REVIEWER ICT

HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

• Input Technology Trends

• Output Technology Trends

• Storage Trends and Trade Offs

•IT INFRASTRUCTURE

-Provides platform for supporting all information systems in the business and the society.

INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

1. Computer Hardware

2. Computer Software

3. Data Management Technology

-Organizes, manages and processes business data concerned with inventory, customers and vendors.

4. Network and Telecommunications Technology

5. Technology Services

-consultants for system integration with legacy systems

TYPES OF COMPUTER

-computers come in different sizes with varying capabilities for processing information.

•COMPUTER

- is an electronic device that processes data to perform various tasks.

• FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per Second)

-It is a unit of measurement used to express the computational

performance of a computer or processor.

• PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

-was a small handheld device used for organizing tasks, like keeping notes,

managing calendars, and setting reminders. Handheld mobile devices.

• PC (Personal Computer)

-is an Individual-use computer that comes in forms like desktops, laptops,

and tablets. It’s designed for tasks such as word processing, web browsing.

•WORKSTATION

-workstation computer is a powerful and specialized device

research. It boasts advanced hardware.

•SERVERS

-server is a computer or a system that provides services or resources to other computers,

known as clients, within a network. Servers are designed to handle specific tasks or services,

•MAINFRAMES

-Mainframes are large, powerful, and high-performance computing systems that are

designed for processing Massive amounts of data and handling complex computing tasks.

-E.g. used by airlines for thousands of reservations per second.

•SUPERCOMPUTER

-is an extremely powerful and high-performance computing machine

designed for solving complex problems that require a vast amount of computational resources.

Used in engineering, scientific simulations, military/weapons research, weather forecasting.

•GRID COCOMPUTER

-Power of geographically remote computers connected into single network to act as a “virtual computer”

•CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING

-Client/server computing is a distributed computing model in which tasks or

processes are divided between client devices and server systems within a network

• Two-tiered client/server architecture

• Uses two types of machine

• Multi-tiered client/server architecture

• Balances load of network over several levels of servers

E.g. web servers and application servers

INPUT, PROCESSING AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY

•INPUT DEVICES

-gather data and convert them into electronic form.

-Input devices are hardware components that allow users to interact

with a computer system by providing data or commands.

•PROCESSING DEVICES

-These devices play a Central role in the processing stage of the information
processing cycle, where raw data is transformed into meaningful information.

•OUTPUT DEVICES

-are Hardware components that present information or results to users in a

human-readable or usable form.

-These devices play a crucial role in the information processing cycle,

where processed data is converted into a format that users can understand or utilize.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS COLLECT AND PROCESS INFORMATION IN ONE OF TWO WAYS:

• BATCH PROCESSING

-transactions stored for predefined amount of time, then processed as a group.

➤VOLUME: Batch processing is useful when there's a large amount of tasks or data that can be handled
together.

➤TIME DEPENDENCY: Tasks are collected over time and processed at specific times instead of
immediately.

➤SIMILARITY OF TASKS: It works best when tasks are similar or follow the same steps every time.

•ONLINE PROCESSING

-transactions processed immediately.

➤IMMEDIATE EXECUTION: When you do something online, it happens right away, and you see the result
instantly.

➤USER INTERACTION: You type or click, and the system reacts quickly to show you what happens next.

➤RESPONSE TIME: The system must be fast so you get quick answers or results.

HARDWARE TRENDS THE EMERGING MOBILE DIGITAL PLATFORM:

•CELLPHONE

-is simply a telephone that doesn't need a landline connection. Users can make and

receive phone calls, and some cellphones also offer text messaging.

•SMARTPHONE

-has more advanced features including web browsing, software applications and a mobile OS.

•NETBOOKS

-are small and affordable laptops that are easy to carry around.

They're good for basic things like browsing the internet emailing, and simple documents.
•TABLET COMPUTERS

-Tablets are flat, touchscreen devices without a keyboard.

They're like big smartphones but don't make calls.

•E-BOOK READER

-is like a digital book that you can carry around with you. It's a device

designed for reading books, magazines, or newspapers in a digital format.

