Chapter 4 RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION
The present study entitled “Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse: Structural
Analysis, Design and Evapotranspiration Based Irrigation Scheduling of Broccoli
Crop”, was undertaken to analyze and calculate the load acting on the polyhouse structure
and to see the effect of various combinations of loads acting to deliver stability of the
polyhouse structure. This investigation was carried for analysis of existing polyhouses
located under different farming situations in the 4 agro-climatic zones (Tarai zone, High
hills zone, Mid hills zone, and Very High hills zone) of Uttarakhand. Three polyhouses
were selected from each zone for the study. On the basis of structural analysis of twelve
different sizes of polyhouses, the right structural design has been proposed with the
objective to minimize the cost of construction. The second part of the study consists of
three sub-sections. In the first sub-section effect of drip irrigation on characteristics of
plant growth has been discussed. In the second sub-section, the effect of drip irrigation on
yield and yield attributes has been discussed. Last section deals with the efficiency of
water use and water productivity under different levels of evapotranspiration based drip
irrigation scheduling of broccoli crop.

4.1 Structural Analysis of Polyhouses

4.1.1 General

The structural design and construction of polyhouse depend upon different loads
(dead, live and wind load), the construction site of the polyhouse, radiation intensity,
sunshine hours and wind speed. Due to these technical parameters, many polyhouses under
research are positioned in an East-West direction because of obvious improved solar
energy utilization is in East-West direction (Kendrili, 2006). The failure of construction
depends upon the improper selection of trusses as per the requirement. If trusses are
underdesigned then rain or wind of low intensity may damage the polyhouse structure and
overdesigned trusses may cause high cost of construction which is not economical for
farmers. So proper truss selection not only provides safety against excessive wind, heat,
cold and rain but also cut the extra construction cost on polyhouse structure (Jensen and
Malter, 1994).

Results and Discussion................... ?

4.1.2 Determination of loads and forces acting on polyhouse structure

The combination load form the constant uniform load (dead load, live load, and
wind load) and stresses (compression and tension) acting on naturally ventilated
polyhouses have been determined for the selected polyhouses located in different climatic
conditions of Uttarakhand. The results of the study are presented and discussed under the
following subsections:

4.1.2.1 Polyhouses in the very high hill zone ( Zone D > 2400 m )

 Polyhouse - 1 (size : 15 m × 6m)

This polyhouse constructed with G. I. square bars of 30 mm×30 mm×1.25 mm size

and covered with a poly film of 180 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.1).

Plate 4.1 Pictorial view of polyhouse (15m× 6m) located at Sagar village in Chamoli
district of Uttarakhand

(I) Dead load

On roof truss, dead load holds roof covering weight, purline weight, and self-
weight of the trusses. Weight of purlins, roof covering and self-weight of the trusses have
been calculated using IS: 875 (Part1). The weight of purlin, roof covering and self-weight
of truss were determined as 10.46 N, 577.56 N and 420 N, respectively. Weight of wind
bracing was calculated as 72 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1 and

Results and Discussion................... ?

it was found to be 1080.02 N (1.080 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel point
(I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated as 0.54 kN and 0.27 kN, respectively.
The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in
polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

Live load contains the weight of person for repair work and movable equipment.
Calculation of live load for truss members is calculated as per IS: 875 (Part2). The total
live load was calculated using equation 3.5 and it was found to be 2454 N (2.454 kN). The
live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated
as 1.227 kN and 0.613 kN, respectively. The details of the live load acting on various
critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.2.

Fig. 4.2 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Wind load was calculated as the resultant effect of internal and external air
pressure. Basic wind speed in the high hill region of Uttarakhand was taken as 47 m/s (170
kmph; as per IS: 875 (Part3)). Equation 3.6, used for calculating the design wind speed

Results and Discussion................... ?

and it was determined as 38.920 m/s. Equation- 3.8) used for calculating the design wind
pressure and it was determined as 0.908 kN/m 2. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider
± 0.2(air opening < 5% as per IS: 875 (Part3)). and external pressure coefficient (Cpe)
have been determined (as per IS: 875 (Part3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe
values, net pressure coefficient was determined (as per IS 875: Part 3). The determined
values of max Cpe-Cpi at 0° and 90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation -3.9
used for calculating wind load acting on individual members and it was determined as 3.41
and 5.11 kN at 0° and 90° respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind
load were also determined under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind
direction. When the wind is under perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY)
components of the forces were determined as 0.83 kN and 1.485 kN, respectively.
Similarly, When the wind is under parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY)
components of the forces were determined as 1.244 kN and 2.231 kN, respectively. The
details of wind load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse
truss have been depicted in Fig 4.3 and 4.4.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.3 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.4 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

Results and Discussion................... ?

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig 4.5) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.1. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.1) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.2). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it has been
found as 14.375 kN (Table 4.2). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.2). If safe load values are greater than
maximum tension and compression values of the identified member then all members of
the structure of polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the
same results for bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse
structure. If safe load values are lower than maximum tension and compression values of
identified member then identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and
further correction such as thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of
polyhouse) should be changed with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the
various loads and their combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material
used in the polyhouse structure. Yadav et al., (2014) gave the same result for low-cost
polyhouse structure.

Table 4.2 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of
bottom chord members (1 and 2), vertical member (5) and diagonal members (8 and 9) are
less than safe load values of tension and compression members, hence all members
(1,2,5,8, and 9) of the polyhouse structure are safe. However, top chord members (3,4,6,
and 7) has maximum compression values which are greater than safe load values, hence
top chord members of the polyhouse structure are unsafe and due to this failure of
underdesigned trusses may get damage the polyhouse structure due to the low-intensity
wind, rain, and snow.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.5 Various members of a truss

Table 4.2 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Maximum Safe load

Maximum Safe load
Member Compressio (Compression Remark
Tension (Tension)
n )

1,2 0.870 1.088 4.312 14.375 Pass

3,4,6,7 14.178 10.635 10.781 14.375 Fail

5 2.329 2.780 14.375 14.375 Pass

8,9 4.683 5.324 10.781 14.375 Pass

 Polyhouse - 2 (size : 28.956 m × 7.62 m)

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 30 mm×30 mm×2 mm size and
covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.2)

Results and Discussion................... ?

Plate 4.2 Pictorial view of polyhouse (28.956m×7.62m) located at Mandal village in
Chamoli district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.1 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dea 1.5[dea 1.5[dea 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
s load load load load d load d load d load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win load tension (- compression
right left load] load load d load +wind ve) (+ve)
from from from load from
right] left] right] left]

1 -0.000 -0.000 -0.725 +0.72 -0.000 -1.088 +1.088 -0.870 +0.870 -1.088 +0.870
5

2 +0.000 +0.000 +0.72 -0.725 +0.000 +1.088 -1.088 +0.870 -0.870 -1.088 +0.870
5

3 +3.047 +6.405 -10.13 -9.266 +14.178 -10.635 -9.336 -0.822 +0.223 -10.635 +14.178

4 +2.062 +4.270 -7.115 -6.899 +9.498 -7.588 -7.263 -0.946 -0.687 -7.588 +9.498

5 -0.626 -1.227 +2.16 +2.16 -2.780 +2.329 +2.329 +0.391 +0.391 -2.780 +2.329
9 9

6 +2.062 +4.270 -6.899 -7.115 +9.498 -7.263 -7.588 -0.687 -0.946 -7.588 +9.498

7 +3.047 +6.405 -9.266 -10.13 +14.178 -9.336 -10.635 +0.223 -0.822 -10.635 +14.178

8 +0.987 +2.135 -4.531 -3.017 +4.683 -5.324 -3.052 -1.697 +0.126 -5.324 +4.683

Results and Discussion................... ?

 9 +0.987 +2.135 -3.017 -4.531 +4.683 -3.052 -5.324 +0.126 -1.697 -5.324 +4.683

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 13.14 N, the weight of purlins was calculated
1073.190 N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 516.30 N using IS: 875
(PART1). Weight of wind bracing was calculated 83.616 N. The total dead load was
calculated using equation 3.1 and it was found to be 1686.146 N (1.686 kN). The dead load
on intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.4215 kN
and 0.21075 kN respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel
point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.6.

