Unit4 (Class12) Rolling

Rolling Separating Force

The vertical components of the forces N and f i.e. The total sum of NCosα and fSinα acting
perpendicular to the axis of the roll has a tendency to push the roller from its horizontal position.
This will make the roller to undergo deformation in the vertical direction. The roller will bend
into an arc of a circle. And the metal rolled between such a roll will not be plane and horizontal.

The sum of ∑( NCosα + fSinα) is called as “Roll Separating Forces”. These forces tend to
separate the position of the rolls.
Rolling load is the force which the rolls exert on the metal. This is resisted (opposed) by the
metal surface.

The roll pressure varies gradually and reaches a maximum value corresponding to the neutral
point and then falls off.
 Variation of Roll Pressure Vs Length of Arc of contact

No sharp peak is observed at the neutral point suggesting that a surface exists instead of a contact
point at the neutral point.Area under the curve ABC is proportional to the rolling load.Area
under AB represents force required to deform the metal in plane homogeneous
compression.Shaded area represents force required to overcome the frictional force between the
roll and the work.

Roll Camber

For a given reduction in thickness of the work piece the roll separating force (influencing roll
bending) increases linearly with roll radius. Forces will be set up along the length of the roll and
try to separate the rolls and deflect. As already discussed roll separating force is the summation
of the vertical force components. Hence to reduce the deflection due to bending in the rolls, the
diameter of the rolls is to be kept to a minimum. A more economical way to reduce the
deflection is to use back up rolls with larger radius to increase the rigidity. The radius of the back
up rolls ‘R’ will be greater than the radius ‘r’ of drive roll.
However, roll bending cannot be avoided completely. But by providing convex contour on the
surface of the rolls along the length this can be taken care of.

The convex contour provided on the rolls is called “Roll Camber”.

Without Roll Camber the thickness of the work piece is more at the centre than at the ends. But
with Roll Camber, uniform thickness is maintained across the width of the work.

Considering the rolls as thick, short beam and simply supported at the ends, the deflection at the
center of the rolls can be expressed as

δ = K1 (FL3/EI) + K2 (FL/GA)

Where F = Roll separating force

L = Length of each roll
I = MI of the roll cross section about a diameter
 A = Area of CS of rolls
E = Young’s Modulus of the material of the roll
G = Rigidity Modulus of the material of the roll
K1 and K2 = Factors to account for the nature of load
Distribution

The Main Parameters in Rolling

The parameters are:

1. Roll diameter
2. Friction between rolls and work piece
3. Deformation resistance of the metal as influenced by metallurgy, temperature and strain
rate
4. Presence of roll tensions
5.
Roll Diameter:
*Rolling load increases with roll diameter at a rate
greater than D1/2
We know Rolling load P = p.b.√R.∆t
Substitute for R=D/2
P = p.b.√D/2.∆t
or P α√D
*As roll diameter decreases both rolling load and length of arc of contact decreases.
*Small diameter rolls supported by large back up rolls can produce greater reduction and keep
the work flat.

Friction:
*Frictional force is needed to pull the metal into the rolls.
*Large fraction of rolling load comes from the frictional force.
*Friction varies from point to point along the arc of contact of the roll, it will be acting from
entry to neutral point long the direction of roll rotation and from neutral point to exit point it will
be opposing the direction of roll rotation.
* High friction results in high rolling load and a steep friction hill will be realized.
*Since it is very difficult to measure the variation in coefficient of friction ‘µ’ it is assumed that
‘µ’ is constant. For cold rolling it is taken as 0.05-0.1 and for hot rolling it is taken as >= 0.2.
*Coeff.of friction is inversely proportional to the rolling speed. As µ decreases rolling speed
increases. From F= µ/N µ = F/N
*Thinner gage sheet can be produced in cold rolling as coeff.of friction is smaller.

Deformation resistance of metal:

Deformation resistance indicate how much a given metal offers resistance to deformation.
Deformation resistance is the resistance offered by the metal for external load. Higher the
deformation resistance higher is the difficulty to deform.
Coarser grains in the metal offer less resistance for deformation and vice versa. Higher the
dislocation density higher is the deformation resistance. Higher the working temperature lesser is
the deformation resistance.

Strip Tension:

The presence of tension in the plane of the sheet can reduce the rolling load.
Front tension can be controlled by the coiler where as back tension can be created by controlling
the speed of the uncoiler relative to the roll speed.
Tension reduces wear of the rolls. Improves flatness in the sheet, induces uniform thickness
across the width of the sheet.
Tension is used to shift the neutral point towards the exit plane. Proper back tension is achieved
when the exit velocity V1 of the sheet is equal to the surface velocity V of the roll. When forward
slip Sf = [V1-V/V] =0, the required condition is achieved.
Back tension is about twice effective in reducing the load as compared to front tension.
Both front and back tension reduces the area under the curve. Slight shift in the neutral point
towards the exit plane is observed.With only back tension, the neutral point moves towards the
exit plane.
If a high enough back tension is applied, the neutral point eventually reaches the roll exit. At this
point the rolls are moving faster than the work.
If only front tension is used the neutral point will move towards the roll entrance.

Pressure Distribution in Rolling:

The roll pressure ’p’ increases continuously from the entry to the neutral point there after it
decreases continuously.
The peak pressure at the neutral point is normally called as the “Friction Hill”.
This peak pressure increases with increasing coefficient of friction.
The work piece may be subjected to forward pull by using a coiler. By this arrangement front
tension is applied to the work piece. The velocity of the coiler is more than the velocity of the
rolls.

This tension is σxi .

Again the work piece may be subjected to backward pull by using a unwinder. This unwinder
will be rotating and releasing the work piece into the roll gaps. The velocity of rotation of the
uncoiler will be less than the velocity of the rolls. Due to this, the work piece is pulled back and
results in the creation of back pull or back tension. This tension is σxo .
Consider the graph shown in the figures showing the arrangements of roll tension.
Curve1: The variation of roll pressure from the entrance to the exit plane is shown.
It can be observed that the pressure increases along the arc of contact and reaches maximum at
the neutral point and later decreases towards the exit plane. θ1 is the angle of contact at which
then neutral point is present.
No roll tensions are applied σx1 = σxo =0.
The peak pressure obtained is the highest.

Curve2: Assume a roll tension of σ’ is applied at the front as well as at the back. Now the curve
show decrease in the roll pressure along the arc of contact and the peak pressure is also reduced.
In addition, the peak pressure takes place at an early stage. This indicates that by application of
roll tensions the peak pressure is reduced and occurs earlier than in the Curve1. θ2 is the angle of
contact corresponding to the new neutral point.

Curve3: Consider a roll tension of σ’’ being applied on either side of the rolls (σ’’> σ’), it is
noticed that the curve show further reduction in the pressure at each and every point along the
arc of contact and the magnitude of pressure has further reduced. The peak pressure is shifted
towards the entry plane and the magnitude of peak pressure is reduced. θ3 Is the angle of contact
corresponding to the new neutral point.

It can be concluded that as the roll tension is increased at the front and back the roll pressure can
be reduced along the arc of contact. Peak pressure is reduced and shifted towards the entry side.
As a result the load required for rolling gets reduced.