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Equilibrium and Elasticity 3

The document covers the concepts of elasticity, including stress, strain, and the various moduli (Young's, shear, and bulk) related to tension, compression, shearing, and hydraulic stress. It explains the difference between yield strength and ultimate strength, and discusses the implications of elasticity in practical scenarios, such as balancing a wobbly table. Additionally, it includes learning objectives and an assignment related to the material.

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20 views16 pages

Equilibrium and Elasticity 3

The document covers the concepts of elasticity, including stress, strain, and the various moduli (Young's, shear, and bulk) related to tension, compression, shearing, and hydraulic stress. It explains the difference between yield strength and ultimate strength, and discusses the implications of elasticity in practical scenarios, such as balancing a wobbly table. Additionally, it includes learning objectives and an assignment related to the material.

Uploaded by

jadesimichukwuebuka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5-2 Elasticity

Learning Objectives
12.07 Explain what an 12.10 For shearing, apply the
indeterminate situation is. equation that relates stress
to strain and the shear
12.08 For tension and
modulus.
compression, apply the
equation that relates stress 12.11 For hydraulic stress,
to strain and Young's apply the equation that
modulus. relates fluid pressure to
strain and the bulk modulus.
12.09 Distinguish between
yield strength and ultimate
strength.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


5-2 Elasticity

● For problems in the xy plane we have 3 independent


equations (2 involving forces, and 1 involving torques)
● Therefore we can solve for 3 unknowns
● If we have more unknown forces, we cannot solve for
them and the situation is indeterminate
● (e.g. a+b+c=12; 2a+3b-c=13. Find a, b, and c!)

● This assumes that bodies are rigid and do not deform


(there are no such bodies)
● With some knowledge of elasticity, we can generate
new equations and solve more problems
(e.g. 2a+b=10)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


12-2 Elasticity

Answer: (d)
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Elasticity

● All rigid bodies are partially elastic, meaning we can


change their dimensions by applying forces
● A stress, deforming force per unit area, produces a
strain, or unit deformation
● There are 3 main types of stress:
o Tensile (a), Shearing (b), Hydraulic (c)

Figure 12-11
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Elasticity

● Stress and strain are proportional in the elastic range


● Related by the modulus of elasticity:
Eq.
(12-22)
● As stress increases, eventually a yield strength is
reached and the material deforms permanently
● At the ultimate strength,
the material breaks

Figure 12-13

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


5-2 Elasticity

● In simple tension/compression, stress is F/A


● The strain is the dimensionless quantity ΔL/L
● Young's modulus, E, used for tension/compression

Eq.
(12-23)

● Note that many materials have very different tensile


and compressive strengths, despite the same
modulus being used for both
● E.g., concrete: high compressive strength, very low
tensile strength
● Elasticity of de-oxygenated red blood cells is a critical
issue in Sickle Cell Anaemia disease.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Elasticity

● Strain can be measured by a strain gauge


● Placed on the material, it becomes subject to the
same strain
● Strain can be read out as a change in electrical
resistance, for strains up to 3%

Figure
12-14
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Elasticity

● Shear modulus, G, used for shearing

Eq.
(12-24)

● Δx is along a different axis than L


● Bulk modulus, B, used for hydraulic compression
Eq.
(12-25)
● Relates pressure to volume change (isotropic, within fluids)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


5-2 Elasticity

● The table shows some elastic properties for common


materials, for comparison purposes

Table
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-1
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Elasticity

Example Balancing a wobbly table


o Three legs of 1.00 m, a fourth longer by 0.50 mm
o Compressed by M = 290 kg so all four legs are compressed
but not buckled and the table does not wobble
o Legs are wooden cylinders with area A = 1.0 sq cm
o E = 1.3 x 1010 N/m2
o The 3 shorter legs must compress the same amount, the
longer leg compresses more
o Write length comparison, use the stress-strain equation, and
approximate all legs to be length L

Eq.
(12-27)
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Elasticity

Example Balancing a wobbly table (continued)


o Get a second equation by balancing forces
Eq.
(12-28)
o Solve the simultaneous equations to find
• F3 = 550 N
• F4 = 1200 N
o Each short leg is compressed by 0.42 mm, and the long leg is
compressed by 0.92 mm

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


5-2 Summary

Static Equilibrium Center of Gravity


● If the gravitational
Eq.
acceleration is the same for
(12-3) all elements of the body, the
cog is at the com.
Eq.
(12-5)

Elastic Moduli Tension and Compression


● Three elastic moduli ● E is Young's modulus
● Strain: fractional length change
Eq.
● Stress: force per unit area (12-23)

Eq.
(12-22)
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 Summary

Shearing Hydraulic Stress


● G is the shear modulus ● B is the bulk modulus

Eq. Eq.
(12-24) (12-25)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


ASSIGNMENT 1

Questions 1, 2, 11, 14 and 16


in Chapter 5 Lecture Set Five (pages 17-18)
of the PHY 101 General Physics I Tutorial
Sets and Workbook.

Due: 29th March, 2021


Submit by Googleclass.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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