Fig. 4.6 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated using equation 3.5 and it was found to be
3397.82 N (3.397 kN). The live the on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.849 kN and 0.424 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.7.

Fig. 4.7 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

Results and Discussion................... ?

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per Part3, IS: 875) and external pressure coefficient(Cpe) have been determined (as per IS:
875 (Part3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part3)). The determined values of max Cpe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was calculated 3.9355 kN and 5.9039 kN at 0° and
90° respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also
determined under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the
wind is under perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the
forces were determined as 0.387 kN and 0.902 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind
is under parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.581 kN and 1.356 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.8 and 4.9.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.8 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side Direction of wind

Fig. 4.9 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side
Results and Discussion................... ?
(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig 4.10) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical methods is presented in Table 4.3. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.3) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.4). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found as 22.400 kN (Table 4.4). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800 (2007) (Table 4.4). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.10 Various members of a truss

Table 4.4 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of
bottom chord members (1,2,3,4,5 and 6), vertical member (9,14,15,16, and 17) and
diagonal members (18,19,20 and 21) are less than safe load values of tension and
compression member, hence all members of the polyhouse structure are safe but top chord
members (7,8,10,11,12, and 13) has maximum compression values are greater than safe
load values, hence top chord members of polyhouse structure are unsafe and due to this
failure of under-designed trusses may damage the polyhouse structure due to low-intensity
wind, rain, and snow.

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.4 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compression Tension (Compression) (Tension)

1,2,3,4,5,6 2.728 2.494 18.400 22.400 Pass

7,8,10,11,12,1 21.085 13.116 20.240 22.400 Fail

3

9 2.487 3.906 10.120 22.400 Pass

14,17 0.00 0.012 21.160 22.400 Pass

15,16 0.775 0.987 19.230 22.400 Pass

18,19 4.541 3.689 11.231 22.400 Pass

20,21 4.206 3.437 11.165 22.400 Pass

 Polyhouse - 3 (size: 16m× 6m)

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 40 mm×40 mm×1.25 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.3).

Results and Discussion................... ?

Plate 4.3 Pictorial view of polyhouse (16m×6m)) located at Mandal village in Chamoli
district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.3 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members
Membe Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dea 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
r load load load load d load load load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win load tension compressio
right left load] load load d load +wind (- ve) n (+ve)
from from from load from
right] left] right] left]

1 -0.310 -0.599 -0.179 +1.934 -1.364 -0.735 +2.436 -1.307 +1.230 -1.364 +2.436

2 -0.310 -0.599 -0.179 +1.934 -1.364 -0.735 +2.436 -1.307 +1.230 -1.364 +2.436

3 +0.621 +1.198 -2.283 -1.226 +2.728 -2.494 -0.908 -0.557 +0.711 -2.494 +2.728

4 +0.621 +1.198 -1.226 -2.283 +2.728 -0.908 -2.494 +0.711 -0.557 -2.494 +2.728

5 -0.310 -0.599 +1.934 -0.180 -1.364 +2.436 -0.735 +1.230 -1.307 -1.364 +2.436

6 -0.310 -0.599 +1.934 -0.180 -1.364 +2.436 -0.735 +1.230 -1.307 -1.364 +2.436

7 +4.824 +9.233 -13.116 -11.443 +21.085 -12.441 -9.931 +1.128 +3.136 -13.116 +21.085

8 +2.902 +5.540 -7.915 -7.815 +12.663 -7.521 -7.371 +0.633 +0.752 -7.915 +12.663

9 -0.906 -1.698 +2.487 +2.487 -3.906 +2.379 +2.379 -0.140 -0.140 -3.906 +2.487

10 +3.867 +7.386 -10.466 -9.679 +16.880 -9.901 -8.720 +0.945 +1.889 -10.466 +16.880

Continued….

Results and Discussion................... ?

 11 +2.902 +5.540 -7.815 -7.915 +12.663 -7.371 -7.521 +0.752 +0.633 -7.915 +12.663

12 +3.867 +7.386 -9.679 -10.466 +16.880 -8.720 -9.901 +1.889 +0.945 -10.466 +16.880
13 +4.824 +9.233 -11.443 -13.116 +21.085 -9.931 -12.441 +3.136 +1.128 -13.116 +21.085

14 -0.008 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.010 -0.010 -0.012 0.00

15 -0.233 -0.424 +0.497 +0.747 -0.987 +0.400 +0.775 -0.193 +0.110 -0.987 +0.775

16 -0.233 -0.425 +0.747 +0.497 -0.987 +0.775 +0.400 +0.110 -0.193 -0.987 +0.775

17 -0.008 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.010 -0.010 -0.012 0.00

18 +1.040 +1.988 -2.327 -3.496 +4.541 -1.935 -3.689 +0.841 -0.566 -3.689 +4.541

19 +1.040 +1.988 -3.496 -2.327 +4.541 -3.689 -1.935 -0.566 +0.841 -3.689 +4.541

20 +0.958 +1.846 -3.248 -2.162 +4.206 -3.437 -1.808 -0.534 +0.771 -3.437 +4.206

21 +0.958 +1.846 -2.162 -3.248 +4.206 -1.808 -3.437 +0.771 -0.534 -3.437 +4.206

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 10.79 N, the weight of purlins was calculated 700 N,
and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 420 N using IS: 875 (PART1). Weight of
wind bracing was calculated 83.616 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation
3.1 and it was found to be 1130.79 N (1.130 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel
point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.565 kN and 0.282 kN
respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and
E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.11.

Fig. 4.11 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (PART2) and it was found to be
2454.44 N (2.454 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.227 kN and 0.613 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.12.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.12 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure were calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per IS: 875, PART3) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). Net pressure coefficient was determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The
determined values of max Cpe-Cpi at 0° and 90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly,
Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load acting on individual members and it was
measured 3.41 kN and 5.11 kN at 0° and 90° respectively. The horizontal and vertical
components of wind load were also determined under the condition of perpendicular and
parallel wind direction. When the wind is under perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and
vertical (FY) components of the forces were determined as 0.6 kN and 0.99 kN,
respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and
vertical (FY) components of the forces were determined as 0.9 kN and 1.005 kN,
respectively. The details of wind load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and
E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.13 and 4.14.

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.13 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side Direction of wind

Fig. 4.14 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.15) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.5. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.5) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.6). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 19.375 kN (Table 4.6). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.6). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their

Results and Discussion................... ?

combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.15 Various members of a truss

Table 4.6 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members (3,4,6, and 8) bottom chord members (1,2,10, and 12), vertical member
(5,11and 13) and diagonal members (7 and 9) are less than safe load values of tension and
compression member, hence all members of the polyhouse structure are safe.

Table 4.6 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compressio Tension (Compression (Tension)
n )

1,2,10,12 0.127 0.127 14.475 19.375 Pass

3,4,6,8 10.856 4.180 12.545 19.375 Pass

5 1.298 2.688 18.335 19.375 Pass

7,9 3.619 1.838 12.545 19.375 Pass

4.1.2.2 Polyhouses in the high hill zone (Zone C 1500-2400 m)

 Polyhouse -1 (size: 9.4m × 3.8 m)

Results and Discussion................... ?

 This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 30 mm×30 mm×1.25 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 180 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.4).

Plate 4.4 Pictorial view of polyhouse (9.4 m× 3.8m) located at Badogaon village in
Chamoli district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.5 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
s load load load load load load load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+wind load tension (- compressio
right left load] load load load from +wind ve) n (+ve)
from from left] right] load from
right] left]
1 -0.00 -0.00 -0.084 +0.08 -0.00 -0.127 +0.127 -0.101 +0.127 -0.127 +0.127
4

2 +0.00 +0.00 +0.08 -0.084 +0.00 +0.127 -0.127 +0.101 -0.127 -0.127 +0.127
4

3 +2.28 +4.95 -4.180 -3.877 +10.856 -2.847 -2.393 +3.669 +5.041 -4.180 +10.856
2 6

4 +1.52 +3.30 -3.009 -3.171 +7.238 -2.231 -2.474 +2.179 +2.482 -3.171 +7.238
1 4

5 -0.565 -1.227 +1.29 +1.29 -2.688 +1.099 +1.099 -0.593 -0.742 -2.688 +1.298
8 8

6 +2.28 +4.95 -3.877 -4.180 +10.856 -2.393 -2.847 +4.032 +4.586 -4.180 +10.856
2 6

7 +0.76 +1.65 -1.838 -1.656 +3.619 -1.616 -1.243 +0.690 +1.135 -1.838 +3.619
1 2

8 +1.52 +3.30 -3.171 -3.009 +7.238 -2.474 -2.231 +1.986 +2.724 -3.171 +7.238

Results and Discussion................... ?

