +i = 1+ −i
2 2 2 2 |z|3 − 2|z| = 0 ⇒ z |z|2 − 2 = 0
2
3 3 3 2 3 9 3 12 z =0 & |z|2 − 2 = 0
= −i = 2
+ − = + = = 3
2 2 2 4 4 4 2
z=0 |z|2 = 2 ⇒ zz = 2 ⇒ z =
−1 3 −1 3 z
BC = z2 − z3 = 2
+i − 2
−i 2
2 2 3 4
sub in (1) z + 2 ⋅ z = 0 ⇒ z + 4 = 0
−1 3 1 3 2 3
= +i + +i = i = |i 3|
2 2 2 2 2 z =0 z4 + 4 = 0
2 ⇒ � = � �� + � = � gives 4 solution
= 02 + 3 = 3
∴ It has five solution.
−1 3 1 3
AC = z1 − z3 = 1 − −i = 1+ +i Exercise 2.6 (2)
2 2 2 2
2 ��+�
3 3 3 2 3 9 3 12 � = � + �� , show that locus of z , �� = � is
= +i = 2
+ = + = = 3 ��+�
2 2 2 4 4 4
��� + ��� + � − �� = �
�� = �� = �� . Therefore It forms equilateral triangle .
Solution : � = � + ��
EXAMPLE 2.15
2z + 1 2(x + iy) + 1 2x + i2y + 1
���� +�� �� +�� �� = =
�� = �� = �� = � , �� + �� + �� ≠ �; S.T =� iz + 1 i(x + iy) + 1 ix + i2 y + 1
�� +�� +��
(2x+1)+i2y (1−y)−ix
r2
= ×
2 (1−y)+ix (1−y)−ix
Solution: z1 = r ⇒ z1 = r2 ⇒ z1 z1 = r2 ⇒ z1 = ,
z 1 (2x+1)(1−y)−ix(2x+1)+i2y(1−y)
=
r2 r2 (1−y)2+x2
similarly z2 = z , z3 = z
2 3 (2x+1)(1−y)+2xy 2y(1−y)−x(2x+1)
= (1−y)2+x2
+i (1−y)2 +x2
r2 r2 r2 1 1 1
z1 + z2 + z3 = z + z + z = r2 z1
+
z2
+
z3
1 2 3 R.P I.P
z2z3+z1z3+z1z2 z z +z z +z z )
=r 2
z1 z1z3
= r2 2 3 1 3 1 2 Im
2z+1
=0⇒
2y(1−y)−x(2x+1)
=0
z1 z2 z3
iz+1 (1−y)2+x2
r2 z2 z1+z1 z3+z1 z2 z2 z3 +z1 z3 +z1 z2
z1 + z2 + z3 =
z1 z2 z3
= r2 z1 z2 z3
2y − 2y2 − 2x2 − x = 0
z2 z3 +z1 z3 +z1 z2 ∴ ����� �� ��� + ��� + � − �� = �
z1 + z2 + z3 = r2
r.r.r
Example 2.27:
r3 z1 z2 +z2 z3 +z3 z1 |z1 z2+z2 z3+z3 z1∣
= ⇒ r= �−� �
r2 z1 +z2 +z3 z1+z2 +z3 � = � + �� arg = ∴ Locus is �� + �� = � .
�+� �
(7) If �� , �� and �� are 3 complex nos, such that
Solution : � = � + ��
�� = � , �� = � , �� = � , �� + �� + �� = � �−� �+��−� (�−�)+�� (�+�)−��
= = ×
�+� �+��+� (�+�)+�� (�+�)−��
Show that ��� �� + ��� �� + �� �� = �.
(�−�)(�+�)−��(�−�)+��(�+�)−�� ��
Solution : z1 = 1 z2 = 2 z3 = 3 =
(�+�)� +��
2 2 2
z1 =1 z2 =4 z3 =9 (�−�)(�+�)+�� �(�+�)−�(�−�)
= (�+�)�+��
+�
(�+�)� +��
z1 z1 = 1 z2 z2 = 4 z3 z3 = 9
1 4 9 R.P I.P
z1 = z z2 = z z3 = z
1 2 3 �(�+�)−�(�−�)
� � � �−� � −� (�+�)�+�� �
�� + �� + �� = � ⇒ + + ��� = ⇒ ��� =
=� �+� � (�−�)(�+�)+�� �
�� �� �� (�+�)�+��
���� +����� +��� ��
=� �(�+�)−�(�−�) �
�� ���� ⇒ = ��� =∞
(�−�) �+�)+�� �
�� ��+��� ��+�����
=1
�� �� �� ⇒ �� = � i.� (� − �)(� + �) + �� = �
�� �� + ��� �� + ����� = �� �� �� � � − � + �� = �
�� �� + ��� �� + ����� = �� �� |�� |
⇒ �� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = � � � + �� = �
16
Exercise 2.7. (6) Example 2.34 : solve : �� + �� = �
�−� � z3 + 8i = 0
If � = � + �� ��� = S.T. �� + �� + �� − �� + � = � .
�+� � z3 =− 8i
Solution : � = � + �� = 8( − i)
π π
z−i x+iy−i x+i(y−1) x+i(y−1) (x+2)−iy z3 = 8 cos − isin
2 2
z+2
= x+iy+2
= (x+2)+iy
= (x+2)+iy
× (x+2)−iy π π
= 8 cos − 2 + isin − 2
x(x+2)−ixy+i(y−1)(x+2)−i2 y(y−1) π π
= (x+2)2 +y2
= 8 cos 2kπ − + i sin 2kπ −
2 2
3 4kπ−π 4kπ−π
x(x+2)+y(y−1) (y−1)(x+2)−xy z = 8 cos + i sin
= (x+2)2 +y2
+i (x+2)2 +y2
2 2
1
1 4kπ−π 4kπ−π 3
(y−1)(x+2)−xy z = 8 cos
3 + i sin
2 2
z−i π −1 (x+2)2+y2 π
arg z+2
= ⇒ tan
4 x(x+2)+y(y−1) =4 z = 23 1/3
cos 4k − 1
π
+ i sin 4k − 1
π
6 6
(x+2)2+y2
k = 0,1 , 2
(y−1)(x+2)−xy π
x(x+2)+y(y−1)
= tan 4
=1 � � � �
� = � , � = � ��� − + � ��� − =� −
� � � �
xy + 2y − x − 2 − xy = x2 + 2x + y2 − y
= �−�
x2 + y2 + 2x − y − 2y + x + 2 = 0 � �
� = �, � = � ��� + � ��� = �(� + �) = ��
� �
Locus is �� + �� + �� − �� + � = � �� �� � �
� = �, � = � ��� + � ��� = − −
� � � �
�+�
Exercise 2.7 (4): If = ��� �� + � ����� then � = � ���� =− � − �
�−�
Example 2.35
�+�
Solution : = ����� + � �����
�−� Find the cube roots of � + �
�+�
= ���� ⇒ � + � = ���� (� − �) = ���� − ����� Solution :
�−�
3 1
� + ����� = ���� − � ⇒ � � + ���� = ���� − � Let z = 3 + i = ( 3 + i)3
���� −� 3 + i = r( cos θ + i sin θ)
�= divide nr & dr be ���
�+����
� a= 3 b=1 a2 = 3 b2 = 1
��� − �� ��� −�−�� ����+� ����−(����−� ����)
�
�= � = = r= a2 + b2 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2
��� + �� ��� +�−�� ����+� ����+����−� ��� �
� b 1 1
α = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1
�=
����+� ����−����+� ����
=
�� ����
⇒ � = � ��� � a 3 3
� ���� � ����
π
α=
(6) ��� � + ��� � + ��� � = ��� � + ��� � + ��� � 6
π
S.T. ��� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = � ��� (� + � + � θ=α= 3 + i lies in I Quadrant
6
��� �� + ��� �� + ��� �� = � ��� (� + � + �) π π
3 + i = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
π π
Solution : = 2 cos 2kπ + + i sin 2kπ +
6 6
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0
12kπ+π 12kπ+π
i sin α + i sin β + i sin γ = 0i = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
cos α + cos β + cos γ + i sin α + i sin β + i sin γ = 0 + i0 -- (A) 1
12kπ+π 12kπ+π 3
let a = cos α + i sin α = eiα : b = cos β + i sin β = eiβ ( 3 + i)1/3 = 21/3 cos 6
+ i sin
6
c = cos γ + i sin γ = eiγ π π
z = 21/3 cos 12k + 1 + isin (12k + 1)
18 18
From (A) we get a+b+c = 0
3 3 3
⇒ a + b + c = 3abc k = 0,1,2
3 � � �
eiα 3
+ eiβ + eiγ 3
= 3eiα ⋅ eiβ ⋅ eiγ � = � �� = ��/� ��� �� + � ��� ��
= ��/� ����
⇒ ei3α + ei3β + eiβγ = 3ei(α+β+γ) ��� ��� ���
cos 3α + i sin 3α + cos 3β + i sin 3β + cos 3γ + i sin3γ � = � �� = ��/� ��� + � ��� = ��/� �� ��
�� ��
= 3( cos α + β + γ + i sin α + β + γ ��� ��� ���
� = � �� = ��/� ��� + � ��� = ��/� �� ��
(cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ) + i sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ �� ��
17
10. If the equation �� + �� + � = � & �� + �' � + �' = � have a 2. Solve the equation ��� − ���� + ��� − �� = � if the
��' −�'� �−�' roots form an arithmatic progression
common root Show that it is �−�'
or �'−� .
