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PHP
List advantages of PHP

Advantages of PHP
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is widely used for web development due to its
many advantages:

Open Source – Free to use and has a large community for support.

Platform Independent – Runs on various operating systems like Windows,

Linux, and macOS.

Easy to Learn – Simple syntax similar to C and Java.

Database Support – Compatible with databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL,

and SQLite.

Fast Execution – Faster than many scripting languages due to minimal

overhead.

Embedded in HTML – Can be easily integrated into HTML code.

Explain any four string functions with use.

a) strlen($string)
Returns the length of the string.

Example:

<?php
echo strlen("Hello World!"); // Output: 12
?>

b) strtoupper($string)

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 Converts a string to uppercase.

Example:

<?php
echo strtoupper("hello"); // Output: HELLO
?>

c) strtolower($string)
Converts a string to lowercase.

Example:

<?php
echo strtolower("HELLO"); // Output: hello
?>

d) str_replace($search, $replace, $string)

Replaces occurrences of a substring.

Example:

<?php
echo str_replace("World", "PHP", "Hello World!"); // Output: Hello P
HP!
?>

State different data types in PHP.

1. String: "Hello"

2. Integer: 123

3. Float (Double): 3.14

4. Boolean: true or false

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 5. Array: ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

6. Object: Instance of a class

7. NULL: Represents no value

8. Resource: Special variable for database connections

Explain array-flip() and explode() function with syntax

array_flip()
Swaps keys and values in an array.

Syntax:

<?php
array_flip(array $array)
?>

Example:

<?php
$arr = ["a" => "apple", "b" => "banana"];
print_r(array_flip($arr));
// Output: ["apple" => "a", "banana" => "b"]
?>

explode()
Splits a string into an array based on a delimiter.

Syntax:

<?php
explode(string $separator, string $string, int $limit = PHP_INT_MAX)
>?

Example:

PHP 3
 <?php
$str = "red,green,blue";
print_r(explode(",", $str));
// Output: ["red", "green", "blue"]
>?

Explain use of for and foreach with an example.

for Loop
Used when the number of iterations is known.

Example:Output: 12345

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
echo $i . " ";
}
?>

foreach Loop
Used for iterating over an array.

Example:Output: red green blue

<?php
$colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];
foreach ($colors as $color) {
echo $color . " ";
}
?>

Explain bitwise operators in PHP.

Bitwise Operators in PHP

1. & (AND)

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 2. | (OR)

3. ^ (XOR)

4. ~ (NOT)

5. << (Left Shift)

6. >> (Right Shift)

Example:

<?php
$a = 5; // 0101 in binary
$b = 3; // 0011 in binary
echo $a & $b; // Output: 1 (0001 in binary)
?>

Explain how to implement a multidimensional array in PHP.

<?php
$matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
];
echo $matrix[1][2]; // Output: 6

?>

Explain print and echo statements in PHP.

Difference Between echo and print in PHP

Feature print echo

Syntax print "Hello"; echo "Hello";

Return Value Returns 1 No return value

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 Multiple Supports multiple values ( echo "A",
Only one value allowed
Outputs "B"; )

Speed Slightly slower Faster

Works best without ( print

Parentheses Optional ( echo("Hello"); )
"Hello"; )

Concatenation Uses . ( print "A" . "B"; ) Uses , ( echo "A", "B"; )

Performance Less efficient More efficient for large output

Usage Less frequently used More commonly used

Example ❌ print "Hello", " World!"; ✅ echo "Hello", " World!";

Conclusion:
✔ Use echo for speed & multiple outputs.

✔ Use print when a return value is needed.

Explain the following function types with example

a) Anonymous Function

An
anonymous function, also known as a lambda function, is a function without
a name. It is usually assigned to a variable and can be used as a callback
function or closure.

Use Cases:
Used for callback functions in array functions like array_map() , array_filter() ,
etc.

Helps in closures, where functions retain access to variables even after

execution.

<?php
$greet = function($name) {
return "Hello, $name!";
};

PHP 6
 echo $greet("John");
?>

b)
Variable Functions

Variable functions allow you to call a function using the value of a variable as
its name.

Use Cases:
Dynamic function calling: When function names are stored in variables.

Useful in frameworks that use dynamic method invocation.