 1 4

9 +0.76 +1.65 -1.656 -1.838 +3.619 -1.343 -1.616 +0.908 +0.862 -1.838 +3.619
1 2

10 -0.00 -0.00 -0.084 +0.08 -0.00 -0.127 +0.127 -0.101 +0.127 -0.101 +0.127
4

11,13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 +0.00

12 +0.00 +0.00 +0.08 -0.084 +0.00 +0.127 -0.127 +0.101 -0.127 -0.127 +0.127
4

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load

It was calculated 11.466 N of roof covering, 877.89 N of purline weight and 357.2
N of self-weight of the truss. Weight of wind bracing was calculated 28.5 N. The total dead
load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part1) and it was found to be 1275.056 N (1.275 kN).
The dead load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was
calculated 1.275 kN and 0.6375 kN respectively. The details of the dead load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.16.

Fig. 4.16 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part2). and it was found to be
1425 N (1.425 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.425 kN and 0.7125 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.17.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.17 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per IS: 875 (Part 3)) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS 875: Part 3). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and 90°was
-0.694and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load acting
on individual members and it was measured 3.96 kN and 5.14 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.381 kN and 1.418 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.792 kN and 1.841 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.18 and 4.19.

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.18 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.19 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.4.20) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.7. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.7) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.8). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was

Results and Discussion................... ?

found 14.375 kN (Table 4.8). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.8). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Table 4.8 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members (3 and 4) bottom chord members (1 and 2), and vertical member (5) are
less than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

Fig. 4.20 Various members of a truss

Table 4.8 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Membe Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

r compression tension (Compression) (tension)

1,2 0.00 0.00 9.55 14.375 Pass

3,4 4.890 4.035 7.855 14.375 Pass

Results and Discussion................... ?

5 0.00 0.072 9.881 14.375 Pass

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.7 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
s load load load load load load load load+live load m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+wind +live tension compression
right left load] load load load from load (- ve) (+ve)
from from right] +wind
right] left] load
from
left]

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 +1.595 +1.664 -3.579 -4.035 +4.890 -2.999 -3.682 -0.402 -0.948 -4.035 +4.890

4 +1.595 +1.664 -4.035 -3.579 +4.890 -3.682 -2.999 -0.948 -0.402 -4.035 +4.890

5 -0.048 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.058 -0.058 -0.072 0.00

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

  Polyhouse - 2 (size: 3.5 m × 12.2m )

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 40 mm×40 mm×1.25 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.5).

Plate 4.5 Pictorial view of polyhouse (3.5 m× 12.2 m) located at Gwar village in
Chamoli district of Uttarakhand

(I) Dead load

It was measured 10.908 N of roof covering weight, 513.791 N of purlin weight and
329.32 N of self-weight of the truss. The total dead load was calculated as per IS: 875
(Part 1) and it was found to be 933.441 N (0.9334 kN). The dead load on the intermediate
panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.933 kN and 0.466 kN
respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and
E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.21.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.21 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2). and it was found to be
1334.375 N (1.334 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.334 kN and 0.667 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.22.

Fig. 4.22 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% (as
per IS: 875 (Part 3)) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS 875: Part 3). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and 90°was
-0.694and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load acting
on individual membersand it was measured 3.77 kN and 4.895 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined

Results and Discussion................... ?

under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.389 kN and 1.273 kN, respectively. Similarly, When wind is under parallel
direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were determined as
1.80 kN and 1.65 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on various critical panel
points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.23 and 4.24.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.23 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.24 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig. 25) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.9. Various loads and their

Results and Discussion................... ?

combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.9) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.10). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 19.375 kN (Table 4.10). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.10). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Table 4.10 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members (3 and 4) bottom chord members (1 and 2), and vertical member (5) are
less than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

Fig. 4.25 Various members of a truss

Table 4.10 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

compression tension (Compression) (tension)

1,2 0.00 0.00 10.169 19.375 Pass

3,4 3.840 3.507 11.916 19.375 Pass

Results and Discussion................... ?

5 0.00 0.059 11.468 19.375 Pass

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.9 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dea 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
s load load load load d load load load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win load tension compressio
right left load] load load d load +wind n (+ve)
(- ve)
from from from load from
right] left] right] left]

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 +1.102 +1.458 -2.965 -3.427 +3.840 -2.814 -3.507 -0.501 -1.056 -3.507 +3.840

4 +1.102 +1.458 -3.427 -2.965 +3.840 -3.507 -2.814 -1.056 -0.501 -3.507 +3.840

5 -0.039 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.059 -0.059 -0.059 -0.047 -0.047 -0.059 0.00

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

  Polyhouse - 3 (size: 60 m × 6 m)

This polyhouse constructed with M.S. iron angle hollow circular pipe of 25 mm×25
mm×3 mm size and covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and
facilitated with side ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.6).

Plate 4.6 Pictorial view of polyhouse (60m × 6m) located at Gwar village in Chamoli
district of Uttarakhand

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 12.04 N, the weight of purlins was measured 577.56
N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 360 N (as per IS: 875 (Part 1). Weight of
wind bracing was measured 70 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1
and it was found to be 1019.6 N (1.019 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel point
(I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.5098 kN and 0.2549 kN respectively.
The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in
polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.26.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.26 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2) and it was found to be
2780.2 N (2.780 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.39 kN and 0.695 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.27.

Fig. 4.27 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per IS: 875 (Part 3)) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and

Results and Discussion................... ?

90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was measured 3.606 kN and 5.409 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.524 kN and 3.26 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 2.28 kN and 4.90 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.28 and 4.29.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.28 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.29 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

Results and Discussion................... ?

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.30) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.11. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.11) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.12). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 21.600 kN (Table 4.12). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.12). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.30 Various members of the truss

Table 4.12 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of
bottom chord members (1,2,3, and 4) and vertical member (7,10, and 11) are less than safe
load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the polyhouse
structure are safe and pass but top chord members (5,6,8, and 9) has maximum
compression values are greater than safe load values, hence top chord members of
polyhouse structure are unsafe and fail.

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.12 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Membe Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remar

r Compressio Tension (Compression) (Tension) k
n

1,2,3,4 3.173 2.173 9.360 21.600 Pass

5,6,8,9 5.989 6.040 5.922 21.600 Fail

7 0.00 0.089 11.203 21.600 Pass

10,11 0.00 0.073 7.920 21.600 Pass

4.1.2.3 Polyhouses in Mid hills zone (Zone B 1000-1500 m)

 Polyhouse - 1 (size: 6 m × 15m)

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 30 mm×30 mm×1.25 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 180 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.7).

Results and Discussion................... ?

Plate 4.7 Pictorial view of polyhouse (6m × 15m ) located at Gairsain city in Chamoli
district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.11 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Members Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
load load load load load load load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from left +live +wind +wind load+win load tension compression
right load] load from load d load +wind
(- ve) (+ve)
right] from from load from
left] right] left]

1 +0.00 +0.00 -1.449 +1.449 +0.00 -2.173 +3.173 -1.738 +1.738 -2.173 +3.173

2 -0.00 -0.00 +1.449 -1.449 -0.00 +3.173 -2.173 +1.738 -1.738 -2.173 +3.173

3 +0.00 +0.00 -1.449 +1.449 +0.00 -2.173 +3.173 -1.738 +1.738 -2.173 +3.173

4 -0.00 -0.00 +1.449 -1.449 -0.00 +3.173 -2.173 +1.738 -1.738 -2.173 +3.173

5 +1.572 +2.420 -3.326 -4.080 +5.989 -2.647 -3.777 +0.800 -0.117 -4.080 +5.989

6 +1.572 +2.420 -5.588 -5.337 +5.589 -6.040 -5.663 -1.928 -1.626 -6.040 +5.589

7 -0.060 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.089 -0.089 -0.089 -0.072 -0.072 -0.089 0.00

8 +1.572 +2.420 -5.337 -5.588 +5.589 -5.663 -6.040 -1.626 -1.928 -6.040 +2.420

9 +1.572 +2.420 -4.080 -3.326 +5.989 -3.337 -2.647 -0.117 +0.800 -4.080 +5.989

10 -0.049 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.058 -0.058 -0.073 0.00

11 -0.049 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.058 -0.058 -0.073 0.00

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 10.46 N, the weight of purlins was calculated 577.56
N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 420 N as per IS: 875 (Part 1). Weight of
wind bracing was calculated 72 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1
and it was found to be 1080.02 N (1.080 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel
point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.54 kN and 0.27 kN respectively.
The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in
polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.31.