Solution : 9x3 − 36x2 + 44x − 16 = 0
Solution : a = 9 b =− 36 c = 44 d =− 16
x2 + px + q = 0 x2 + p' x + q' = 0 Let the roots be α , β , γ be in . A.P
Let α be the common root α = a1 − d , β = a1 , r = a1 + d
α2 + pα + q = 0 & α2 + p' α + q' = 0 −b −( − 36)
α2 α 1 S. O. R = a1 − d + a1 + a1 + d = =
⇒ ' = = a 9
pq − p' q q − q' p' − p ⇒ 3a1 = 4 ⇒ a1 = 4/3
α2 pq' − p' q q − q' 4 9 -36 44 -16
⇒ = & α = 3
α q − q' p' − p
pq' −p' q q−q' 0 12 -32 16
⇒α= q−q'
or p' −p. 9 -24 12 0
EXERCISE 3.2: Quadratic equation is
1} If � is real, discuss the nature of the roots of the polynomial 9x2 − 24x + 12 = 0 12
2 But 8 + −7 = 1 −2 + 3 = 1 ( x = -1 is a root )
0 1 0 -9 -1 8 -2 -7 3
2 0 -18 0 0 -8 10 -3 24
21
Exercise 3.5 1
⇒ t−8=0 t+ =0
1 (i) Solve : ���� � − ���� � + � = �. 8
1
Solution : ⇒ t=8 t =−
8
sin2 x − 5sin x + 4 = 0 −1 3
⇒ x3/2n = 23 x3/2n =
Let t = sin x 2
2n
∴ t2 − 5t + 4 = 0 2n −1 3 3
⇒ x= 23 3 x=
t−4 t−1 =0 2
⇒ t−4= 0 t−1=0 −1 2n 1
= 22n = 4n x= =
⇒t=4 t=1 2 4n
22
CHAPTER 5 - 2 DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Example 5.17:
(ONLY 5 MARKS) Find the vertex , focus , directrix, and length of Latus rectum
Exercsie 5.1 (6). of �� − �� − �� − � = �
Find the equation of the circle through the points
Solution :
(�, �), ( − �, �), and (�, �). x2 − 4x − 5y − 1 = 0
Solution: x2 − 4x = 5y + 1
x2 − 4x + 4 = 5y + 4 + 1
Let the required circle be (x − 2)2 = 5y + 5
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ---(A) (x − 2)2 = 5(y + 1)
5
The circle passes through (1,0), ( − 1,0) and (0,1) X= x−2 Y= y+1 4a = 5 ⇒ a =
4
X2 = 5y
(1,0) ⇒ 1 + 0 + 2g(1) + 2f(0) + c = 0
Parabola open upward .
2g + c =− 1…………(1) vertex = (2, − 1)=(h,k) { x-2 = 0; y+1 = 0}
( − 1,0) ⇒ 1 + 0 + 2g( − 1) + 2f(0) + c = 0 5 1
Focus : (0,a)⇒[(h,k+a)] = 2, − 1 + 4 = 2, 4
−2g + c =− 1……. . (2) Eqn of directrix: Y= -a [ y = k -a ]
5 9
(0,1) ⇒ 0 + 1 + 2g(0) + 2f(1) + c = 0 y =− 1 − 4 = −
4
9
2f + c =− 1………. (3) y =−
4
Now solving (1), (2) and (3) . Length of Latus rectum = 4a = 5
2g + c =− 1 ----(1) Exercsie 5.2 - 4(iv)
Find the vertex , focus , directrix, and length of Latus rectum
−2g + c =− 1 -----(2)
of �� − �� + �� + �� = �
(1) +(2) ⇒ 2c =− 2 ⇒ c =− 1 Solution :
Substituting c =− 1 in (1) we get x2 − 2x + 8y + 17 = 0
2g − 1 =− 1 x2 − 2x =− 8y − 17
x2 − 2x + 1 =− 8y − 17 + 1
2g =− 1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ g = 0
(x − 1)2 =− 8y − 16
Substituting c =− 1 in (3) we get (x − 1)2 =− 8(y + 2)
2f − 1 =− 1 ⇒ 2f =− 1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ f = 0 X=x−1 Y= y+2 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
X2 =− 8Y Parabola open downward
So we get g = 0, f = 0 and c =− 1
Vertex(0,0) = (1,-2)=(h,k) { x − 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0}
So the required circle will be Focus (0, -a)
= (1, − 4)
x2 + y2 + 2(0)x + 2(0)y − 1 = 0 (h + 0, k − a)
Equation of Latusrectum (Y = -a) :
(i.e) x2 + y2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
y + 2 =− 2 ⇒ y =− 4
Example 5.10 Equation of directrix Y = a : y + 2 = 2 ⇒ y = 0
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points Length of latus rectum 4a = 8
(�, �), (�, − �), and (�, �). Ex 5.2 - 4(v)
Solution
Find the vertex, focus, directrix and length of Latus rectum
Let the general equation of the circle be
of �� − �� − �� + �� = �
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. ----(1)
Solution :
It passes through points (1,1), (2, − 1) and (3,2).
