TO BE INTRODUCED IN LOK SABHA

Bill No. 24 of 2025

THE INCOME-TAX BILL, 2025
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ARRANGEMENT OF CLAUSES
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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
CLAUSES
1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Definitions.
3. Definition of “tax year”.
CHAPTER II
BASIS OF CHARGE
4. Charge of income-tax.
5. Scope of total income.
6. Residence in India.
7. Income deemed to be received.
8. Income on receipt of capital asset or stock-in-trade by specified person from
specified entity.
9. Income deemed to accrue or arise in India.
10. Apportionment of income between spouses governed by Portuguese Civil
Code.
CHAPTER III
INCOMES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF TOTAL INCOME
A.—Incomes not to be included in total income
11. Incomes not included in total income.
B.—Incomes not to be included in total income of political parties and
electoral trusts
12. Incomes not included in total income of political parties and electoral
trusts.
CHAPTER IV
COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME
A.—Heads of income
13. Heads of income.
14. Income not forming part of total income and expenditure in relation to
such income.
B.—Salaries
15. Salaries.
16. Income from salary.
17. Perquisite.
18. Profits in lieu of salary.
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CLAUSES
19. Deductions from salaries.
C.—Income from house property
20. Income from house property.
21. Determination of annual value.
22. Deductions from income from house property.
23. Arrears of rent and unrealised rent received subsequently.
24. Property owned by co-owners.
25. Interpretation.
D.—Profits and gains of business or profession
26. Income under head “Profits and gains of business or profession”.
27. Manner of computing profits and gains of business or profession.
28. Rent, rates, taxes, repairs and insurance.
29. Deductions related to employee welfare.
30. Deduction on certain premium.
31. Deduction for bad debt and provision for bad and doubtful debt.
32. Other deductions.
33. Deduction for depreciation.
34. General conditions for allowable deductions.
35. Amounts not deductible in certain circumstances.
36. Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances.
37. Certain deductions allowed on actual payment basis only.
38. Certain sums deemed as profits and gains of business or profession.
39. Computation of actual cost.
40. Special provision for computation of cost of acquisition of certain assets.
41. Written down value of depreciable asset.
42. Capitalising the impact of foreign exchange fluctuation.
43. Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation.
44. Amortisation of certain preliminary expenses.
45. Expenditure on scientific research.
46. Capital expenditure of specified business.
47. Expenditure on agricultural extension project and skill development
project.
48. Tea development account, coffee development account and rubber
development account.
49. Site Restoration Fund.
50. Special provision in the case of trade, profession or similar association.
51. Amortisation of expenditure for prospecting certain minerals.
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CLAUSES
52. Amortisation of expenditure for telecommunications services,
amalgamation, demerger, scheme of voluntary retirement, etc.
53. Full value of consideration for transfer of assets other than capital assets
in certain cases.
54. Business of prospecting for mineral oils.
55. Insurance business.
56. Special provision in case of interest income of specified financial
institutions.
57. Revenue recognition for construction and service contracts.
58. Special provision for computing profits and gains of business or profession
on presumptive basis in case of certain residents.
59. Chargeability of royalty and fee for technical services in hands of
non-residents.
60. Deduction of head office expenditure in case of non-residents.
61. Special provision for computation of income on presumptive basis in
respect of certain business activities of certain non-residents.
62. Maintenance of books of account.
63. Tax audit.
64. Facilitating payments in electronic modes.
65. Special provision for computing deductions in case of business
reorganisation of co-operative banks.
66. Interpretation.
E.—Capital gains
67. Capital gains.
68. Capital gains on distribution of assets by companies in liquidation.
69. Capital gains on purchase by company of its own shares or other
specified securities.
70. Transactions not regarded as transfer.
71. Withdrawal of exemption in certain cases.
72. Mode of computation of capital gains.
73. Cost with reference to certain modes of acquisition.
74. Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of depreciable
assets.
75. Special provision for cost of acquisition in case of depreciable asset.
76. Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of Market
Linked Debenture.
77. Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of slump sale.
78. Special provision for full value of consideration in certain cases.
79. Special provision for full value of consideration for transfer of share
other than quoted share.
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CLAUSES
80. Fair market value deemed to be full value of consideration in certain
cases.
81. Advance money received.
82. Profit on sale of property used for residence.
83. Capital gains on transfer of land used for agricultural purposes not to be
charged in certain cases.
84. Capital gains on compulsory acquisition of lands and buildings not to be
charged in certain cases.
85. Capital gains not to be charged on investment in certain bonds.
86. Capital gains on transfer of certain capital assets not to be charged in
case of investment in residential house.
87. Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets in cases of shifting of
industrial undertaking from urban area.
88. Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets in cases of shifting of
industrial undertaking from urban area to any Special Economic Zone.
89. Extension of time for acquiring new asset or depositing or investing
amount of capital gains.
90. Meaning of “adjusted”, “cost of improvement” and “cost of acquisition”.
91. Reference to Valuation Officer.
F.—Income from other sources
92. Income from other sources.
93. Deductions.
94. Amounts not deductible.
95. Profits chargeable to tax.
CHAPTER V
INCOME OF OTHER PERSONS, INCLUDED IN TOTAL INCOME OF ASSESSEE
96. Transfer of income without transfer of assets.
97. Chargeability of income in transfer of assets.
98. “Transfer” and “revocable transfer” defined.
99. Income of individual to include income of spouse, minor child, etc.
100. Liability of person in respect of income included in income of another
person.
CHAPTER VI
AGGREGATION OF INCOME
101. Total income.
102. Unexplained credits.
103. Unexplained investment.
104. Unexplained asset.
105. Unexplained expenditure.
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CLAUSES
106. Amount borrowed or repaid through negotiable instrument, hundi, etc.
107. Charge of tax.
CHAPTER VII
SET OFF, OR CARRY FORWARD AND SET OFF OF LOSSES
108. Set off of losses under the same head of income.
109. Set off of losses under any other head of income.
110. Carry forward and set off of loss from house property.
111. Carry forward and set off of loss from capital gains.
112. Carry forward and set off of business loss.
113. Set off and carry forward of losses from speculation business.
114. Set off and carry forward of losses from specified business.
115. Set off and carry forward of losses from specified activity.
116. Treatment of accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation in
amalgamation or demerger, etc.
117. Treatment of accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation in
scheme of amalgamation in certain cases.
118. Carry forward and set off of losses and unabsorbed depreciation in
business reorganisation of co-operative banks.
119. Carry forward and set off of losses not permissible in certain cases.
120. No set off of losses against undisclosed income consequent to search,
requisition and survey.
121. Submission of return for losses.
CHAPTER VIII
DEDUCTIONS TO BE MADE IN COMPUTING TOTAL INCOME
A.—General
122. Deductions to be made in computing total income.
B.—Deductions in respect of certain payments
123. Deduction for life insurance premia, deferred annuity, contributions to
provident fund, etc.
124. Deduction in respect of employer contribution to pension scheme of
Central Government.
125. Deduction in respect of contribution to Agnipath Scheme.
126. Deduction in respect of health insurance premia.
127. Deduction in respect of maintenance including medical treatment of a
dependant who is a person with disability.
128. Deduction in respect of medical treatment, etc.
129. Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for higher education.
130. Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for residential house
property.
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131. Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for certain house
property.
132. Deduction in respect of purchase of electric vehicle.
133. Deduction in respect of donations to certain funds, charitable
institutions, etc.
134. Deductions in respect of rents paid.
135. Deduction in respect of certain donations for scientific research or rural
development.
136. Deduction in respect of contributions given by companies to political
parties.
137. Deduction in respect of contributions given by any person to political
parties.
C.—Deductions in respect of certain incomes.
138. Deductions in respect of profits and gains from industrial undertakings
or enterprises engaged in infrastructure development, etc.
139. Deductions in respect of profits and gains by an undertaking or
enterprise engaged in development of Special Economic Zone.
140. Special provision in respect of specified business.
141. Deduction in respect of profits and gains from certain industrial
undertakings.
142. Deductions in respect of profits and gains from housing projects.
143. Special provisions in respect of certain undertakings in North-Eastern
States.
144. Special provisions in respect of newly established Units in Special
Economic Zones.
145. Deduction for businesses engaged in collecting and processing of
bio-degradable waste.
146. Deduction in respect of additional employee cost.
147. Deductions for income of Offshore Banking Units and Units of
International Financial Services Centre.
148. Deduction in respect of certain inter-corporate dividends.
149. Deduction in respect of income of co-operative societies.
150. Deduction in respect of certain income of Producer Companies.
151. Deduction in respect of royalty income, etc., of authors of certain books
other than text-books.
152. Deduction in respect of royalty on patents.
D.—Deductions in respect of other incomes
153. Deduction for interest on deposits.
E.—Other deductions
154. Deduction in case of a person with disability.
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CHAPTER IX
REBATES AND RELIEFS
A.—Rebates and reliefs
CLAUSES
155. Rebate to be allowed in computing income-tax.
156. Rebate of income-tax in case of certain individuals.
157. Relief when salary, etc., is paid in arrears or in advance.
158. Relief from taxation in income from retirement benefit account
maintained in a notified country.
B.—Double taxation relief
159. Agreement with foreign countries or specified territories and adoption
by Central Government of agreement between specified associations for
double taxation relief.
160. Countries with which no agreement exists.
CHAPTER X
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO AVOIDANCE OF TAX
161. Computation of income from international transaction and specified
domestic transaction having regard to arm’s length price.
162. Meaning of associated enterprise.
163. Meaning of international transaction.
164. Meaning of specified domestic transaction.
165. Determination of arm’s length price.
166. Reference to Transfer Pricing Officer.
167. Power of Board to make safe harbour rules.
168. Advance pricing agreement.
169. Effect to advance pricing agreement.
170. Secondary adjustment in certain cases.
171. Maintenance, keeping and furnishing of information and document by
certain persons.
172. Report from an accountant to be furnished by persons entering into
international transaction or specified domestic transaction.
173. Definitions of certain terms relevant to determination of arm’s length
price, etc.
174. Avoidance of income-tax by transactions resulting in transfer of income
to non-residents.
175. Avoidance of tax by certain transactions in securities.
176. Special measures in respect of transactions with persons located in
notified jurisdictional area.
177. Limitation on interest deduction in certain cases.
CHAPTER XI
GENERAL ANTI-AVOIDANCE RULE
178. Applicability of General Anti-Avoidance Rule.
179. Impermissible avoidance arrangement.
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180. Arrangement to lack commercial substance.
181. Consequences of impermissible avoidance arrangement.
182. Treatment of connected person and accommodating party.
183. Application of this Chapter.
184. Interpretation.
CHAPTER XII
MODE OF PAYMENT IN CERTAIN CASES, ETC.
185. Mode of taking or accepting certain loans, deposits and specified sum.
186. Mode of undertaking transactions.
187. Acceptance of payment through prescribed electronic modes.
188. Mode of repayment of certain loans or deposits.
189. Interpretation.
CHAPTER XIII
DETERMINATION OF TAX IN SPECIAL CASES
A.—Determination of tax in certain special cases
190. Determination of tax where total income includes income on which no
tax is payable.
191. Tax on accumulated balance of recognised provident fund.
192. Tax in case of block assessment of search cases.
193. Tax on income from Global Depository Receipts purchased in foreign
currency or capital gains arising from their transfer.
194. Tax on certain incomes.
195. Tax on income referred to in section 102 or 103 or 104 or 105 or 106.
B.—Special provisions relating to tax on capital gains
196. Tax on short-term capital gains in certain cases.
197. Tax on long-term capital gains.
198. Tax on long-term capital gains in certain cases.
C.—New tax regime
199. Tax on income of certain manufacturing domestic companies.
200. Tax on income of certain domestic companies.
201. Tax on income of new manufacturing domestic companies.
202. New tax regime for individuals, Hindu undivided family and others.
203. Tax on income of certain resident co-operative societies.
204. Tax on income of certain new manufacturing co-operative societies.
205. Conditions for tax on income of certain companies and cooperative
societies.
D.––Special provisions relating to minimum alternate tax and alternate minimum tax
206. Special provision for minimum alternate tax and alternate minimum tax.
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E.—Special provisions relating to non-residents and foreign company