Fig. 4.31 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 3) and it was found to be
2280.2 N (2.28 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.14 kN and 0.57 kN respectively. The details of the live load
acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.32.

Fig. 4.32 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

Results and Discussion................... ?

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure were calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per IS: 875 (Part 3)) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). Net pressure coefficient was determined as per IS: 875 (Part 3). The
determined values of max Cpe-Cpi at 0° and 90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly,
Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load acting on individual members and it was
measured 3.41 kN and 5.11 kN at 0° and 90° respectively. The horizontal and vertical
components of wind load were also determined under the condition of perpendicular and
parallel wind direction. When the wind is under perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and
vertical (FY) components of the forces were determined as 0.83 kN and 1.485 kN,
respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and
vertical (FY) components of the forces were determined as 1.24 kN and 2.23 kN,
respectively. The details of wind load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and
E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.33 and 4.34.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.33 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.34 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.35) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.13. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.13) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.14). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 14.375 kN (Table 4.14). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.14). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.35 Various members of a truss

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.14. Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to
safe load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compressio Tension (Compression (Tension)
n )

1,2,3,4,21,18 0.786 0.786 10.725 14.375 Pass

5,7,9,13,14,1 13.155 10.655 16.445 14.375 Pass

6

6,10,17,22,23 3.121 3.218 12.584 14.375 Pass

,

8,11,15,19 3.436 4.222 17.875 14.375 Pass

Table 4.14 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, vertical members, and diagonal members are less
than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

 Polyhouse - 2 (size: 6 m × 18m)

This polyhouse constructed with M.S. iron angle hollow square pipe of 50 mm×50
mm×5 mm size for top chord members and 25 mm×25 mm×0.125 mm, covering with a
poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side ventilation, oriented
in East-West direction (Plate 4.8).

Results and Discussion................... ?

Plate 4.8 Pictorial view of polyhouse (6 m × 18 m ) located at Rudraprayag city in
Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.13 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

1.5[dea 1.5[dea 1.2[dead 1.2[dead

Wind Wind 1.5[dea d load d load load+live load +live Maximu Maximum
Members Dead Live load load d load +wind +wind load+win load m forces forces
load load from from +live load load d load +wind tension compressio
right left load] from from from load from (- ve) n (+ve)
right] left] right] left]

1 -0.00 -0.00 -0.524 +0.524 -0.00 -0.786 +0.786 -0.629 +0.629 -0.786 +0.629

2 -0.00 -0.00 -0.524 +0.524 -0.00 -0.786 +0.786 -0.629 +0.629 -0.786 +0.629

3 +0.00 +0.00 +0.524 -0.524 +0.00 +0.786 -0.786 +0.629 -0.629 -0.786 +0.629

4 +0.00 +0.00 +0.524 -0.524 +0.00 +0.786 -0.786 +0.629 -0.629 -0.786 +0.629

5 +2.819 +5.951 -9.922 -9.476 +13.155 -10.655 -9.986 -1.383 -0.847 -10.655 +13.155

6 -0.690 -1.456 +2.770 +2.770 -3.218 +3.121 +3.121 +0.750 +0.750 -3.218 +3.121

7 +2.140 +4.517 -7.945 -8.161 +9.985 -8.708 -9.038 -1.546 -1.806 -9.038 +9.985

8 +0.736 +1.554 -3.551 -2.364 +3.436 -4.222 -2.442 -1.512 -0.088 -4.222 +3.436

9 +2.819 +5.951 -9.922 -9.476 +13.155 -10.655 -9.986 -1.383 -0.847 -10.655 +13.155

10 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 +0.00

Continued
….

Results and Discussion................... ?

 11 +0.736 +1.554 -3.551 -2.364 +3.436 -4.222 -2.442 -1.512 -0.088 -4.222 +3.436
12 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 +0.00

13 +2.819 +5.951 -9.476 -9.922 +13.155 -9.986 -10.655 -0.847 -1.383 -10.655 +13.155

14 +2.140 +4.517 -8.161 -7.945 +9.985 -9.033 -8.708 -1.806 -1.546 -9.033 +9.985

15 +0.736 +1.554 -2.365 -3.551 +3.436 -2.442 -4.222 -0.088 -1.512 -4.222 +3.436

16 +2.819 +5.951 -9.476 -9.922 +13.155 -9.986 -10.655 -0.847 -1.383 -10.655 +13.155

17 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 -0.00 +0.00

18 +0.00 +0.00 +0.524 -0.524 +0.00 +0.786 -0.786 +0.629 -0.629 -0.786 +0.786

19 +0.736 +1.554 -2.364 -3.551 +3.436 -2.442 -4.222 -0.088 -1.512 -4.222 +3.436

20 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 -0.00 +0.00

21 -0.00 -0.00 -0.524 +0.524 -0.00 -0.786 +0.786 -0.629 +0.629 -0.786 +0.786

22,23 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 +0.00

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 10.46 N, the weight of purlins was calculated
2310.255 N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 425.28 N as per IS: 875 (Part
1). Weight of wind bracing was calculated 72 N. The total dead load was calculated using
equation 3.1 and it was found to be 2817.945 N (2.817 kN). The dead load on the
intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.408 kN and
0.7044 kN respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points
(I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.36.

Fig. 4.36 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2) and it was found to be
2454 N (2.454 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.227 kN and 0.613 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.37.

Fig. 4.37 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

Results and Discussion................... ?

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per Part 3, IS 875) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per IS
875: Part 3). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was measured 3.41 kN and 5.11 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.66 kN and 2.97 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 2.48 kN and 4.46 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.38 and 4.39.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.38 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Direction of wind

Fig. 4.39 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.40) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.15. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.15) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.16). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 47.500 and 16.090 kN (Table 4.16). Safe load for compression member was
determined using procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.16). If safe load values greater
than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than all members of
the structure of polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the
same result for bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse
structure. If safe load values lower than maximum tension and compression values of
identified member than identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and
further correction such as thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of
polyhouse) should be changed with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the
various loads and their combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material
used in the polyhouse structure.

Fig. 4.40 Various members of the truss

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.16 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compression Tension (Compression) (Tension)

1,2,4,5 22.303 20.259 16.46 47.500 Pass

3 4.337 4.493 20.265 16.090 Pass

6,7 7.325 9.514 13.124 16.090 Pass

8,9 2.173 2.173 5.790 16.090 Pass

Table 4.16 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, vertical members, and diagonal members are less
than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

 Polyhouse - 3 (size: 6 m × 15m)

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 40 mm×40 mm×1.25 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with forced
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.9).

Results and Discussion................... ?