<?php
function hello() {
return "Hello World!";
}
$func = "hello";
echo $func(); // Output: Hello World!
?>

State the use of “$” sign in PHP

$ is used to define variables.

Example:

$name = "PHP";

Write a program using do-while loop

<?php
$i = 1;
do {

PHP 7
 echo $i . " ";
$i++;
} while ($i <= 5);

?>

Explain associative and multidimensional arrays.

1) Associative Arrays
Uses custom string keys instead of numeric indexes.

Stores key-value pairs for easy data retrieval.

Example use: Storing student marks ( "John" => 85, "Jane" => 90 ).

Example:

$age = ["John" => 25, "Jane" => 30];

2) Multidimensional Arrays

Contains arrays inside arrays, used for structured data (tables, grids).

Requires multiple indices to access data.

Example use: Storing student details ( [['John', 25], ['Jane', 30]] ).

Example:

$students = [
["John", 25],
["Jane", 30]
];

Differentiate between implode and explode functions.

Feature implode() (Join) explode() (Split)

PHP 8
 Joins array elements into a
Purpose Splits a string into an array
string

Input Array String

Output String Array

Used to join elements (e.g., ", Used to split string into parts (e.g.,
Separator
") "," )

Syntax implode(separator, array) explode(separator, string)

Example Input ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"] "Apple,Banana,Cherry"

Example
"Apple, Banana, Cherry" ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
Output

Converting an array into a Breaking a string into multiple

Use Case
single string (e.g., for display) parts (e.g., CSV processing)

Conclusion:
Use implode() when you need to convert an array into a string (like joining
words into a sentence).

Use explode() when you need to split a string into an array (like separating
words in a sentence).

State user defined function and explain it with an example.

A user-defined function is a function created by the user to perform a
specific task. Unlike built-in functions, these functions are custom-made to
enhance code reusability and modularity.

Characteristics:
Defined using the function keyword.

Can accept parameters and return values.

Helps in reducing code repetition.

Example:

<?php
function greet($name) {
return "Hello, $name!";

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 }
echo greet("John");
?>

List different types of arrays.

1. Indexed Arrays

2. Associative Arrays

3. Multidimensional Arrays

Write a PHP program to check whether a number is even or odd using a

function.

<?php
function checkEvenOdd($num) {
return ($num % 2 == 0) ? "Even" : "Odd";
}
echo checkEvenOdd(4); // Output: Even
?>

Write PHP program to calculate the sum of digits using functions.

<?php
function sumOfDigits($num) {
$sum = 0;
while ($num > 0) {
$sum += $num % 10;
$num = (int)($num / 10);
}
return $sum;
}
echo sumOfDigits(123); // Output: 6

?>

Write PHP program to print factorial of number.

PHP 10
 <?php
function factorial($num) {
return ($num == 1) ? 1 : $num * factorial($num - 1);
}
echo factorial(5); // Output: 120

?>

Why PHP is called a loosely typed language. Explain with example.

PHP is called loosely typed because it does not require explicit data type
declaration for variables. It automatically changes the variable type based on
the assigned value and operation performed.

Key Points:
No Need to Declare Data Types: A variable can store different types of
values at different times.

Automatic Type Conversion: PHP converts data types dynamically (e.g.,

string "10" + integer 5 becomes 15 ).

Flexible Comparisons: "5" == 5 returns true due to automatic type

conversion.

Example:

<?php
$var = "10"; // integer
$var = "Helloo"; // now String
$sum = "10" + 5; // PHP converts "10" to integer, result = 15

echo"$var";
?>

State the difference between $ and $$ in PHP with an example.

Feature $ (Single Dollar) $$ (Double Dollar)

PHP 11
 Represents a normal Represents a variable variable (variable
Definition
variable name stored in another variable)

The value of $var is used as a variable

Usage Directly holds a value
name

Example $name = "John"; $var = "name"; $$var = "John";

echo $name; // Output:

Output echo $$var; // Output: John (same as $name )
John

Purpose Stores data normally Allows dynamic variable naming

Example Explanation:

$name = "John"; // Normal variable

$var = "name"; // Variable storing another variable's name
$$var = "Doe"; // Now, $name = "Doe"

echo $name; // Output: Doe

echo $$var; // Output: Doe (same as $name)

Conclusion:
$ is a normal variable storing a value.

$$ creates dynamic variables where a variable’s value becomes another

variable's name.

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