CLAUSES
207. Tax on dividends, royalty and technical service fees in case of foreign
companies.
208. Tax on income from units purchased in foreign currency or capital gains
arising from their transfer.
209. Tax on income from bonds or Global Depository Receipts purchased in
foreign currency or capital gains arising from their transfer.
210. Tax on income of Foreign Institutional Investors from securities or
capital gains arising from their transfer.
211. Tax on non-resident sportsmen or sports associations.
212. Interpretation.
213. Special provision for computation of total income of non-residents.
214. Tax on investment income and long-term capital gains.
215. Capital gains on transfer of foreign exchange assets not to be charged in
certain cases.
216. Return of income not to be furnished in certain cases.
217. Benefit to be available in certain cases even after assessee becomes
resident.
218. Provisions not to apply if the assessee so chooses.
219. Conversion of an Indian branch of foreign company into subsidiary
Indian company.
220. Foreign company said to be resident in India.
F.—Special provisions relating to pass-through entities
221. Tax on income from securitisation trusts.
222. Tax on income in case of venture capital undertakings.
223. Tax on income of unit holder and business trust.
224. Tax on income of investment fund and its unit holders.
G.––Special provisions relating to income of shipping companies
225. Income from the business of operating qualifying ships.
226. Tonnage tax scheme.
227. Computation of tonnage income.
228. Relevant shipping income and exclusion from book profit.
229. Depreciation and gains relating to tonnage tax assets.
230. Exclusion of deduction, loss, set off, etc.
231. Method of opting of tonnage tax scheme and validity.
232. Certain conditions for applicability of tonnage tax scheme.
233. Amalgamation and demerger.
234. Avoidance of tax and exclusion from tonnage tax scheme.
235. Interpretation.
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CHAPTER XIV
TAX ADMINISTRATION
A.—Authorities, jurisdiction and functions
CLAUSES
236. Income-tax authorities.
237. Appointment of income-tax authorities.
238. Control of income-tax authorities.
239. Instructions to subordinate authorities.
240. Taxpayer’s Charter.
241. Jurisdiction of income-tax authorities.
242. Jurisdiction of Assessing Officers.
243. Power to transfer cases.
244. Change of incumbent of an office.
245. Faceless jurisdiction of income-tax authorities.
B.—Powers
246. Power regarding discovery, production of evidence, etc.
247. Search and seizure.
248. Powers to requisition.
249. Reasons not to be disclosed.
250. Application of seized or requisitioned assets.
251. Copying, extraction, retention and release of books of account and
documents seized or requisitioned.
252. Power to call for information.
253. Powers of survey.
254. Power to collect certain information.
255. Power to inspect registers of companies.
256. Power of competent authority.
257. Proceedings before income-tax authorities to be judicial proceedings.
258. Disclosure of information relating to assessees.
259. Power to call for information by prescribed income-tax authority.
260. Faceless collection of information.
261. Interpretation.
CHAPTER XV
RETURN OF INCOME
A.––Allotment of Permanent Account Number
262. Permanent Account Number.
B.––Filing of return of income and processing
263. Return of income.
264. Scheme for submission of returns through tax return preparers.
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265. Return by whom to be verified.
266. Self-assessment.
267. Tax on updated return.
CHAPTER XVI
PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSMENT
A.—Procedure for assessment
268. Inquiry before assessment.
269. Estimation of value of assets by Valuation Officer.
270. Assessment.
271. Best judgment assessment.
272. Power of Joint Commissioner to issue directions in certain cases.
273. Faceless Assessment.
274. Reference to Principal Commissioner or Commissioner in certain cases.
275. Reference to Dispute Resolution Panel.
276. Method of accounting.
277. Method of accounting in certain cases.
278. Taxability of certain income.
279. Income escaping assessment.
280. Issue of notice.
281. Procedure before issuance of notice under section 280.
282. Time limit for notices under sections 280 and 281.
283. Provision for cases where assessment is in pursuance of an order on
appeal, etc.
284. Sanction for issue of notice.
285. Other provisions.
286. Time limit for completion of assessment, reassessment and recomputation.
287. Rectification of mistake.
288. Other amendments.
289. Notice of demand.
290. Modification and revision of notice in certain cases.
291. Intimation of loss.
B.––Special procedure for assessment of search cases
292. Assessment of income pertaining to the block period.
293. Computation of total income of block period.
294. Procedure for block assessment.
295. Undisclosed income of any other person.
296. Time-limit for completion of block assessment.
297. Certain interests and penalties not to be levied or imposed.
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298. Levy of interest and penalty in certain cases.
299. Authority competent to make assessment of block period.
300. Application of other provisions of Act.
301. Interpretation.
CHAPTER XVII
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN PERSONS
A.––Association of persons, firm, Hindu undivided family, etc.
1.––Legal representatives
302. Legal representative.
2.–– Representative assesses—General provisions
303. Representative assessee.
304. Liability of representative assessee.
305. Right of representative assessee to recover tax paid.
3.––Representative assesses—Special cases
306. Who may be regarded as agent.
307. Charge of tax where share of beneficiaries unknown.
308. Charge of tax in case of oral trust.
4.––Association of persons and body of individuals
309. Method of computing a member's share in income of association of
persons or body of individuals.
310. Share of member of an association of persons or body of individuals in
income of association or body.
311. Charge of tax where shares of members in association of persons or
body of individuals unknown, etc.
5.––Executors
312. Executor.
6.––Succession to business or profession
313. Succession to business or profession otherwise than on death.
314. Effect of order of tribunal or court in respect of business reorganisation.
7.––Partition
315. Assessment after partition of a Hindu undivided family.
8.––Profits of non-residents from occasional shipping business
316. Shipping business of non-residents.
9.––Persons leaving India
317. Assessment of persons leaving India.
10.—Association of persons or body of individuals or artificial juridical person
formed for a particular event or purpose
318. Assessment of association of persons or body of individuals or artificial
juridical person formed for a particular event or purpose.
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11.—Persons trying to alienate their assets
319. Assessment of persons likely to transfer property to avoid tax.
12.––Discontinuance of business, or dissolution
320. Discontinued business.
321. Association dissolved or business discontinued.
322. Company in liquidation.
13.—Private companies
323. Liability of directors of private company.
14.––Assessment of firms
324. Charge of tax in case of a firm.
325. Assessment as a Firm.
326. Assessment when section 325 not complied with.
15.––Change in constitution, succession and dissolution
327. Change in constitution of a firm.
328. Succession of one firm by another firm.
329. Joint and several liability of partners for tax payable by firm.
330. Firm dissolved or business discontinued.
16.––Liability of partners of limited liability partnership in liquidation
331. Liability of partners of limited liability partnership in liquidation.
B.––Special Provisions for Registered non-profit organisation
1.––Registration
332. Application for registration.
333. Switching over of regimes.
2.––Income of registered non-profit organisation
334. Tax on income of registered non-profit organisation.
335. Regular income.
336. Taxable regular income.
337. Specified income.
338. Income not to be included in regular income.
339. Corpus donation.
340. Deemed corpus donation.
341. Application of income.
342. Accumulated income.
343. Deemed accumulated income.
3.––Commercial activities by registered non-profit organisation
344. Business undertaking held as property.
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345. Restriction on commercial activities by a registered non-profit
organisation.
346. Restriction on commercial activities by registered non-profit organisation
carrying out advancement of any other object of general public utility.
4.––Compliances
347. Books of account.
348. Audit.
349. Return of income.
350. Permitted modes of investment.
5.––Violations
351. Specified violation.
352. Tax on accreted income.
353. Other violations.
6.––Approval for purpose of deduction under section 133(1)(b)(ii)
354. Application for approval for purpose of section 133(1)(b)(ii).
7.––Interpretation
355. Interpretation.
CHAPTER XVIII
APPEALS, REVISION AND ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS
A.––Appeals
1.––Appeals to Joint Commissioner (Appeals) and Commissioner (Appeals)
356. Appealable orders before Joint Commissioner (Appeals).
357. Appealable orders before Commissioner (Appeals).
358. Form of appeal and limitation.
359. Procedure in appeal.
360. Powers of Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or Commissioner (Appeals).
2.—Appeals to Appellate Tribunal
361. Appellate Tribunal.
362. Appeals to Appellate Tribunal.
363. Orders of Appellate Tribunal.
364. Procedure of Appellate Tribunal.
3.—Appeals to High Court.
365. Appeal to High Court.
366. Case before High Court to be heard by not less than two Judges.
4.––Appeals to Supreme Court.
367. Appeal to Supreme Court.
368. Hearing before Supreme Court.
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5.––General
CLAUSES
369. Tax to be paid irrespective of appeal, etc.
370. Execution for costs awarded by Supreme Court.
371. Amendment of assessment on appeal.
372. Exclusion of time taken for copy.
373. Filing of appeal by income-tax authority.
374. Interpretation of “High Court”.
B.––Special provisions for avoiding repetitive appeals
375. Procedure when assessee claims identical question of law is pending
before High Court or Supreme Court.
376. Procedure where an identical question of law is pending before High
Courts or Supreme Court.
C.––Revision by the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.
377. Revision of orders prejudicial to revenue.
378. Revision of other orders.
D.––Alternate dispute resolutions
1.––Dispute Resolution Committee in certain cases
379. Dispute Resolution Committee.
2.––Advance rulings
380. Interpretation.
381. Board for Advance Rulings.
382. Vacancies, etc., not to invalidate proceedings.
383. Application for advance ruling.
384. Procedure on receipt of application.
385. Appellate authority not to proceed in certain cases.
386. Advance ruling to be void in certain circumstances.
387. Powers of the Board for Advance Rulings.
388. Procedure of Board for Advance Rulings.
389. Appeal.
CHAPTER XIX
COLLECTION AND RECOVERY OF TAX
A.––General
390. Deduction or collection at source and advance payment.
391. Direct payment.
B.––Deduction and collection at source
392. Salary and accumulated balance due to an employee.
393. Tax to be deducted at source.
394. Collection of tax at source.
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CLAUSES
395. Certificates.
396. Tax deducted is income received.
397. Compliance and reporting.
398. Consequences of failure to deduct or pay or, collect or pay.
399. Processing.
400. Power of Central Government to relax provisions of this Chapter.
401. Bar against direct demand on assessee.
402. Interpretation.
C.––Advance payment of tax
403. Liability for payment of advance tax.
404. Conditions of liability to pay advance tax.
405. Computation of advance tax.
406. Payment of advance tax by assessee on his own accord.
407. Payment of advance tax by assessee in pursuance of order of Assessing
Officer.
408. Instalments of advance tax and due dates.
409. When assessee is deemed to be in default.
410. Credit for advance tax.
D.––Collection and recovery
411. When tax payable and when assessee deemed in default.
412. Penalty payable when tax in default.
413. Certificate by Tax Recovery Officer and Validity thereof.
414. Tax Recovery Officer by whom recovery is to be effected.
415. Stay of proceedings in pursuance of certificate and amendment or
cancellation thereof.
416. Other modes of recovery.
417. Recovery through State Government.
418. Recovery of tax in pursuance of agreements with foreign countries.
419. Recovery of penalties, fine, interest and other sums.
420. Tax clearance certificate.
421. Recovery by suit or under other law not affected.
422. Recovery of tax arrear in respect of non-resident from his assets.
E.––Interest chargeable in certain cases
423. Interest for defaults in furnishing return of income.
424. Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax.
425. Interest for deferment of advance tax.
426. Interest on excess refund.
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F.––Levy of fee in certain cases

CLAUSES
427. Fee for default in furnishing statements.
428. Fee for default in furnishing return of income.
429. Fee for default relating to statement or certificate.
430. Fee for default relating to intimation of aadhaar number.
CHAPTER XX
REFUNDS
431. Refunds.
432. Person entitled to claim refund in certain special cases.
433. Form of claim for refund and limitation.
434. Refund for denying liability to deduct tax in certain cases.
435. Refund on appeal, etc.
436. Correctness of assessment not to be questioned.
437. Interest on refunds.
438. Set off and withholding of refunds in certain cases.
CHAPTER XXI
PENALTIES
439. Penalty for under-reporting and misreporting of income.
440. Immunity from imposition of penalty, etc.
441. Failure to keep, maintain or retain books of account, documents, etc.
442. Penalty for failure to keep and maintain information and document, etc.,
in respect of certain transactions.
443. Penalty in respect of certain income.
444. Penalty for false entry, etc., in books of account.
445. Benefits to related persons.
446. Failure to get accounts audited.
447. Penalty for failure to furnish report under section 172.
448. Penalty for failure to deduct tax at source.
449. Penalty for failure to collect tax at source.
450. Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 185.
451. Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 186.
452. Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 187.
453. Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 188.
454. Penalty for failure to furnish statement of financial transaction or
reportable account.
455. Penalty for furnishing inaccurate statement of financial transaction or
reportable account.
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456. Penalty for failure to furnish statement or information or document by
an eligible investment fund.
457. Penalty for failure to furnish information or document under section 171.
458. Penalty for failure to furnish information or document under section 506.
459. Penalty for failure to furnish report or for furnishing inaccurate report
under section 511.
460. Penalty for failure to submit statement under section 505.
461. Penalty for failure to furnish statements, etc.
462. Penalty for failure to furnish information or furnishing inaccurate
information under section 397(3)(d).
463. Penalty for furnishing incorrect information in reports or certificates.
464. Penalty for failure to furnish statements, etc.
465. Penalty for failure to answer questions, sign statements, furnish
information, returns or statements, allow inspections, etc.
466. Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 254.
467. Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 262.
468. Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 397(1).
469. Power to reduce or waive penalty, etc., in certain cases.
470. Penalty not to be imposed in certain cases.
471. Procedure.
472. Bar of limitation for imposing penalties.
CHAPTER XXII
OFFENCES AND PROSECUTION
473. Contravention of order made under section 247.
474. Failure to comply with section 247(1)(b)(ii).
475. Removal, concealment, transfer or delivery of property to prevent tax
recovery.
476. Failure to pay tax to credit of Central Government under Chapter XIX-B.
477. Failure to pay tax collected at source.
478. Wilful attempt to evade tax, etc.
479. Failure to furnish returns of income.
480. Failure to furnish return of income in search cases.
481. Failure to produce accounts and documents.
482. False statement in verification, etc.
483. Falsification of books of account or document, etc.
484. Abetment of false return, etc.
485. Punishment for second and subsequent offences.
486. Punishment not to be imposed in certain cases.
487. Offences by companies.
 (xix)