Plate 4.9 Pictorial view of polyhouse (6 m × 15 m ) located at Rudraprayag city in
Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.15 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Members Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dea 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximum Maximum
load load load load load d load load load+live load +live forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win load tension compression(
right left load] load load d load +wind +ve)
(- ve)
from from from load from
right] left] right] left]

1 +8.463 +6.045 -20.259 -18.530 +22.303 -17.740 -15.147 -6.506 -4.432 -20.259 +22.303

2 +5.731 +4.270 -14.229 -13.797 +15.001 -12.794 -12.146 -5.111 -4.592 -14.229 +15.001

3 -1.768 -1.227 +4.337 +4.337 -4.493 +3.947 +3.947 +1.685 +1.685 -4.493 +4.337

4 +8.463 +6.045 -18.530 -20.259 +22.303 -15.147 -17.740 -4.432 -6.506 -20.259 +22.303

5 +5.731 +4.270 -13.797 -14.229 +15.001 -12.146 -12.794 -4.592 -5.111 -14.229 +15.001

6 +2.748 +2.135 -9.059 -6.034 +7.325 -9.514 -4.976 -5.049 -1.419 -9.514 +7.325

7 +2.748 +2.135 -6.034 -9.059 +7.325 -4.976 -9.514 -1.419 -5.049 -9.514 +7.325

8 +0.000 +0.000 -1.449 +1.449 +0.000 -2.173 +2.173 -1.738 +1.738 -2.173 +2.173

9 -0.000 -0.000 +1.449 -1.449 -0.000 +2.173 -2.173 +1.738 -1.738 -2.173 +2.173

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load
Roof covering was calculated 10.46 N, the weight of purlins was calculated 577.56
N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 420 N as per IS: 875 (Part 1). Weight of
wind bracing was calculated 72 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1
and it was found to be 1080.02 N (1.080 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel
point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.54 kN and 0.27 kN respectively.
The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in
polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.41.

Fig. 4.41 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2) and it was found to be
2454 N (2.454 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.227 kN and 0.613 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.42.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.42 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure were calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per Part 3, IS 875) and external pressure coefficient(Cpe) have been determined (as per IS:
875 Part 3). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was measured 3.41 kN and 5.11 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.66 kN and 2.97 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 2.48 kN and 4.46 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.43 and 4.44.

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.43 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side Direction of wind

Fig. 4.44 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.45) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.17. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.17) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.18). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 26.420 kN (Table 4.18). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.18). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their

Results and Discussion................... ?

combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.45 Various members of a truss

Table 4.16 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, vertical members, and diagonal members are less
than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

Table 4.18 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compression Tension (Compression) (Tension)

1,2 2.173 2.173 5.790 26.420 Pass

3,4,6,7 14.297 25.709 16.46 26.420 Pass

5 5.541 2.961 20.265 26.420 Pass

8,9 4.708 12.093 13.124 26.420 Pass

4.1.2.4 Polyhouses in tarai, bhabar irrigated zone (Zone A up to 1000 m)

 Polyhouse - 1 (size: 7.5 m × 25m)

Results and Discussion................... ?

 This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 30 mm×30 mm×2 mm size and
covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with forced
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.10).

Plate 4.10 Pictorial view of polyhouse (7.5 m × 25 m) located at CRC, Pantnagar in

U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.17 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dea 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximum Maximum
s load load load load load d load load load+live load +live forces forces
from from left +live +wind +wind load+win load compression(
tension (-
right load] load load d load +wind +ve)
ve)
from from from load from
right] left] right] left]

1 +0.00 +0.00 -1.449 +1.449 +0.00 -2.173 +2.173 -1.738 +1.738 -2.173 +2.173

2 -0.00 -0.00 +1.449 -1.449 -0.00 +2.173 -2.173 +1.738 -1.738 -2.173 +2.173

3 +3.12 +6.40 -20.259 -18.530 +14.297 -25.709 -23.117 -12.881 -10.807 -25.709 +14.297
6 5

4 +2.12 +4.27 -14.229 -13.979 +9.593 -18.165 -17.517 -9.408 -8.889 -18.165 +9.593
6 0

5 -0.656 -1.227 +4.337 +4.337 -2.825 +5.541 +5.541 +2.961 +2.961 -2.961 +5.541

6 +2.12 +4.27 -13.797 -14.229 +9.593 -17.517 -18.165 -8.889 -9.408 -18.165 +9.593
6 0

7 +3.12 +6.40 -18.530 -20.259 +14.297 -23.117 -25.709 -10.807 -12.881 -25.709 +14.297
6 5

8 +1.00 +2.13 -9.059 -6.034 +4.708 -12.093 -7.556 -7.113 -3.483 -12.093 +4.708
4 5

Results and Discussion................... ?

 9 +1.00 +2.13 -6.034 -9.059 +4.708 -7.556 -12.093 -3.483 -7.113 -12.093 +4.708
4 5

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 14.014 N, the weight of purlins was calculated 1000
N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 547.5 N as per IS: 875 (Part 1). Weight of
wind bracing was calculated 80 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1
and it was found to be 1641.5 N (1.641 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel point
(I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.41025 kN and 0.205 kN respectively.
The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in
polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.46.

Fig. 4.46 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2) and it was found to be
3400 N (3.40 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point
(E.P.P) was calculated 0.850 kN and 0.425 kN respectively. The details of the live load
acting on various critical panel point (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.47.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.47 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per IS: 875 (Part 3)). and external pressure coefficient(Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.6 and -0.9 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was measured 3.41 kN and 5.11 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.387 kN and 0.902 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.581 kN and 1.35 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.48 and 4.49.

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.48 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.49. Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.50) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.19. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.19) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.20). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 22.400 kN (Table 4.20). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.20). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their

Results and Discussion................... ?

combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.50 Various members of a truss

Table 4.20 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, vertical members, and diagonal members are less
than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

Table 4.20. Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to
safe load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compressio Tension (Compression) (Tension)
n

1,2,3,4 3.305 2.626 11.088 22.400 Pass

5,6,8,17,16,9 20.251 12.923 29.120 22.400 Pass

7 2.506 3.781 19.040 22.400 Pass

10,11,12,13,14,15 4.050 3.489 25.312 22.400 Pass

 Polyhouse - 2 (size: 6.10 m × 15.20m)

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 35 mm×35 mm×2.6 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.11).

Results and Discussion................... ?

Plate 4.11 Pictorial view of polyhouse (6.10 m × 15.20 m) located at Pantnagar in U.S.
Nagar district of Uttarakhand

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.19 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Members Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dea 1.5[dea 1.5[dea 1.2[dead 1.2[dea Maximu Maximum
load load load load d load d load d load load+live d load m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win +live tension (- compressio
right left load] load load d load load ve) n (+ve)
from from from +wind
right] left] right] load
from
left]

1 -0.570 -1.181 +0.687 +2.773 -2.626 +0.176 +3.305 -1.276 +1.227 -2.626 +3.305

2 +0.57 +1.181 -2.078 -1.383 +2.626 -2.262 -1.219 -0.393 +0.441 -2.262 +2.626
0

3 +0.57 +1.181 -1.383 -2.078 +2.626 -1.219 -2.262 +0.441 -0.393 -2.262 +2.626
0

4 -0.570 -1.181 +2.773 +0.687 -2.626 +3.305 +0.176 +1.227 -1.276 -2.626 +3.305

5 +4.39 +9.106 -12.923 -11.276 +20.251 -12.792 -10.323 +0.693 +2.669 -12.923 +20.251
5

6 +2.63 +5.463 -7.808 -7.808 +12.150 -7.756 -7.607 +0.351 +0.471 -7.808 +12.150
7

7 -0.821 -1.700 +2.491 +2.491 -3.781 +2.506 +2.506 -0.035 -0.035 -3.781 +2.506

8 +2.63 +5.463 -7.708 -7.808 +12.150 -7.607 -7.756 +0.471 +0.351 -7.808 +12.150

Results and Discussion................... ?

 7

9 +4.39 +9.106 -11.276 -12.923 +20.251 -10.323 -12.792 +2.669 +0.693 -12.923 +20.251
5

Continued….