y2 − 4y − 8x + 12 = 0
Therefore, 2g + 2f + c =− 2 ----(2) y2 − 4y = 8x − 12
4g − 2f + c =− 5 -----(3) y2 − 4y + 4 = 8x − 12 + 4
6g + 4f + c =− 13 ----(4) (y − 2)2 = 8x − 8
(2)-(3) gives −2g + 4f = 3 ---(5) (y − 2)2 = 8(x − 1)
(4)-(3) gives 2g + 6f =− 8 ---(6) Y2 = 8X
1 X=x−1 Y = y − 2 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
(5) + (6) gives f =−
2
1 5 Parabola open left ward
Substituting f =− 2 in (6),g=− 2 Vertex(0,0) = (1,2)=(h,k) { x − 1 = 0, x =− 1;
1 5 y − 2 = 0, y = 2 }
Substituting f =− 2 and g=− 2 in (2),c=4
Focus (a, 0)
Therefore, the required equation of the circle is = (3,2) {h + a = 1+2, k + 0 = 2+0 }
(h + a, k + 0)
5 1
x2 + y2 + 2 − x+2 −2 y+4 = 0 Eqn of directrix : X =- a
2
⇒ x2 + y2 − 5x − y + 4 = 0 x − 1 =− 2 x =− 2 + 1 =− 1 x =− 1
Length of latus rectum 4a = 8
23
EXAMPLE 5.20 Ex 5.2 - 8(v)
Find the vertex, focus, length of major and minor axis of Identify type of conic and find center , foci , vertices and
��� + ���� + ��� − ���� + ��� = � directrices of ���� + ���� − ���� + ��� + ��� = �
Solution : Solution :
4x2 + 36y2 + 40x − 288y + 532 = 0 18x2 + 12y2 − 144x + 48y + 120 = 0
4x2 + 40x + 36y2 − 288y =− 532 18x2 + 12y2 − 144x + 48y =− 120
4 x2 + 10x + 36 y2 − 8y =− 532
18 x2 − 8x + 12 y2 + 4y =− 120
4 x2 + 10x + 25 + 36 y2 − 8y + 16 =− 532 + 100 + 576
18 x2 − 8x + 16 + 12 y2 + 4y + 4
2 2
4(x + 5) + 36(y − 4) = 144
= −120 + 288 + 48 = 216
4(x + 5)2 36(y − 4)2
÷ 144 + =1 18(x−4)2 12(y+2)2
144 144 ÷ 216 + =1
2 2 216 216
(x+5) (y−4)
+ = 1 Major axis X-axis: (x−4)2 (y+2)2
36 4 + =1 X= x−4 Y=y+2
12 18
X=x+5 Y=y−4 X2 Y2
+ = 1 Major axis parallel to y-axis ;
12 18
x2 y2 2 2
+ = 1 , { a = 36 ⇒ a = 6 b = 4 ⇒ b = 2}
36 4 ( a2 = 18 , a = 18 = 3 2 & b2 = 12 b = 12 = 2 3)
2 2 2
c = a − b = 36 − 4 = 32 , c = 32 c = a2 − b2 = 18 − 12 = 6
center ( − 5,4) a a2 18 3. 6. 6
= = = 6
=3 6
e c 6
Foci: (h ± c, k) = ( − 5 ± 4 2, 4)
Center (4, − 2)
i.e. ( − 5 + 4 2, 4); ( − 5 − 4 2, 4) =
vertices(h ± a, k): ( − 5 ± 6,4) i.e (1,4); ( − 11,4) Vertices (h , k± a)= 4, − 2 ± 3 2 = 4, − 2 + 3 2 ; 4, − 2 − 3 2
Foci(h , k± c) = 4, − 2 ± 6 = 4, − 2 + 6 ; 4, − 2 − 6
length of major axis = 2a = 2(6) = 12 a
length of minor axis = 2b = 2(2) = 4 . Eqn of directrices: Y = ± e ⇒ y + 2 = ± 3 6
24
Example 5.24 Exercise 5.2 - 8(vi)
Find the centre, foci and � of hyperbola Identify the conic and find centre , foci , vertices and
���� − ���� − ��� + ��� − ��� = � directrices of ��� − �� − ��� − �� + �� = �
Solution : solution :
11x2 − 25y2 − 44x + 50y − 256 = 0 9x2 − y2 − 36x − 6y + 18 = 0
11x2 − 44x − 25y2 + 50y = 256 9x2 − 36x − y2 − 6y =− 18
11 x2 − 4x − 25 y2 − 2y = 256
11 x2 − 4x + 4 − 25 y2 − 2y + 1 = 256 + 44 − 25 9 x2 − 4x − y2 + 6y =− 18
11(x − 2)2 − 25(y − 1)2 = 275 9 x2 − 4x + 4 − y2 + 6y + 9 =− 18 + 36 − 9
11(x − 2)2 25(y − 1)2 9(x − 2)2 − (y + 3)2 = 9
÷ 275 − =1
275 275 (x−2)2 (y+3)2
⇒
(x−2)2
−
(y−1)2
=1 X=x−2 Y=y−1 ÷9 − =1 X=x−2 Y=y+3
1 9
25 11
X2 Y2
x2
−
y2
= 1 Transverse axis parallel to x-axis − = 1 Transverse axis parallel to x - axis
1 9
25 11
{a2 = 1 ⇒ a = 1 ; b2 = 9 ⇒ b = 3}
a2 = 25 ⇒ a = 5 & b2 = 11 b = 11
c2 = a2 + b2 = 25 + 11 = 36 ⇒ c =± 6 c2 = a2 + b2 = 1 + 9 = 10 ⇒ c = 10
−5 3 5 3
condition: c2 = a2 m2 + b2 ⇒y= x+ m =− c=
12 4 12 4
L.H.S c2 = 42 = 16 Condition: c2 = a2 m2 − b2
R.H.S: a2 m2 + b2 = 12 1 + 4 = 12 + 4 = 16 3 2 9
L.H.S: c2 = 4
=
16
L.H.S=R.H.S
−5 2 25
R.H.S: a2 m2 − b2 = 9 12
−1=9
144
−1
∴ line touches Ellipse
225−144 81 9
a2 m b2 = = =
Point of contact = − c
,
c
144 144 16
12(1) 4
LHS=RHS Line touch hyperbola
= − , 4 = −3,1
4
a2 m b2
pt of contact = − c
,−
c
5
−9 − −1 4
12
= 3 , 3 = 5, −
3
4 4
25
CHAPTER 6 - VECTOR ALGEBRA EXAMPLE 6.5: Prove by vector method:
( 5 MARKS ONLY) Sin( � − �) = sin � cos � - cos � sin �
EXERCISE 6.1 (5): Prove by vector method: Solution:
cos( � − �) = cos � cos � + sin � sin � |a|=|b|= 1
Solution: ∠AOB = α − β
|a|=|b|= 1 A(cosα , sinα )
B(cosβ , sinβ )
∠AOB = α − β
a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i + sinβ j
A(cosα , sinα )
b x a = |b||a| sin (α − β) k = (1)(1) sin (α − β) k
B(cosβ , sinβ )
= sin (α − β) k ______(1)
a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i + sinβ j i j k
b x a = cosβ sinβ 0
b. a = |b||a|cos (α − β)= (1)(1) cos (α − β)
cosα sinα 0
= cos (α − β) ______(1) = i (0) - j(0) + k (cosβ sinα - cosαsinβ)
b. a = (cosβ i + sinβ j).(cosα i + sinα j) = k (cosβ sinα - cosαsinβ) _______(2)
From (1) and (2)
= cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ _______(2)
sin (α − β) k = k (cosβ sinα - cosαsinβ)
From (1) and (2) cos( α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin (α − β) = (cosβ sinα - cosα sinβ)
EXAMPLE 6.3 : Prove by vector method: EXERCISE 6.1(10): Prove by vector method:-
cos( � + �) = cos � cos � - sin � sin � Solution: sin ( � + �) = sin � cos � + cos � sin �
Solution: Solution:
|a|=|b|= 1 & |a|=|b|= 1
∠AOB = α + β ∠AOB = α − β
A(cosα , sinα ) & A(cosα , sinα ) & B(cosβ , -sinβ )
B(cosβ , -sinβ ) a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i - sinβ j
a = cosα i + sinα j & b = cosβ i - sinβ j b x a = |b||a| sin (α + β) k = (1)(1) sin (α + β) k
b. a = |b||a|cos (α + β)= (1)(1) cos (α + β) = sin (α + β) k ______(1)
= cos (α + β) ______(1) i j k
b x a = cosβ −sinβ 0
b. a = (cosβ i - sinβ j).(cosα i + sinα j) cosα sinα 0
= cosα cosβ - sinα sinβ _______(2) = i (0) - j(0) + k (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ)
From (1) and (2) cos( α + β) = cos α cos β - sin α sin β = k (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ) _______(2)
EXAMPLE 6.7 : Prove by vector method that the From (1) and (2)
perpendiculars (ALTITUDES) drawn from the vertices to the sin (α + β) k = k (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ)
opposite sides of a triangle are concurrent. sin (α + β) = (cosβ sinα + cosαsinβ)
Solution:
Example 6.6: If � is the midpoint of the side BC of a triangle
In triangle ABC,
Altitudes AD, BE meet at O. ���, show by vector method that
To prove the third altitude from c to |��|� + |��|� = � |��|� + |��|�
AB also pass through O. Solution:
AD ⊥ BC ⇒ OA ⊥ BC BE ⊥ CA ⇒ OB ⊥ CA In triangle ABC , D is mid point of BC
⇒ OA ⊥ BC ⇒ OB ⊥ CA BD = DC & DB =− DC
