This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation: D1356 − 17 D1356 − 20

Standard Terminology Relating to

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general
interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2.
The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to
standards and practices of Committee D22.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
iTeh Standards
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Procedures
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure

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D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22
D3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method)
D3687 Test Method for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method
D4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements (Withdrawn 2002)3
ASTM D1356-20
D4096 Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
Method)
D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in Workplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3
D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Establish Traceability
D4597 Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive Samplers
D5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using Transfer Standards
D5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition Samples by Electrometric Determination
D5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer
D5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
D5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Performance of a Wind Vane
D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodology)
D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means
D5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for
Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading
D6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol Samplers

1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2017March 15, 2020. Published November 2017March 2020. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20152017
as D1356 – 15b.D1356 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D1356-17.10.1520/D1356-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard‘ Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D1356 − 20
D6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring
Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
D6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers
D6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in Weighing Collected Aerosols
D6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Workplace Air Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry
D7036 Practice for Competence of Air Emission Testing Bodies
D7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals Determination
D7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Buildings
D7391 Test Method for Categorization and Quantification of Airborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial Impaction Sample by
Optical Microscopy
D7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass
Spectrometry
D7459 Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon
Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources
D7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection
D7675 Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrocarbons in Hydrogen by FID-Based Total Hydrocarbon (THC) Analyzer
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E833 Terminology of Building Economics
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) Techniques
E1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination

iTeh Standards
2.2 Other Documents:
ECC Directive 98/24/EC Risks Related to Chemical Agents at Work4
EN 1540:2011 Workplace Exposure – Terminology5
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
EPA 540-R-04-004, 2004 Contract Laboratory Program National Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review6
ISO 3534-2 Statistics Vocabulary and Symbols – Part 2: Applied Statistics7

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ISO 7708 Air Quality – Particle Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling7
ISO 13137 Workplace Atmospheres — Pumps for Personal Sampling of Chemical and Biological Agents — Requirements and
Test Methods7
ISO 15202-2 Workplace Air — Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry — Part 2:ASTM SampleD1356-20
Preparation7
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
ISO 15202-3 Workplace Air — Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry — Part 3: Analysis7
3. Terminology
absolute temperature—see temperature.
absolute filter—see filter.
absorbance, n—the logarithm to the base of 10 of the reciprocal of transmittance.
absorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process of absorption.
absorbent, n—material in which absorption occurs.
absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absorbent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the formation
of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of a solution.

DISCUSSION—

Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorption.

4
Available from EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu.
5
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
6
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
7
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.

2
 D1356 − 20
acceptance angle (6α, deg), n—the angular distance, centered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the following conditions
are met: (a) wind components are unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructed or remains within
the angular range for which transducer shadow corrections are defined. D5527
accrediting authority, n—a body that evaluates the capability of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in certain
specific fields of activity. D3614
accretion, n—a phenomenon consisting of the increase in size of particles by the process of external additions.
accuracy, n—the degree of conformity of a value generated by a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value and
includes both precision and bias. D3670
acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the physical distance between transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527
activated charcoal, n—activated charcoal refers to properly conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686
adsorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process of adsorption.
adsorbent, n—solid material on the surface of which adsorption takes place.
adsorption, n—a physical process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremely thin
layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact.
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium.
agency, n—an organization or part of an organization engaged in the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614
agglomeration, n—a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.
air at normal conditions (standard air), n—air at 50 % relative humidity, 25°C and 101.3 kPa (77°F and 760 mm Hg). See also
atmosphere.
iTeh Standards
air emission testing body, n—a company or other entity that conducts Air Emission Testing. D7036

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
air pollution, n—the presence of unwanted material in the air.

DISCUSSION—
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The term unwanted material here refers to material in sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under circumstances to interfere
ASTM D1356-20
significantly with comfort, health, or welfare of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.

https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
aliquot, n—a representative portion of the whole that can be expressed as the inverse of an integer.
ambient, adj—surrounding on all sides.
analytical recovery, n—ratio of the mass of analyte measured to the known mass of analyte in the sample, typically expressed as
a percentage. D7439
analyzer, n—the instrumental equipment necessary to perform automatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physical and
chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continuous output signal. D3249
analyzer system,n—all sampling, analyzing, and readout instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analysis
automatically. D3249
full scale,n—the maximum measuring limit for a given range of an analyzer. D3249
lag time,n—the time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding change
in the analyzer signal readout. D3249
linearity,n—the maximum deviation between an actual analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line drawn
between upper and lower calibration points.