CLAUSES
488. Offences by Hindu undivided family.
489. Presumption as to assets, books of account, etc., in certain cases.
490. Presumption as to culpable mental state.
491. Prosecution to be at instance of Principal Chief Commissioner or
Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.
492. Certain offences to be non-cognizable.
493. Proof of entries in records or documents.
494. Disclosure of particulars by public servants.
495. Special Courts.
496. Offences triable by Special Court.
497. Trial of offences as summons case.
498. Application of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 to proceedings
before Special Court.
CHAPTER XXIII
MISCELLANEOUS
499. Certain transfers to be void.
500. Provisional attachment to protect revenue in certain cases.
501. Service of notice, generally.
502. Authentication of notices and other documents.
503. Service of notice when family is disrupted or firm, etc., is dissolved.
504. Service of notice in case of discontinued business.
505. Submission of statement by a non-resident having liaison office.
506. Furnishing of information or documents by an Indian concern in certain
cases.
507. Submission of statements by producers of cinematograph films or
persons engaged in specified activity.
508. Obligation to furnish statement of financial transaction or reportable
account.
509. Obligation to furnish information on transaction of crypto-asset.
510. Annual information statement.
511. Furnishing of report in respect of international group.
512. Publication of information respecting assessees in certain cases.
513. Appearance by registered valuer in certain matters.
514. Registration of Valuers.
515. Appearance by authorised representative.
516. Rounding off of amount of total income, or tax payable or refundable.
517. Receipt to be given.
518. Indemnity.
519. Power to tender immunity from prosecution.
 (xx)

CLAUSES
520. Cognizance of offences.
521. Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 and section 401 of Bharatiya Nagarik
Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, not to apply.
522. Return of income, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds.
523. Notice deemed to be valid in certain circumstances.
524. Presumption as to assets, books of account, etc.
525. Authorisation and assessment in case of search or requisition.
526. Bar of suits in civil courts.
527. Power to make exemption, etc., in relation to participation in business of
prospecting for, extraction, etc., of mineral oils.
528. Power of Central Government or Board to condone delays in obtaining
approval.
529. Power to withdraw approval.
530. Act to have effect pending legislative provision for charge of tax.
531. Power to rescind exemption in relation to certain Union territories already
granted under section 294A of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
532. Power to frame Schemes.
533. Power to make rules.
534. Laying before Parliament.
535. Removal of difficulties.
536. Repeal and savings.
SCHEDULE I
SCHEDULE II
SCHEDULE III
SCHEDULE IV
SCHEDULE V
SCHEDULE VI
SCHEDULE VII
SCHEDULE VIII
SCHEDULE IX
SCHEDULE X
SCHEDULE XI
SCHEDULE XII
SCHEDULE XIII
SCHEDULE XIV
SCHEDULE XV
SCHEDULE XVI
 TO BE INTRODUCED IN LOK SABHA

Bill No. 24 of 2025

THE INCOME-TAX BILL, 2025

A

BILL
to consolidate and amend the law relating to income-tax.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Seventy-sixth Year of the Republic of India,
as follows:––
CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY
5 1. (1) This Act may be called the Income-tax Act, 2025. Short title,
extent and
commencement.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.

(3) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, it shall come into force on the 1st
April, 2026.
 2

Definitions. 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(1) “accountant” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 515(3)(b);
(2) “Additional Commissioner” means a person appointed to be an
Additional Commissioner of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(3) “Additional Director” means a person appointed to be an Additional 5
Director of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(4) “advance tax” means the advance tax payable as per
Chapter XIX-C;
(5) “agricultural income” means—
(a) any rent or revenue derived from a land which is situated in 10
India and is used for agricultural purposes;
(b) any income derived from such land by—
(i) agriculture; or
(ii) the performance by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind
of any process ordinarily employed by a cultivator or receiver of 15
rent-in-kind to render the produce raised or received by him fit to
be taken to market; or
(iii) the sale by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind of the
produce raised or received by him, in respect of which no process
has been performed other than a process of the nature described in 20
item (ii);
(c) any income derived from any building owned and occupied by
the receiver of the rent or revenue of any such land, or occupied by the
cultivator or the receiver of rent-in-kind of any such land with respect to
which, or the produce of which, any process mentioned in 25
sub-clause(b) (ii) or (b)(iii) is carried on, where such building––
(i) is on or in the immediate vicinity of such land and that
land is assessed to land revenue in India, or is subject to a local
rate assessed and collected by officers of the Government as such,
or where the land is not so assessed to land revenue or subject to a 30
local rate, it is not situated in any area as specified in
clause (22)(iii)(A) or (B);and
(ii) is required as a dwelling house, or as a store-house, or
other out-building, by the receiver of the rent or revenue or the
cultivator, or the receiver of rent-in-kind, by reason of his 35
connection with the land;
(d) any income derived from saplings or seedlings grown in a nursery,
but shall not include––
(i) the income derived from any building or land referred to in
sub-clause (c) arising from the use of such building or land for any 40
purpose (including letting for residential purpose or for the purpose of
any business or profession) other than agriculture falling under
sub-clause (a) or (b); or
 3

(ii) any income arising from the transfer of any land referred to in
clause (22)(iii)(A) or (B);
(6) “amalgamation”, in relation to companies, means the merger of one
or more companies with another company or the merger of two or more
5 companies to form one company (the company or companies which so merge
being referred to as the amalgamating company, and the companies and the
company with which they merge or which is formed as a result of such merger
being referred to as the amalgamated company) in such a manner that—
(a) all the property of the amalgamating company or companies
10 immediately before the amalgamation become the property of the
amalgamated company by virtue of the amalgamation;
(b) all the liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies
immediately before the amalgamation become the liabilities of the
amalgamated company by virtue of the amalgamation;
15
(c) the shareholders holding not less than three-fourths in value of
the shares in the amalgamating company or companies (other than shares
already held therein immediately before the amalgamation by, or by a
nominee for, the amalgamated company or its subsidiary) become
shareholders of the amalgamated company by virtue of the
20 amalgamation,
otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the property of one company by
another company pursuant to the purchase of such property by the other company
or as a result of the distribution of such property to the other company after the
winding up of the first-mentioned company;
25 (7) “annual value”, in relation to any property, means its annual value as
determined under section 21;
(8) “Appellate Tribunal” means the Appellate Tribunal constituted
under section 361;
(9) “approved gratuity fund” means a gratuity fund, which is approved
30 and continues to be approved by the approving authority as per Part B of
Schedule XI;
(10) “approved superannuation fund” means a superannuation fund or
any part of a superannuation fund, which is approved and continues to be
approved by the approving authority as per Part B of Schedule XI;
35 (11) “assessee” means a person by whom any tax or any other sum of
money is payable under this Act, and includes––
(a) every person in respect of whom any proceeding under this Act
has been taken––
(i) for the assessment of his income or of the loss sustained
40
by him or refund due to him; or
(ii) for the assessment of the income of any other person in
respect of which he is assessable, or of the loss sustained by such
other person or refund due to such other person;
 4

(b) every person who is deemed to be an assessee under this Act;

(c) every person who is deemed to be an assessee in default under

this Act;

(12) “Assessing Officer” means—

(a) the Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner or 5

Assistant Director or Deputy Director or the Income-tax Officer, who is
vested with the relevant jurisdiction by virtue of directions or orders
issued under section 241(1) or (2) or (3), or any other provision of this
Act; or

(b) the Additional Commissioner or Additional Director or Joint 10

Commissioner or Joint Director, who is directed under section 241(5)(b)
to exercise or perform all or any of the powers and functions conferred
on, or assigned to, an Assessing Officer under this Act;

(13) “assessment” includes reassessment and recomputation;

(14) “Assistant Commissioner” means a person appointed to be an Assistant 15

Commissioner of Income-tax or a Deputy Commissioner of Income-tax under
section 237(1);

(15) “Assistant Director” means a person appointed to be an Assistant

Director of Income-tax or a Deputy Director of Income-tax under section 237(1);

(16) “average rate of income-tax” means the rate arrived at by dividing 20

the amount of income-tax calculated on the total income, by such total income;

(17) “block of assets” means a group of assets falling within a class of

assets comprising of—

(a) tangible assets, being buildings, machinery, plant or furniture;

(b) intangible assets, being know-how, patents, copyrights, 25

trademarks, licences, franchises or any other business or commercial
rights of similar nature, not being goodwill of a business or profession,

in respect of which the same percentage of depreciation is prescribed;

(18) “Board” means the Central Board of Direct Taxes constituted under
30 54 of 1963.
the Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963;

(19) “books or books of account” includes ledgers, day-books, cash

books, account-books or other books, whether kept––

(a) in written form; or

(b) in electronic or any digital form, or on cloud based storage, or

on any electromagnetic data storage device, such as floppy, disc, tape, 35
portable data storage device, external hard drives, or memory cards; or

(c) as print-outs of data stored in electronic or digital form or on

storage devices mentioned in sub-clause (b);

(20) “business” includes any trade, commerce or manufacture or any

adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture; 40
 5

(21) “business trust” means a trust registered as—

(a) an Infrastructure Investment Trust under the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (Infrastructure Investment Trusts)
Regulations, 2014 made under the Securities and Exchange Board of India
15 of 1992. 5 Act, 1992; or
(b) a Real Estate Investment Trust under the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (Real Estate Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014, made
15 of 1992. under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992;
(22) “capital asset” means—

10 (a) property of any kind held by an assessee, whether or not

connected with his business or profession;
(b) any securities held by a Foreign Institutional Investor or held
by an investment fund specified in section 224(10)(a) which has
invested in such securities as per the regulations made under the
15 of 1992. 15 Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992;
(c) any unit linked insurance policy issued on or after
1st February, 2021 to which exemption under Schedule II
(Table: Sl. No. 2) does not apply,
but does not include—
20 (i) any stock-in-trade, other than the securities referred to in sub-clause (b),
consumable stores or raw materials held for business or profession;
(ii) personal effects;
(iii) agricultural land in India, not being a land situated––
(A) in any area comprised within the jurisdiction of a municipality
25 (whether known as a municipality, municipal corporation, notified area
committee, town area committee, town committee, or by any other name) or a
cantonment board and which has a population of not less than ten
thousand; or
(B) in any area within the distance as specified in column C of the
30 following Table, measured aerially from the local limits of any municipality
or cantonment board referred to in item (A) and having population as referred
to in column B of the said Table:—
Table
Sl. Population of municipality or Within distance, measured
35 No. cantonment board aerially, from local limits of
any municipality or
cantonment board not being
more than
A B C
40 1. More than 10,000 but less than Two kilometres.
1,00,000.
2. 1,00,000 and above, but less than Six kilometres.
10,00,000.
3. 10,00,000 and above. Eight kilometres.
 6

(iv) Gold Deposit Bonds issued under the Gold Deposit Scheme, 1999 or
deposit certificates issued under the Gold Monetisation Scheme, 2015 as notified by
the Central Government,

where,––

(A) “Foreign Institutional Investor” shall have the meaning assigned to it in 5

section 210(6)(a);

(B) “personal effects” means any movable property (including wearing

apparel and furniture) held for personal use by the assessee or any dependent family
member, but excludes––
10
(I) jewellery, which includes––

(a) ornaments made of gold, silver, platinum, or any other precious

metal or any alloy of such precious metals, with or without precious or
semi-precious stones, and whether or not worked or sewn into any
wearing apparel;

(b) precious or semi-precious stones, whether or not set in any 15

furniture, utensil or other article or worked or sewn into any wearing
apparel;

(II) archaeological collections;

(III) drawings;
20
(IV) paintings;

(V) sculptures; and

(VI) any work of art;

(C) “population” shall mean the population according to the last preceding
census of which the relevant figures have been published before the first day of the
25
tax year;

(D) “property” includes any rights in or in relation to an Indian company,

including rights of management or control or any other rights; and

(E) “securities” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in

section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; 42 of 1956.

(23) “charitable purpose” includes–– 30

(a) relief of the poor;

(b) education;

(c) yoga;

(d) medical relief;

(e) preservation of environment (including watersheds, forests and 35

wildlife);

(f) preservation of monuments or places or objects of artistic or

historic interest;
 7

(g) the advancement of any other object of general public utility;

(24) “Chief Commissioner” means a person appointed to be a Chief
Commissioner of Income-tax or a Director General of Income-tax or a
Principal Chief Commissioner of Income-tax or a Principal Director General
5 of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(25) “child”, in relation to an individual, includes a step-child and an
adopted child of that individual;
(26) “Commissioner” means a person appointed to be a Commissioner
of Income-tax or a Director of Income-tax or a Principal Commissioner of
10 Income-tax or a Principal Director of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(27) “Commissioner (Appeals)” means a person appointed to be a
Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) under section 237(1);
(28) “company” means—
(a) any Indian company; or
15
(b) any body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of a
country outside India; or
(c) any institution, association or body which is or was assessable
or was assessed as a company under the Income-tax Act, 1961, as it
stood immediately before its repeal by this Act (hereinafter referred to
43 of 1961. 20
as the Income-tax Act,1961), for any assessment year so referred to in
that Act; or
(d) any institution, association or body, whether incorporated or
not and whether Indian or non-Indian, which is declared by order of the
Board to be a company for such period as specified in such declaration;
25 (29) “company in which the public are substantially interested” means,—
(a) a company owned by the Government or the Reserve Bank of
India or in which at least 40% of the shares of the company are held
(individually or collectively) by the Government or the Reserve Bank of
India or a corporation owned by that bank; or
30 (b) a company which is registered under section 8 of the
18 of 2013. Companies Act, 2013; or
(c) a company having no share capital and if, having regard to its
objects, the nature and composition of its membership and other relevant
considerations, the Board by order declares it to be such a company for
35
the period as specified in the declaration; or
(d) a mutual benefit finance company, that is to say, a company
which carries on, as its principal business, the business of acceptance of
deposits from its members and which is declared by the Central
18 of 2013. Government under section 406 of the Companies Act, 2013, to be a
40 Nidhi or Mutual Benefit Society; or
(e) a company, wherein shares (excluding those entitled to a fixed
rate of dividend, with or without a further right to participate in profits)
carrying not less than 50% of the voting power, have been
unconditionally, allotted to or acquired by, and were beneficially held
45 throughout the relevant tax year by, one or more co-operative societies; or
 8

(f) a company which is not a private company as defined in the

Companies Act, 2013, and the following conditions are fulfilled:— 18 of 2013.