⇒ OA . BC = 0 ⇒ OB . CA = 0 Equal magnitude but opposite direction
⇒ OA .( OC - OB ) = 0 ⇒ OB .( OA - OC ) = 0
|AB|2 + |AC|2
⇒ OA. OC - OA. OB= 0 ⇒ OB. OA - OB. OC= 0
= |AB + DB|2 + |AB + DC|2 DC =− DB
⇒ OA. OC = OA. OB ⇒ OB. OA = OB. OC
2 2
OA. OC = OA. OB & OB. OA = OB. OC = |AD + DB| + |AD − DB|
⇒ OA. OC = OB. OC = |AD|2 + |DB|2 + 2AD ⋅ DB + |AD|2 + |DB|2 − 2AD ⋅ DB
⇒ OC. OA = OC. OB
⇒ OC. OB - OC. OA = 0 = 2|AD|2 + 2|DB|2
⇒ OC.( OB - OA ) = 0 ⇒ OC. AB = 0 = 2 |AD|2 + |DB|2
⇒ OC ⊥ AB = 2 |AD|2 + |BD|2
⇒ OC ⊥ AB
Altitude from C to AB also pass through O
29
3 - MARKS Exercise ��. �
EXERCISE 11.1 Question �.
(2) In a pack of 52 playing cards, two cards are drawn For the random vaniable � with the given probability mass
at random simultaneously. If the number of black function as below, find the mean and variance
cards drawn is a random variable, find the values of �
� = �, �
the random variable and number of points in its (i) �(�) = ��
�
inverse images. � = �, �, �, �
�
SOLUTION: No of cards = 52; No of cards drawn = 2; Solution:
�� � ��
Total number of points = 52�� = ���
= 1326 (i) Given probability mass function
X be the discrete random variable denoting number of black cards �
� = �, �
��
x = { 0, 1, 2} �(�) = �
�� � �� � = �, �, �, �
X(0) = X(2 Red cards) = 26�� = ���
= 325 �
37
�
�
�−� for x>0 4. Four fair coins are tossed once. Find the probability mass
(iv) � � = �
function, mean and variance for number of heads occurred.
� otherwise
Since ' � ' is a continuous random variable SOLUTION:
∞ ∞ �!
Mean �(�) = ��(�)�� [ � −��
� � �� = ] n = 4, X - random variable denoting no.of heads
−∞ � �� + �
� ∞ −
� � �! � X= { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 } n(S)=�� =16
= �� �� = �
�
� [ n = 1, a = �]
� � ( )�+� � � �
� P(x= 0) = 4�� (� )� = 1. �� = ��
� � �
= ( �) = = � � � �
� �
� P(x= 1) = 4�� (� )� = 4. �� = ��
∞
� �� = �� ⋅ �(�)�� � � �
−∞ P(x= 2) = 4�� (� )� = 6. �� = ��
� ∞ �
= �� ⋅ �−�/� �� [ n = 2, a = �] � � �
� � P(x= 3) = 4�� ( )� = 4. =
� �! � � � �� ��
= � (�) � + �
= �
( �) � � �
� � P(x= 4) = 4�� (� )� = 1. �� = ��
��
= = � Probabaility mass function
�
Variance ��� (�) = � �� − [�(�)]� =� − � = � X 0 1 2 3 4
2.Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement � � � � �
P(X=x)
from an urn containing four red balls and three black balls. �� �� �� �� ��
Let � be the possible outcomes drawing red balls. Find the P=
�
and q =
�
� �
probability mass function and mean for �.
� � �
Solution: Mean = np = 4 ( � ) = 2 & Variance = npq = 4 ( � ) ( � ) = 1
Number of Red balls = �; Number of Black balls = � Question 7.
Total number of balls = � The probability density function of the random variable � is
Two balls are drawn without replacement ����−�� for � > �
n(s) = ��� given by �(�) = Find the mean and
� for � ≤ �
X denote number of red balls X = { 0, 1, 2 } vaniance of �
���
��� ��� ��� � Solution:
�(� = �) = �(��, ��) = = ��� = =
��� ��� � ����−�� for x>0
��� Given p.d.f. is �(�) =
� � = � = � ( 1R, 1B) =
��� ���
=
���
=
�����
=�
� � for x≤0
��� ��� ���
��� Mean �(�) = ∞ −∞ ��(�)��
��� ∞ �!
