+1physics - Laws. of Motion
+1physics - Laws. of Motion
CHAPTER-4
LAWS OF MOTION
iii. When a vehicle moves, the mud sticking to ❖ Unit of force →kgm/s2 or Newton (N)
its wheels flies off tangentially. ❖ Dimension → [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 −2 ]
Linear momentum or momentum(p)
Define one Newton (1N)
Momentum of a body is defined as the The absolute unit of force is Newton
product of its mass (m) and velocity (v). (N). One Newton (1N) is defined as the
i.e. P = mv or 𝑃⃗ = 𝑚𝑣 force which will produce an acceleration of
1m/s2 on a body of mass 1kg.
It is a vector quantity with unit kg m/s.
⃗
dp Weight of a body is the force with which
Mathematically, ⃗F it is attracted towards the center of earth. If
dt
‘m’ is the mass of the body and ‘g’ is the
𝑑𝑝 where k is a constant
𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 , acceleration due to gravity.
and we take k = 1
Weight W = m g.
It is a vector quantity with unit Newton (N).
𝑑𝑝
∴𝐹= Since g varies from place to place, weight
𝑑𝑡
of a body also varies from place to place.
Expression for force from second law. ● Impulsive force
According to second law of motion, ● Large force acting for a short
𝐹=
𝑑𝑝 interval of time is called impulsive
𝑑𝑡
force.
But momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑑 Eg: (1) Hitting a nail with a
𝐹= (𝑚𝑣)
𝑑𝑡 hammer
𝑑𝑣
⃗
𝐹=𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎 (2) Kicking a football
𝑑𝑡
● Impulse (I)
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Impulse of a force is the product of
the force and the time for which the
❖ Force is a vector quantity whose force acts on the body.
direction is same as that of
ie, impulse, I = force x time
acceleration.
i.e, I = F dt; where dt is the time for reduced slowly to zero. In this case, the
which the force F acts. Impulse is a time taken for the same change in
measure of the total effect of force. momentum is comparatively large. This
It is a vector quantity with unit Ns makes the impulsive force small.
● Newton's third law
Dimension → [𝑀1 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 ]
According to third law, whenever there
Impulse momentum theorem is an action, there will be an equal and
According to impulse momentum opposite reaction.
theorem, impulse is equal to change in Thus action and reaction are equal and
momentum,. opposite. But they don't cancel each
By Newton’s second law of motion, other because they act on two different
𝑑𝑝
bodies. From Newton’s third law, it is
𝐹= clear that a single isolated force does not
𝑑𝑡
dp = F dt exist.
Eg:-(1) A book lying on a table exerts a
I = dp or I = p
force equal to its weight on the table in
i.e, impulse = change in momentum the downward direction (action). The
some applications of the concept of table exerts an equal force (reaction) on
impulse the book in the upward direction.
(1) While catching a fast moving ball, a (2) When we walk, we press against the
cricketer lowers his hands. ground in backward direction by our feet
(action). The ground pushes the person
In doing so, he increases the time of
forward with an equal force (reaction).
catch. So, the change in momentum
occurs in a large interval of time. This If a body A exerts a force on B (action)
reduces the impulsive force acting on his then B will exert an equal force on A in
hands and hence injury. the opposite direction(reaction).
● Case 1
When the lift is stationary or moving up
or down with a uniform velocity (a = 0).
Force exerted by A on B (Action),
Net force acting on the body, F = R-mg
F1 = m2 a2
motion between them. Its magnitude is (b) Rolling friction: The force of friction
equal to the external force which tend to which arises when one body rolls
cause relative motion. over the surface of other.
Limiting friction (fs)max
The maximum value of static friction ● Laws of kinetic friction.
before the body just slides over the surface 1) The kinetic friction has a constant
of another body is called limiting friction. value depending on the native of the
two surfaces in contact.
● Laws of static friction
1) The limiting friction is independent of 2) The force of kinetic friction is called
the area of contact proportional to normal reaction R
2) The limiting static friction is directly fk 𝛼 R
proportional to the normal reaction. fk = k R
(fs)max 𝛼 R where k is called coefficient of kinetic
(fs)max = s R friction.
Which s is a constant called coefficient 3) The force of kinetic friction is
of static friction. independent of the area of contact
3) Force of static friction depends only on 4) The kinetic friction is independent of
the nature of surfaces in contact the relative velocities between the
Note: surfaces
The ratio of limiting value of static friction Note:
(fs)max to the normal reaction R is called 1. Kinetic friction is less than limiting
coefficient of static friction between any friction. Rolling friction is less than
two surfaces. sliding friction.
