EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

UNIT III​ 3G EVOLUTIONS​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 9 ▪​ High speed packet data rates.

IMT-2000 - W-CDMA, CDMA 2000 – radio & network components,
network structure, packet-data transport process flow, Channel Allocation,
core network, interference-mitigation techniques, UMTS-services, air
interface, network architecture of 3GPP, UTRAN – architecture, High 3.2 OVERVIEW OF UMTS
Speed Packet Data-HSDPA, HSUPA. The radio access for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
3.1 INTRODUCTION: Services) is known as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).

​ ​ Third generation (3G) is a term that has received and UTRA is a WCDMA - based radio solution that includes both FDD and
continues to receive much attention as the enabler for high speed data for TDD modes. The Radio Access Network (RAN) is known as UTRAN.
the wireless mobility market. 3G is defined in the International UMTS Services
Telecommunication Union (ITU) specification - International Mobile
Communication Union (1MT - 2000). UMTS specifications define four service classes having a common set of
characteristics
IMT - 2000 Services (3G)
●​ Conversational: Characterized by low delay tolerance, low jitter and
IMT 2000 is a radio and network access specification defining low error tolerance.
several methods or technology platforms that meet the overall goals of the ●​ Interactive: Characterized by low tolerance for errors but with larger
specification. tolerance for delays than conversational services Ex:
IMT - 2000 Services are Conversational services.
●​ Streaming: Characterized by a low error tolerance but generally
▪​ High quality have a high tolerance for delay and jitter. Ex: Streaming audio and
video.
●​ Background: Characterized by little, if any delay constraint. Ex:
▪​ Global standard SMS, e-mail

▪​ Worldwide common frequency band a.​ UMTS Speech Service

​ ​ Though UMTS is good for voice service, speed is the most
▪​ Worldwide roaming capacity
widely used service. UMTS uses the Adaptive Multirate (AMR) speech
coder. The AMR coder also supports Voice Activity Detection (VAD)
▪​ Improved spectrum efficiency and Discontinuous Transmisson (DTX) with comfort noise-generation.
VAD and DTX are supported by most modern wireless technologies. In
▪​ Flexibility for evolution to the next generation of UMTS speech service, a user in a speech call has access to dedicated
wireless systems resources throughout the call.

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b.​ UMTS Data Service

​ ​ While sending information over the air interface, physical

control channels are used in combination with physical data channel
while the physical data channels carry the user information.

Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) has an access
layer and non access layer.
​ The access layer includes air interface and provides functions
related to OSI layer 1, layer 2, and the lower part of layer 3. OSI Model with air Interface Layered Protocols

​ The non-access layer deals with communication between b. Medium Access Control Sublayer
user equipment (UE) and core network (CN) and includes
OSI layer 3 (upper part) to layer 7. The medium access control sublayer is accountable for efficiently
transferring
The radio interface, Uu, is the interface between UE and UTRAN. data for both real-time (CS) and non-real-time (PS) services to the physical
It consists of three protocol layers: physical layer, data link layer, and layer. MAC offers services to the radio link control (RLC) sublayer and
network layer. The radio interface provides physical channels to carry higher layers. The MAC layer provides data transfer services on logical
data over the radio path and logical channels to carry a particular type of channels. It is also responsible for
data.
●​ Service multiplexing on Random Access Channel (RACH)
a. Physical Layer Functions ●​ Forward Access Channel (FACH), and Dedicated Channel (DCH)
●​ Forward error correction, rate matching and bit-interleaving. ●​ Priority handling between data flow of a user as well as between
●​ Soft handoff execution and micro-diversity distribution/combining data flows from several users
●​ Signal measurements. ●​ Access control on RACH and FACH
●​ Multiplexing/mapping of services on dedicated physical codes ●​ Contention resolution on RACH
●​ Modulation, spreading, demodulation, dispreading of physical
c. Radio Link Control (RLC)
channels
Radio link control (RLC) sets up a logical link over the radio
interface and is responsible for fulfilling QoS requirements.
RLC responsibilities include:

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▪​ Segmentation and assembly of the packet data unit

▪​ Transfer of user data
▪​ Error correction through retransmission
▪​ Sequence integrity​
▪​ Duplication information detection
▪​ Flow control of data

d.​ The Radio Resource Control (RRC)

​ The radio resource control (RRC) layer broadcasts system
information, handles radio resources such as code allocation, handover,
admission control, measurement/ control report.

