4931_Grace College of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BE- Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Anna University Regulation: 2021

EE3271 Electric Circuits Laboratory

I Year/II Semester

Lab Manual

Prepared By,

Mrs. P.Gayathri, AP/EEE

EE3271_EC LAB
4931_Grace College of Engineering

GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MULLAKKADU, TUTICORIN

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

B.E. – Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EE3271 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY
Regulation: 2021

Prepared by HOD/EEE PRINCIPAL

P.GAYATHRI AP/EEE

EE3271_EC LAB
4931_Grace College of Engineering

GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MULLAKKADU, TUTICORIN

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

B.E. – Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EE3271 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY
Regulation: 2021

Name: ……………………………………………………………

Semester: …………………… Year: ………………………

Register No: …………………………………………………

EE3271_EC LAB
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GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MULLAKKADU, TUTICORIN

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this practical work entitled EE3271 Electric Circuits

Laboratory is the bonafide record of work done by Mr. / Ms. .............................................

................................ of II Semester in B.E. – Electrical and Electronics Engineering in

Department of Electrical and Electronics in Grace College of Engineering during the year
…………. …………. – ………. ………………

Staff In – Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the Anna University B.E. (EEE) Degree Practical Examination held at Grace

College of Engineering on ................................

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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EE3271 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY LTPC

0042
COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To simulate various electric circuits using Pspice/ Matlab/e-Sim / Scilab

 To gain practical experience on electric circuits and verification of theorems

SYLLABUS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Familiarization of various electrical components, sources and measuring instruments

1. Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel electrical circuit using fundamental
laws.

2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Thevenin’s theorem.

3. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Norton’s theorem.

4. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Superposition theorem.

5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer theorem.

6. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C,R-L and RLC electric circuit transients

7. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric circuit.

8. Design and implementation of series and parallel resonance circuit.

9. Simulation and experimental verification of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks
circuit (Power and Power factor calculations).

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:

CO1: Use simulation and experimental methods to verify the fundamental electrical laws for the given DC/AC
circuit (Ex 1)

CO2: Use simulation and experimental methods to verify the various electrical theorems (Superposition, Thevenin ,
Norton and maximum power transfer) for the given DC/AC circuit (Ex 2-5)

CO3: Analyze transient behavior of the given RL/RC/RLC circuit using simulation and experimental methods (Ex
6)

CO4: Analyze frequency response of the given series and parallel RLC circuit using simulation and
experimentation methods (Ex 7-8)

CO5: Analyze the performance of the given three-phase circuit using simulation and experimental methods (Ex 9)

EE3271_EC LAB
4931_Grace College of Engineering

EE3271 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY LTPC

0042
COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To simulate various electric circuits using Pspice/ Matlab/e-Sim / Scilab

 To gain practical experience on electric circuits and verification of theorems

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Familiarization of various electrical components, sources and measuring instruments

CYCLE – I
1. Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel electrical circuit using fundamental
laws.

2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Thevenin’s theorem.

3. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Norton’s theorem.

4. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Superposition theorem.

5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer theorem.

CYCLE - II
6. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C, R-L and RLC electric circuit transients

7. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric circuit.

8. Design and implementation of series and parallel resonance circuit.

9. Simulation and experimental verification of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks
circuit (Power and Power factor calculations).

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:

CO1: Use simulation and experimental methods to verify the fundamental electrical laws for the given DC/AC
circuit (Ex 1)
CO2: Use simulation and experimental methods to verify the various electrical theorems (Superposition, Thevenin ,
Norton and maximum power transfer) for the given DC/AC circuit (Ex 2-5)
CO3: Analyze transient behavior of the given RL/RC/RLC circuit using simulation and experimental methods (Ex
6)
CO4: Analyze frequency response of the given series and parallel RLC circuit using simulation and
experimentation methods (Ex 7-8)
CO5: Analyze the performance of the given three-phase circuit using simulation and experimental methods (Ex 9)

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INDEX

S. PAGE NO.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.

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INDEX

S. PAGE NO.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.

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EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SERIES AND
PARALLEL ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT USING FUNDAMENTAL LAWS.