DISCUSSION—

This deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale. D3249

minimum detection limit,n—the smallest input concentration that can be determined as the concentration approaches zero. D3249
noise,n—random deviations from a mean output not caused by sample concentration changes. D3249
open path analyzer,n—an analytical system that measures the average atmospheric or emission compound concentration along
one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere. See monitoring path.

3
 D1356 − 20
operating humidity range of analyzer,n—the range of ambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, over which the
analyzer will meet all performance specifications. D3249
operating temperature range of analyzer,n—the range of ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over which the
monitor will meet all performance specifications. D3249
operational period,n—the period of time over which the analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within specifications.
D3249
output,n—a signal that is related to the measurement, and intended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.

DISCUSSION—

Usually this is an electrical signal expressed as millivolts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249
range,n—the concentration region between the minimum and maximum measurable limits. D3249
readout instrumentation,n—output meters, recorder, or data acquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249
response time,n—the time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading of 90 %
of the ultimate reading. D3249
rise time,n—response time minus lag time. D3249
sample system,n—equipment necessary to provide the analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249
span drift,n—the change in analyzer output over a stated time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation, when
the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscale value.

DISCUSSION—

iTeh Standards
Span drift is usually expressed as a percentage change of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249
zero drift,n—the change in analyzer output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input

See also point analyzer.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
concentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage change of full scale over a 24-h operational period.
D3249
analyzer system—see analyzer.
area sampler—see static sampler.
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area sampling—see static sampling.
arrester, n—a term for an air cleaning device. ASTM D1356-20
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
aspect ratio, n—ratio of the length of a particle to its width. adapted from D5755
aspirated psychrometer—see psychrometer.
aspirator, n—any apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by suction.
atmosphere, n—the gaseous envelope which surrounds the earth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air. See also
air at normal conditions.
synthetic atmosphere,n—a specific gaseous mass containing any number of constituents and in any proportion produced for a
special purpose.
backdrafting, n—the reversal of the normal (upward) direction of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance (boiler,
fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented appliance is operating.
bias, n—a systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method average value or the measured value from an accepted value. D3670
laboratory bias,n—systematic differences between the true value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors of application
such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, and faulty manipulations, for example. D3670
method bias,n—systematic departures of the limiting mean from the true value of the parameter measured caused by physical
or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology. D3670
biogenic CO2, n—CO2 recently (in a geological time scale) removed from the atmosphere by plants, then returned to the
atmosphere by combustion or biogenic decay.
adapted from D7459

DISCUSSION—

Biomass CO2 emitted from combustion devices is often referred to as “carbon-neutral CO2” and is distinguished from fossil CO2.

4
 D1356 − 20
DISCUSSION—

Biomass carbon contains the isotope radiocarbon (carbon-14) in measurable quantities. It decays exponentially with a half-life of about 5700 years and
as such is not measurable in fossil materials derived from petroleum, coal, natural gas, or any other source more than about 50 000 years old.
blank substrate, n—a collection medium or substrate coming from the same batch as the sampling medium, but not intentionally
exposed in the field. D6552
boroscope, n—device for internal inspection of difficult access locations such as wall cavities. Its long narrow tube contains a
telescope system with a number of relay lenses. Light is provided via the optical path or fiber bundles. D7338
breathing zone, n—space around the nose and mouth from which breath is taken. EN 1540:2011

DISCUSSION—

Technically the breathing zone corresponds to a hemisphere (generally accepted to be 30 cm in radius) extending in front of the human face, centered
on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. The base of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This technical
description is not applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas disperser immersed in an absorbing liquid.
fritted bubbler,n—a bubbler having a frit as the gas disperser.
building envelope, n—the outer elements of a building, both above and below ground, which divide the external from the internal
environments. D7338
E631

DISCUSSION—

iTeh Standards
Commonly included are exterior walls, windows, doors, roofs and subfloors.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
calibration curve, n—a plot of instrument response versus concentration of standards. EPA 540-R-04-004, 2004
candidate method, n—an analytical method or measurement process being considered for standardization.