3.3 UMTS TERRESTRIAL RADIO ACCESS NETWORK UTRAN Logical Architecture

OVERVIEW Duties of RNC
​​ The UTRAN consists of a set of radio network subsystems (RNSs). ▪​ Intra UTRAN handover
The RNS has two main logical elements
▪​ RNC ▪​ Macro diversity combining/splitting of Iub data streams
▪​ Node B ▪​ Outer loop power control​
a)​ RNC ▪​ Iu interface user
​ ​ An RNC is responsible for the use of allocation of all the plane setup
radio resource of RNS to which it belongs. RNC also handles the user
▪​ Serving RNS
packet and voice data traffic.
(SRNS) relocation
▪​ Radio resource
allocation
▪​ Frame selection/distribution function necessary for soft
handover.
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▪​ UMTS radio link control (RLC) sub layers function ▪​ Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher
layers. FEC encoding/decoding and interleaving/de interleaving of
execution transport channels.
▪​ Frame synchronization ▪​ Multiplexing of transport channels and demultiplexing of coded
composite transport channels.
▪​ Radio resource management ▪​ Inner loop power control.
▪​ Termination of MAC, RLC, and RRC protocols for ▪​ Open loop power control.
▪​ Power weighting and combining of physical channels.
transport channels.
▪​ Modulation and spreading/demodulation and despreading of
physical channels.
Node B and Its duties
▪​ Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization.
▪​ RF processing
A Node B is responsible for radio transmission and reception in one
or more cells, from/to the user equipment (UE). The architecture of Node Logical Interfaces of UTRAN
B-RNC is shown below in figure. UTRAN protocol structure is made in such that layers and planes
are logically independent of each other and parts of the protocol can be
easily changed in future if required.
Protocol model:
The protocol model has two
main layers.
1.​ The Radio Network Layer
(RNL)
2.​ Transport Network Layer
(TNL)

In RNL, all UTRAN related functions are visible whereas the TNL
deals with transport technology selected to be used for UTRAN but
Radio Network Controller (Node B) without any UTRAN specific changes.
Duties of Node - B
▪​ Termination of MAC protocol for transport channels RACH, FACH
▪​ Termination of MAC, RLC, and RRC protocols for transport
channels: BCH, PCH
▪​ Radio environment survey
▪​ Radio channel coding/decoding.
▪​ Macro diversity combining/splitting of data streams from its cells.
▪​ Termination of Uu interface from UE
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Transport plane lies between user and control plane. The

transport network control plane carries all control signalling within the
layer. It contains Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP) which is
needed to set up the transport bearers (data bearers) for the user plane. It
allows the application protocol to be independent of the technology selected
for the data bearer in user plane.
Operational setup :
The transport bearers for data bearers in the user plane are set up in
the following way.

●​ Signalling transcation is done by the application

Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces
Planes: protocol in the control plane which initiates setup of the
●​User plane data bearer by the ALCAP protocol.
●​Control plane
●​Transport plane Control plane ●​ ALCAP protocol may not be used for all types of data
Control Plane:
Control plane is used for all UMTS specific control signalling. It bearers. When ALCAP is not used there is no need for
includes the application protocol radio access network application part transport network control plane. Such situation happens
(RANAP) in Iu.
●​ Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP) in whenever we use preconfigured data beareas. During
Iur real time operation ALCAP protocol is not used.
●​ Node B Application Part (NBAP) in Iub.
●​ Application protocol is used for setting up bearers to Iu Interface:
the UE. ​ ​ Iu interface of UMTS is the open logical interface that
User plane: interconnects one to the UMTS Core Network (UCN). On the UTRAN side
the Iu interface is terminated at the RNC, and at the UCN is terminated at
​ ​ User information is carried out by the user plane. It includes U-MSC.
data streams and data bearers for data streams.
Transport - Network control plane: Interface has three protocol planes :
▪​ Radio Network Control Plane (RNCP)

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▪​ Transport Network Control Plane (TNCP)

▪​ User Plane (UP).

Control Plane:
In the core network, the control plane serves two service domains,
●​ Packet switched (PS) domain
●​ Circuit switched (CS) domain
CS Domain:
​ ​ The CS domain supports circuit switched services, like voice
and fax. CS domain connects to PSTN/ISDN networks.

PS Domain:
The PS domain deals with PS services like internet access and multimedia
services.

PS Protocol Architecture on Iu Interface

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CS Protocol Architecture on Iu Interface The TNCP carries information for the control of transport network
used within UCN.
The protocol stack of control plane consist of RANAP on the top of
signalling system 7 (SS7) protocols. c. User plane:
The protocol layers are
The user plane carries user voice and packet data information.
●​ Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) AAL2 (ATM Adaptation layer) is used for the following
services.
●​ Message Transfer Part (MTP 3-B)
●​ Narrowband speech (Eg: AMR)
●​ Signalling Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ●​ Unrestricted digital information service (ISDN - B)
●​ Any low to average bit rate cs service (Modem)
●​ Adaptation layer for Network Network Interface (SAAL - NNI) AAL5 is used for
SAAL - NNI: ▪​ Non real time services (ps)
▪​ Real time services (ps)
SAAL - NNI is divided into
1.​ Service Specific Coordination Function (SSCF) Iur Interface:
​ ​ Iur interface is the connection between two RNC's (serving
2.​ Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol
RNC - SRNC) and drift RNC (D-RNC). Iur is used in soft handoff cases.
(SSCOP) ATM adaptation layer 5
When different macro diversity streams of one communication are
Note:​ supported by node B's that belong to different RNC's.

1.​ AAL 5 is used for segmenting the data to ATM cells. Protocol planes:

2.​ SSCF and SSCOP layers are specifically designed for There are three different protocol planes defined, They are
signalling transport in ATM networks. ●​ Radio Network Control Plane
(RNCP)
a.​ RNCP (control plane): ●​ Transport Network Control
​ Plane (TNCP)
Radio network control plane (RNCP) performs the following functions: ●​ User plane (UP)
●​ To carry information for the general control of UTRAN radio
network operations. Services of Iur:
●​ To carry information for control of UTRAN in each specific call. ●​ User voice and packet data information on user plane.
●​ To carry Call Control (CC) and Mobiling Management (MM)
●​ Information for the control of transport network used within
signalling messages.
UTRAN.
b.​ TNCP: Transport Network Control Plane : ●​ Information for the control of radio resources.
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Protocols on Iur:
▪​ DCH Frame Protocol (DCH FP)
▪​ FACH Frame Protocol (FACH FP)

▪​ Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP)

Functions of Iur Interface

Iub Interface:
​ ​ Iub is the connection between RNC and node B. For each
node B, there is atleast one Iub . This Iub connection is used for all
communication between node B and RNC of same RNS.
Protocol Planes:
●​ User plane
Iur Protocol Interface ●​ Radio Network Control Plane (RNCP)
Functions by Iur: ●​ Transport Network Control Plane (TNCP)​
The provides 4 functions,
●​ Basic inter - RNC mobility support
●​ Dedicated channel traffic support
●​ Common channel traffic support
●​ Global Resource Management Support

Iub Interface Protocol Interstructure

Services of Iub:
●​ User voice and packet data information on user plane.
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●​ User CC nd MM signalling The CS domain includes the functional entities:

●​ Information for the control of a transport network used with ●​ Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
UTRAN on TNCP. ●​ Gateway MSC (GMSC)

Protocols used in Iub The PS domain comprises the functional entities:

●​ Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
●​ RACH Frame Protocol (RACHFP)
●​ Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
●​ FACH Frame Protocol (FACHFP) ●​ Domain Name Server (DNS)
●​ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DIICP) server
●​ FACH Frame Protocol (FACHFP) ●​ Packet Charging Gateway
●​ Node B applications part protocol (NBAP) ●​ Firewalls
●​ MTP3 - B
●​ SAAL - UNI

Uu Interface:
Uu interface is the radio interface between C node B and
one of its UE.

3.4 UMTS CORE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

The UCN (UMTS Core Network) consists of a CS (Circuit
Switched) entity for providing voice and CS data services and a PS
(Packet Switched) entity for providing packet-based services. The logical
architecture offers a clear division between the CS domain and PS domain.
Logical Architecture of UMTS Core Network
3GPP
3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaborative project
aimed at developing globally acceptable specifications for third generation
(3G) mobile systems. The 3GPP caters to a large majority of the
telecommunications networks in the world. It is the standard body behind
UM TS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), which is the 3G
upgrade of GSM.

History of 3GPP
UMTS Core Network Architecture
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3GPP, or the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project, was initially formed 3GPP Distributed Network Architecture
in December 1998 when the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) partnered with other standard development organizations MSC is divided into two
(SDOs) from around the world to develop new technologies (or more
specifically, technology specifications) for the third generation (3G) of ●​ An MSC server
cellular networks. ●​ A media gateway (MGW)
3GPP scope ●​ The MSC server contains all of the mobility management
and call control logic that would be contained in a standard
3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project manages a variety of MSC. But it do not reside inside the media path.
standards, and essentially it looks after the standards that have come out of
GSM and UMTS. These include: ●​ The media path is via one or more MGWs that establish,
manipulate, and release media streams (voice streams) under
●​ GSM and related 2G / 2.5G standards including GPRS and the control of the MSC server
EDGE ●​ Control signaling for circuit-switched calls is between the
●​ UMTS and related 3G standards including HSPA​ RNC and the MSC server. The media path for
●​ LTE and related 4G standards circuit-switched calls is between the RNC and the MGW.
●​ An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (JMS) developed in
●​ Normally, an MGW takes calls from the RNC and routes
an access independent manner those calls towards their destinations over a packet
●​ 5G standard
backbone. In several cases, the packet backbone will be
IP-based, such that backbone traffic is Voice over IP (VoIP).
Network Architecture and User Equipments
​ ​ 3GPP introduces a significant enhancement to the core ●​ When PS domain also uses an IP backbone, then only one
network architecture as it applies to the CS domain.Basically, the MSC backbone network is needed, which can mean significant
(Mobile Switching Center) is broken into constituent parts and it is allowed cost savings for the network operator.
to be deployed in a distributed manner, as shown in Figure. ●​ At the remote end, where a call needs to be handed off to
another network, such as the PSTN, another MGW is
controlled by a Gateway MSC server (GNISC server). MGW
converts the packetized voice to standard PCM for delivery
to the PSTN.
●​ Hence, voice can be carried through the backbone at a far
lower rate than 64 Kbps, with a step up to 64 Kbps only at
the last point.
Protocol

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●​ The control protocol between the MSC server or GMSC MSC server requests the RAN to establish a RAB to handle
server and the MGW is the ITU H.248 protocol. This protocol the call.
is also known as MEGACO. ●​ Once the RAB has been assigned, the MSC server is in a
●​ The call control protocol between the MSC Server and the position to establish a media connection between the RNC and
GMSC server can be any suitable call control protocol. the MG W. Thus, it requests the MG W to add a new
●​ The 3GPP standards suggest, but do not mandate, the Bearer termination to the context that has just been established.
Independent Call Control (BICC) protocol, which is based on ●​ This new termination (T2) will face towards the RNC. Because the
the ITU-T recommendation Q. 1902. new termination is in the same context as termination Tl , a path is
Voice call establishment created from one side of the MG W to the other.
●​ The MSC server then sends the ISUP Initial Address Message
●​ When the Setup message arrives from the UE, the MSC server (IAM) to the called network (such as the PSTN). Upon receipt of an
performs a call-routing determination. It then responds with a Address Complete Message (ACM) from the far end, the MSC
Call Proceeding message to the UE. Based on the call-routing server sends an Alerting message to the UE.
determination, the MSC server chooses a MGW to handle the ●​ Typically, the called user will answer, which causes an ISUP
call. Answer Message (ANM) to be received at the MSC server. At this
point, the MSC server may optionally modify the context
established on the MGW.
●​ Specifically, when the terminations were established in the new
context, they may have been configured to not provide a complete
through connection. The MSC server requests the MGW to modify
the configuration so that a full two-way media path is established.
●​ Finally, the MSC server sends a Connect message to the UE and the
UE responds with a Connect acknowledge.