AIM:
To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s current law (ii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS

2 Resistor

3 Ammeter

4 Voltmeter

5 Bread board

6 Connecting wires

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Matlab 7.1

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

THEORY:
The law states, “The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to sum of
the currents leaving the same node”. Alternatively, the algebraic sum of currents
at a node is equal to zero.
The term node means a common point where the different elements are
connected. Assume negative sign for leaving current and positive sign for entering
current.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)

THEORETICAL CALCULATION
S.No. V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of branch currents I 1, I2 and I3.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values
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FORMULA:

∑ Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node

I1 = I2 + I3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. V V1 V2 V3 V =V1+
V2
Volt Volt Volt Volt
s s s s +V3
Volts

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW: THEORY:

The law states, “The algebraic sum of the voltages in a closed circuit/mesh is
zero”.
The voltage rise is taken as positive and the voltage drop is taken as negative.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.

3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.

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4. Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across resistors R1,
R2 and R3 respectively.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.

FORMULA:

∑ Voltages in a closed loop = 0

V-V1-V2-V3 = 0

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

S.No. V V1 V2 V2 V =V1+ V2 + V3
Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.

MODEL CALCULATION:

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SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage laws are verified.

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EXP.NO:
DATE:

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL

CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No no Name of the Components / Type/Range Quantity required

Equipment
1 Resistor
2 Dc power supply
3 Voltmeter
4 Ammeter
5 Wires
6 Bread board

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Matlab 7.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

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TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:

TO FIND Vth:

TO FIND Rth:

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THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
STATEMENT:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors, can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network
consisting of an independent voltage source in series with a resistor. The value of
voltage source is equivalent to the open circuit voltage (V th) across two terminals of the
network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (R th) measured
between the terminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.

Circuit
Vth

Rth

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

OBSERVATION TABLE

Vth Current through

Rth
(Volts) Load Resistance
S. ( Ω)
IL(mA)
No Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical
Vdc
Value Value Value Value Value Value

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PROCEDURE:

1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure the current through RL in the ammeter.
3. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL.
4. Connect a voltmeter across AB and measure the open circuit voltage Vth.
5. To find Rth, replace the voltage source by short circuit.
6. Give connections as per the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
7. Measure the current through load resistance in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
8. Verify Thevenin’s theorem by comparing the measured currents in Thevenin’s
Equivalent circuit with the values calculated theoretically.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.

SIMULATION:
TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:

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TO FIND Vth:

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.

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EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING NORTON’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Norton’s theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No no Name of the Components / Type/Range Quantity required
Equipment
1 Resistor
2 Dc power supply
3 Voltmeter
4 Ammeter
5 Wires
6 Bread board
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Matlab 7.1

NORTON’S THEOREM STATEMENT:

Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors, can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network
consisting of an independent current source in parallel with a resistor. The value of the
current source is the short circuit current (I N) between the two terminals of the
network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (RN) measured
between the terminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NORTON’S THEOREM:

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

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TO FIND NORTON’S RESISTANCE:

NORTON’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

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Circuit
IN RN

PROCEDURE:

1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure the current through RL in ammeter.
3. Short circuit A and B through an ammeter.
4. Measure the Norton current in the ammeter.
5. Find out the Norton’s Resistance viewed from the output terminals.
6. Give connections as per the Norton’s Equivalent circuit.
7. Measure the current through RL.
8. Verify Norton’s theorem by comparing currents in RL directly and that
obtained with the equivalent circuit.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.

MODEL CALCULATION:

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TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

RESULT:

Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified.

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EXP.NO:
DATE:

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL

CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM:
To verify superposition theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Components /

Type/Range Quantity required
Equipment
1 Resistor
2 Dc power supply
3 Voltmeter
4 Ammeter
5 Wires
6 Bread board

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
STATEMENT:
In any linear, bilateral network energized by two or more sources, the
total response is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone while the other sources are replaced by their
internal resistances.
To replace the other sources by their internal resistances, the voltage
sources are short- circuited and the current sources open- circuited.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V2 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Experimental Values:
Theoretical Values:
V1 V2 I3 V1 V2 I3
(Volts) (Volts) (mA) (Volts) (Volts) (mA)

MODEL CALCULATION:

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FORMULAE :

I3’ + I3’’ = I3

PROCEDURE :

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 1.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Note the readings of three Ammeters.
4. One of the voltage source V1 is connected and the other voltage source V2 is
short circuited as given in Fig.2.
5. Note the three ammeter readings.
6. Now short circuit the voltage source V1 and connect the voltage source V2 as
given in the circuit diagram of Fig. 3.
7. Note the three ammeter readings.
8. Algebraically add the currents in steps (5) and (7) above to compare with the
current in step (3) to verify the theorem.
9. Verify with theoretical values.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.

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SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V2 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

Practical:

S.No. I3 I3’ I3’’ I3= I3’ +I3’’

(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

Theoretical:
S.No. I3 I3’ I3’’ I3= I3’ +I3’’
(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

RESULT:
Thus the Superposition theorem was verified.