(i) shares in the company (not being shares entitled to a fixed

rate of dividend, with or without a further right to participate in
profits) were, as on the last day of the relevant tax year, listed in a 5
recognised stock exchange in India as per the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 and any rules made thereunder; 42 of 1956.

(ii) shares in the company (not being those entitled to a fixed

rate of dividend, with or without a further right to participate in
profits) carrying not less than 50% of the voting power, have been 10
unconditionally, allotted to or acquired by, and were beneficially
held throughout the relevant tax year by––

(A) the Government; or

(B) a corporation established by a Central Act State Act

or Provincial Act; or 15

(C) any company to which this clause applies or any

subsidiary company of such company, if the entire share
capital of such subsidiary company has been held by the
parent company or by its nominees throughout the tax year,

and in respect of an Indian company whose business consists 20

mainly in the construction of ships or in the manufacture or
processing of goods or in mining or in the generation or
distribution of electricity or any other form of power, the
expression “not less than 50%” shall be read as if the expression
25
“not less than 40%” had been substituted;

(30) “convertible foreign exchange” means foreign exchange which is

treated by the Reserve Bank of India as convertible foreign exchange for the
purposes of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, and any rules made 42 of 1999.
thereunder or any other corresponding law;

(31) “co-operative bank” shall have the same meaning as specified in 30

10 of 1949.
Part V of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949;

(32) “co-operative society” means a co-operative society registered

under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, or under any other law in force in 2 of 1912.
any State or Union territory for the registration of co-operative societies;

(33) “currency” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in 35

section 2(h) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999; 42 of 1999.

(34) “demerged company” means the company whose undertaking is

transferred, pursuant to a demerger, to a resulting company;

(35) “demerger”, in relation to companies, means the transfer, pursuant

to a scheme of arrangement under sections 230 to 232 of the Companies 40
Act, 2013, by a demerged company of its one or more undertakings to any 18 of 2013.
resulting company in such a manner that—
 9

(a) all the property of the undertaking, being transferred by the

demerged company, immediately before the demerger, becomes the
property of the resulting company by virtue of the demerger;
(b) all the liabilities relatable to the undertaking, being transferred
5 by the demerged company, immediately before the demerger, become
the liabilities of the resulting company by virtue of the demerger;
(c) the property and the liabilities of the undertaking or
undertakings being transferred by the demerged company are transferred
at values appearing in its books of account immediately before the
10 demerger, except in compliance to the Indian Accounting Standards
specified in Annexure to the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards)
18 of 2013. Rules, 2015 made under the Companies Act, 2013;
(d) the resulting company issues, in consideration of the demerger,
its shares to the shareholders of the demerged company on a
15 proportionate basis, except where the resulting company itself is a
shareholder of the demerged company;
(e) the shareholders holding not less than three-fourths in value of
the shares in the demerged company (other than shares already held
therein immediately before the demerger, or by a nominee for, the
20
resulting company or, its subsidiary) become shareholders of the
resulting company or companies by virtue of the demerger, otherwise
than as a result of the acquisition of the property or assets of the
demerged company or any undertaking thereof by the resulting
company;
25
(f) the transfer of the undertaking is on a going concern basis;
(g) the demerger is as per the conditions, if any, notified under
section 116(7) by the Central Government,
where,––
(i) “undertaking” shall include any part of an undertaking, or a unit or
30 division of an undertaking or a business activity taken as a whole, but does not
include individual assets or liabilities or any combination thereof not
constituting a business activity;
(ii) “liabilities relatable to the undertaking”, referred to in sub-clause (b), shall
include—
35 (A) the liabilities which arise out of the activities or operations of
the undertaking;
(B) the specific loans or borrowings (including debentures) raised,
incurred and utilised solely for the activities or operations of the
undertaking; and
40
(C) the amount “N”, as computed below, in cases other than those
referred to in item (A) or (B),––
L
N= Kx( )
M
where,––
45
K = the amount of general or multipurpose
borrowings of demerged company;
 10

L = the value of the assets transferred in a demerger;

and
M = the total value of the assets of such demerged
company immediately before the demerger;
(iii) any change in the value of assets consequent to their revaluation 5
shall be ignored for determining the value of the property referred to in
sub-clause (c);
(iv) the splitting up or the reconstruction of any authority or a body
constituted or established under a Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act,
or a local authority or a public sector company, into separate authorities or 10
bodies or local authorities or companies, as the case may be, shall be deemed
to be a demerger if it fulfils such conditions as the Central Government may,
by notification, specify;
(v) the reconstruction or splitting up of a company, which ceased to be a
public sector company as a result of transfer of its shares by the Central 15
Government, into separate companies, shall be deemed to be a demerger, if it
has been made to give effect to any condition attached to the said transfer of
shares and also fulfils such other conditions as the Central Government may,
by notification, specify;
(vi) the reconstruction or splitting up of a public sector company into 20
separate companies shall be deemed to be a demerger, if it has been made to
transfer any asset of the demerged company to the resulting company and the
resulting company—
(A) is a public sector company on the appointed day indicated in
such scheme approved by the Central Government or any other body 25
authorised under the Companies Act, 2013 or any other applicable law 18 of 2013.
governing such public sector companies; and
(B) fulfils such other conditions as the Central Government may,
by notification, specify in this behalf;
(36) “Deputy Commissioner” means a person appointed to be a Deputy 30
Commissioner of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(37) “Deputy Director” means a person appointed to be a Deputy
Director of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(38) “director” and “manager”, in relation to a company, shall have the
same meanings as respectively assigned to them in sections 2(34) and (53) of 35
18 of 2013.
the Companies Act, 2013;
(39) “Director General or Director” means a person appointed to be a
Director General of Income-tax or a Director of Income-tax, under
section 237(1), and includes a Principal Director General or a Principal
Director or an Additional Director or a Joint Director or a Deputy Director or 40
an Assistant Director;
(40) “dividend” includes—
(a) any distribution by a company of accumulated profits,
capitalised or not, if such distribution entails the release by the company
to its shareholders of all or any part of the assets of the company; 45
 11

(b) any distribution to its shareholders by a company of debentures,

debenture-stock, or deposit certificates in any form, with or without
interest, and any distribution to its preference shareholders of shares by
way of bonus, to the extent to which the company possesses accumulated
5 profits, whether capitalised or not;
(c) any distribution made to the shareholders of a company on its
liquidation, to the extent to which the distribution is attributable to the
accumulated profits of the company immediately before its liquidation,
whether capitalised or not;
10
(d) any distribution to its shareholders by a company on the
reduction of its capital, to the extent to which the company possesses
accumulated profits whether capitalised or not;
(e) any payment by a company, not being a company in which the
public are substantially interested, of any sum (whether as representing
15 a part of the assets of the company or otherwise),––
(i) as an advance or loan to a shareholder, being a person who
is the beneficial owner of shares (not being shares entitled to a
fixed rate of dividend, with or without a right to participate in
profits) holding not less than 10% of the voting power; or
20
(ii) as an advance or loan to any concern in which such
shareholder is a member or a partner and in which he has a
substantial interest (herein referred to as the said concern); or
(iii) made on behalf, or for the individual benefit, of any such
shareholder,
25 to the extent to which the company in either case possesses accumulated
profits;
(f) any payment by a company on purchase of its own shares from a
shareholder as per section 68 of the Companies Act, 2013,
18 of 2013.
but does not include—
30
(i) a distribution made under sub-clause (c) or (d) in respect of any share
issued for full cash consideration, where the holder of the share is not entitled
in the event of liquidation to participate in the surplus assets;
(ii) any advance or loan made to a shareholder or the said concern by a
company in the ordinary course of its business, where the lending of money is
35 a substantial part of the business of the company;
(iii) any dividend paid by a company which is set off by the company
against the whole or any part of any sum previously paid by it and treated as a
dividend within the meaning of sub-clause (e), to the extent to which it is so
set off;
40 (iv) any distribution of shares pursuant to a demerger by the resulting
company to the shareholders of the demerged company (whether or not there
is a reduction of capital in the demerged company);
(v) any advance or loan between two group entities, where,––
(A) one of the group entity is a “Finance Company” or a “Finance
45
Unit”; and
 12

(B) the parent entity or principal entity of such group is listed on

stock exchange in a country or territory outside India other than the
country or territory outside India as specified by the Board in this behalf,
where,––
5
(A) “accumulated profits” for the purposes of––
(I) sub-clauses (a), (b), (d) and (e), shall include all profits of the company
up to the date of distribution or payment referred to in those sub-clauses;
(II) sub-clause (c), shall include all profits of the company up to the date
of liquidation, but shall not, where the liquidation is consequent on the
compulsory acquisition of its undertaking by the Government or a corporation 10
owned or controlled by the Government under any law in force, include any
profits of the company before three successive tax years immediately
preceding the tax year in which such acquisition took place;
(B) in respect of an amalgamated company, the accumulated profits, whether
capitalised or not, or loss, as the case may be, shall be increased by the accumulated 15
profits, whether capitalised or not, of the amalgamating company on the date of
amalgamation;
(C) “concern” means a Hindu undivided family, or a firm or an association of
persons or a body of individuals or a company;
(D) a person shall be deemed to have a substantial interest in a concern, other 20
than a company, if he is, at any time during the tax year, beneficially entitled to not
less than 20% of the income of such concern;
(E) for the purposes of sub-clause (v),—
(I) “Finance Company” and “Finance Unit” shall have the same meaning
as respectively assigned to them in regulation 2(1)(e) and (f) of the 25
International Financial Services Centres Authority (Finance Company)
Regulations,2021 made under the International Financial Services Centres
Authority Act, 2019, and is set up as a global or regional corporate treasury 50 of 2019.
centre for undertaking treasury activities or treasury services as per the
relevant regulations made by the International Financial Services Centres 30
Authority established under section 4 of the said Act;
(II) “group entity”, “parent entity” and “principal entity” shall be such
entities which satisfy such conditions as prescribed in this behalf;
(41) “document” includes an electronic record as defined in section 2(1)(t)
35 21 of 2000.
of the Information Technology Act, 2000;
(42) “domestic company” means an Indian company as defined in
clause (53), or any other company, which for its income liable to tax under
this Act, has made the prescribed arrangements for the declaration and
payment, within India, of the dividends (including dividends on preference
40
shares) payable out of such income;
(43) “electoral trust” means a trust so approved by the Board as per the
scheme made by the Central Government;
(44) “fair market value”, in relation to a capital asset, means—
(a) the price that the capital asset would ordinarily fetch on sale in 45
the open market on the relevant date; and
(b) where the price referred to in sub-clause (a) is not ascertainable,
such price as determined in the manner, as prescribed;
 13

(45) “firm” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 4 of

9 of 1932. the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, and shall include a “limited liability
partnership” as defined in section 2(1)(n) of the Limited Liability Partnership
6 of 2009. Act, 2008;
5 (46) “foreign company” means a company which is not a domestic
company;
(47) “foreign currency” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
42 of 1999. section 2(m) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999;
(48) “hearing” includes communication of data and documents through
10 electronic mode;
(49) “income” includes—
(a) profits and gains;
(b) dividend;
(c) voluntary contributions received by––
15 (i) a registered non-profit organisation; or
(ii) an association referred to in Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 23); or
(iii) any University or other educational institution or any
hospital or other institution referred to in Schedule III
(Table: Sl. No. 19); or
20 (iv) an electoral trust;
(d) the value of any perquisite or profit in lieu of salary taxable
under sections 17 and 18;
(e) any special allowance or benefit, other than perquisite included
under sub-clause (d), specifically granted to the assessee to meet
25 expenses wholly, necessarily and exclusively for the performance of the
duties of an office or employment of profit;
(f) any allowance granted to the assessee either to meet his personal
expenses at the place where the duties of his office or employment of
profit are ordinarily performed by him or at a place where he ordinarily
30 resides or to compensate him for the increased cost of living;
(g) the value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into
money or not, obtained from a company, either by a director or by a
person who has a substantial interest in the company, or by a relative of
the director or such person, and any sum paid by any such company in
35 respect of any obligation which, but for such payment, would have been
payable by the director or that person;
(h) the value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into
money or not, obtained by any representative assessee mentioned in
section 303(1)(c) or (d) or by any person on whose behalf or for whose
40 benefit any income is receivable by the representative assessee (such
person being herein referred to as the beneficiary) and any sum paid by
the representative assessee in respect of any obligation which, but for
such payment, would have been payable by the beneficiary;
 14