10 +0.70
+1.455 -2.560 -1.704 +3.235 -2.787 -1.502 -0.484 +0.544 -2.787 +3.235
2
11 -0.351 -0.727 +1.280 +0.852 -1.618 +1.394 +0.751 +0.242 -0.272 -1.618 +1.394

12 +0.87 +1.821 -3.205 -2.133 +4.050 -3.489 -1.881 -0.606 +0.681 -3.489 +4.050
9

13 +0.70 +1.455 -1.704 -2.560 +3.235 -1.502 -2.787 +0.544 -0.484 -2.787 +3.235
2

14 -0.351 -0.727 +0.852 +1.280 -1.618 +0.751 +1.394 -0.272 +0.242 -1.618 +1.394

15 +0.87 +1.821 -2.133 -3.205 +4.050 -1.881 -3.489 +0.681 -0.606 -3.489 +4.050
9

16 +3.51 +7.284 -9.542 -10.315 +16.200 -9.039 -10.199 +1.510 +0.582 -10.315 +16.200
6

17 +3.51 +7.284 -10.315 -9.542 +16.200 -10.199 -9.039 +0.582 +1.510 -10.315 +16.200
6

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

Results and Discussion................... ?
(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 12.558 N, the weight of purlins was calculated
1019.36 N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 465 N as per IS: 875 (Part 1).
Weight of wind bracing was calculated 79.422 N. The total dead load was calculated using
equation 3.1 and it was found to be 1576.34 N (1.576 kN). The dead load on the
intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.78817 kN and
0.394 kN respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points
(I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.51.

Fig. 4.51 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2) and it was found to be
2746.455 N (2.7464 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end
panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.37 kN and 0.686 kN respectively. The details of the
live load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have
been depicted in Fig 4.52.

Fig. 4.52 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

Results and Discussion................... ?

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure were calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per Part 3, IS: 875) and external pressure coefficient(Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.9and -1.2 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was measured 3.024 kN and 4.03 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.447 kN and 2.655 kN, respectively. Similarly, when the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.929 kN and 3.53 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.53 and 4.54.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.53 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.54 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.21. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.21) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.22). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 16.875 kN (Table 4.22). Safe load for compression member was determined using
procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.22). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Table 4.22 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

compression tension (Compression) (tension)

1,2,3,4 1.47 0.69 11.475 16.875 Pass

5,6,8,9 5.989 6.040 10.468 16.875 Pass

Results and Discussion................... ?

 7 0.00 0.089 9.281 16.875 Pass

10,11 0.00 0.073 14.175 16.875 Pass

Table 4.22 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, and vertical members are less than safe load
values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the polyhouse structure
are safe and pass.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Members Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximum Maximum
load load load load load load load load+live load +live forces tension forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+wind load (- ve) compression
right left load] load load load from +wind (+ve)
from from right] load from
right] left] left]

1 -0.14 -0.32 +1.04 +1.113 -0.69 +1.35 +1.4595 +0.696 +0.7836 -0.69 +1.4595

4 -0.14 -0.32 +1.113 +1.04 -0.69 +1.459 +1.35 +0.7836 +0.696 -0.69 +1.4595

2 -0.14 -0.32 +1.12 +0.81 -0.69 +1.47 +1.005 +0.792 +0.42 -0.69 +1.47

3 -0.14 -0.32 +0.81 +1.12 -0.69 +1.005 +1.47 +0.42 +0.792 -0.69 +1.47

5 +1.572 +2.420 -3.326 -4.080 +5.989 -2.647 -3.777 +0.800 -0.117 -4.080 +5.989

6 +1.572 +2.420 -5.588 -5.337 +5.589 -6.040 -5.663 -1.928 -1.626 -6.040 +5.589

7 -0.060 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.089 -0.089 -0.089 -0.072 -0.072 -0.089 0.00

8 +1.572 +2.420 -5.337 -5.588 +5.589 -5.663 -6.040 -1.626 -1.928 -6.040 +2.420

9 +1.572 +2.420 -4.080 -3.326 +5.989 -3.337 -2.647 -0.117 +0.800 -4.080 +5.989

10 -0.049 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.058 -0.058 -0.073 0.00

11 -0.049 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.058 -0.058 -0.073 0.00

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Table 4.21 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Results and Discussion................... ?

  Polyhouse - 3 (size: 8.8 m × 20 m)

This polyhouse constructed with G.I. square bars of 35 mm×35 mm×1.25 mm size
and covered with a poly film of 200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side
and forced ventilation, oriented in East-West direction (Plate 4.12).

Plate 4.12 Pictorial view of polyhouse (8.8 m × 20 m) located at Shimli village in

Chamoli district of Uttarakhand

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 16.34 N, the weight of purlins was calculated 844.8
N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 698.14 N as per IS: 875 (Part 1). Weight
of wind bracing was calculated 79.442 N. The total dead load was calculated using
equation 3.1 and it was found to be 1652.14 N (1.652 kN). The dead load on the
intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.4125 kN and
0.206 kN respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points
(I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.55.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.55 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 2) and it was found to be
4216.96 N (4.216 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.05 kN and 0.525 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.56.

Fig. 4.56 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure was calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per IS: 875 (Part 3)) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.9and -1.2 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind load
acting on individual members and it was measured 4.024 kN and 6.03 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined

Results and Discussion................... ?

under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.302 kN and 1.48 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.403 kN and 1.97 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.57 and 4.58.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.57 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.58 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

(IV) The axial forces on polyhouse truss members

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig.4.59) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.23. Various loads and their
combinations were used to determine maximum tension (-ve) and compression (+ve) for
all members (Table 4.23) and compared with the safe load of respective member (Table
4.24). Safe load for tension members was determined using Equation (3.10) and it was
found 16.875 kN (Table 4.24). Safe load for compression member was determined using

Results and Discussion................... ?

procedures given in IS: 800-2007 (Table 4.24). If safe load values greater than maximum
tension and compression values of identified member than all members of the structure of
polyhouse are safe. Chung et al., 2002 and Emekli et al., 2010 gave the same result for
bamboo polyhouse structure and Kendeili, 2006 for steel polyhouse structure. If safe load
values lower than maximum tension and compression values of identified member than
identified members of the structure of polyhouse are unsafe and further correction such as
thickness, dimensions of steel (used for the construction of polyhouse) should be changed
with proper thickness and dimensions which can resist the various loads and their
combinations. It also depended upon the quality of steel material used in the polyhouse
structure.

Fig. 4.59 Various members of a truss

Table 4.24 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximu Safe load Safe Remar

Compressio m (Compressio load k
n Tension n) (Tension
)

3,4,11,12,13,14,15, 17.124 16.066 17.583 16.875 Pass

16

17,22 0.00 0.033 14.343 16.875 Pass

18,21 0.00 0.039 11.154 16.875 Pass

19,20 0.00 0.058 8.977 16.875 Pass

23 11.343 11.409 6.868 16.875 Fail

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Table 4.24 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, and vertical members are less than safe load
values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the polyhouse structure
are safe and pass. Maximum tension and compression values of horizontal member (23)
are more than safe load values, hence this member of the polyhouse structure is unsafe and
due to this failure of underdesigned trusses may damage the polyhouse structure due to the
low-intensity wind, rain, and snow.

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.23 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dea 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximum Maximum
s load load load load load d load load load+liv load +live forces forces
from from left +live +wind +wind e load tension (- compressio
right load] load load load+wi +wind ve) n(+ve)
from from nd load load from
right] left] from left]
right]

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 +3.556 +7.859 -10.7333 -13.646 +17.124 -10.777 -15.139 +0.815 -2.680 -15.139 +17.124

4 +1.078 +2.620 -4.329 -4.278 +5.546 -4.883 -4.807 -0.763 -0.702 -4.883 +5.546

5-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 +3.556 +7.859 -11.715 -14.109 +17.124 -12.243 -15.834 -0.363 -3.236 -15.834 +17.124

12 +3.556 +7.859 -11.406 -13.697 +17.124 -11.780 -15.217 +0.012 -2.742 -15.217 +17.124

13 +3.556 +7.859 -11.097 -13.285 +17.124 -11.317 -14.599 +0.382 -2.248 -14.599 +17.124

14 +3.556 +7.859 -11.149 -13.954 +17.124 -11.394 -15.603 +0.320 -3.057 -15.603 +17.124

15 +3.556 +7.859 -11.561 -14.263 +17.124 -12.012 -16.066 -0.178 -3.421 -16.066 +17.124

16 +1.078 +2.620 -4.278 -4.329 +5.546 -4.807 -4.883 -0.702 -0.763 -4.883 +5.546

Continued….

Results and Discussion................... ?