3.5 CDMA2000
●​ Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000) is a third
generation (3G) standard developed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). This protocol uses CDMA access
to send voice and data and signals between mobile phones and cell
Call Establishment sites. Data communication speeds ranging from 114 Kbps to 2 Mbps
●​ It instructs (Add Request) the MGW to establish a new are supported by this standard.
context and places a termination in that context.
●​ CDMA2000 is unique in such a way that it supports 3G services
●​ The termination (T l) will be on the network side of the MG
and also it enables a logical migration from the existing 2G
V€. Once the new context is established by the MGW, the
platforms to 3G without distubing the legacy system.
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●​ CDMA2000 is also known as 1MT-Multi-Carrier or IS-2000 or 1.​ CDMA2000-1X (l xRTT)

1MT2000 MC. 2.​ 1xEV-DO
General Specifications of 1MT2000 3.​ 1xEV-DV
The general specifications for the 1MT-2000 are as follows: 4.​ CDMA2000-3X
(3xRTT)
▪​ Support high-speed data services
CDMA2000-3X​
​ ​ Under CDMA2000-1X, also called 1xRTT, three primary
▪​ Global standard
methods are used: 1x, 1xEV-DO, and 1xEV-DV, which are not mutually
exclusive of each other. The term Ix is used to describe the first version of
▪​ Worldwide common frequency band
CDMA2000. 1xEVDO means one carrier, which is data-only, while
▪​ Flexibility for evolution 1xEV-DV means one carrier that supports data and voice services.
1xRTT
▪​ Improved spectrum efficiency ​ ​ The 1xRTT utilizes a single carrier requiring 1.25 MHz of
radio spectrum, which is the same as the existing CDMA one system's
▪​ 2 Mbps for fixed environment channel bandwidth requirement. However, the 1xRTT platforms can utilize
a different vocoder and more Walsh codes, 256/128 versus 64, allowing for
▪​ 384 Kbps for pedestrian use higher data rates and more voice conversions than are possible over existing
CDMA One systems.
▪​ 144 Kbps for vehicular uses
IMT2000 Principle Radio and Network Components
IMT-2000 is a high-speed packet data network designed for CDMA 2000 System Architecture
mobility using IP as the enabling protocol.
​ ​ CDMA2000, whether IX or 3X, requires upgrades to the
3G Applications by CDMA 2000
radio and network architecture of the existing system.
●​ Wireless Internet
●​ Wireless e-mail
●​ Wireless telecommuting
●​ Telemetry
●​ Wireless commerce
●​ Location-based services
●​ Longer standby battery life
Various Migrations of CDMA2000
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▪​ Collects usage data that is relayed to the AAA server.

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)

▪​ The AAA server is another new component associated with

CDMA2000 deployment.
▪​ The AAA provides, as its names implies, authentication,
authorization, and accounting functions for the packet data network
associated with CDMA2000 and utilizes the Remote Access Dial-In
User Service (RADIUS) protocol.

Major functions of AAA Server

▪​ Authentication associated with PPP and mobile IP connections

▪​ Authorization (service profile and security key distribution and
management)
CDMA 2000 System Architecture ▪​ Accounting

Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) Home Agent

​​ ​ ​ The Home Agent (HA) is the third major component
●​ Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) is an essential element in the
to the CDMA2000 packet data service network and should be compliant
treatment of packet data services that will be offered, and its location
with IS-835, which is relevant to the HA functionality within a wireless
in the CDMA2000 network.
network.
●​ The purpose of the PDSN is to support packet data services. The
overall capacity of the PDSN is determined by both the throughput Major Functions performed by HA
and the number of PPP sessions that are being served.
▪​ Tracking the location of mobile IP
Major Functions performed by PDSN:
Router
▪​ Establishes, maintains, and terminates Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
sessions with the subscriber. ▪​ The router is responsible for sending and receiving
▪​ Supports both Simple and Mobile IP packet services packets to and from the internal network to the offnet
▪​ Establishes, maintains, and terminates the logical links to the Radio platforms.
Network (RN) across the radio-packet (R-P) interface. ▪​ A firewall is also needed to ensure that security is
▪​ Initiates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for maintained when connecting to offnet data applications.
the mobile station client to the AAA server.
▪​ Receives service parameters for the mobile client from the AAA Major functions performed by Router
server.
▪​ Routes packets to and from the external packet data networks.
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▪​ Routing packets to and from the various ▪​ The Walsh codes required.
network elements within a CDMA2000.
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
▪​ The HLR used in existing IS-95 networks ▪​ The BSC is responsible for controlling all the B TSS under its
needs to store additional subscriber domain. The BSC routes packets to and from the BTSs to the PDSN.
information associated with the introduction ▪​ In addition, the BSC routes Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
of packet data services. traffic to the circuit switched platforms and it routes packet data to
▪​ The HLR performs the same role for packet the PDSN.
services as it currently does for voice
services in that it stores the subscriber Network Structure
packet data service options and terminal ▪​ The network structure for a CDMA2000 system that supports 2.5G
capabilities along with the traditional voice and 3G has all the traditional voice elements associated with 2G
platform needs. wireless voice systems.
▪​ The service information from the HLR is ▪​ The packet network is often called the IP network, the IP access
downloaded in the Visitor Location Register network, or the carrier IP network.
(VLR) of the associated network switch, The three main variants in configuring a CDMA2000
during the successful registration process. network are as follows:
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 1.​ Distributed
2.​ Regional
▪​ BTS is responsible for allocating resources and
3.​ Centralized
both power and Walsh codes for consumption by
the subscribers. Selection of Varients is based on:

▪​ BTS also has the physical radio equipment that is ▪​ Services supported
▪​ Traffic volume
used for transmitting and receiving the CDMA2000
▪​ Location of PDSN
signals.
▪​ Commercial interconnection agreements
▪​ BTS controls the interface between the CDMA2000 ▪​ Network reliability and availability
1.​ Distributed
network and the subscriber unit.
▪​ The distributed network is ideal for a wireless company that has
Physical and logical resources only a few markets that are geographically disbursed. Distributed
network is illustrated in figure.
▪​ The Fundamental Channels (FCHs) (the number of ▪​ The advantages of a distributed network lie in its simple
physical resources available) implementation. The distributed architecture can also be folded at a
▪​ The FCH forward power (the power already later time into a regional or centralized approach.
allocated and that which is available)
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configuration also enables the segregation of different vendor

platforms from each other.

▪​ The disadvantage of using a regional configuration is that the

networks may not be designed and managed the same way, leading
to the classic issue of two networks run by the same company but
having different design goals and performance.

3.​ Centralized​
Distributed Network
▪​ The centralized approach, as the name implies, facilitates the
​ ​ The disadvantage with the distributed approach lies in the management of various markets and systems from a centralized
issue of duplication and the lack of economies of scale for implementing location as shown in figure.
and operating the network.
2.​ Regional
​ ​ The advantage of the regional approach lies in the fact
that it enables some economies of scale while at the same realizes the
difficulty of managing segmented markets effectively from one localized
point.

Centralized Network
▪​ The centralized approach could also be migrated easily from a
regional structure-based system.
▪​ The chief disadvantage is that with the centralized approach local
market flexibility is lost. In addition, the backbone transport size
Regional Network may become unwieldy because much of the traffic transported is
destined for the Internet and it would be better to terminate it locally.

▪​ The configuration also enables expansion and service introductions

to be expedited and uniform for the region. The regional 3.6 RADIO NETWORK STRUCTURE

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●​ The CDMA2000 radio network for phase 1 implementation, also ​ Pilot signal, to enable coherent demodulation for the reverse link
called CDMA2000 IxRTT, is the same as that defined for ​ Hybrid Phase Shift (HPS) keying spreading in the reverse link
IS-95/J-STD-008 systems where the channel bandwidth is 1.25
MHz. CDMA Channel Allocation
●​ CDMA2000 introduces several new channel types for the radio ​ ​ The CDMA2000 channel allocations, just as with IS-95,
access scheme. The new channel types are implemented in both the have preferred locations and methods for deploying which are envisioned
IxRTT and 3xRTT schemes and are introduced to support at this time to help facilitate the migration from 1X to 3X in the future.
high-speed data as well as enhanced paging functions.
Forward Channel
●​ To accomplish the higher data rates, CDMA2000 uses a
combination of expanded Walsh codes along with modulation and ●​ The forward link for a CDMA2000 channel, whether for IX or 3X
vocoder changes. implementation, utilizes the structure shown in Figure.
Radio Channel bandwidth is shown in figure ●​ Each CDMA2000 user is assigned a forward traffic channel that
consists of the following combinations. An important point to note is
that F-FCHs are used for voice, while F-SCHs are for data.