(i) any sum chargeable to income-tax under—

(A) section 26(2)(b) or (c) or (d) or section 38 or 95;
(B) section 26(2)(e) or (g);
(j) the value of any benefit or perquisite taxable under
5
section 26(2)(f);
(k) any capital gains chargeable under section 67;
(l) the profits and gains of any business of insurance carried on by
a mutual insurance company or by a co-operative society, computed as
per section 55 or any surplus taken to be such profits and gains as per
10
Schedule XIV;
(m) the profits and gains of any business of banking (including
providing credit facilities) carried on by a co-operative society with its
members;
(n) any winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including
horse races, card games and other games of any sort or from gambling 15
or betting of any form or nature;
(o) any sum received by the assessee from his employees as
contributions to any provident fund or superannuation fund or any fund
set up under the provisions of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, 34 of 1948.
20
or any other fund for the welfare of such employees;
(p) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including
the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy;
(q) any sum referred to in section 26(2)(h);
(r) the fair market value of inventory referred to in section 26(2)(j);
(s) any sum referred to in section 92(2)(k) or (l); 25

(t) any sum of money referred to in section 92(2)(h);

(u) any sum of money or value of property referred to in
section 92(2)(m);
(v) any compensation or other payment referred to in
30
section 92(2)(j);
(w) assistance in the form of a subsidy or grant or cash incentive
or duty drawback or waiver or concession or reimbursement (by
whatever name called) by the Central Government or a State
Government or any authority or body or agency, in cash or kind, to the 35
assessee other than—
(i) the subsidy or grant or reimbursement which is taken into
account for determination of the actual cost of the asset as per
sections 39(1)(d) and (3); or
(ii) the subsidy or grant by the Central Government for the
purpose of the corpus of a trust or institution established by the 40
Central Government or a State Government;
(x) any other income referred to in section 2(24) of the Income-tax
Act, 1961, 43 of 1961.
 15

where,––
(A) “card game and other game of any sort” includes any game show, an
entertainment programme on television or electronic mode, in which people
compete to win prizes or any other similar game;
5 (B) “Keyman insurance policy” shall have the same meaning as assigned
in Schedule II.(Table: Sl. No.2);
(C) “lottery” includes winnings from prizes awarded to any person by
draw of lots or by chance or in any other manner, under any scheme or
arrangement, called by any name;
10
(50) “Income Computation and Disclosure Standards” means such
standards as notified under section 276(2);
(51) “Income-tax Officer” means a person appointed to be an Income-tax
Officer under section 237(1);
(52) “India” means the territory of India as referred to in article 1 of the
15 Constitution, its territorial waters, seabed and sub-soil underlying such waters,
continental shelf, exclusive economic zone or any other maritime zone as
referred to in the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic
80 of 1976. Zone and Other Maritime Zones Act, 1976, and the air space above its territory
and territorial waters;
20 (53) “Indian company” means a company formed and registered under
18 of 2013. the Companies Act, 2013 and includes––
(a) company formed and registered under any law relating to
companies formerly or currently in force in any part of India; or
(b) corporation established by or under a Central Act or State Act
25 or Provincial Act; or
(c) institution or association or body which is declared by the
Board to be a company under clause (28),
the registered or principal office of which is in India;
(54) “Indian currency” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
42 of 1999. 30 section 2(k) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999;
(55) “infrastructure capital company” means a company which makes
investments by acquiring shares or providing long-term finance to––
(a) any enterprise or undertaking wholly engaged in the business
referred to in section 80-IA(4) or 80-IAB(1) of the Income-tax
43 of 1961. 35 Act, 1961; or
(b) an undertaking developing and building––
(i) a housing project referred to in section 80-IB(10) of the
43 of 1961. Income-tax Act, 1961; or
(ii) a project for constructing a hotel of not less than three star
40 category as classified by the Central Government; or
(iii) a project for constructing a hospital with at least
one hundred beds for patients;
 16

(56) “infrastructure capital fund” means a fund operating under a trust

deed registered under the Registration Act, 1908 established to raise monies 16 of 1908.
by the trustees for investment by acquiring shares or providing long-term
finance to enterprises or undertakings referred to in clause (55);
(57) “Inspector of Income-tax” means a person appointed to be an 5
Inspector of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(58) “insurer” means an insurer, being an Indian insurance company, as
defined under section 2(7A) of the Insurance Act, 1938, which has been 4 of 1938.
granted a certificate of registration under section 3 of that Act;
(59) “interest” means interest payable in any manner for moneys 10
borrowed or debt incurred (including a deposit, claim or other similar right
or obligation) and includes service fee or any other charges for the moneys
borrowed or debt incurred or for any credit facility that has not been utilised;
(60) “interest on securities” means—
(a) interest on any security of the Central Government or a State 15
Government;
(b) interest on debentures or other securities for money issued by
or on behalf of a local authority or a company or a corporation
established by a Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act;

(61) “International Financial Services Centre” shall have the same meaning 20
as assigned to it in section 2(q) of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005; 28 of 2005.

(62) “Joint Commissioner” means a person appointed to be a Joint

Commissioner of Income-tax or an Additional Commissioner of Income-tax
under section 237(1);
(63) “Joint Commissioner (Appeals)” means a person appointed to be a 25
Joint Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) or an Additional Commissioner
of Income-tax (Appeals) under section 237(1);
(64) “Joint Director” means a person appointed to be a Joint Director of
Income-tax or an Additional Director of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(65) “legal representative” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it 30
in section 2(11) of the Code of Civil Procedure,1908; 5 of 1908.

(66) “liable to tax”, in relation to a person and with reference to a

country, means that there is an income-tax liability on such person under
the law of that country for the time being in force and shall include a person
who has subsequently been exempted from such liability under the law of 35
that country;

(67) “long-term capital asset” means a capital asset which is not a

short-term capital asset;
(68) “long-term capital gain” means capital gains arising from the
40
transfer of a long-term capital asset;
(69) “manufacture”, with its grammatical variations and cognate
expressions, means a change in a non-living physical object or article or thing—
 17

(a) resulting in transformation of the object or article or thing into

a new and distinct object or article or thing having a different name,
character and use; or
(b) bringing into existence of a new and distinct object or article or
5 thing with a different chemical composition or integral structure;
(70) “maximum marginal rate” means the rate of income-tax (including
surcharge on income-tax) applicable in relation to the highest slab of income
for an individual, association of persons or, as the case may be, body of
individuals, as specified in the Finance Act of the relevant year;
10 (71) “non-banking financial company” shall have the same meaning as
2 of 1934. assigned to it in section 45-I(f) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934;
(72) “non-resident” means a person who is not a “resident”, and for the
purposes of sections 161,174 and 312, and includes a person who is not
ordinarily resident as per section 6(13);
15 (73) “notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette
and the expression “notify” with its grammatical variations and cognate
expressions shall be construed accordingly;
(74) “partner” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 4
9 of 1932. of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, and shall include—
20 (a) any person who, being a minor, has been admitted to the
benefits of partnership; and
(b) a partner of a limited liability partnership as defined in
6 of 2009. section 2(1)(q) of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008;
(75) “partnership” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
9 of 1932. 25 section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, and shall include a “limited
liability partnership” as defined in section 2(1)(n) of the Limited Liability
6 of 2009. Partnership Act, 2008;
(76) “Permanent Account Number (PAN)” means a unique number
consisting of ten alphanumeric characters, allotted by the Assessing Officer to
30 a person for the purpose of identification under this Act, and includes a
Permanent Account Number allotted under the new series;
(77) “person” includes—
(a) an individual;
(b) a Hindu undivided family (HUF);
35
(c) a company;
(d) a firm;
(e) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether
incorporated or not;
(f) a local authority; and

40 (g) every artificial juridical person, not falling within any of the
preceding sub-clauses,
whether or not such an association of persons or a body of individuals or a
local authority or an artificial juridical person was formed or established or
incorporated with the object of deriving income, profits, or gains;
 18

(78) “person of Indian origin” means an individual who or either of his

parents or any of his grand-parents, was born in undivided India;
(79) “person who has a substantial interest in the company”, in relation
to a company means a person who is the beneficial owner of shares, not being
shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend, whether with or without a right to 5
participate in profits, carrying not less than 20% of the voting power;
(80) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(81) “Principal Chief Commissioner” means a person appointed to be a
Principal Chief Commissioner of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(82) “Principal Commissioner” means a person appointed to be a 10
Principal Commissioner of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(83) “Principal Director” means a person appointed to be a Principal
Director of Income-tax under section 237(1);

(84) “Principal Director General” means a person appointed to be a

15
Principal Director General of Income-tax under section 237(1);
(85) “principal officer”, with reference to a local authority or a company
or any other public body or any association of persons or any body of
individuals, means—
(a) the secretary, treasurer, manager or agent of the authority,
20
company, association or body; or
(b) any person connected with the management or administration
of the local authority, company, association or body upon whom the
Assessing Officer has served a notice of his intention of treating him as
the principal officer thereof;
25
(86) “profession” includes vocation;
(87) “public sector bank” means the State Bank of India constituted
under the State Bank of India Act, 1955, a corresponding new bank constituted 23 of 1955.
under section 3 of the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of
Undertakings) Act, 1970, or under section 3 of the Banking Companies 5 of 1970.
(Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1980 and a bank included in 30 40 of 1980.
the category “other public sector banks” by the Reserve Bank of India;
(88) “public sector company” means any corporation established by or
under any Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act or a Government
company as defined in section 2(45) of the Companies Act, 2013; 18 of 2013.

(89) “public servant” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in 35

section 2(28) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; 45 of 2023.

(90) “rate or rates in force” or “rates in force”, in relation to a tax year,

for the purposes of––
(a) (i) computing the income-tax chargeable under section 316(5)
40
or 317(2) or 319 or 320(2); or
(ii) deducting income-tax under sections 392(1) to (6) from income
chargeable under the head “Salaries”; or under section 393(1) [Table: Sl.
No.8(iii)]; or
 19

(iii) computing the advance tax payable under Chapter XIX-C in a

case not falling under section 207 or 194(1)(Table: Sl. No. 1)
or 194(1)(Table: Sl. No. 6) or 214 or 307 or 308 or 311; or
(iv) deducting tax under section 393(1)[Table: Sl. No. 1(i)],
5
[Table: Sl. No. 5(i)], [Table: Sl. No. 5(ii)], [Table: Sl. No. 5(iii)] and
(Table: Sl. No. 7) or in section 393(3)(Table: Sl. No. 1), (Table: Sl.
No. 2) and (Table: Sl. No. 3),
means the rate or rates of income-tax specified in this behalf in the
Finance Act of the relevant year;
10 (b) computing the advance tax payable under Chapter XIX-C in a
case falling under section 207 or 194(1)(Table: Sl. No. 1) or
194(1)(Table: Sl. No. 6) or 214 or 307 or 308 or 311 the rate or rates
specified in the said respective section, or the rate or rates of income-tax
specified in this behalf in the Finance Act of the relevant tax year,
15 whichever is applicable;
(c) deducting tax under section 393(2)(Table: Sl. No. 6),
(Table: Sl.No. 7), (Table: Sl. No. 8), (Table: Sl. No. 9) and (Table: Sl.
No. 17), the rate or rates of income-tax specified in this behalf in the
Finance Act of the relevant tax year or the rate or rates of income-tax
20 specified in an agreement entered into by the Central Government under
section 159(1), or an agreement notified by the Central Government
under section 159(2), whichever is applicable;
(91) “recognised provident fund” means a provident fund which has
been and continues to be recognised by the approving authority as per Part A
25 of the Schedule XI, and includes a provident fund established under a scheme
framed under the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions
19 of 1952. Act, 1952;
(92) “recognised stock exchange” means a recognised stock exchange as
42 of 1956. referred to in section 2(f) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956
30 and which fulfils such conditions, as prescribed, and notified by the Central
Government for this purpose;
(93) “regular assessment” means the assessment made under
section 270(10) or 271;
(94) “relative”, in relation to an individual, means the husband, wife,
35 brother, sister or any lineal ascendant (maternal as well as paternal) or
descendant of that individual;
(95) “Reserve Bank of India” means the Bank constituted under
2 of 1934. section 3(1) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934;
(96) “resident” means a person who is resident in India as per section 6;
40 (97) “resulting company” means one or more companies (including a
wholly owned subsidiary thereof) to which the undertaking of the demerged
company is transferred in a demerger and, the resulting company in
consideration of such transfer of undertaking, issues shares to the shareholders
of the demerged company and includes any authority or body or local authority
45 or public sector company or a company established, constituted or formed as
a result of demerger;
 20

(98) “scheduled bank” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in

section 2(e) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934; 2 of 1934.

(99) “Securities and Exchange Board of India” shall have the same
meaning as assigned to it in section 2(1)(a) of the Securities and Exchange
Board of India Act, 1992; 5 15 of 1992.