DISCUSSION—
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ASTM D1356-20
A method is a candidate until completion of all phases of the consensus process specified by ASTM regulations for a proposal, an emergency standard,
or a standard. D3670
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
capillary action, n—(or capillary migration), of water, movement of water induced by the force of molecular attraction (surface
tension) between the water and the material it contacts. E631
D7338
cascade impactor—see impactor.
carpet-embedded dust—see dust.
chemical agent, n—any element or compound, on its own or as it occurs in the natural state or as produced, used, or released
including release as waste, by any activity, whether or not produced intentionally and whether or not placed on the market.
adapted from ECC Directive 98/24/EC

DISCUSSION—

Biological agents are excluded from this definition.

chemisorption, n—adsorption, especially when irreversible, by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces.
chimney effect, n—a phenomenon consisting of a vertical movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to temperature
differences.
circular impaction sample, n—a sample of airborne particulate matter collected via a device that draws air through a round
aperture at a specified rate, impacting the particles suspended in the air onto an adhesive medium, resulting in a circular area
of deposition. A circular impaction sample may be collected by means of a cassette manufactured for that purpose, or by means
of a sampling device that requires slides to be pre-coated with impaction medium. D7391
cloud, n—any collection of particulate matter in the atmosphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially a collection
of water drops.

5
 D1356 − 20
cloud water,n—an aggregate of condensed water vapor or ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.

DISCUSSION—

Cloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those of precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 µm in diameter. D5111
cloud water—see cloud.
coalescence, n—a process by which the particles of a dispersion combine into one body.
collaborative test, n—an interlaboratory study of a test method wherein the participants analyze or make measurements on
subsamples of the same test material.

DISCUSSION—

If the test method includes the sampling of atmospheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere, as possible. D3670
collection effıciency—see efficiency.
collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contaminants from air or other gases.

DISCUSSION—

Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in exhaust systems.

colorimeter, n—an instrument used for color measurement based on optical comparison with standard colors.
combustion system downdrafting, n—the reversal of the ordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustion system when

iTeh Standards
vented combustion appliances are not operating.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
DISCUSSION—

The term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymously with combustion system downdrafting.
combustion system spillage, n—entry ofDocument
combustion products into aPreview
building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or a leaky
heat exchanger.
concentration, n—the quantity of a substance contained in a total
ASTM unit quantity of sample.
D1356-20
mass concentration,n—concentration expressed in terms of mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
ppb(v),n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases in air expressed as parts of the gas per billion (109) parts of the air-gas
mixture, both by volume.
ppm(v),n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases in air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of the air-gas
mixture, both by volume.
vapor concentration,n—concentration expressed in terms of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other gas
usually expressed in percent or parts per million by volume. See also absolute humidity.
volume concentration,n—concentration expressed in terms of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other gas
usually expressed in percent or parts per million.
condensate, n—liquid or solid matter formed by condensation from the vapor phase.

DISCUSSION—

In sampling, the term is applied to the components of an atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.
condensation, n—the process of converting a material in the gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasing temperature
or by increasing pressure, or both.

DISCUSSION—

Usually in air sampling only cooling is used.

condensation sampling—see sampling.
condensoid, n—the particles of a dispersion formed by condensation.

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 D1356 − 20
constant flow high-volume sampler—see sampler.
confidence interval, n—range of values that has a specified probability of including the true value of the parameter(s) of an
underlying distribution. Ignacio and Bullot, 20068
contaminant, n—a material added by human or natural activities which may, in sufficient concentrations, render the atmosphere
unacceptable.

DISCUSSION—

Contaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols, fumes, particles, or dusts, and so forth, that are airborne. The term does not apply to elements
that make up the components of the earth’searth’s atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D1357
continuing calibration blank (CCB), n—a solution containing no added analyte, that is used to verify blank response and freedom
from carryover. E1613

DISCUSSION—

The CCB must be analyzed after the CCV. The measured concentration of the CCB should not exceed 10 % of the applicable occupational exposure
limit or minimum level of concern.
continuing calibration verification (CCV), n—a solution (or set of solutions) of known analyte concentration used to verify
freedom from excessive instrumental drift; the concentration is to be near the mid-range of a linear calibration curve. E1613

DISCUSSION—

iTeh Standards
The CCV must be matrix matched to the acid content present in sample digestates or extracts. The CCV must be analyzed before and after all samples
and at a frequency of not less than every ten samples. The measured value is to fall within 610 % of the known value.

controlled-pore filter—see filter.(https://standards.iteh.ai)

continuous sampling—see sampling.
3
conventional respirable concentration, C (mg/m ), n—the concentration measured by a conventional (that is, ideal) respirable
Document Preview
R
sampler and given in terms of the size distribution dC/dD as follows:
cR 5 * dD
0
`
E R dC⁄dD

