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Uruk Resueme

Uruk, an ancient city in Sumer and Babylonia, was ruled by King Gilgamesh and declined around 2000 BC due to conflicts but remained inhabited until the Islamic conquest. The city featured significant structures like the Eanna Temple Complex and various ziggurats dedicated to deities such as Inanna and Anu, serving as religious and administrative centers. Its social structure included kings, priests, artisans, and farmers, with construction materials primarily consisting of mud bricks, reeds, and stone.

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7 views15 pages

Uruk Resueme

Uruk, an ancient city in Sumer and Babylonia, was ruled by King Gilgamesh and declined around 2000 BC due to conflicts but remained inhabited until the Islamic conquest. The city featured significant structures like the Eanna Temple Complex and various ziggurats dedicated to deities such as Inanna and Anu, serving as religious and administrative centers. Its social structure included kings, priests, artisans, and farmers, with construction materials primarily consisting of mud bricks, reeds, and stone.

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nanornanor42
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Uruk, an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, was located near the Euphrates River in present-

day Iraq. It was ruled by the semi-mythical king Gilgamesh in the 27th century BC. The city declined in
importance around 2000 BC due to conflicts with Elam but remained inhabited until just before or
aftethe Islamic conquest.

1.structure
- structure public

1.Eanna Temple Complex : The Eanna Temple Complex in Uruk, situated on the city’s eastern
side, served as the main religious hub. It features numerous inscriptions that shed light on the era’s
religious and administrative practices, particularly rituals dedicated to the goddess Inanna.
2.1.The White Temple Uruk is an iconic structure from the Early Uruk period (ca.
3500–3000 BCE), dedicated to Anu, the sky god.

2 .2Ziggurat: Ziggurats of Warka are ancient stepped temples dating back to


the Sumerian civilization, used for religious and ceremonial purposes.
Warka, one of the oldest cities in the world, features several important
ziggurats
Ziggurat of Inanna (temple of the goddess Ishtar)

2. Ziggurat of Anu (temple of the god Anu)

3. Ziggurat of Nanna (temple of the moon goddess Nanna/Sin)


.

4. The Murailles of the Village: The first villages are in front of their defenses, essential
for protection and control.
5. Marchés and ateliers: There are many anime markets and ateliers and artisans that
produce those in pottery, textiles and metal articles.

-Social Structure

 Kings and Nobility: Held the highest social positions, living in palaces and playing
key roles in administration and religious ceremonies.

 Priests and Scribes: Priests managed temples and rituals; scribes were scholars who
maintained records of administration, commerce, and religion.

 Artisans and Traders: Artisans crafted goods like pottery, textiles, and metalwork;
traders facilitated local and regional trade.

 Farmers: Made up the majority of the population, working the land to produce
essential crops like grains and vegetables.

2-The primary materials used in the


construction of Uruk city included:
Mud Bricks

- The most common building material, made from mud and straw, which were air-dried
to create rectangular bricks.

Reeds

Used for various purposes, including the construction of walls and possibly flagpole
Stone

Although less common, stone was used in certain structures, such as the Limestone
Building

Burnt Ceramic

Used in the construction of the unique Stone-Cone Building, where thousands of


carefully formed and perforated ceramic slabs were placed between layers of an artificial
cement-like material
Colored Stone Cones

These were used to create mosaic decorations on the walls of the Stone-Cone Building
Main Deities

1. An (Anu): The god of the sky and one of the supreme deities in the Sumerian
pantheon.
2. Inanna (Ishtar): The goddess of love, beauty,, fertility, and war. She was on dof
the most venerated deities in Uruk.
3.

Religious Architecture

 Eanna Temple Complex: Dedicated to Inanna, this complex was one of the most
significant religious sites in Uruk. It was not only a place of worship but also a
center for various civic activities.
 White Temple: Another notable temple in Uruk, dedicated to An. It was built on
a raised platform and was an architectural marvel of its time.

Religious Practices

 Rituals and Ceremonies: Various rituals were conducted to honor the gods,
including offerings, prayers, and festivals.
 Priesthood: The priests and priestesses played a crucial role in maintaining the
religious traditions and performing the rituals.

4- Decoration of uruk city

1. Monumental Architecture

Uruk Ziggurat: The ziggurat dedicated to the goddess Inanna (Ishtar) was one of the city’s most
famous structures. It was built of sun-dried, kiln-fired bricks and was often decorated with
colorful mosaics.

Temples and public buildings featured carved decorations with religious or mythological motifs

2. Cone mosaic decoration

The walls of buildings were sometimes covered with brightly painted clay cones arranged in
geometric patterns. This technique, known as “cone mosaic,” was unique to Mesopotamian art
Common colors included black, white, and red.

3. Sculptures and reliefs

Sculptures often depicted divine figures, mythical animals, or scenes from everyday life.

Reliefs on temple or palace walls depicted religious or historical stories.


4. Wall Paintings

Some buildings feature wall paintings depicting mythological scenes, religious ceremonies, or
royal processions.

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