(100) “senior citizen” means an individual resident in India who is of the

age of sixty years or more at any time during the relevant tax year;
(101)(a) “short-term capital asset” means a capital asset held by an assessee
for not more than twenty-four months immediately preceding the date of its transfer;
10
(b) in respect of the following capital assets:––
(i) security listed in a recognised stock exchange in India; or
(ii) unit of the Unit Trust of India;
(iii) units of an equity-oriented fund; or
(iv) zero-coupon bonds,
the provisions of sub-clause (a) shall have effect, as if for the words 15
“twenty-four months”, the words “twelve months” had been substituted;
(c) in determining the period for which capital asset is held by the
assessee—
(A) there shall be excluded the period subsequent to the date on
which the company goes into liquidation; 20

(B) there shall be included,––

(I) the period for which the asset was held by the previous
owner referred to in section 73(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1), for a capital
asset which becomes the property of the assessee in the
25
circumstances mentioned in said section;
(II) the period for which the share or shares in the
amalgamating company were held by the assessee, for a capital
asset being a share or shares in an Indian company, which becomes
the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred
30
to in section 70(1)(f);
(III) the period for which the share or shares held in the
demerged company were held by the assessee, for a capital asset
being a share or shares in an Indian company, which becomes the
property of the assessee in consideration of a demerger;
(IV) the period for which the person was a member of a 35
recognised stock exchange in India immediately before such
demutualisation or corporatisation, for a capital asset, being
trading or clearing rights of a recognised stock exchange in India,
acquired by a person pursuant to demutualisation or
corporatisation of the recognised stock exchange in India; 40

(V) the period for which the person was a member of a

recognised stock exchange in India immediately before such
demutualisation or corporatisation, for a capital asset being equity
share or shares in a company allotted pursuant to demutualisation
or corporatisation of a recognised stock exchange in India; 45
(VI) the period for which the share or shares were held by the
assessee, for a capital asset being a unit of a business trust, allotted
pursuant to transfer of share or shares as referred to in
section 70(1)(zi);
 21

(VII) the period for which the unit or units in the consolidating
scheme of the mutual fund were held by the assessee, for a capital
asset being a unit or units, which becomes the property of the assessee
in consideration of a transfer referred to in section 70(1)(zj);
5 (VIII) the period for which the preference shares were held
by the assessee, for a capital asset being equity shares in a
company, which becomes the property of the assessee in
consideration of a transfer referred to in section 70(1)(zb);
(IX) the period for which the unit or units in the consolidating
10 plan of a mutual fund scheme were held by the assessee, for a capital
asset being a unit or units, which becomes the property of the assessee
in consideration of a transfer referred to in section 70(1)(zk);
(X) the period for which the original unit or units in the main
portfolio were held by the assessee, for a capital asset being a unit or units
15 in a segregated portfolio referred to in section 73(1) (Table: Sl. No. 11);
(XI) the period for which such gold was held by the assessee
before conversion into the Electronic Gold Receipt, for a capital
asset being Electronic Gold Receipt issued in respect of gold
deposited as referred to in section 70(1)(y);
20
(XII) the period for which such Electronic Gold Receipt was
held by the assessee before its conversion into gold for a capital
asset being gold released in respect of an Electronic Gold Receipt
as referred to in section 70(1)(y);
25 (C) there shall be reckoned,––
(I) the period from the date of its conversion or treatment, for
a capital asset referred to in section 26(2)(j);
(II) the period from the date of allotment of a share or any
other security (herein referred to as the financial asset), for a
30 capital asset being such financial asset subscribed to by the
assessee on the basis of his right to subscribe to such financial asset
or subscribed to by the person in whose favour the assessee has
renounced his right to subscribe to such financial asset;
(III) the period from the date of the offer of the right to
35 subscribe to any financial asset which is renounced in favour of
any other person by the company or institution, as the case may be,
making such offer, for a capital asset, being such right;
(IV) the period from the date of the allotment of a financial asset
allotted without any payment and on the basis of holding of any other
40 financial asset, for a capital asset being such financial asset;
(V) the period from the date of allotment or transfer of any
specified security or sweat equity shares allotted or transferred,
directly or indirectly, by the employer free of cost or at concessional
rate to his employees (including former employee or employees), for
45 a capital asset being such specified security or sweat equity shares;
(VI) the period from the date on which a request for the
redemption was made, for a capital asset, being share or shares of
a company, which is acquired by the non-resident assessee on
redemption of Global Depository Receipts referred to in section
50 209(1)(Table: Sl. No. 2) held by such assessee;
 22

(D) for capital assets other than those mentioned in items (A) to
(C), the period for which any capital asset is held by the assessee shall
be determined in such manner, as prescribed,
where,––
(A) “equity oriented fund” shall have the meaning assigned to it in 5
section198(8);
(B) “security” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; 42 of 1956.

(C) “specified security” means the securities as defined in

section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and, where 10 42 of 1956.
employees’ stock option has been granted under any plan or scheme
therefor, includes the securities offered under such plan or scheme;
(D) “sweat equity shares” means equity shares issued by a company to
its employees or directors at a discount or for consideration other than cash for
providing know-how or making available rights in the nature of intellectual 15
property rights or value additions, by whatever name called;
(102) “short-term capital gain” means capital gains arising from the
transfer of a short-term capital asset;
(103) (a) “slump sale” means the transfer of one or more undertaking,
by any means, for a lump sum consideration without values being assigned to 20
the individual assets and liabilities in such transfer;
(b) for the purpose of sub-clause (a)—
(i) “undertaking” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
clause (35)(i); and
(ii) the determination of the value of an asset or liability for the 25
sole purpose of payment of stamp duty, registration fees or other similar
taxes or fees shall not be regarded as assignment of values to individual
assets or liabilities;
(104) “Special Economic Zone” shall have the same meaning as assigned
30 28 of 2005.
to it in section 2(za) of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005;
(105) “stamp duty value” means the value adopted or assessed or
assessable by any authority of the Central Government or State Government
for the payment of stamp duty in respect of an immovable property;
(106) “tax” means income-tax chargeable under this Act;
(107) “Tax Recovery Officer” means an Income-tax Officer authorised 35
in writing by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or
Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, to exercise––
(a) the powers of a Tax Recovery Officer; and
(b) the powers and functions conferred on, or assigned to, an
Assessing Officer under this Act, or as prescribed; 40

(108) “total income” means the total amount of income referred to in

section 5, computed in the manner as laid down in this Act;
(109) “transfer” in relation to a capital asset, includes—
(a) the sale, exchange or relinquishment of the asset; or
45
(b) the extinguishment of any rights therein; or
(c) the compulsory acquisition thereof under any law in force; or
 23

(d) where the asset is converted by the owner into, or is treated by

him as, stock-in-trade of a business carried on by him, such conversion
or treatment; or
(e) the maturity or redemption of a zero coupon bond; or
5 (f) any transaction (whether by way of becoming a member of, or
acquiring shares in, a co-operative society, company or other association
of persons or by way of any agreement or any arrangement or in any
other manner) which has the effect of transferring, or enabling the
enjoyment of, any immovable property; or
10 (g) any transaction involving the allowing of the possession of any
immovable property to be taken or retained in part performance of a
contract of the nature referred to in section 53A of the Transfer of
4 of 1882. Property Act, 1882; or
(h) disposing of or parting with an asset or any interest therein, or
15
creating any interest in any asset in any manner, directly or indirectly,
absolutely or conditionally, voluntarily or involuntarily, by way of an
agreement (whether entered into in India or outside India) or otherwise,
irrespective of whether such transfer of rights has been characterised as
being effected or dependent upon or flowing from the transfer of a share
20 or shares of a company registered or incorporated outside India,
where, the expression “immovable property” means—
(i) any land or any building or part of a building, and includes, where
any land or any building or part of a building is to be transferred together with
any machinery, plant, furniture, fittings or other things, such machinery, plant,
25 furniture, fittings or other things also, such that the land, building, part of a
building, machinery, plant, furniture, fittings and other things include any
rights therein;
(ii) any rights in or with respect to any land or any building or a
part of a building (whether or not including any machinery, plant,
30 furniture, fittings or other things therein), which has been constructed or
which is to be constructed, accruing or arising from any transaction
(whether by way of becoming a member of, or acquiring shares in, a co-
operative society, company or other association of persons or by way of
any agreement or any arrangement of whatever nature), not being a
35 transaction by way of sale, exchange or lease of such land, building or
part of a building;
(110) “Valuation Officer” means a person appointed by the Central
Government as a Valuation Officer who shall exercise powers as specified in
section 269(3), and includes a Regional Valuation Officer, a District Valuation
40 Officer and an Assistant Valuation Officer;
(111) “virtual digital asset” means—
(a) any information or code or number or token (not being Indian
currency or foreign currency), generated through cryptographic means
or otherwise, called by any name, providing a digital representation of
45 value exchanged with or without consideration, with the promise or
representation of having inherent value, or functions as a store of value
or a unit of account including its use in any financial transaction or
investment, but not limited to investment scheme; and can be
transferred, stored or traded electronically;
 24

(b) a non-fungible token or any other token of similar nature, by

whatever name called;
(c) any other digital asset, as the Central Government may, by
notification, specify,
(d) any crypto-asset being a digital representation of value that 5
relies on a cryptographically secured distributed ledger or a similar
technology to validate and secure transactions, whether or not such asset
is included in sub-clause (a) or (b) or (c),
where,––
(i) “non-fungible token” means such digital asset as the Central 10
Government may, by notification, specify;
(ii) the Central Government may, by notification, exclude any digital
asset from this definition, subject to such conditions as specified therein;
(112) “zero coupon bond” means a bond—
(a) issued by any infrastructure capital company or infrastructure 15
capital fund or infrastructure debt fund or public sector company or
scheduled bank on or after the 1st June, 2005;
(b) for which no payment and benefit is received or receivable
before maturity or redemption from infrastructure capital company or
infrastructure capital fund or infrastructure debt fund or public sector 20
company or scheduled bank; and
(c) which the Central Government may, by notification, specify,
where, the expression “infrastructure debt fund” means the infrastructure
debt fund notified by the Central Government under Schedule VII
25
(Table: Sl. No. 46).
Definition of 3. (1) For the purposes of this Act, “tax year” means the twelve months period
“tax year”. of the financial year commencing on the 1st April.
(2) In the case of a business or profession newly set up, or a source of income
newly coming into existence in any financial year, the tax year shall be the period
30
beginning with—
(a) the date of setting up of such business or profession; or
(b) the date on which such source of income newly comes into
existence, and,
ending with the said financial year.
35
CHAPTER II
BASIS OF CHARGE
Charge of 4. (1) Income-tax for any tax year shall be charged as per the provisions of this
income-tax.
Act at the rate or rates which are enacted by a Central Act for such tax year.
(2) The charge of income-tax under sub-section (1) shall be on the total income
40
of the tax year of every person as per the provisions of this Act.
(3) Income-tax shall also include any additional income-tax, by whatever
name called, levied under this Act.
(4) If this Act provides that income-tax is to be charged in respect of income
of a period other than the tax year, it shall be charged accordingly.
(5) For the income chargeable under sub-section (2), income-tax shall be 45
deducted or collected at source or paid in advance as provided under this Act.
Scope of total 5. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the total income of any tax year of a
income. person, who is a resident, includes all income from whatever source derived, which—
 25

(a) is received or deemed to be received in India in that year by or on

behalf of the person; or
(b) accrues or arises, or is deemed to accrue or arise, to the person in
India in that year; or
5 (c) accrues or arises to the person outside India in that year, but when such
person is “not ordinarily resident” in India under section 6(13), it shall be included
only when it is derived from a business controlled in or a profession set up in India.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the total income of a tax year of a person,
who is a non-resident, includes all income from whatever source derived, which––
10 (a) is received or deemed to be received in India in that year by or on
behalf of the person; or
(b) accrues or arises, or is deemed to accrue or arise, to the person in
India in that year.
(3) Income accruing or arising outside India shall not be deemed to be
15 received in India under this section by reason only of the fact that it is taken into
account in a balance sheet prepared in India.
(4) If an income has been included in a person’s total income on the basis that it––
(a) has accrued or arisen; or
(b) is deemed to have accrued or arisen,
20 to the person, it shall not again be included on the basis that it is received or
deemed to be received by the person in India.
6. (1) For the purposes of this Act, residence of a person in India shall be Residence in
India.
determined as per this section.
(2) An individual shall be resident in India in a tax year, if he––
25 (a) is in India for a total period of one hundred and eighty-two days or
more in that tax year; or
(b) is in India cumulatively for sixty days or more during that year and
has been in India cumulatively for three hundred and sixty-five days or more
in the four years preceding such tax year.
30 (3) The provisions of sub-section (2)(b) shall not apply in the case of an
individual who is a citizen of India and leaves India in any tax year––
(a) as a member of the crew of an Indian ship, as defined in section
[
3(18) of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958; or
44 of 1958.
(b) for employment outside India.
35 (4) The provisions of sub-section (2)(b) shall not apply in the case of an individual––
(a) who is a citizen of India or a person of Indian origin; and
(b) who being outside India, comes on a visit to India in any tax year;
(5) Where the person referred to in sub-section (4) has a total income
exceeding fifteen lakh rupees during that tax year (other than the income from
40 foreign sources), sub-section (2)(b) shall apply as if the words “sixty days” had
been substituted with “one hundred and twenty days” for that year;
(6) For the purposes of sub-section (2), if the individual is––
(a) a citizen of India; and
(b) a member of the crew of a foreign-bound ship leaving India,
45 the total number of days in India, in respect of that voyage, shall be determined in
such manner and subject to such conditions, as prescribed.
 26

(7) Irrespective of the provisions of sub-sections (2) to (6), an individual

shall be deemed to be resident in India for a tax year, if he––
(a) is a citizen of India;
(b) is not liable to tax in any other country or territory due to domicile,
residence, or similar criteria; and 5

(c) has total income exceeding fifteen lakh rupees during the tax year
(other than the income from foreign sources).
(8) sub-section (7) shall not apply to an individual, who is resident in India
for a tax year under sub-sections (2) to (6).
(9) A Hindu undivided family, firm or other association of persons shall be 10
resident in India in any tax year unless the control and management of its affairs
is situated wholly outside India during such tax year.
(10)(a) A company is resident in India in any tax year, if—
(i) it is an Indian company; or
(ii) its place of effective management is in India in that tax year; and 15