Radio Channel Bandwidth

The CDMA2000 radio access scheme has several enhancements Forward CDMA channel transmitted by base station
over the existing IS-95 systems and they are as follows:
Forward link: ●​ 1 Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH)
●​ 0-7 Forward Supplemental Code
​ Fast power control
Channels (F-SCHs) for both RCI and
​ Quadrature Phase Shift (QPS) keying modulation, rather than dual
RC2
Binary Phase Shift (BPS) keying
Reverse link:
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●​ 0-2 Forward Supplemental Code ●​ The reverse link or channel for CDMA2000 has many similar
Channels (F-SCHs) for both RC3 properties as the forward link and therefore differs significantly
and RC9 from that used in IS-95.
The CDMA2000 channel utilizes different modulation ●​ One of the major differences or rather enhancements to CDMA2000
schemes depending on the radio configuration that is employed. over IS-95 is the inclusion of a pilot on the reverse link.
●​ The minimum configuration consists of a Reverse Pilot (R-Pilot)
The modulation scheme used for RC1 and RC2 is Binary channel to enable the base station to perform synchronous detection
Phase Shift Keying(BPSK), while Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and a Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) for voice.
(QPSK) is used for RC3RC9 ●​ The inclusion of additional channels, such as the Reverse
Forward Supplemental Each F-SCH assigned can be assigned Supplemental Channels (R-SCHs) and the Reverse Dedicated
Channel (F-SCII) at different rates. Control Channel (R-DCCH) can be used to send data or signaling
Up to two F-SCHs can be assigned to information.
a single mobile for high- speed data
Reverse Link channel Descriptions
ranging from 9.6K to 153.6K in
release 0 and 307.2 Kbps and 614.4 Reverse Supplemental When data rates are greater than 9.6K, a
Kbps in release Channel (R-SCH) R-SCH is required and also a R-FCH is also
assigned for power control.
Forward Quick Paging The quick paging channel enables the
Channel (F-QPCH) mobile battery life extension by A total of one or two R-SCHs can be assigned
reducing the amount of time the per mobile.
mobile spends parsing pages that are Reverse Pilot Channel The R-PICH provides pilot and power control
not meant for it. (R-PICH) information.
This replaces the dim and burst and The R-PICH enables the mobile to transmit at
the blank and burst. It is used for a lower power level and allows the mobile to
Forward Dedicated Control messaging and control for data calls. inform the base station of the forward power
Channel (F-DCCH) ​ levels being received, enabling the base
station to reduce power.
Forward Transmit
Diversity Pilot Channel This is used to increase RF capacity.
Reverse Common Control Used by mobiles to send their data information
(F-TDPICH)
Channel (R-CCCH) after they have been granted access.
Forward Common Control This is used to send paging, data
Channel (F-CCCH). messages, or signaling messages SR and RC
●​ CDMA2000 defines two spreading rates, referred to as spreading
Forward Channel Descriptions:
rate 1 (SR1) and spreading rate 3 (SR3).
Reverse Channel
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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

●​ The SR1 spreading rate is utilized for IS- 95A/B and CDMA2000 ●​ All channel requests are allocated from the same Walsh code pool
phase l, 1xRTT implementations, whereas SR3 is destined for on a per sector basis.
CDMA2000 Phase 2,3xRTT. 3.6​TD-CDMA
Power Control ●​ TD-CDMA is part of the UMTS standard for the 3rd generation of
mobile communications (3G), TD-CDMA, an acronym for
●​ Power control is a major enhancement of CDMA2000 over Time-division-Code division multiple access, is a channel access
IS-95, which enables higher data rates. method based on using spread spectrum multiple access (CDMA)
●​ The primary power control enhancement is with the fast-forward across multiple time slots (TDMA)
link power control.​ ●​ TD-CDMA is the channel access method for UTRA-TDD IICR,
●​ Enabling better power control of both the forward and reverse which is an acronym for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access-Time
links has several advantages: Division Duplex High Chip Rate.
●​ System capacity is enhanced or optimized. UTRA-TDD - High Chip Rate (NCR)
●​ Mobile battery life is extended. ●​ UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access
technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses
●​ Quality of Service (QoS) at various bit rates can be increments of5 MHz of spectrum, each slice divided into 10 ms
maintained. frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second).
●​ The reverse power link, an outer loop power control process ●​ The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink
dynamically adjusts the target Energy per bit per Noise Ratio and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to
(Eb/No). multiple transceivers.
●​ Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate frequency bands for up-
●​ It is done by measuring the FER with a target FER, and if the and downstream, allowing deployment in tight frequency bands.
FER is greater than the target, it is instructed to power up. If it is ●​ TD-CDMA is a part of IMT 2000 defined as IMT TD Time Division
below the target FER, it is instructed to power down. (IMT CDMA TDD), and is one of the three UMTS air interfaces
Walsh Codes (UTRAs),as standardized by the 3GPP in UTRA-TDD HCR.
●​ CDMA2000 introduces an increase in the number of Walsh codes, UTRA-TDD HCR is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the
from 64 with IS-95 to a total of 256 with 3XRTT. same types of channels where possible. UMTS's HSDPA/HSUPA
enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA.
●​ As with IS-95, CDMA2000 utilizes PN long codes for both the
forward and reverse directions.
UTRA-TDD - Low Chip Rate (LCR)
●​ However, in CDMA2000, the introduction of variable-length Walsh Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
codes is introduced to accommodate fast-packet data rates. (TD-SCDMA) Or UTRA TDD 1.28 mcps low chip rate (UTRA-TDD
●​ The shorter Walsh codes inhibit the use of longer Walsh codes LCR) is an air interface found in UMTS mobile telecommunications
because of the orthogonality required. networks in China as an alternative to W-CDM.

