Scribd
Upload
4 views19 pages

Vector Spaces - Definition and Examples

The document outlines the definition and properties of real vector spaces, including closure, addition, and scalar multiplication axioms. It provides examples of vector spaces such as Rn, matrix spaces, polynomial spaces, and function spaces, along with their respective operations. Additionally, it poses several questions to determine whether certain sets with defined operations qualify as vector spaces.

Uploaded by

kashif hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views19 pages

Vector Spaces - Definition and Examples

The document outlines the definition and properties of real vector spaces, including closure, addition, and scalar multiplication axioms. It provides examples of vector spaces such as Rn, matrix spaces, polynomial spaces, and function spaces, along with their respective operations. Additionally, it poses several questions to determine whether certain sets with defined operations qualify as vector spaces.

Uploaded by

kashif hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Dr.

Hina Dutt
hina.dutt@seecs.edu.pk
Real Vector Spaces

Let V be an arbitrary non empty set of


objects or elements having operations
of addition and scalar multiplication
defined on it. If the given axioms are
satisfied by all objects u, v, w in V and
all scalars k and l, then we call V, a
vector space and we call the objects in
V, vectors.
Real Vector Spaces

Closure Axioms:
1. The sum u⊕v exists and is in V
2. k ʘ u is in V
Real Vector Spaces

Addition Axioms:
3. u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u
4. u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) = (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w
5. There is an object 0 in V, called a zero
vector for V, such that 0 ⊕ u = u ⊕ 0 = u for
all u in V
6. For each u in V, there is an object –u in V,
called a negative of u, such that
u ⊕ (-u) = (-u) ⊕ u = 0
Real Vector Spaces

Scalar Multiplication Axioms:


7. k ʘ(u ⊕ v) = k ʘ u ⊕ k ʘ v
8. (k+l) ʘ(u) = k ʘ u ⊕ l ʘ u
9. k ʘ(l ʘ u) = (kl) ʘ u
10. 1 ʘ u = u
Example: Rn is a vector space
Step :1- identify the set V of
objects that will become
vectors.
Let, V=Rn
u ⊕ v = (u1,u2,u3,. . . .un) ⊕
(v1,v2,v3,. . . . vn)
= (u1+v1,u2+v2,u3+v3, . . . un+vn )
Step :2- identify the addition
and scalar multiplication
kʘu =(ku1,ku2,ku3,. . . . . kun) operations on V.

Step :4- confirm that axioms


Step :3- verify axioms 1 & 2, adding two
3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 hold.
vectors in V produces a vector in V ,
and multiplying a vector in V by a
scalar produces a vector in V.
Examples of Vector Spaces
(1) n-tuple space: Rn
vector addition

(u1 , u2 ,  , un )  (v1 , v2 ,  , vn ) = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ,  , un + vn )

scalar multiplication
k  (u1 , u2 , , un ) = (ku1 , ku2 ,, kun )
Examples of Vector Spaces

(2) Matrix space: 𝑴𝒎×𝒏


(The set of all m×n matrices with real values)

V = M mn Ex: ：(m = n = 2)

vector addition

u11 u12   v11 v12   u11 + v11 u12 + v12 


A B =     = 
v v u +
 21 22   21 22   21 21 22 22 
u u v u + v
scalar multiplication

u11 u12   ku11 ku12 


k  A= k   = 
 21 22   21
u u ku ku 22 
Examples of Vector Spaces

(3) nth degree polynomial space: 𝑷𝒏


(The set of all real polynomials of degree n or less)

vector addition
p( x)  q( x) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 ) x +  + (an + bn ) x n

scalar multiplication
k  p ( x) = ka0 + ka1 x +  + kan x n
Examples of Vector Spaces

(4) Function space: 𝑭(−∞, ∞)


(The set of all real-valued functions defined on the entire real line.)

V = F (−, )

vector addition
( f  g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)

scalar multiplication

(k  f )( x) = kf ( x)
PROPERTIES OF VECTORS

Let v be any element of a vector space V, and let c be any


scalar. Then the following properties are true.

(1) 0  v = 0
(2) c  0 = 0
(3) If c  v = 0, then c = 0 or v = 0
(4) (−1)  v = − v
Question 1
Let 𝑉 be the set of all integers. Define ⊕ as
usual addition of vectors and ʘ as ordinary
multiplication. Is 𝑉 a vector space? If not, which
property fails to hold?

12
Question 2
Let 𝑉 be the set of all real numbers with the
operations
𝒖⊕𝒗=𝑢−𝑣
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑘𝑢
Is 𝑉 a vector space? If not, which property fails
to hold?

13
Question 3
Let 𝑉 be the set of all ordered triples of real
numbers with the operations
𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ⊕ 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 = (𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 )
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑘𝑢1 , 𝑘𝑢2 , 𝑘𝑢3
Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space with respect
to the given operations.

14
Question 4
Let 𝑉 be the set of all ordered triples of real
numbers with the operations
𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ⊕ 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 = (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 , 𝑢3 + 𝑣3 )
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑘𝑢1 , 1, 𝑘𝑢3
Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space with respect
to the given operations.

15
Question 5
Let 𝑉 be the set of all positive real numbers with
the operations
𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑢𝑘
Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space with respect
to the given operations.

16
Question 6
Let 𝑉 be the set of all 2 × 2 matrices with trace
equal to zero. Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space
with respect to the usual addition and scalar
multiplication of matrices .

17
Question 7
Let 𝑉 be the set of all real multiples of
exponential functions of the form 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 . Define
vector addition ⊕ as
𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 ⊕ 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑟+𝑚 𝑥
And scalar multiplication as
𝑘ʘ𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 = 𝑘𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟𝑥
Is 𝑉 a vector space?

18
Practice Questions
• Elementary Linear Algebra (9th Edition)
by B. Kolman
– Exercise 4.2
• Q.1--Q.25

19

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy