BOOTP/DHCP

Dynamic Configuration Protocols

CIS 68C2
UNIX Network Administration

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 1
 BOOTP/DHCP
! BOOTP/DHCP Overview
" Provides comprehensive TCP/IP configuration data
" Allows hosts to obtain TCP/IP data from a server
" DHCP is a backward compatible replacement for BOOTP
" Adds support for full TCP/IP configuration via Options
" From Requirements for Internet Hosts RFC
" Adds dynamic address assignments
" This is the most important and useful addition
" Consider:
" How can client send a request when IP is not configured?
" How can server respond to an un-configured interface?

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 2
 DHCP
! DHCP supported IP address allocation types
" Permanent fixed
" Allows use of static IP addresses
" Useful for server hosts whose IP address should not change
" Manual allocation
" IP allocation based on Ethernet/Token Ring physical address
" Useful w/clients that must use BOOTP
" Automatic allocation
" Long term, permanent IP address allocation
" Dynamic allocation
" Short term allocation – a lease
" Most commonly used form of allocation

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 3
 DHCP
! DHCP Dynamic Allocation vs. DNS
" Dynamic IP address allocation creates problems for DNS
" Hostname, A records, PTR records
" Update to DNS attempts to solve problem
" Dynamic DNS – DDNS
" DHCP server notifies DDNS system of new information
" Issue: What about PTR records and subnets?

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 4
 DHCP
! DHCP Client
" dhcpcd – Preferred DHCP client daemon
" pump – Essentially obsolete
" Configuring system as a DHCP client
" Add settings to: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
" BOOTPROTO=dhcp
" ONBOOT=yes

! DHCP Server
" dhcpd – Available from www.isc.org

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 5
 DCHP
! Basic DHCP Client/Server Conversation

DHCPDISCOV
Client: “Who can gi ER
ve me TCP/IP confi
guration data?”
DHPC Client DHCP Server
DHCPOFFER
Her e’s the data, do you still want it?”
Server: “I can!

DHCPREQUE
Client: “Yes, Thank ST
you! Did I have it correct?”

HPNAK
DHCPACK or DC
r Welcome!” or “N ope, Try again!”
Server: “Yup, You

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 6
 DHCP
! How DHCP works – Details
" Client sends DHCPDISCOVER packet
" Source and destination IP address is 255.255.255.255
" The all-1’s broadcast address, called the limited broadcast address
" Destination port is UDP port 67
" Packet includes transaction identifier and client identifier
" Server receives DHCPDISCOVER packet
" Listening for limited broadcasts on UDP/67
" Server sends DHCPOFFER packet
" Sends limited broadcast, UDP/68
" Response includes client’s identifiers and configuration data

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 7
 DHCP
! How DHCP works – Details
" Client receives DHCPOFFER on UDP/68
" Accepts DHCPOFFER packets that include client’s identifier
" Sends DHCPREQUEST
" Confirms the configuration data with server
" Client is now bound
" Server sends DHCPACK if configuration data is valid
" Or DHCPNACK if data is invalid
" Client sends:
" DHCPDECLINE if arp indicates address in use; restarts process
" DHCPREQUEST to renew lease
" DHCPRELEASE to relinquish a lease

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 8
 DHCP
! How DHCP works – Details
" It is desirable to maintain IP mappings across reboots
" Client will request the same configuration data on reboot
" Stores information in permanent cache (eg. on disk, NVRAM).
" Its DHCPREQUEST message contains desired configuration data
" Server will ACK or NAK the request

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 9
 DHCP
! DHCP Server Configuration
" /etc/dhcpd.conf
" Configuration file for dhcpd daemon
" Instructions and configuration data for serviced hosts / subnets
" Describes the topology of serviced networks
" Contains hierarchical grouping of options
" shared-network
" subnet
" host
" Options within group statement are shared by members of group
" Global options are specified outside these topology statements

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 10
 DHCP
! /etc/dhcpd.conf
default-lease-time
default-lease-time 3600;
3600;
max-lease-time
max-lease-time 7200;
7200;
option
option subnet-mask
subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
255.255.255.0;
option
option domain-name
domain-name "fhda.edu";
"fhda.edu";
option
option domain-name-servers
domain-name-servers 153.18.8.1,
153.18.8.1, 153.18.12.252;
153.18.12.252;
group
group {{
option
option routers
routers 10.0.0.200;
10.0.0.200;
subnet
subnet 10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0 netmask
netmask 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0 {{
option
option broadcast-address
broadcast-address 10.0.0.255;
10.0.0.255;
range
range 10.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.199;
10.0.0.199;
range
range 10.0.0.201
10.0.0.201 10.0.0.254;
10.0.0.254;
}}
subnet
subnet 11.0.1.0
11.0.1.0 netmask
netmask 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0 {{
option
option broadcast-address
broadcast-address 11.0.1.255;
11.0.1.255;
range
range 11.0.1.1
11.0.1.1 11.0.1.255;
11.0.1.255;
}}
}}

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 11
 Additional Information
! Internet Software Consortium – Home of dhcpd
" http://www.isc.org/
! RFCs
" 2131 – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
" 2132 – DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions
" 1534 – Interoperation Between DHCP and BOOTP
" 951 – Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)

CIS68C2 UNIX Network Administration

Updated: 11/7/02 Copyright 2002 - Mike Cappella 12