 17 -0.022 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.033 -0.033 -0.033 -0.026 -0.026 -0.033 0.00
18 -0.026 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.031 -0.031 -0.039 0.00

19 -0.039 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.058 -0.058 -0.058 -0.046 -0.046 -0.058 0.00

20 -0.039 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.058 -0.058 -0.058 -0.046 -0.046 -0.058 0.00

21 -0.026 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.031 -0.031 -0.039 0.00

22 -0.022 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.033 -0.033 -0.033 -0.026 -0.026 -0.033 0.00

23 +2.429 +5.133 -7.538 -10.035 +11.343 -7.664 -11.409 0.029 -2.967 -11.409 +11.343

24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

4.2 Design of Polyhouse Structure

On the basis of structural analysis of twelve different polyhouses situated in four

agro-climatic zones, two different size polyhouses for each zone have been designed with
the objective to minimize the cost of the polyhouse structure.

4.2.1 Polyhouse-I (size: 6 m×15 m) for high hills of Uttarakhand

Polyhouse structure of gable type constructed with G.I. squares hollow bars of 35
mm × 35 mm × 2 mm and 30 mm × 30 mm × 1.25 mm size, covered with a poly film of
200 μ UV resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side ventilation, oriented in East-West
direction.

4.2.1.1 Design of polyhouse truss

After analysis of polyhouse - 1 in the very high zone of Uttarakhand, It was

observed that top chord members of the truss were failed due to compression failure hence
GI square hollow bars of 35 mm ×35 mm ×2 mm size should be used instead of 30 mm
×30 mm ×1.25 mm size to take care the various loads acting on the polyhouse structure. In
polyhouse - 3 located in a very high hill zone, it was observed that there is no need for
extra wind bracing and all the members of polyhouse truss can resist various loads acting
on it safely.

Fig. 4.60 Design dimensions of polyhouse trusses

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 14.924 N, the weight of purlins was calculated
361.875 N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 525 N as per IS: 875 (Part1). The
total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1 and it was found to be 976.799 N (0.976
kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was
calculated 0.488 kN and 0.244 kN respectively. The details of the dead load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.61.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.61 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part2) and it was found to be
3080 N (3.080 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 1.540 kN and 0.770 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.62.

Fig. 4.62 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure were calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2 respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per Part 3, IS: 875) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per IS
875: Part 3). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3)). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and

Results and Discussion................... ?

90°was -0.86 and -0.93 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind
load acting on individual members and it was measured 7.01 kN and 6.98 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.005 kN and 2.35 kN, respectively. Similarly, When the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 1.0 kN and 2.34 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on various
critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.63
and 4.64.

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.63 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.64 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the leeward side

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig. 4.65) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.25. The comparison between
maximum tension and compression values of members of the polyhouse truss to safe load
are depicted in Table 4.26.

Fig. 4.65 Various members of a truss

Table 4.26. Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to
safe load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximum Safe load Safe load Remark

Compressio Tension (Compression (Tension)
n )

1,2 0.021 0.021 3.206 14.375 Pass

3,4,6,7 15.880 14.576 18.216 26.400 Pass

5 3.240 3.042 6.5312 14.375 Pass

8,9 5.293 5.660 7.7187 14.375 Pass

Table 4.26 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, vertical members, and diagonal members are less
than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass.

4.2.1.2 Cost estimation of polyhouse

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Low-cost polyhouse includes the cost of G.I. square bar material, covering sheet,
taxes and labor cost. The total cost of G.I. pipe is depicted in Table 4.26. Cost of G.I.
square bars of different size per kg and covering sheet per square meter used in
construction are shown in Table 3.1. The total cost of polyhouse described in Table 4.28.

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.25 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
s load load load load load load load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win load tension compressin
right left load] load load d load +wind (+ve)
(- ve)
from from from load from
right] left] right] left]

1 -0.000 -0.000 +0.014 -0.014 -0.000 +0.021 -0.021 +0.017 -0.017 -0.021 +0.021

2 +0.000 +0.000 -0.014 +0.014 +0.000 -0.021 +0.021 -0.017 +0.017 -0.021 +0.021

3 +2.547 +8.039 -12.265 -12.244 +15.880 -14.576 -14.545 -2.014 -1.984 -14.576 +15.880

4 +1.698 +5.359 -8.694 -8.692 +10.586 +10.494 -10.490 -1.964 -1.961 -10.490 +10.586

5 -0.488 -1.540 +2.648 +2.648 -3.042 +3.240 +3.240 +0.744 +0.744 -3.042 +3.240

6 +2.547 +8.039 -12.244 -12.265 +15.880 -14.545 -14.576 -1.989 -2.014 -14.576 +15.880

7 +1.698 +5.359 -8.692 -8.694 +10.586 -10.490 -10.494 -1.961 -1.964 -10.490 +10.586

8 +0.849 +2.680 -4.622 -4.594 +5.293 -5.660 -5.617 -1.312 -1.278 -5.660 +5.293

9 +0.849 +2.680 -4.594 -4.622 +5.293 -5.617 -5.660 -1.278 -1.312 -5.660 +5.293

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.27 A detailed estimate of G.I. square bar material required for construction of the low-cost polyhouse

Cost
Length Number of Outer Thicknes Total length Total quantity
Particulars Rate/kg (Rupees
(m) members diameter (mm) s (mm) (m) (kg)
)

Height of roof truss

2.10 14 35 2 29.4 60.92 60/kg 3,655
(column)

Span of polyhouse
6 9 35 2 54 111.90 60/kg 6,714
(base and main tie)

Length of shed (length 2 35 2 30 62.172 60/kg 3,730

15
of purline) 5 30 1.25 75 84.63 65/kg 5,501

Rise of truss 0.9 7 30 1.25 6.3 7.109 65/kg 462

Diagonal members of
1.5 14 30 1.25 21 23.69 65/kg 1,540
truss

Length of principal
3.13 14 35 2 42 87.04 60/kg 5,222
rafter

Door height 2.10 4 30 1.25 8.4 9.47 65/kg 615

Door width 0.75 5 30 1.25 3.7 4.17 65/kg 271

Ventilation 0.55×0.85 6 30 1.25 16.8 22.55 65/kg 1,465

The total cost 28,900

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.28 A detailed estimate of the material required for construction of the low-
cost polyhouse (6m x 15m = 90m2)

S. No. Item of work / Requirement, Qty COST (Rs.)

Detail of material

1 G.I. square bars 286.6 m 28,907

2 UV stabilised film 187.5 m2 (34.78 kg) 10,125

(200 Micron)

3 Labor (extra) [4%] 1,770

4 GST extra@ 18% 5,200

for G.I. square bars

Total expense 46,000

4.2.2 Polyhouse - II (size: 8 m×24 m) for high hills of Uttarakhand

Polyhouse structure of gable type constructed with G.I. square bars of 35 mm×35
mm×2 mm and 30 mm×30 mm×1.25 mm size, covering with a poly film of 200 μ UV
resistant polyethylene and facilitated with side ventilation, oriented in East-West direction.

4.2.2.1 Design of polyhouse truss

After doing an analysis of polyhouse -2 in the very high zone of Uttarakhand, we

found that top chord members of the truss were failed due to compression failure hence, we
use G.I. square hollow bars of 35 mm×35 mm×2 mm size instead of 30 mm×30 mm×2
mm size. And for economical costing the rest of the members other than top chord
members are provided with 30 mm×30 mm×1.25 mm size of G.I. square hollow bars.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.66 Dimensions of polyhouse truss

(I) Dead load

Roof covering was calculated 15.1788 N, the weight of purlins was calculated 768
N, and self-weight of the trusses was calculated 506.7 N as per IS: 875 (Part1). Weight of
wind bracing was calculated 94 N. The total dead load was calculated using equation 3.1
and it was found to be 1385.87 N (1.385 kN). The dead load on the intermediate panel
point (I.P.P) and end panel point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.3464 kN and 0.1732 kN
respectively. The details of the dead load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and
E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig 4.67.

Fig. 4.67 Dead load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(II) Live load

The total live load was calculated as per IS: 875 (Part2) and it was found to be
3850.5 N (3.850 kN). The live load on the intermediate panel point (I.P.P) and end panel
point (E.P.P) was calculated 0.962 kN and 0.481 kN respectively. The details of the live
load acting on various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been
depicted in Fig 4.68.

Results and Discussion................... ?

 Fig. 4.68 Live load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss

(III) Wind load

Design wind speed and design wind pressure were calculated 38.920 m/s and 0.908
kN/m2respectively. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) consider ± 0.2 ( air opening < 5% as
per Part 3, IS: 875) and external pressure coefficient (Cpe) have been determined (as per
IS: 875 (Part 3)). After determining both Cpi and Cpe values, net pressure coefficient was
determined (as per IS: 875 (Part 3). The determined values of max C pe-Cpi at 0° and
90°was -0.86 and -0.93 respectively. Similarly, Equation (3.9) used for calculating wind
load acting on individual members and it was calculated 6.54 kN and 7.06 kN at 0° and 90°
respectively. The horizontal and vertical components of wind load were also determined
under the condition of perpendicular and parallel wind direction. When the wind is under
perpendicular direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.469 kN and 1.56 kN, respectively. Similarly, when the wind is under
parallel direction horizontal (Fx) and vertical (FY) components of the forces were
determined as 0.50 kN and 1.69 kN, respectively. The details of wind load acting on
various critical panel points (I.P.P and E.P.P) in polyhouse truss have been depicted in Fig
4.69 and 4.70.

Direction of wind

Results and Discussion................... ?

Fig. 4.69 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

Direction of wind

Fig. 4.70 Wind load acting on each panel point in polyhouse truss when the wind was
from the windward side

The axial forces on polyhouse truss members (Fig. 4.71) were determined using the
STAAD.Pro by analytical method, are presented in Table 4.29. The comparison between
maximum tension and compression values of members of the polyhouse truss to safe load
are depicted in Table 4.30.

Fig. 4.71 Various members of a truss

Table 4.30 Comparison between maximum tension (kN) and compression (kN) to safe
load (kN)

Member Maximum Maximu Safe load Safe load Remark

Compressio m (Compression (Tension)
n Tension )

Results and Discussion................... ?

 1-6 2.181 2.552 12.93 14.375 Pass

7,8,10,11,14,1 17.075 17.025 18.97 26.400 Pass

5

9 4.286 3.925 13.65 14.375 Pass

12,16 1.123 0.981 7.91 14.375 Pass

20,21 3.415 3.908 10.800 14.375 Pass

19,18 3.815 4.365 9.921 14.375 Pass

Table 4.30 clearly shows that the maximum tension and compression values of top
chord members, bottom chord members, vertical members, and diagonal members are less
than safe load values of tension and compression member, hence all members of the
polyhouse structure are safe and pass. This polyhouse has proper truss selection and
provide safety against excessive wind, heat, cold and rain (Jensen and Malter, 1994).

4.2.2.2 Cost estimation of polyhouse

Low-cost polyhouse includes the cost of G.I. square bar material, covering sheet,
taxes and labor cost. The total cost of G.I. pipe is depicted in Table 4.31. Cost of G.I.
square bars of different size per kg and covering sheet per square meter used in
construction are shown in Table 3.1. The total cost of polyhouse described in Table 4.32.

Table 4.32 A detailed estimate of the material required for construction of the low-
cost polyhouse (8m x 24m = 192m2)

Sl.No Item of work / Requirement, Qty COST (Rs.)

Detail of material

1 G.I. square bars 712.56 m 57,000

2 UV stabilised film 350.4 m2 (65.0 kg) 18,922

(200 Micron)

3 Labor (extra)[4%] 3,450

Results and Discussion................... ?

4 GST extra@ 18% 10270
for G.I. square bars

Total expense 89,700

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.29 The axial forces (kN) on polyhouse truss members

Member Dead Live Wind Wind 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.5[dead 1.2[dead 1.2[dead Maximu Maximum
s load load load load load load load load+live load +live m forces forces
from from +live +wind +wind load+win load tension compressin
right left load] load from load d load +wind (+ve)
(- ve)
right] from from load from
left] right] left]

1 -0.192 -0.534 +0.758 +1.214 -1.090 +0.849 +1.533 +0.038 +0.585 -1.090 +1.533

2 -0.192 -0.534 +0.758 +1.214 -1.090 +0.849 +1.533 +0.038 +0.585 -1.090 +1.533

3 +0.385 +1.069 -2.086 -1.858 +2.181 -2.552 -2.210 -0.759 -0.485 -2.552 +2.181

4 +0.385 +1.069 -1.858 -2.086 +2.181 -2.210 -2.552 -0.485 -0.759 -2.552 +2.181

5 -0.192 -0.534 +1.214 +0.758 -1.090 +1.533 +0.849 +0.585 +0.038 -1.090 +1.533

6 -0.192 -0.534 +1.214 +0.758 -1.090 +1.533 +0.849 +0.585 +0.038 -1.090 +1.533

7 +3.014 +8.370 -14.364 -13.982 +17.075 -17.025 -16.452 -3.576 -3.118 -17.025 +17.075

8 +1.808 +5.022 -9.022 -9.003 +10.245 -10.820 -10.792 -2.630 -2.607 -10.820 +10.245

9 -0.693 -1.924 +3.550 +3.550 -3.925 +4.286 +4.286 +1.120 +1.120 -3.925 +4.286

10 +2.411 +6.696 -11.683 -11.502 +13.660 -13.908 -13.636 -3.092 -2.874 -13.908 +13.660

Continued….

Results and Discussion................... ?

 11 +1.808 +5.022 -9.003 -9.022 +10.254 -10.792 -10.820 -2.607 -2.630 -10.820 +10.254
12 -0.173 -0.481 +0.922 +0.853 -0.981 +1.123 +1.020 +0.321 +0.239 -0.981 +1.123

13 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 -0.00 +0.00

14 +2.41 +6.696 -11.502 -11.683 +13.660 -13.636 -13.908 -2.874 -3.092 -13.908 +13.660

15 +3.014 +8.370 -13.982 -14.364 +17.075 -16.452 -17.025 -3.118 -3.576 -17.025 +17.075

16 -0.173 -0.481 +0.853 +0.922 -0.981 +1.020 +1.123 +0.239 +0.321 -0.981 +1.123

17 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 +0.00 -0.00 +0.00

18 +0.673 +1.870 -3.317 -3.583 +3.815 -3.966 -4.365 -0.929 -1.248 -4.365 +3.815

19 +0.673 +1.870 -3.583 -3.317 +3.815 -4.365 -3.966 -1.248 -0.929 -4.365 +3.815

20 +0.603 +1.674 -3.208 -2.970 +3.415 -3.908 -3.551 -1.117 -0.832 -3.908 +3.415

21 +0.603 +1.674 -2.970 -3.208 +3.415 -3.551 -3.908 -0.832 -1.117 -3.908 +3.415

Notification: Tension forces (-) and Compression forces (+)

Results and Discussion................... ?

Table 4.31 A detailed estimate of G.I. square bar material required for construction of the low-cost polyhouse
Number of Outer diameter Thickness Total length Total quantity Cost
Particulars Length (m) Rate/kg
members (mm) (mm) (m) (kg) (Rupees)

Height of roof truss

2.2 26 35 2 57.2 118.54 60 7,112
(column)

The span of polyhouse 8 13 30 1.25 104 117.35 65 7,628

(base and main tie) 2 35 2 16 33.15 60 1,989

Length of shed (length of 2 35 2 48 99.74 60 5,968

24
purline) 9 30 1.25 216 243.7 65 14,624

Rise of truss 1.2 13 30 1.25 15.6 17.60 65 1,144

0.8 26 30 1.25 20.8 23.47 65 1,408

Vertical members of truss
0.4 26 30 1.25 10.4 11.735 65 704

Diagonal members of 1.55 26 30 1.25 39 40.62 65 2,640

truss 1.39 26 30 1.25 36.14 40.78 65 2,650

Length of principal rafter 4.17 26 35 2 108.42 122.345 60 7,952

Door height 2.2 10 30 1.25 20 22.56 65 1,466

Door width 0.7 6 30 1.25 4.2 4.734 65 308

Ventilation 0.55×0.85 6 30 1.25 16.8 22.55 65 1,465

Ttal cost of G.I. bars 57,000

Results and Discussion................... ?

Results and Discussion................... ?