•NANOTECHNOLOGY

-Creating computer chips and other devices thousands of times smaller through

manipulating individual atoms and molecules.

•CLOUD COMPUTING

-A model of computing in which firms and individuals obtain computing resources over the internet.

-Cloud computing allows users to access computing resources like storage and processing

power over the internet, eliminating the need for physical infrastructure.

1. CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE

-IAAS (Infrastructure as a Service) is like renting an empty house - you get the space, but you choose
how to set it up. In cloud computing, laas gives you virtual machines, storage, and networking, which you
can customize as needed.

2. CLOUD PLATFORM AS A SERVICE

-PAAS (Platform as a Service) is like moving into a fully furnished apartment - everything is set up, so you
can focus on living. In cloud computing, Paas provides ready-to use tools and services for building apps,
so you don't have to manage the setup.

3. CLOUD SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

-SAAS (Software as a Service) is like a streaming service - you access apps online without installing or
maintaining them. The provider handles everything.so you just use the software when needed.

• Autonomic computing

-The concept you're referring to is often associated with self-healing and self-configuring systems,

which are part of autonomous or autonomic computing. These systems aim to reduce

the need for human intervention in managing and maintaining software and hardware.

SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

•SOFTWARE

- (also called SW or S/W) is a set of programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do.

It helps users interact with the computer and perform different tasks.
•MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE

-The relationship among the system software, application software and users can be

illustrated by a series of nested boxes.

•SYSTEM SOFTWARE

-is the basic software that helps a computer work.

-is what makes your computer work properly. Without it, hardware wouldn't function,

applications wouldn't run, and managing files would be difficult.

It's like the engine of a car-it keeps everything running smoothly!

➤DEVICE DRIVERS – Help the OS communicate with hardware. Examples. Printer, graphics, and
keyboard drivers.

➤UTILITY PROGRAMS - Maintain system performance. Examples: Antivirus (security),

Disk cleanup (storage), Backup software (data safety), File compression (WinRAR, WinZip).

➤ FIRMWARE - Built-in software in hardware devices. Found in BIOS (controls startup), Smart TVs
(settings), and routers (internet connectivity).

➤LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS - Convert programming code for the computer.

• Compilers (whole program) - C++, Java

• Interpreters (line by line) - Python, JavaScript

• Assemblers (assembly to machine code)

•OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

–Manages computer activities, bridges users and hardware.

Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. Functions: Controls hardware, runs applications,

manages files, and provides security.

As of 2024, WINDOWS is the most used desktop OS with a 68% market share, followed by MACOS (15%)
and LINUX (3%).

Windows remains the most used desktop OS in 2024 due to several key reasons:

•WIDELY USED - Windows has been the most popular OS for many years, so most businesses, schools,
and people use it by default.

•WORKS WITH MANY PROGRAMS - It supports a lot of software, including office work, gaming, and
business tools, while macOS and Linux have fewer options.

•AVAILABLE ON MANY DEVICES – Windows can run on computers from different brands, making it
cheaper and easier to find compared to macOS, which only works on Apple computers.

•USED BY COMPANIES AND GOVERNMENT -Many businesses and government offices use Windows
because it gets regular updates, has good security, and supports old software.

•GREAT FOR GAMING AND CUSTOMIZATION- Windows is the top choice for gaming and lets users
customize their computers more than macOS.
Which is the most popular operating system on mobile?

ANDROID APPLICATIONS are ruling the mobile OS market due to their feature of providing more
compatibility with other devices.

•APPLICATION SOFTWARE

-often referred to simply as "applications" or "apps," is a type of computer software designed to

perform specific tasks or functions for end-users. Unlike system software, which provides a platform and

services for computer hardware, application software is created to meet the needs of

users and help them accomplish various tasks.

TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE:

•PRODUCTIVITY APPLICATIONS

-These applications are designed to help users be more productive and efficient in various tasks.

•CREATIVE APPLICATIONS

-Creative applications are tools that assist users in expressing their creativity through visual means.

•COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

-These applications facilitate communication and interaction between users.