3.7 TD-SCDMA
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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

●​ TD-SCDMA is a much less well-known 3G standard proposed by Frame format

China as a possible LMT-2000 candidate submitted to ITU in
1998. ​ ​ The four-layered frame hierarchy in TD-SCDMA standard.
●​ China Academy of Telecommunication Technology (CATT) has TS: time slot; DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot; UpPTS: uplink time
been playing an important role in the TD-SCDMA proposal, and slot; G/g: guard period. TSO is reserved for downlink and TSI is for
later in system architecture design and development. The first uplink only; while the remaining time slots (TS2 to TS6) can form two
TDSCDMA mobile-to-mobile call was successfully made in Beijing
groups, the first group (which can consist of 0 slot) is for uplink and the
by CATT in May 2001.
second group is for downlink in order to suit a particular traffic
●​ The time schedule for its formal service launch is very tight, which
was initially planned between 2002 to 2003, but delayed many times requirement.
until the present. ●​ The frame structure of TD-SCDMA is shown in Figure 3.21,
●​ At the moment, CATT is seeking foreign partners to develop where the hierarchy of four different layers of the frame
TD-SCDMA systems jointly, including mobile handsets, base structure, super frame, radio frame, subframe and time slot, are
stations and networking solutions. depicted.
●​ The calls have attracted very positive responses and many foreign
●​ A subframe (5 ms) consists of seven normal time slots and three
firms have expressed a strong interest in being involved with the
special time slots, where TSO is reserved for downlink and TSI
TD-SCDMÅ Forum, which consists of about 210 members
is for uplink only; whereas the remaining time slots (TS2 to TS6)
worldwide, including many major telecommunication end equipment
should form two groups; the first group (whose size can vary
suppliers, such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and so on.
from 0 to 5) is for uplink and the second group (whose size can
Frame Structure vary from 5 to 0) is for downlink. The other three special time
slots are the downlink pilot (DwPTS), guard period (GP) and
​ ​ TD-SCDMA combines both TDMA and CDMA techniques uplink pilot (UpPTS) respectively. DwPTS and UpPTS are used
in one system, and the channelization in TD-SCDMA is performed by as SCH (Synchronization Channel) for downlink and uplink
respectively, which should be encoded by different PN codes
both time slots and signature codes to differentiate mobile terminals in a
to distinguish different base stations and mobiles respectively.
cell.
●​ A time slot can exactly fit a burst, which consists of two data
parts separated by midamble part and followed by a guard period
Smart Antenna
●​ Smart antenna techniques have been integrated into the TD-SCDMA
standard as they are an indispensable part of the standard
●​ A smart antenna system is composed of an array of multiple antenna
elements and coherent transceivers with an advanced digital signal
processing unit.

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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

●​ Instead of a single fixed beam pattern from a traditional antenna, the ●​ In such a scenario, a common clock source is needed to maintain the
smart antenna can dynamically generate multiple beam patterns, intercell synchronization. The synchronization between base stations
each of which is pointed to a particular mobile; such beam patterns and between cells is very important for the TDD mode to avoid
can adapt to follow any mobile adaptively. interferences from nearby cells.
●​ In the TD-SCDMA standard there are several possible ways to
●​ As a result, cochannel interference can be greatly reduced to achieve the synchronous transmission among neighboring cells.
enhance reception sensitivity, and therefore the capacity of the ▪​ The first way is to achieve the synchronization via
whole system.It can also effectively incorporate multipath the air interface, in which a special burst, Network Synchronous
components to combat multipath fading. The 5 ms subframe Burst, is employed. This burst should be sent on a predetermined
structure in TD-SCDMA is designed for the application of the smart time slot at regular intervals. The base stations involved should
antenna. adjust their respective downlink signals timing in accordance with
Adaptive Beam Patterns the network synchronous bursts.
▪​ The second alternative way is to use other cell's
●​ The use of different beam patterns for different transport channels in DwPTS as a timing basis for the synchronous transmissions of base
the TD-SCDMA system can effectively increase the utilization stations involved.
efficiency of transmission power from base stations and reduce ▪​ Yet another way is to simply use a GPS as a common
cochannel interference in the cell, which contributes to the increase clock to synchronize the base stations.
of cell capacity.
●​ It is likely that the first generation TD-SCDMA network will work
on a GPS in order to achieve the intercell synchronization to let the
●​ The introduction of beam-forming in all receiving channels can also
base stations have the same timing reference for transmitting and
facilitate mobile location positioning, based on the numerous new
receiving. The accuracy for such intercell synchronization is
services (otherwise impossible) that can be added in a mobile
required at about 5 ps.
cellular system.

Intercell Synchronization

●​ The TD-SCDMA standard adopts a technique used to achieve

synchronization among neighboring base stations in order to
optimize system capacity and to perform cell search in a handover
procedure.
●​ A typical example for such a need is a scenario for coordinated
operations with overlapping coverage areas of the cells, or there is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
contiguous coverage for a certain area. In fact, a TDD system
requires such intercell synchronization, especially in the handover High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G
procedure, where a mobile will communicate with two or three base (third-generation) mobile communications protocol in the High-Speed
stations simultaneously. Packet Access (HSPA) family. HSDPA is also known as 3.5G and 3G+. It

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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

allows networks based on the Universal Mobile Telecommunications by adding 64QAM modulation, MIMO, and Dual-Carrier HSDPA
System (UMTS) to have higher data speeds and capacity. operation. Under 3GPP Release 11, even higher speeds of up to
337.5 Mbit/s were possible.[3]

The first phase of HSDPA was specified in 3GPP Release 5. This phase
introduced new basic functions and was aimed to achieve peak data rates of
14.0 Mbit/s with significantly reduced latency. The improvement in speed
and latency reduced the cost per bit and enhanced support for
high-performance packet data applications. HSDPA is based on shared
channel transmission, and its key features are shared channel and
multi-code transmission, higher-order modulation, short Transmission Time
Interval (TTI), fast link adaptation and scheduling, and fast hybrid
automatic repeat request (HARQ). Additional new features include the High
Speed Downlink Shared Channels (HS-DSCH), quadrature phase-shift
keying, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation, and the High Speed Medium
Access protocol (MAC-hs) in base stations.