−∞ � −��
�(� = �) = �(��, ��) =
���
= ��� ���
= ��� =
� = �� � � � �� [ �� �−�� �� = ]
��� � �� + �
��� �
��� �! ��� � �
=16 x = 16 x =16 x �� = � [n = 2 ; a = 4 ]
∴ Probability mass function � �+ � ��
∞ ∞
� � �� = �� �(�)�� = �� �� �−�� �� [n = 3;a = 4 ]
0 1 2 −∞ �
�! ����� � � �
= 16 x � �+ �
= 16 x ��
=16 x ��� = �� = �
�(�) �/� �/� �/� � � �−� �
� � � � � � �
Variance Var(X) = � �� − [�(�)]� = − = =
� � � �
�(�) = ���(�) = �( ) + �( ) + �( ) = =�+�+�=�
� � � �
Question 8.
Question �. A lottery with 600 tickets gives one prize of ₹��� , four
If � and �� are the mean and variance of the discrete
prizes of ₹���, and six prizes of ₹��. If the ticket costs is ₹�,
random variable �, and �(� + �) = �� and �(� + �)� = ���,
find the expected winning amount of a ticket.
find � and �� .
Solution: Given, total number of tickets = ���
Solution:
One prize of Rs. 200; Four prizes of R. 100
Mean = �, Vaniance = �� Six prizes of Rs. 50
Given � � + � = �� and �(� + �)� = ��� Let ' � ' be the random variable “denotes the winning
� � + � = �� � �� + �� + � = ��� amount” and it can take the values 200,100 and 50 .
�(�) = �� − � � �� + �� � + � = ��� �
p(X= ���) = ��� ; P(X = 100) =��� ; P(x = 50) = ���
� �
� � =� �
� � + � � + � = ���
∴ Probability mass function is
∴ ���� � = � � = � �
� � + �� = ���
� 200 100 50
� �� = ��� − �� = ��
Variance Var(X)=E �� − [�(�)]� �(�) �/��� �/��� �/���
��� ��� ��� ���
�� − �� = �� = �� ∴ � = � ��� �� = �� ∴ �(�) = ���(�) = + + = = �. �
��� ��� ��� ���
Expected winning amount = Amount won − Cost of lottery
= �. �� − �. �� =− �. ��
ie., Loss of Rs. �. ��
38
�+�
3 - MARKS 5. (i) Define an operation ∗ on Q, a ∗ � = � ; �, � ∈ � .
EXERCISE 12.1
���� ���� ���� Examine the closure, commutative, and associative
7. Let � = ���� , � = ���� , � = ���� be any properties satisfied by ∗on ℚ.
�+�
���� ���� ���� (ii) Define an operation ∗ on Q, a ∗ � = ; �, � ∈ � .
�
three boolean matricesof the same type. Find (i) A∨B (ii) Examine the existence of identity and the existence of
A∧B (iii) (A∨B) ∧C (iv) (A∧B) ∨C . inverse for the operation ∗on ℚ.
SOLUTION: Solution:
1010 0101 1V0 0V1 1V0 0V1 �+�
A∨B = 0101 V 1010 = 0V1 1V0 0V1 1V0 Closure property: Let a, b ∈ Q then 2 ∈ ℚ
1001 1001 1V1 0V0 0V0 1V1 ⇒a∗b∈ℚ
1 1 1 1 ∴ closure property satisfied
= 1 1 1 1 Commutative property:
1 0 0 1 Let a, b ∈ Q, to verify a ∗ b = b ∗ a
1010 0101 �+� �+� � +�
L.H.S: a ∗ b = 2 & R.HS: b ∗ a = 2 = 2 = L.H.S
A∧B = 0101 ∧ 1010
1001 1001 ∴ Commutative property satisfied
1∧0 0∧1 1∧0 0∧1 0 0 0 0 Associative property
= 0∧1 1∧0 0∧1 1∧0 = 0 0 0 0 Let a, b, c ∈ Q, to verify a∗ (b ∗c) = (a∗ b) ∗ c
�+�
1∧1 0∧0 0∧0 1∧1 1 0 0 1 �+� �+
2 2�+�+�
1 1 1 1 1101 L.H.S: a∗ (b ∗c) = a ∗ ( 2
)= 2
= 4
�+�
(A∨B) ∧C = 1 1 1 1 ∧ 0110 �+� 2
+� �+�+2�
R.H.S: (a∗ b) ∗ c = ( )∗c= = 4
1 0 0 1 1111 2 2
1∧1 1∧1 1∧0 1∧1 1 1 0 1 L.H.S ≠ R.H.S. Associative property not satisfied
= 1∧0 1∧1 1∧1 1∧0 = 0 1 1 0 (ii) Identity property:
1∧1 0∧1 0∧1 1∧1 1 0 0 1 Let e be the identity element such that
�+�
0 0 0 0 1101 a ∗ e = a ⇒ 2 = a ⇒ a + e = 2a
(A∧B) ∨C = 0 0 0 0 V 0110
⇒ e = 2a - a = a since e = a which is not unique
1 0 0 1 1111 So identity property not satisfied
0V1 0V1 0V0 0V1 1 1 0 1
= 0V0 0V1 0V1 0V0 = 0 1 1 0 Since identity property not satisfied inverse also not
1V1 0V1 0V1 1V1 1 1 1 1 satisfied
EXERCISE 12.2 Exercise 12.2 (6)
Construct the truth table for the following statements.