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EXP.NO:
DATE:

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

THEOREM
AIM:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Components /

Type/Range Quantity required
Equipment
1 Resistor
2 Dc power supply
3 Voltmeter
4 Ammeter
5 Wires
6 Bread board

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: THEORY:

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that maximum power is
delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to source
resistance.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. RL (kΩ) IL (mA) P = I2RL (mW)

Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical
Value Value Value Value

MODEL CALCULATION:

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SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Find the Load current for the minimum position of the Rheostat theoretically.
2. Select the ammeter Range.
3. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
4. Measure the load current by gradually increasing RL .
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Calculate the power delivered in RL.
7. Plot the curve between RL and power.
8. Check whether the power is maximum at a value of load resistance that equals
source resistance.
9. Verify the maximum power transfer theorem.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.

RESULT:

Thus the Maximum power transfer theorem was verified.

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EXP NO. :
DATE :

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF R-C ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

TRANSIENTS
AIM:

To find the time constant of series R-C electric circuits

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

PSpice Lite

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

Components/Equipment required
1 Resistor 100 Ώ 1
2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
4 Decade capacitance box - 1
5 Wires Single strand Few nos
6 Bread board 1

THEORY:

RC CIRCUIT:

Consider a series RC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially.

There is no charge on condenser and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is
closed.
Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so
current at the time of switching is high. The voltage across capacitor is zero at t= 0 + as
capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the current is maximum given by,
i = V/R Amps
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RC TRANSIENT:

MODEL GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Frequency Time Voltage across the

(Hz) (s) capacitor VC
(v)

MODEL CALCULATION:

This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.

The term RC in equation of VC or IC is called Time constant and denoted by ,

measured in seconds.
When, t = RC =  then,
VC = 0.632Vin
So time constant of series RC circuit is defined as time required by the
capacitor voltage to rise from zero to 0.632 of its final steady state value during
charging.
Thus, time constant of RC circuit can be defined as time seconds, during which
voltage across capacitor (stating from zero) would reach its final steady state value if
its rate of change was maintained constant at its initial value throughout charging
period.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the frequency by using function generator.
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor .
4. Calculate the time period.
5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:

RESULT:

Thus the transient responses of RC circuit are found practically.

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EXP NO.:

DATE :

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE

OF RLC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

AIM:

To simulate and find the frequency response of RLC electric circuits.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

PSpice Lite

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

Components/Equipment required
1 Resistor 1000 Ώ 1
2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
4 Decade capacitance box - 1
5 Decade Inductance box - 1
6 Wires Single strand Few nos
7 Bread board 1

THEORY:

RLC CIRCUIT:

Consider a series RLC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially.
There is no charge on condenser and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is
closed.
Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so
current at the time of switching is high. The voltage across capacitor is zero at t= 0+ as
capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the current is maximum given by,
i = V/R Amps

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SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

Case (i):

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Frequency Tim Voltage across

(Hz) e (s) the capacitor VC
(v)

This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Vary the frequency by using function generator
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor

4. Calculate the time period

5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.

Case (ii):

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Case (iii):

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the transient responses of RLC circuit are found practically.

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EXP NO.:
DATE :
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT

AIM:

To plot the current Vs frequencies graph of series resonant circuits and hence
measure their bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

PSpice 9.1 Lite

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity

Components/Equipment required
1 Function Generator - - 1
2 Resistor - 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box - - 1
5 Ammeter MI (0-30) mA 1
6 Connecting Wires Single - Few nos
strand

THEORY:

A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I

are in phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex
impedance of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is
maximum. Since V and I are in phase, the power factor is unity.

The complex impedance

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Z = R + j (XL – XC)
Where XL = 
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SERIES RESONANCE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Current in mA

MODEL CALCULATION:

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PSpice SIMULATION:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

MATLAB SIMULATION:

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XC = 1/C
At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R
BANDWIDTH OF A RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between

two points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414
of the maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity
of the circuit.
As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f2 – f1. f1 is the
lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.
Q - FACTOR:

In the case of a RLC series circuit, Q-factor is defined as the voltage

magnification in the circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. I o= V/R.
The applied voltage V = IoR
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivity of tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large
inductance, not of smaller ohmic resistance.

