v-t graph exercise

for Kitty
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2 A ball is thrown vertically downwards to the ground, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

ball
speed u

path of
ball 1.5 m

speed 8.7 m s–1

ground

Fig. 2.1

The ball is thrown with speed u from a height of 1.5 m. The ball then hits the ground with speed
8.7 m s–1. Assume that air resistance is negligible.

(a) Calculate speed u.

u = ................................................. m s–1 [2]

(b) State how Newton’s third law applies to the collision between the ball and the ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The ball is in contact with the ground for a time of 0.091 s. The ball rebounds vertically and
leaves the ground with speed 5.4 m s–1. The mass of the ball is 0.059 kg.

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball during the collision.

change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

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(ii) Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force that acts on the ball during the
collision.

average resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]

(iii) Use your answer in (c)(ii) to calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the
ground on the ball during the collision.

average force = ...................................................... N [2]

(d) The ball was thrown downwards at time t = 0 and hits the ground at time t = T.

On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the speed of the ball with time t from t = 0
to t = T. Numerical values are not required.

speed

0
0 T
t

Fig. 2.2
[1]

(e) In practice, air resistance is not negligible.

State and explain the variation, if any, with time t of the gradient of the graph in (d) when air
resistance is not negligible.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

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2 (a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A stone falls vertically from the top of a cliff. Fig. 2.1 shows the variation with time t of the
velocity v of the stone.

40

v / m s–1

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

Fig. 2.1

(i) Explain, with reference to forces acting on the stone, the shape of the curve in Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Use Fig. 2.1 to determine the speed of the stone when the resultant force on it is zero.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [1]

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(iii) Use Fig. 2.1 to calculate the approximate height through which the stone falls between
t = 0 and t = 30 s.

height = ..................................................... m [3]

(iv) On Fig. 2.2, sketch the variation with t of the acceleration a of the stone between t = 0
and t = 30 s.

20

a / m s–2

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

Fig. 2.2
[3]

[Total: 11]

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Complete Table 1.1 by stating whether each of the quantities is a vector or a scalar.

Table 1.1

quantity vector or scalar

acceleration

power

work
[2]

(b) The variation with time t of the velocity v of an object is shown in Fig. 1.1.

1.50

1.25

1.00

v / m s–1 0.75

0.50

0.25

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
t/s

Fig. 1.1

(i) Determine the acceleration of the object from time t = 0 to time t = 4.0 s.

acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]

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(ii) Determine the distance moved by the object from time t = 0 to time t = 4.0 s.

distance = ..................................................... m [2]

(c) (i) Define force.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The motion represented in Fig. 1.1 is caused by a resultant force F acting on the object.

On Fig. 1.2, sketch the variation of F with time t from t = 0 to t = 12.0 s.

Numerical values of F are not required.

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
t/s

Fig. 1.2
[3]

[Total: 10]

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Complete Table 1.1 by putting a tick (3) in the appropriate column to indicate whether the
listed quantities are scalars or vectors.

Table 1.1

quantity scalar vector

acceleration
density
temperature
momentum
[2]

(b) A toy train moves along a straight section of track. Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with time t of
the distance d moved by the train.

0.6

0.5
d/m
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3
t/s

Fig. 1.1

(i) Describe qualitatively the motion of the train between time t = 0 and time t = 1.0 s.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Determine the speed of the train at time t = 2.0 s.

speed = ................................................ m s−1 [2]

(c) The straight section of track in (b) is part of the loop of track shown in Fig. 1.2.

track

Fig. 1.2

The train completes exactly one lap of the loop.

State and explain the average velocity of the train over the one complete lap.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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2 A small block is lifted vertically upwards by a toy aircraft, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

aircraft

string

velocity block

Fig. 2.1

As the block is moving upwards, the string breaks at time t = 0. The block initially continues
moving upwards and then falls and hits the ground at time t = 0.90 s. The variation with time t of
the velocity v of the block is shown in Fig. 2.2.

1.96
v / m s–1
0
0 0.20 t/s 0.90

–6.86

Fig. 2.2

Air resistance is negligible.

(a) State the feature of the graph in Fig. 2.2 that shows the block has a constant acceleration.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the height of the block above the ground when the string breaks at
time t = 0.

height = ..................................................... m [3]

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(c) The block has a weight of 0.86 N.

Calculate the difference in gravitational potential energy of the block between time t = 0 and
time t = 0.90 s.

difference in gravitational potential energy = ...................................................... J [2]

(d) On Fig. 2.3, sketch a line to show the variation of the distance moved by the block with time t
from t = 0 to t = 0.20 s. Numerical values of distance are not required.

distance
moved

0
0 0.20
t/s

Fig. 2.3
[2]

(e) A block of greater mass is now released from the same height with the same upward velocity.
Air resistance is still negligible.

State and explain the effect, if any, of the increased mass on the speed with which the block
hits the ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

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