Exercise 12.2(5)(i).
(i) ¬p∧¬q
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each of Solution:
the following implication. No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
(i) If x and y are numbers such that x = y , then x² = y² p q ¬p ¬q ¬p∧¬q
Solution: T T F F F
(i) Conditional statement: p → q T F F T F
If x and y are numbers such that x = y , then x² = y² F T T F F
(ii) Converse statement: q → p . F F T T T
If x and y are numbers such that x² = y² then x = y Last column corresponding to ¬p∧¬q
(iii) Inverse Statement: ¬p → ¬q Exercise 12.2 (6):
If x and y are numbers such that x ≠ y , then x² ≠ y² Construct the truth table for the following statements.
(iv) Contrapositive statement: ¬q → ¬p (ii) ¬( p∧¬q)
If x and y are numbers such that x² ≠ y² then x ≠ y Solution:
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
Exercise 12.2(5)(ii).
p q ¬q p ∧ ¬q ¬( p∧¬q)
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each of
T T F F T
the following implication. T F T T F
(ii) If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rectangle F T F F T
Solution: F F T F T
(i) Conditional statement: p → q
If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rectangle Last column corresponding to ¬( p∧¬q)
(ii) Converse statement: q → p . Exercise 12.2 (6): Construct the truth table for
(iii) ( p ∨q) ∨ ¬q
If a quadrilateral is a rectangle then it is a square
Solution: No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4
(iii) Inverse Statement: ¬p → ¬q p q ¬q pvq ( p ∨ q) ∨ ¬q
If a quadrilateral is not a square then it is not a rectangle T T F T T
(iv) Contrapositive statement: ¬q → ¬p T F T T T
If a quadrilateral is a not a rectangle then it is a not a square F T F T T
F F T F T
42
5 MARKS
Exercise 12.2: (11): Example 12.9
Show that ¬(p↔q) ≡ p ↔ ¬q Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii)
Solution: associative property, (iv) existence of identity, and (v)
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 existence of inverse for the operation +� on �� using table
p ↔ ¬q corresponding to addition modulo 5.
p q ¬(p↔q) ¬q
p↔q SOLUTION: Z5 = { [0], [1], [2], [3], [4] } = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }
T T T F F F +5 0 1 2 3 4
T F F T T T
0 0 1 2 3 4
F T F T F T
F F T F T F 1 1 2 3 4 0
Since column corresponding p → q AND q → p are NOT 2 2 3 4 0 1
identical 3 3 4 0 1 2
p→q and q→p are not equivalent
4 4 0 1 2 3
Exercise 12.2: (13):
Using truth table check whether the statements CLOSURE PROPERTY:
¬(p∨q)∨(¬p∧q) and ¬p are logically equivalent. All the elements in the table are form the set only
Solution: Closure property is verified
No of simple statements = 2; No. of rows = 22 = 4 Commutative property :
¬( p∨q ¬p∧q ¬(p∨q)∨(¬
p q p∨q ¬p Table is symmetric about main diagonal
) p∧q)
T T T F F F F Commutative property is verified
T F T F F F F Associative property:
F T T F T T T +5 is alwys associative, Associative property is verified
F F F T T F T Identity property:
Since column corresponding ¬(p∨q)∨(¬p∧q) and ¬p are
0 ∈ Z5 is the identity element, identity property is verified.
identical
Hence ¬(p∨q)∨(¬p∧q) and ¬p are logically equivalent Inverse property:
ELEMENT 0 1 2 3 4
INVERSE 0 4 3 2 1
Inverse property is verified
Example 12.10
Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii)
associative property, (iv) existence of identity, and (v)
existence of inverse for the operation ��� on a subset A =
{1,3,4,5,9} of the set of remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
SOLUTION:
A= {1,3,4,5,9}
x11 1 3 4 5 9
1 1 3 4 5 9
3 3 9 1 4 5
4 4 1 5 9 3
5 5 4 9 3 1
9 9 5 3 1 4
CLOSURE PROPERTY:
All the elements in the table are form the set only
Closure property is verified
Commutative property :
Table is symmetric about main diagonal
Commutative property is verified
Associative property:
x11 is alwys associative, Associative property is verified
Identity property:
1 ∈ A is the identity element, identity property is verified.
Inverse property:
ELEMENT 1 3 4 5 9
INVERSE 1 4 3 9 5
Inverse Property satisfied
43