Q = L / R
FORMULAE USED:

1
Resonant frequency fr = Hz
2 LC

Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1
fr
Quality Factor =

BW

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding meter reading.
3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth,
resonant frequency and Q factor.
MODEL GRAPH FOR SERIES RESONANCE
Current in mA

Imax
A B

0.707Imax

f1 fr f2

Frequency in Hz

PLOT OF MAGNITUDE & PHASE ANGLE OF CURRENT FOR VARIOUS

FREQUENCIES:

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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model or PSpice CAPTURE project.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
3. Debug and run the circuit.
4. By double clicking the power gui plot the value of current for the different
values of frequencies (for MATLAB Simulink).
5. For PSpice CAPTURE run the model create simulation profile and run the
model.

RESULT:

Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of series resonant circuits were plotted
and the bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(a) Series resonance
Resonant frequency =
Bandwidth =
Q- Factor =

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EXP NO. :
DATE :
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS

AIM:
To plot the magnitude & phase angle of current for various frequencies for the
given RLC parallel circuit.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

Matlab 7.1 or PSpice 9.1 Lite

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity

Components/Equipment required

1 Function Generator - - 1
2 Resistor - 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box - - 1
5 Ammeter MI (0-30) mA 1
6 Connecting Wires Single - Few nos
strand

THEORY:
A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I are in
phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex
impedance of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is
maximum. Since V and I are in phase, the power factor is unity.

The complex impedance

Z = R + j (XL – XC)
Where XL = L
XC = 1/C
At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Frequency in Output

MODEL GRAPH FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:

Current in mA

Imin

fr
Frequency in Hz
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PSpice SIMULATION:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

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BANDWIDTH OF A RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between

two points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414
of the maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity
of the circuit. As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f 2 – f1. f1 is
the lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.

Q - FACTOR:

In the case of a RLC series circuit, Q-factor is defined as the voltage

magnification in the circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. I o= V/R.
The applied voltage V = IoR
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivity of tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large
inductance, not of smaller ohmic resistance.

Q = L / R
FORMULAE USED:

1
Resonant frequency fr = Hz
2 LC
Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1

fr
Quality Factor =
BW

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding meter reading.
3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth,
resonant frequency and Q factor.

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MATLAB SIMULATION:

PLOT OF MAGNITUDE & PHASE ANGLE OF CURRENT FOR VARIOUS FREQUENCIES:

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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model or PSpice CAPTURE project.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
3. Debug and run the circuit.
4. By double clicking the power gui plot the value of current for the different
values of frequencies (for MATLAB Simulink).
5. For PSpice CAPTURE run the model create simulation profile and run the
model

RESULT:

Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of parallel resonant circuits were plotted
and the bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(a) Parallel resonance
Resonant frequency =
Bandwidth =
Q- Factor =

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EXP NO.:
DATE :

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THREE PHASE

BALANCED AND UNBALANCED STAR, DELTA NETWORKS CIRCUIT (POWER
AND POWER FACTOR CALCULATIONS).

AIM:
To simulate and do experiment on three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta
networks circuits and to calculate power and power factor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Three Phase Variable Load, Ammeters 0-10 A, MI, 2nos, Wattmeters 0-5 A, 300V,2 Nos, Voltmeter 0-
300V,MI

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1
THEORY:
BALANCED THREE- PHASE CIRCUIT:
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each
other by 120°.The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through
their respective maximum values. A balanced load is one in which the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.

POSSIBLE LOAD CONFIGURATIONS:

Four possible connections between source and load:
1. Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a Y-connected load)
2. Y-∆ connection (Y-connected source with a ∆-connected load)
3. ∆-∆ connection
4. ∆-Y connection

UNBALANCED THREE- PHASE CIRCUIT:

An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an unbalanced
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load. To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system requires that we find the
power in each phase. The total power is not simply three times the power in one phase
but the sum of the powers in the three phases.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Keep the three phase variac at its zero position .
3. Switch on the main supply.
4. Increase the voltage supplied to the circuit by changing the positions of variac so that all the meters
give readable deflection.
5. Note down readings of all the meters
FORMULA USED:
1. Total power, P=W1+W2
2. Φ = tan-1 (W1- W2)/( W1+ W2)
3. Power factor = cos Φ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULATION:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STAR CONNECTED THREE PHASE LOAD:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR DELTA CONNECTED THREE PHASE LOAD:

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MODEL CALCULATION:

SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
3 Φ BALANCED STAR CONNECTED NETWORK:

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3 Φ UNBALANCED DELTA CONNECTED NETWORK:

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RESULT:
Thus the simulation and experiment on three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta
networks circuits were done and the power and power factor are calculated.
simulated and verified.

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