•ENTERTAINMENT APPLICATIONS

-Entertainment applications are designed for leisure and enjoyment.

•CHILD EXPLOITATION: means using children in harmful or unfair ways for money or personal gain.

It includes:

➤ONLINE EXPLOITATION: Sharing or creating harmful content involving children.

➤CHILD LABOR :Making kids work in unsafe or illegal jobs.

➤SEXUAL EXPLOITATION: Forcing children into trafficking or abuse.

➤FORCED BEGGING & TRAFFICKING: Using kids to make money or for illegal activities.

Laws and groups help protect children and punish those who harm them.

SOFTWARE FOR THE WEB: JAVA AND HTML

•JAVA

-Operating system-independent, processor independent, object-oriented programming languages.

JAVA is famous because it is easy to use, powerful, and works on many devices. Here's why:
1.WORKS EVERYWHERE - You can write Java code once and run it on any computer or phone.

2.USED IN MANY APPS - Big apps like Android, banking systems, and websites use Java.

3.HAS A BIG COMMUNITY - Many people use Java, so there's lots of help and support available.

4.SAFE AND FAST - Java has built-in security and runs smoothly.

5.TRUSTED BY BIG COMPANIES - Companies like Netflix, Google, and Amazon use Java.

How is "Hello, World!" typically displayed in Java?

- System.out.println("Hello, World!");

•HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

-Page description language for specifying how elements are placed on a

web page and for creating links to other pages and objects.

•WEB SERVICES

-Software components that exchange information with one another using universal

web communication standards and languages.

•XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

-Foundation of web services.

HTML: Building a House

➤HTML is like the blueprint of a house.

➤It specifies the structure and layout of the rooms, doors, and windows.

➤It uses specific tags (like <bedroom>, <kitchen>, <door to define different elements.

➤The emphasis is on how the house looks and the arrangement of its visual elements.

XML: Organizing a Library

➤XML is like a catalog system for a library.

➤It describes the data structure, such as book titles, authors, and genres.

➤It uses generic tags (like <book>, <author>, <genre>) to define the data's structure.

➤The focus is on organizing and describing information rather than how it visually appears.

•SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)

-Collection of services used to build an organization's software systems.

•OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE

-These kinds of software are available to

and modify the software and add additional features to the software.

-OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE is a type of software where the source code (the instructions that make the
program work) is available to everyone.

✓ Anyone can see how the software works.

✓ Users can modify or improve the software.

✓ People can share it with others.

•CLOSED-SOURCE SOFTWARE

-These types of applications are usually paid and have intellectual property rights or

patents over the source code. The use of these is very restricted and usually,

the source code is preserved and kept as a secret.

-CLOSED-SOURCE SOFTWARE is a type of software where the source code is not available to the public.

✓ Users cannot modify or distribute the software.

✓ The software is usually paid.

✓ The company or developer holds exclusive rights,

•CAPACITY PLANNING

-is about making sure computers can handle work without slowing down or crashing.

It helps predict when a system might get overloaded.

Businesses need to plan for enough computing power for both today and the future.

IMPORTANT FACTORS:

➤Number of users - How many people can use it at once?

➤Software needs - Will new programs slow it down?

➤Performance checks - Is the system running smoothly?

MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

•OUTSOURCING

- when organizations utilize technology service providers to run networks,

host or manage websites, develop software, and manage IT infrastructure.

•USING CLOUD SERVICES

-Small businesses "rent" infrastructure from another firm to avoid expenses of

maintaining hardware and software on their own.

•MANAGING MOBILE DEVICES

-Balances the benefits of using mobile devices for work with the costs of providing them to employees.
•LOCAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE

-Helps people use computers in their own language, making it easier to match

local culture and business needs.

•TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)

-It means all the costs involved in buying, using, and maintaining something over time.

It helps businesses understand the real cost of owning a product,

not just the price they pay at the beginning.

•DIRECT COSTS

-are the upfront costs you pay when buying something.

These are the obvious expenses that you can clearly see.

•HIDDEN COSTS

-are extra costs that people don't usually think about at first.

These costs may not be obvious but can affect productivity, efficiency, or business operations.