ASTM D1356-20
DISCUSSION—
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
Note that samples are often taken over an extended time period (for example, 8 h), so that dC/dD above represents a time-averaged, rather than
instantaneous, size distribution. D6061
count median size, n—a measurement of particle size of samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter of particle such
that one half of the number of particles is larger and half is smaller.
cryogen, n—a refrigerant used to obtain very low temperatures. adapted from D5466

DISCUSSION—

A typical cryogen is liquid argon (bp –185.7°C) or liquid nitrogen (bp –195°C).
cumulative sample—see sample.
debris rating, n—a distinct value assigned to an impactor sample based on the percentage of the sample area potentially obscured
by particulate matter, and ranging from 0 to 5. D7391
delay distance (D), n—the distance the air flows past a wind vane during the time it takes the vane to return to 50 % of the initial
displacement. D5366
density, n—the mass per unit volume of substance.
denuder, n—a device designed to collect or remove gases from an air stream by diffusion to a collecting surface or secondary air
stream while permitting the passage of particles. D5111

8
Ignacio, J. S., and Bullock, W. H., A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures, Third Edition. American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax,
VA, 2006.

7
 D1356 − 20
deposition, n—the transfer of an atmospheric constituent to a surface due to gravity or another mechanism, or the material which
is transferred.
dry deposition,n—all forms of deposition derived from the net vertical transfer of chemical species to a surface that are not the
result of precipitation.

DISCUSSION—

Dry deposition includes both turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling. Dew and frost are anomalous forms of dry deposition which rely upon a
near-surface condensation process as their principle means of effecting the net vertical transfer. D5111
wet deposition,n—the precipitation of water from the atmosphere in the form of hail, rain, sleet, and snow.

DISCUSSION—

Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded. See also meteorological precipitation under precipitation. D5111
descriptive statistics, n—simple metrics of a sample distribution’s characteristics such as central tendency (for example, mean,
median) and dispersion (for example, standard deviation, variance, range). Ignacio and Bullot, 20068

DISCUSSION—

Additional examples are the number of samples and the actual fraction of samples above a decision value or a limit value.
desorption, n—the process of freeing from a sorbed state.
dew, n—water vapor that has condensed onto a surface near the ground because of radiational cooling of that surface to a
iTeh Standards
temperature that is below the dew point of the air surrounding the surface. D5111
dew cell, dew probe, n—an instrument that measures the temperature at which a saturated salt solution (usually of lithium
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
chloride) is in equilibrium with the water vapor in moist air. D4023
dew-/frost-point hygrometer—see hygrometer.
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dew-point temperature—see temperature.
dew probe—see dew cell.
diffusion, molecular—see molecular diffusion.
diffusive sampler, n—device which is capable of takingASTM
samplesD1356-20
of gases or vapors from the atmosphere at a rate controlled by
a physical process such as gaseous diffusion through a static air layer or permeation through a membrane, but which does not
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
involve the active movement of air through the sampler. D6246
diffusive sampling rate, n—in diffusive sampling, the ratio of mass of a given compound collected by a diffusive sampler per unit
time of exposure to the concentration of that compound in the atmosphere being sampled.
adapted from D4597

DISCUSSION—

This is sometimes referred to as the uptake rate, with final units of volume per unit time.
dispersion, n—the most general term for a system consisting of particulate matter suspended in a fluid.
dispersoid, n—the particles of a dispersion.
distance constant (L, m), n—the distance the air flows past a rotating anemometer during the time it takes the cup wheel or
propeller to reach (1 − 1/e) or 63 % of the equilibrium speed after a step change in wind speed.

DISCUSSION—

The response of a rotating anemometer to a step change in which wind speed increases instantaneously from U = 0 to U = Uf, is:
U t 5 U f ~ 1 2 e ~ 2t/Γ!!
where:
Ut = instantaneous indicated wind speed at time t, m/s,
Uf = final indicated wind speed, or wind tunnel speed, m/s,
t = elapsed time after the step change occurs, s, and
Γ = time constant of the instrument.

8
 D1356 − 20

Distance constant is: L = UfΓ D5096

diurnal, adj—recurring daily.

DISCUSSION—

Applied to (variations in concentration of air contaminants, diurnal indicates variations that follow a distinctive pattern and which recur from day to
day.
DOP, n—dioctyl phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate).
droplet, n—a small liquid particle of such size and density as to fall under still conditions but which may remain suspended under
turbulent conditions.
dry-bulb temperature—see temperature.
dry deposition—see deposition.
dry impingement—see impingement.
dust, n—a general term, depending upon application, applied to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and capable of
temporary suspension in air or other gases.