ie. Coefficient of static friction, 2. The ratio of kinetic friction fk to the
(𝑓𝑠 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
s = normal reaction R between any two
𝑅
2) Kinetic friction (fk) surfaces is called coefficient of
kinetic friction μk
The force of friction which comes into 𝑓𝑘
μk =
play when there is relative motion 𝑅
Divide the numerator and denominator of the road is0.2, what is the optimum speed
LHS by R cos of the car ? (g=9.8m/s2)
R sin fs cos (1+3+1) [Imp 2020]
R cos
+
R cos 𝑣2
we get R cos fs sin = 𝑟𝑔
−
R cos R cos Ans: Optimum Speed 𝒗𝟎= √𝐑𝐠𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝜇𝑠 𝑣2 𝑓𝑠
1−𝜇𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
=𝑟 𝑅
= 𝜇𝑠 𝑣0 = √300 × 9.8 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛150
𝑔
b) Write the equation which equate (b) Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05 kg
forces on the car along horizontal moving in opposite direction with
and vertical direction. speed 6 m/s collide and rebound with
Ans: Refer class note the same speed. What is the impulse
imparted to each ball due to the other?
(c) State the law of static friction.
(1+2) [Imp 2019]
(2+2+1) [March 2020]
Ans: Impulse= Charge in momentum
Ans: Refer class note
Impulse = 0.05 (6- (-6) ) = 0.6Ns
6) State the law of conservation of
linear momentum. 9. A light bullet is fired from a heavy
gun.
(2) [March 2020]
a) Choose the correct
Ans: Refer class note
i. Speed of the gun and the bullet are
7) The static friction comes into play at the equal.
moment the force is applied.
ii. Momenta of the bullet and gun are
(a) Write the relation between static equal in magnitude and opposite in
friction and normal reaction. direction.
Ans: F ≤ 𝜇𝑠 N or (fs)max = 𝜇 sN iii. Momenta of the gun and bullet are
(b) Determine the maximum acceleration equal in magnitude and are in the same
of the train in which a box lying on direction.
its floor will remain stationary, iv. Velocity of gun and bullet are equal.
given that the coefficient of static
a) Ans: (ii)
friction between the box and the
train's floor is 0.15. b) By using a suitable conservation
law in physics, prove your above
Ans: F = 𝜇s N
answer.
ma = 𝜇 s mg
(1+2)[March 2019]
⸫ a = 𝜇 s g = 0.15× 9.8 = 1.47m/s2
Ans: Refer class note
(c)State the laws of limiting fraction
10. Static friction opposes impending
(1+2+2)[Imp2019] motion.
Ans: Refer class note a) Write the mathematical equation
8) A large force acting for a short interval connecting the limiting value of
of time is called impulsive force. static friction with normal reaction.
Ans: Ns
i) Both kinetic friction and static friction The limiting friction F acts in upward
are independent of the area of contact. direction along inclined plane. When the
body just begins to move, we write
ii) Kinetic friction depends on area of
contact, but static friction do not. F = mg sin 𝜃 … …. (1)
iii) Static friction depends on area of N = mg cos ……… .(2)
contact but kinetic friction do not. 𝐹
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝜇 s = tan 𝜃
𝑁
iv) Both kinetic friction and static friction
depend of the area of contact. 11.The rate of change of total momentum
of a system of many-particle systems is
Ans: (a) (fs)max = s N
proportional to the ............... on the
(b) ( i) system.
c) A mass rests on a horizontal (1) [Imp 2018]
plane. The plane is gradually inclined
i. external force
until at an angle θ with the horizontal,
the mass just begins to slide. Show that ii. a sum of the internal forces
the coefficient of static friction between Ans: ( i) External force
the block and the surface is equal to tan
12. A man jumping out of a slow moving
θ
bus falls forward.
(1+1+3) [March 2019]
a. This is due to.......
Ans:
b. Which Newton’s law gives the above
(c) Consider a body placed on a inclined concept? State the law.
plane. Gradually increase the angle of
c. What is the net force acting on a book
inclination till the body placed on its
at rest on the table?
surface just begins to slide down. If ‘0’
is the angle of inclination at which the (1+2+1)[Imp 2018]
body just begins to slide down, then 𝜃 Ans:
is called the angle of repose.
(a) Inertia of motion
(b) Newton’s first law of motion
(c) Zero
13. To reduce friction and accident by
skidding the roads are banked at
curves.
(1+1+2 Imp 2018]
= -0.016 m/s
15 a) What is the condition for the
Equilibrium of concurrent forces?
b) i) State the law of conservation of ii. If the same force is applied on two
linear momentum. bodies of different masses for the
same time, then the change in
ii) Find the region on the graph at which
momentum of two bodies is the
the body moves with constant
same.
momentum.
(2) b) State Newton’s second law and arrive
at the equation of force.
iii) Draw a momentum time graph for
(2)
the given graph. (1) [Imp
2015] c) A motorcycle and a bus are moving
with same momentum. Which of
Ans:
them has greater kinetic energy?
a) (i) True Justify.
(ii) True (1) [March 2015]
b) (i) Refer class note Ans:
(ii) CD a) (i) False.
(iii) Momentum A spring balance gives the
weight of Body while a common
balance gives the mass of a body.
b) Refer class note.