The upgrade to HSDPA is often just a software update for WCDMA

networks. In HSDPA, voice calls are usually prioritized over data transfer.

User equipment categories

Cellular
network standards and generation timeline

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G

(third-generation) mobile communications protocol in the High-Speed
Packet Access (HSPA) family. HSDPA is also known as 3.5G and 3G+. It
allows networks based on the Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) to have higher data speeds and capacity. HSDPA also
decreases latency, and therefore the round-trip time for applications.

HSDPA was introduced in 3GPP Release 5. It was accompanied by an

The following table is derived from table 5.1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS
improvement to the uplink that provided a new bearer of 384 kbit/s (the
25.306[4] and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by
previous maximum bearer was 128 kbit/s). Evolved High Speed Packet
what combination of features they are achieved. The per-cell, per-stream
Access (HSPA+), introduced in 3GPP Release 7, further increased data rates
data rate is limited by the "maximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH
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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTI" and the "minimum conditions. The device is therefore connected directly to the transmitter to
inter-TTI interval". The TTI is 2 milliseconds. So, for example, Cat 10 can demonstrate these data rates.
decode 27,952 bits / 2 ms = 13.976 Mbit/s (and not 14.4 Mbit/s as often
claimed incorrectly). Categories 1-4 and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3.​  The maximum data rates given in the table are physical layer
3, which reduces the maximum data rate by that factor. Dual-Cell and data rates. Application layer data rate is approximately 85% of that,
MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple due to the inclusion of IP headers (overhead information) etc.
independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or
spatial streams, respectively. The data rates given in the table are rounded to Adoption
one decimal point.

HSDPA User Equipment (UE) categories

Further UE categories were defined from 3GGP Release 7 onwards as

Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) and are listed in Evolved HSDPA UE Categories.

GPRS-speed in a HSDPA plan

As of 28 August 2009, 250 HSDPA networks had commercially launched

mobile broadband services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks
supported 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data throughput, and a growing number
delivered 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink.[citation needed]

Notes CDMA2000-EVDO networks had the early lead on performance. In

particular, Japanese providers were highly successful benchmarks for this
1.​ network standard. However, this later changed in favor of HSDPA, as an
increasing number of providers worldwide began adopting it.
 16-QAM implies QPSK support, 64-QAM implies 16-QAM and QPSK
support. In 2007, an increasing number of telcos worldwide began selling HSDPA
  The maximal code rate is not limited. A value close to 1 in this USB modems to provide mobile broadband connections. In addition, the
column indicates that the maximum data rate can be achieved only in ideal popularity of HSDPA landline replacement boxes grew—these provided
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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

HSDPA for data via Ethernet and Wi-Fi, as well as ports for connecting retransmissions more effective. Similar to HSDPA, HSUPA uses a "packet
traditional landline telephones. Some were marketed with connection scheduler", but it operates on a "request-grant" principle where the user
speeds of "up to 7.2 Mbit/s"[5] under ideal conditions. However, these equipment (UE) requests permission to send data and the scheduler decides
services could be slower, such as when in fringe coverage indoors. when and how many UEs will be allowed to do so. A request for
transmission contains data about the state of the transmission buffer and the
queue at the UE and its available power margin. However, unlike HSDPA,
uplink transmissions are not orthogonal to each other.
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
In addition to this "scheduled" mode of transmission, the standards allow a
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a 3G mobile telephony self-initiated transmission mode from the UEs, denoted "non-scheduled".
protocol in the HSPA family. It is specified and standardized in 3GPP The non-scheduled mode can, for example, be used for VoIP services for
Release 6 to improve the uplink data rate to 5.76 Mbit/s, extend capacity, which even the reduced TTI and the Node B based scheduler are unable to
and reduce latency. Together with additional improvements, this allows for provide the necessary short delay time and constant bandwidth.
new features such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), uploading
pictures, and sending large e-mail messages. Each MAC-d flow (i.e., QoS flow) is configured to use either scheduled or
non-scheduled modes. The UE adjusts the data rate for scheduled and
HSUPA was the second major step in the UMTS evolution process. It has non-scheduled flows independently. The maximum data rate of each
since been superseded by newer technologies with higher transfer rates, non-scheduled flow is configured at call setup, and typically not frequently
such as LTE (150 Mbit/s for downlink and 50 Mbit/s for uplink) and LTE changed. The power used by the scheduled flows is controlled dynamically
Advanced (maximum downlink rates of over 1 Gbit/s). by the Node B through absolute grant (consisting of an actual value) and
relative grant (consisting of a single up/down bit) messages.

Technology

HSUPA adds a new transport channel to WCDMA, called the Enhanced At the physical layer, HSUPA introduces the following new channels:
Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). It also features several improvements similar
to those of HSDPA, including multi-code transmission, shorter transmission ●​ E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel)
time interval enabling faster link adaptation, fast scheduling, and fast hybrid ●​ E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel)
automatic repeat request (HARQ) with incremental redundancy, making ●​ F-DPCH (Fractional-DPCH)
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EC2V51 Wireless Broadband Networks Unit III 3G EVOLUTIONS

●​ E-HICH (E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)

●​ E-DPCCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel) – carries
the control information associated with the E-DCH Transport
Channel
●​ E-DPDCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel) – carries the
E-DCH Transport Channel

24