(b) for the purposes of this sub-section, “place of effective management”

means a place where key management and commercial decisions necessary for
the conduct of business of the company as a whole are, in substance, made.
(11) Every other person is resident in India in any tax year unless the control
and management of its affairs is situated wholly outside India in that year. 20

(12) If a person is resident in India in a tax year for any source of income,
he shall be deemed to be resident in India in that tax year for each of the other
sources of income.
(13) A person is not ordinarily resident in India in any tax year, if that
person is— 25

(a) an individual who has been, or a Hindu undivided family, whose

manager has been––
(i) a non-resident in India in nine out of the ten tax years
preceding that year; or
(ii) has been in India cumulatively for seven hundred and 30
twenty-nine days or less in seven tax years preceding that year; or
(b) a citizen of India or a person of Indian origin,––
(i) whose total income excluding income from foreign sources
exceeds fifteen lakh rupees during the tax year, as mentioned in
sub-section (5); and 35

(ii) who has been in India cumulatively for one hundred and
twenty days or more but less than one hundred and eighty-two
days; or
(c) a citizen of India who is deemed to be resident in India under
40
sub-section (7).
(14) In this section, “income from foreign sources” means the income,
which accrues or arises outside India (except income derived from a business
controlled in or a profession set up in India) and which is not deemed to accrue or
arise in India.
 27

7. (1) The following incomes shall be deemed to be received in the tax year:— Income
deemed to be
(a) the annual accretion in that year to the balance at the credit of an received.
employee participating in a recognised provident fund, to the extent
provident in paragraph 6 of Part A of the Schedule XI;
5 (b) the transferred balance in a recognised provident fund, to the extent
provided in paragraph 11(4) and (5) of Part A of the Schedule XI;
(c) the contribution made by the Central Government or any other
employer in that year to the account of an employee under a pension scheme
mentioned in section 124.
10 (2) For inclusion in the total income of an assessee,—
(a) any dividend declared by a company or distributed or paid by it
within the meaning of section 2(40)(a) or (b) or (c) or (d) or (e) or (f) shall
be deemed to be the income of the tax year in which it is so declared,
distributed or paid, as the case may be;
15 (b) any interim dividend shall be deemed to be the income of the tax
year in which the amount of such dividend is unconditionally made
available by the company to the member who is entitled to it.
8. (1) Where a specified person receives during the tax year any capital asset Income on
receipt of
or stock-in-trade or both from a specified entity in connection with the dissolution capital asset or
20 or reconstitution of such specified entity, then the specified entity shall be stock in trade
deemed to have transferred such capital asset or stock-in-trade, or both, to the by specified
specified person in the year in which such capital asset or stock-in-trade, or both, person from
specified
are received by the specified person. entity.
(2) Any profits and gains arising from the deemed transfer mentioned in
25 sub-section (1) by the specified entity shall be—
(i) deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the tax year in
which such capital asset or stock-in-trade or both were received by the
specified person; and
(ii) chargeable to income-tax as income of such specified entity under
30 the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or under the head
“Capital gains”, as per this Act.
(3) In this section, fair market value of the capital asset or stock-in-trade, or
both, on the date of its receipt by the specified person shall be deemed to be the
full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of such deemed
35 transfer mentioned in sub-section (1).
(4) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this section
and section 67(10), the Board may, with the previous approval of the Central
Government issue guidelines for removing the difficulty.
(5) No guideline under sub-section (4) shall be issued after the expiration of
40 two years from the 1st April, 2026.
(6) Every guideline issued by the Board under sub-section (4) shall be laid
before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty
days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive
sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session
45 or the successive session aforesaid, both houses agree in making any modification
in such guideline or both Houses agree that the guideline, should not be issued,
the guideline shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no
effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment
shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that
50 guideline.
 28

(7) In this section,—

(a) “specified entity” means a firm or other association of persons or
body of individuals (not being a company or a co-operative society);
(b) “specified person” means a person, who is a partner of a firm or
member of other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a 5
company or a co-operative society) in any tax year;
(c) “reconstitution of the specified entity” means, where—
(i) one or more of its partners or members, of such specified
entity ceases to be partners or members; or
(ii) one or more new partners or members are admitted in such 10
specified entity in such circumstances that one or more of the persons
who were partners or members, of the specified entity, before the
change, continue as partner or partners or member or members after
the change; or
(iii) all the partners or members, of such specified entity 15
continue with a change in their respective share or in the shares of
some of them.
Income 9. (1) Income deemed to accrue or arise in India shall be the incomes
deemed to
accrue or arise
mentioned in sub-sections (2) to (10).
in India. (2) Any income accruing or arising, directly or indirectly, through or from–– 20

(a) any asset or source of income in India;

(b) any property in India;
(c) any business connection in India; or
(d) the transfer of a capital asset situated in India,
25
shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
(3) Any income falling under the head “Salaries”, if it is payable,––
(a) for services rendered in India; or
(b) for the rest period or leave period which is preceded and succeeded
by services rendered in India and forms part of the service contract of
30
employment; or
(c) by the Government to an Indian citizen for services rendered
outside India,
shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
(4) Any dividend paid by an Indian company outside India shall be deemed
35
to accrue or arise in India.
(5)(a) Income by way of interest payable by––
(i) the Government;
(ii) a resident, except where it is payable in respect of any debt
incurred, or moneys borrowed and used, for—
(A) a business or profession carried on by that person outside 40
India; or
(B) making or earning any income from any source outside
India; or
(iii) a non-resident, if it is in respect of any debt incurred, or moneys
borrowed and used, for the purposes of a business or profession carried on 45
by that non-resident in India,
 29

shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India;

(b) for the purposes of clause (a)(iii),––
(i) any interest payable by the permanent establishment in India of a
non-resident person engaged in the business of banking, to the head office
5 or any other permanent establishment or any other part of such non-resident
outside India shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India;
(ii) shall be chargeable to tax in addition to any income attributable to
the permanent establishment in India; and
(iii) the permanent establishment in India shall––
10 (A) be deemed to be a person separate from, and independent of,
the non-resident person of which it is a permanent establishment; and
(B) the provisions of this Act relating to computation of total
income, determination of tax and collection and recovery shall apply,
accordingly;
15 (iv) “permanent establishment” shall have the meaning assigned to it
in section 173(c).
(6)(a) Income by way of royalty payable by––
(i) the Government;
(ii) a resident, except where the royalty is payable for––
20 (A) a business or profession carried on by the resident outside
India; or
(B) making or earning any income from any source outside
India; or
(iii) a non-resident, if the royalty is payable in respect of any right,
25 property or information used or services utilised for the purposes of—
(A) a business or profession carried on by the non-resident in
India; or
(B) making or earning any income from any source outside India,
shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India;
30 (b) in this sub-section, “royalty” means consideration (including any
lump-sum consideration but excluding any consideration which would be the
income of the recipient chargeable under the head “Capital gains”) for the
following––
(i) the transfer or grant of all or any rights (including the granting of a
35 licence) in respect of a patent, invention, model, design, secret formula or
process or trade mark or similar property;
(ii) the imparting of any information concerning the working of, or the
use of, a patent, invention, model, design, secret formula or process or trade
mark or similar property;
40 (iii) the use of any patent, invention, model, design, secret formula or
process or trade mark or similar property;
(iv) the imparting of any information concerning technical, industrial,
commercial or scientific knowledge, experience or skill;
 30

(v) the use or right to use any industrial, commercial or scientific

equipment except the amounts referred in section 61(2) (Table: Sl. No. 5);
(vi) the transfer or grant of all or any rights (including the granting of
a licence) in respect of any copyright, literary, artistic or scientific work
including–– 5

(A) films or video tapes for use in connection with television; or

(B) tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting;
(vii) the rendering of services in connection with the activities referred
to in sub-clauses (i) to (vi);
(c) for the purposes of clause (b),–– 10

(i) the transfer or grant of all or any rights in respect of any right,
property or information includes transfer or grant of all or any right for use
or right to use a computer software (including granting of a licence)
irrespective of the medium through which that right is transferred;
(ii) royalty includes consideration in respect of any right, property or 15
information, whether or not––
(A) the possession or control of that right, property or
information is with the payer;
(B) that right, property or information is used directly by the
payer; 20

(C) the location of that right, property or information is in India;

(iii) the expression “process” includes transmission by satellite
(including up-linking, amplification, conversion for down-linking of any
signal), cable, optic fibre or by any other similar technology, whether or not
that process is secret; 25

(iv) the expression “computer software” means any computer

programme recorded on any disc, tape, perforated media or other
information storage device and includes any such programme or any
customised electronic data.
(7)(a) Income by way of fees for technical services payable by–– 30

(i) the Government;

(ii) a resident, except where it is payable for—
(A) a business or profession carried on by the resident outside
India; or
(B) making or earning any income from any source outside 35
India; or
(iii) a non-resident, if it is payable in respect of services utilised for—
(A) a business or a profession carried on by that non-resident in
India; or
(B) making or earning any income from any source in India, 40

shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India;

 31

(b) in this sub-section, “fees for technical services”—

(i) means any consideration (including any lump sum consideration)
payable, for rendering of any managerial, technical or consultancy services
(including the provision of services of technical or other personnel);
5 (ii) does not include consideration for any construction, assembly,
mining or like project undertaken by the recipient or consideration which
would be income of the recipient chargeable under the head “Salaries”.
(8)(a) In of this section, a “business connection” in India shall include—
(i) any business carried out in India; or
10
(ii) a significant economic presence in India;
(b) in clause (a), a business carried out in India shall include––
(i) business activity carried out through a person who, acting on behalf
of the non-resident,—
(A) has and habitually exercises in India, an authority to
15 conclude contracts on behalf of the non-resident or habitually
concludes contracts or habitually plays the principal role leading to
conclusion of contracts by that non-resident and the contracts are—
(I) in the name of the non-resident; or
(II) for the transfer of the ownership of, or for the granting
20 of the right to use, property owned by that non-resident or that
the non-resident has the right to use; or
(III) for the provision of services by the non-resident; or
(B) has no such authority, but habitually maintains in India a
stock of goods or merchandise from which he regularly delivers goods
25 or merchandise on behalf of the non-resident; or
(C) habitually secures orders in India, mainly or wholly for the
non-resident or for that non-resident and other non-residents controlling,
controlled by, or subject to the same common control, as that
non-resident;
30 (ii) a business activity carried out through a person who is a broker,
general commission agent or any other agent, through whom such activity
is carried out, and who is working mainly or wholly on behalf of––
(A) a non-resident (referred to as the principal non-resident); or
(B) such non-resident and other non-residents who—
35 (I) are controlled by the principal non-resident; or
(II) have a controlling interest in the principal
non-resident; or
(III) are subject to the same common control as the
principal non-resident,
40 and such person shall not be deemed as having an independent status;
(c) in of clause (a), a business carried out in India shall not include any
business activity or operations––
(i) carried out through a broker, general commission agent or any other
agent having an independent status, if such broker, general commission
45 agent or any other agent is acting in the ordinary course of his business;
 32

(ii) which are confined to––

(A) the purchase of goods in India for the purposes of export out
of India; or
(B) the collection of news and views in India for transmission
out of India, in the case of a person who is engaged in the business of 5
running a news agency or of publishing newspapers, magazines or
journals; or
(C) the display of uncut and unassorted diamond in any special
zone notified by the Central Government, in the case of a foreign
company engaged in the business of mining of diamonds; or 10

(D) the shooting of any cinematographic film in India, in the case

of that person being––
(I) an individual who is not an Indian citizen; or
(II) a firm which does not have a partner who is an Indian
citizen or who is resident in India; or 15

(III) a company which does not have a shareholder who is

an Indian citizen or who is resident in India;
(d) a non-resident shall have a significant economic presence in India, where
there is—
(i) transaction in respect of any goods, services or property carried out 20
by such non-resident with any person in India including provision of
download of data or software in India, if the aggregate of payments arising
from such transaction or transactions during the tax year exceeds such
amount as prescribed; or
(ii) systematic and continuous soliciting of business activities or 25
engaging in interaction with such number of users in India, as prescribed,
irrespective of whether the agreement for such transactions or activities is entered
in India, or the non-resident has a residence or place of business in India, or the
non-resident renders any services in India;
(e) the provisions of clause (d) shall not apply to the transactions or activities 30
which are confined to the purchase of goods in India for the purpose of export;
(f) in this sub-section, only the income which is attributable to––
(i) operations carried out in India, when all operations of the business
are not carried out in India;
(ii) transactions or activities referred to in sub-section (8)(d), 35

shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India from any business connection;

(g) the income attributable to operations of any business or significant
economic presence in this sub-section shall also include income from––
(i) such advertisement which targets a customer who resides in India
or a customer who accesses the advertisement through internet protocol 40
address located in India;
(ii) sale of data collected from a person who resides in India or from a
person who uses internet protocol address located in India; and
(iii) sale of goods or services using data collected from a person who
resides in India or from a person who uses internet protocol address located 45
in India.
 33