DISCUSSION—

Dusts tend to flocculate under electrostatic forces and settle under the influence of gravity. They are typically formed from larger masses through the
application of physical forces.
dust loading,n—an engineering term for dust concentration, usually applied to the contents of collection ducts and the emissions
from stacks.
iTeh Standards
carpet-embedded dust,n—soil and other particulate matter, approximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger,

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
embedded in carpet pile and normally removable by household vacuum cleaners. D5438
surface dust,n—soil and other particulate matter, approximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger, adhering to

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floor surfaces and normally removable by household vacuum cleaners.
dustfall—see particle fall under particle.
D5438

dust loading—see dust.

ASTMusing
dynamic calibration, n—calibration of an analytical system D1356-20
calibration gas standard concentrations generated by diluting
known concentration gas standards with purified inert gas. adapted from D7675
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
efficiency, n—a measure of the performance of a collector.

DISCUSSION—

Usually it is the ratio of the amount collected to the inlet loading, expressed in percentage.
collection effıciency,n—the percentage of a specified substance retained by a gas cleaning or sampling device.
fractional effıciency,n—the mean collection efficiency for specific size fractions of a contaminant.

DISCUSSION—

Commonly this term has been applied to the performance of air cleaning equipment towards particulate matter in various size ranges.
ejector, n—a device that uses a fluid under pressure, such as steam, air, or water, to move another fluid by developing suction
through differential pressure.

DISCUSSION—

Suction is developed by discharging the fluid under pressure through a venturi.

electrical conductivity, n—the property of a fluid or solid that permits the passage of an electrical current as a result of an
impressed emf.

DISCUSSION—

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 D1356 − 20
It is measured by the quantity of electricity transferred across unit area per unit potential gradient per unit time. (In sampling and analysis, changes
in this property are utilized to measure the presence of certain ions and compounds such as sulfur dioxide.)
electric hygrometer—see hygrometer.
electrostatic precipitation—see precipitation.
electrostatic precipitator—see precipitator.
elute, v—to remove sorbed materials from a sorbent by means of a fluid.
emission mixture, n—the total mixture in the outside atmosphere of emissions from all sources.
emissions, n—substances discharged into the air from a stack, vent, or other discrete source.
emission rate,n—the mass emitted per unit of time from a source or, alternatively, per unit of material or energy produced or
consumed by a process.
enhancement factor, n—the correction for the departure of the mixture of air and water vapor from ideal gas laws. D4023
enzyme activity, n—measure of the quantity of active enzyme present. D7338

DISCUSSION—

Enzyme activity is essential to metabolism. Specifically, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (NAHA) is an enzyme present in all filamentous fungi, the
measurement of which has been shown to be directly proportional to the amount of fungal biomass.
event sampling—see sampling.
exposure, n—contact with a chemical, biological, physical or other agent over a specified time period.

DISCUSSION—

iTeh Standards
Exposure is expressed as the integral of the concentration (or intensity) of the agent at the boundary of the receptor over the time period of contact,
that is: E~5~*$C ~t!%dt.
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
exposure (by inhalation), n—situation in which a chemical or biological agent is present in the air that is inhaled by a person.

filter, n—a porous medium for collectingDocument Preview

EN 1540:2011
particulate matter.
absolute filter,n—a filter or filter medium of ultra-high collection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre size) so that
ASTM D1356-20
essentially all particles of interest or of concern are collected.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/7e610665-518c-4386-825e-325eaf19e740/astm-d1356-20
DISCUSSION—

Commonly, the efficiency is in the region of 99.95 % or higher for a standard aerosol of 0.3-µm diameter (see Practice D2986). D4096
controlled-pore filter,n—a filter of various plastics or metals having a structure of controlled uniform pore size.

DISCUSSION—

Sometimes referred to as a membrane or molecular filter.

flocculation, n—synonymous with agglomeration.
flowmeter, n—an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid (that is, liquid or gas) moving through a system.

DISCUSSION—

The instrument is calibrated to give volume or mass rate of flow.

fly ash, n—the finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue gases arising from the combustion of fuel.

DISCUSSION—

The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned fuel. The term has been applied predominantly to the gas-born ash from boilers with spreader
stoker, underfeed stoker, and pulverized fuel (coal firing).
fog, n—a visible aggregate of condensed water vapor or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere near the earth’searth’s surface.

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