1
c) Since K.E∝ 𝑚 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
4009.8(0.2+𝑡𝑎𝑛5)
27. According to Newton’s law of
=√ motion, the force depends on the rate of
(1−0.2𝑡𝑎𝑛5)
change of momentum.
= 33.87 m/s
[March 2013]
26. Match the following.
a. Name the law that helps to measure
[March 2013] force.
Sl.No A B b. Using the above law, deduce an
expression for force.
1 Newton`s Change in
c. A man jumping out of a moving bus
first law momentum
falls with his head forward. What
2 Conservation Action should he do in order to land
of linear Reaction safely.
momentum
Ans.
3 Newton`s Law of
a) Newton`s second law of motion
third law Inertia
b) Refer to class note
4 Impulse Momentum
before c) Run in the direction of bus.
collision= 28. The outer side of a circular track of
momentum radius 200 m is raised to make an
after angle of 15 0 with the horizontal.
collision
a) Which force provides the necessary
centric petal force for a car taking
the circular track?
b) Name the process by which the outer a) State whether the force is external or
side of a curved track is raised a little internal? Justify your answer.
above the inner side.
b) What happens to the linear
c) Using the data provided in this case, momentum when the force is
determine the maximum permissible absent?
speed to avoid skidding c) The motion of a particle of mass m is
(given μ s = 0.25 ). described y = ut +
1
𝑔𝑡 2 . find the
2
[March 2013] force acting on the particle.
Ans. d) Why is it more difficult to rotate a
a) Frictional force stone by tying it to a longer string
than a shorter string?
b) Banking of Roads [March 2012]
𝑅𝑔(𝜇 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
c) Vmax = √ (1−𝜇𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) Ans.
𝑠
a) External, Internal force can`t change
2009.8(0.25+𝑡𝑎𝑛15)
=√ the momentum of a body
(1−0.25𝑡𝑎𝑛15)
b) Becomes constant
= 32.98m/s
1
c) y = ut + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
29. Write the reason for the following:
𝑑𝑦
[Imp 2012] v = 𝑑𝑡 = u + 𝑔𝑡
a) Action and reaction are equal and 𝑑𝑣
a = 𝑑𝑡 = g
opposite. Yet they do not cancel each
other. Force, F = ma =mg
b) A cricketer moves his hands d) More torque is required if length of
backwards while holding a catch. string is longer.
Ans. 31. A thief jumps from the top of a house
with a box of weight 25kg.wt. on his
a) Because they acts on different bodies.
head. What will be the weight of the
b) When a cricketer moves his hands box experienced by the thief during
backwards, the time of catch increases. his downward fall? Justify your
As a result, the force required to stop answer.
the ball can be minimized.
[Imp 2011]
30. According to Newton’s law of motion,
Ans. Weight experienced by thief during
the force depends on the rate of change
downward fall is zero. When a body
of momentum.
Ans. As the tyres of car rolls forward, the No: of bullets fixed per second,
part of the tyre in contact of the road 𝐹𝑡
N=
slips backwards. Hence the force of 𝑚𝑣
1441
friction acts in the forward direction N= =3
40 10−3×1200
along the tangent to the surface of the
road and the part of the tyre in contact 37. A man is standing at the centre of a large
flat slab of ice. He can get himself to
34. A stone breaks the window glass into the edge of the slab by spitting or
pieces while a bullet almost pierces blowing air in the forward direction
through the same. Give reason.
(assuming the ice to be frictionless)
−15 ×10−3×100
= 2
= -0.75 m/s
42.A child of mass 30 kg is standing inside
a lift.
(a) What happens to the apparent weight of
the child if the lift is moving up with
(a) Write the name of forces A and B. a uniform acceleration?
(1)
(b) A cyclist travelling on a level road
takes a sharp circular turn of radius (b) Write an expression for the apparent
3 m without reducing the speed. The weight of the child. (1)
co-efficient of static friction (c) Find the apparent weight of the child,
between the tyres and the roads is
if the lift is moving down with
0.1. Calculate the maximum
constant acceleration of 5 ms-2.
permissible speed to avoid slipping.
June 2022 (2)
(2 + 3 = 5) (Sep 2021)
Ans.
Ans. a) A → Normal Reaction
a) Apparent weight W` = m(g+a)
B → Centripetal force
Apparent weight is greater than
(f cos + Nsin) actual weight of child
b) Vmax = √𝜇𝑠 𝑅𝑔 = √0.1 × 3 × 9.8 b) W` = m(g+a)
= 1.71 m/s c) W` = m(g-a)
41. A person firing a bullet from a gun = 30(9.8-5) = 144 N
experiences a backward jerk: 43.Banking of roads helps to increase the
(a) Write the principle behind this. (½) limit of maximum safe speed of a
vehicle at a curve.
(b) A bullet of mass 15 g fired with a
velocity of 100 ms-1 from a gun of mass (a) Draw the schematic diagram of a
2 kg. Find the recoil speed of gun. vehicle on a banked road and mark
the various forces acting on it.
June 2022 (1½)
(2)
Ans.