(9) In sub-section (2)(d)––

(a) an asset or a capital asset, being any share of, or interest in, a
company or entity registered or incorporated outside India shall be deemed
to be situated in India, if the share or interest derives, directly or indirectly,
5 its value substantially from the assets (whether tangible or intangible)
located in India;
(b) the share or interest, referred to in clause (a), shall be deemed to
derive its value substantially from the assets (whether tangible or intangible)
located in India, if on the specified date, the value of such assets,––
10 (i) exceeds the amount of ten crore rupees; and
(ii) represents at least 50% of the value of all the assets owned
by the company or entity, as the case may be;
(c) the value of an asset shall be the fair market value on the specified
date of such asset without reduction of liabilities, if any, in respect of the
15 asset, determined in the manner, as prescribed;
(d) the expression “specified date” in clause (c) means—
(i) the date on which the accounting period of the company or,
as the case may be, the entity ends preceding the date of transfer of a
share or an interest; or
20 (ii) the date of transfer, if the book value of the assets of the
company or, as the case may be, the entity on the date of transfer
exceeds the book value of the assets as on the date referred to in
sub-clause (i), by 15%;
(e) the expression “accounting period” in clause (d) means––
25 (i) each period of twelve months ending with the 31st March;
(ii) each period of twelve months ending with a date other than
the 31st March, in a case where a company or an entity, referred to in
clause (a), regularly adopts a period of twelve months ending on a day
other than the 31st March for—
30 (A) complying with the provisions of the tax laws of the
territory, of which it is a resident, for tax purposes; or
(B) reporting to persons holding the share or interest;
(iii) the period beginning with the date of registration or
incorporation of a company or entity and ending with the
35 31st March or such other day referred to in sub-clause (ii), in a
case where a company or entity comes into existence and the later
accounting period shall be the successive periods of twelve
months; or
(iv) the period beginning with the 1st April or such other day
40 referred to in sub-clause (ii) and ending with the date immediately
preceding the date on which the company or entity ceases to exist, in
a case where the company or the entity ceases to exist before the end
of the accounting period;
(f) in case of assets mentioned in clause (a), if––
45 (i) there is a transfer outside India of any share of, or interest in,
a company or an entity registered or incorporated outside India by a
non-resident transferor; and
 34

(ii) all the assets owned by that company or entity are not located
in India,
then the income referred to in sub-section (2)(d) shall be only such part of
the income attributable to assets located in India and determined in the
manner, as prescribed; 5

(g) the income referred to in sub-section (2)(d) shall not include

income from transfer, outside India, of any share of, or interest in, a
company or an entity registered or incorporated outside India,––
(i) if such share of, or interest in, a company or an entity
registered or incorporated outside India is held by a non-resident by 10
way of investment, directly or indirectly,––
(A) in Category I or Category II foreign portfolio investor
under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign
Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014, prior to their repeal, made
under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992; 15 15 of 1992.

(B) in Category I foreign portfolio investor under the

Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign Portfolio
Investors) Regulations, 2019, made under the Securities and
Exchange Board of India Act, 1992; 15 of 1992.

(ii) if such company or entity directly owns the assets situated in 20

India and the transferor (whether individually or along with its
associated enterprises), at any time in the twelve months preceding the
date of transfer,––
(A) does not hold the right of management or control in
relation to such company or the entity; and 25

(B) does not hold voting power or share capital or interest

exceeding 5%, of the total voting power or total share capital or
total interest, as the case may be, of such company or entity; or
(iii) if such company or entity indirectly owns the assets situated
in India and the transferor (whether individually or along with its 30
associated enterprises), at any time in the twelve months preceding the
date of transfer,––
(A) does not hold the right of management or control in
relation to such company or the entity;
(B) does not hold any right in, or in relation to, such 35
company or entity which would entitle it to the right of
management or control in the company or entity which directly
owns the assets situated in India; and
(C) does not hold such percentage of voting power or share
capital or interest in such company or entity which results in 40
holding of (either individually or along with associated
enterprises) a voting power or share capital or interest exceeding
5% of the total voting power or total share capital or total
interest, as the case may be, of the company or entity, which
45
directly owns the assets situated in India;
(iv) in of sub-clause (iii), “associated enterprises” shall have the
meaning assigned to it in section 159.
 35

(10) Income arising outside India, in the nature of a sum referred to in

section 2(49)(u), paid by a person resident in India,––
(a) to a non-resident, not being a company, or to a foreign company; or
(b) to a person not ordinarily resident in India under section 6(13),
5 shall be deemed to accure or arise in India.
(11) In sub-sections (5), (6) and (7), income of a non-resident shall be
deemed to accrue or arise in India and shall be included in his total income,
whether or not,––
(a) the non-resident has a residence or place of business or business
10 connection in India; or
(b) the non-resident has rendered services in India.
(12)(a) In this section, the fund management activity carried out by an
eligible investment fund through an eligible fund manager acting on behalf of
such fund, shall not constitute business connection in India of that fund;
15 (b) the eligible investment fund mentioned in clause (a) shall not be said
to be resident in India under section 6 merely because the eligible fund manager,
undertaking fund management activities on its behalf, is situated in India;
(c) nothing contained in this section shall apply to exclude any income
from the total income of the eligible investment fund, which would have been
20 so included irrespective of whether the activity of the eligible fund manager
constituted the business connection in India of such fund or not;
(d) nothing contained in this section shall have any effect on the scope of
total income or determination of total income in the case of the eligible fund
manager;
25 (e) the conditions for being an eligible investment fund or an eligible fund
manager, or furnishing of requisite statements shall be subject to the provision of
Schedule I;
(f) the Central Government may, by notification, specify that any one or
more of the conditions shall not apply, or shall apply, with such modifications,
30 as specified, in case of an eligible investment fund and its eligible fund
manager, if––
(i) the eligible fund manager is located in an International Financial
Services Centre; and
(ii) has commenced its operations on or before the 31st March, 2030.
35 (13) In sub-section (2), the expression “through” shall mean and include “by
means of”, “in consequence of” or “by reason of”.
10. If a husband and wife are governed by the community of property Apportionmet
of income
system (known as “COMMUNIAO DOS BENS” under the Portuguese Civil between
Code of 1860) in the State of Goa and the Union territories of Dadra and spouses
40 Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, then–– governed by
Portuguese
(a) their income under any head of income shall not be assessed Civil Code.
together as that of community of property;
(b) the income mentioned in clause (a) under each head of income
other than “Salaries” shall be divided equally between the husband and the
45 wife;
 36

. (c) the income so divided shall be included separately in the total

income of the husband and the wife, and the remaining provisions of
this Act shall apply accordingly; and
(d) where either the husband or the wife, has any income under the
head “Salaries”, that income shall be included in the total income of the 5
spouse who has actually earned it.
CHAPTER III
INCOMES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF TOTAL INCOME

A.—Incomes not to be included in total income

Incomes not 11. (1) In computing the total income of any person for a tax year under 10
included in total
income.
this Act, any income enumerated in Schedules II, III, IV, V, and VI shall not
be included, subject to fulfilment of conditions specified therein.
(2) Wherever the conditions referred to in the Schedules referred in
sub-section (1) are not satisfied in any tax year in respect of any income
enumerated in the said Schedules, such income shall be charged to tax under 15
this Act for that tax year.
(3) The persons enumerated in Schedule VII shall, subject to fulfilment
of the conditions specified therein, not be chargeable to tax under this Act for
a tax year.
(4) Wherever the conditions referred to in Schedule VII are not satisfied 20
in respect of the persons enumerated in the said Schedule, the income of such
person shall be charged to tax under the provisions of this Act.
(5) The Central Government may make rules or issue notifications for the
purposes of this section as specified in the Schedules II, III, IV, V, VI and VII.
B.—Incomes not to be included in total income of political parties and 25
electoral trusts
Incomes not 12. (1) In computing the total income of any political party or an
included in total electoral trust for a tax year under this Act, any income enumerated in
income of
political parties Schedule VIII shall not be included, subject to fulfilment of conditions
and electoral specified therein. 30
trusts.
(2) Wherever the conditions referred to in Schedule VIII are not
satisfied in any tax year in respect of any income enumerated in the said
Schedule, such income shall be charged to tax under this Act for that tax year.
(3) The Central Government may make rules or issue notifications for
the purposes of this section as specified in the Schedule VIII. 35

CHAPTER IV
COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME

A.—Heads of income
Heads of income. 13. Save as otherwise provided in this Act, all incomes shall, for the
purposes of charge of income-tax and computation of total income, be 40
classified under the following heads of income:—
(a) Salaries;
(b) Income from house property;
(c) Profits and gains of business or profession;
(d) Capital gains; and 45

(e) Income from other sources.

 37

14. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, for the Income not
forming part of
purposes of computing the total income under this Chapter, no deduction shall be total income
allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income and
which does not form part of the total income. expenditure in
relation to such
5 (2) Where the Assessing Officer, having regard to the accounts of the income.
assessee, is not satisfied with—
(a) the correctness of the claim of expenditure incurred by the
assessee; or
(b) the claim made by the assessee that no expenditure has been
10
incurred,
in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act,
he shall determine such amount of expenditure in accordance with any method,
as prescribed.
(3) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the
15 provisions of this section shall apply in a case where any expenditure has been
incurred during any tax year in relation to income which does not form part of the
total income under this Act, but such income has not accrued or arisen or has not
been received during that tax year.
B.—Salaries
20 15. (1) The following income shall be chargeable to income-tax under the Salaries.
head “Salaries”:—
(a) any salary due from an employer to an assessee in the tax year,
whether paid or not;
(b) any salary paid or allowed to him in the tax year by or on behalf of
25 an employer though not due or before it became due to him;
(c) any arrears of salary paid or allowed to him in the tax year by or
on behalf of an employer, if not charged to income-tax for any earlier tax
year.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), employer includes former employer.
30 (3) If any salary paid in advance is included in the total income of any person
for any tax year, it shall not be included again in the total income of such person
when the salary becomes due.
(4) Any salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name
called, due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from the firm shall not be
35 regarded as salary for the purposes of this section.
16. For the purposes of this Part, “salary” includes— Income from
salary.
(a) wages;
(b) any annuity or pension;
(c) any gratuity;
40 (d) any fees or commission;
(e) perquisites;
(f) profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages;
(g) any advance of salary;
(h) any payment received by an employee in respect of any period of
45 leave not availed of by him;
 38

(i) the annual accretion to the balance at the credit of an employee

participating in a recognised provident fund, to the extent to which it is
chargeable to tax as per paragraph 6 of Part A of Schedule XI;
(j) the aggregate of all sums that are comprised in the transferred
balance as referred to in paragraph 11(2) of Part A of Schedule XI of an 5
employee participating in a recognised provident fund, to the extent to
which it is chargeable to tax under sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) thereof;
(k) the contribution made by the Central Government or any other
employer in any tax year, to the account of an employee under a pension
scheme referred to in section 124; and 10

(l) the contribution made by the Central Government in any tax year,
to the Agniveer Corpus Fund account of an individual enrolled in the
Agnipath Scheme referred to in section 125.
Perquisite.
17. (1) For the purposes of this Part, “perquisite” includes—
(a) the value of rent-free accommodation provided to the assessee by 15
his employer computed in such manner, as prescribed;
(b) the value of any accommodation provided to the assessee by his
employer at a concessional rate which is in excess of rent recoverable from, or
payable by, the assessee, computed in such manner, as prescribed;
(c) the value of any benefit or amenity granted or provided free of cost 20
or at concessional rate in the following cases:—
(i) by a company to an employee, who is a director thereof or
who has a substantial interest in the company;
(ii) by any employer (including a company) to an employee
whose income under the head “Salaries” by way of monetary payment 25
(from one or more employers) exceeds such amount as prescribed;
(d) the value of any specified security or sweat equity shares allotted
or transferred, directly or indirectly, by the current employer, or former
employer, free of cost or at concessional rate to the assessee;
(e) the value of any other benefit or amenity, as prescribed; 30

(f) any sum paid by the employer in respect of any obligation which,
but for such payment, would have been payable by the assessee;
(g) any sum payable by the employer to effect an assurance on the life
of the assessee or to effect a contract for an annuity, whether directly or
through a fund, other than–– 35

(i) a recognised provident fund; or

(ii) an approved superannuation fund; or
(iii) a Deposit-linked Insurance Fund established under––
(A) section 3G of the Coal Mines Provident Fund and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1948; or 40 46 of 1948.

(B) section 6C of the Employees’ Provident Funds and

19 of 1952.
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952;
(h) aggregate amount of any contribution, in excess of seven lakh and
fifty thousand rupees in a tax year, made to the account of the assessee by
the employer— 45

(i) in a recognised provident fund;

(ii) in the scheme referred to in section 124(1); and
(iii) in an approved superannuation fund;
 39

(i) the annual accretion by way of interest, dividend or any other

amount of similar nature during the tax year to the balance at the credit of
the fund or scheme referred to in clause (h), computed in such manner, as
prescribed (to the extent it relates to the contribution referred to in the said
5 clause in any tax year).
(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to––
(a) the value of any medical treatment provided to an employee or any
member of his family in any hospital maintained by the employer;
(b) any sum paid by the employer in respect of any expenditure
10 actually incurred by the employee on his medical treatment or treatment of
any member of his family—
(i) in any hospital maintained by the Government, or any local
authority, or any other hospital approved by the Government for the
purposes of medical treatment of its employees;
15 (ii) in respect of the prescribed diseases or ailments, in any
hospital approved by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief
Commissioner having regard to such guidelines as specified;
(c) any portion of the premium paid by an employer in relation to an
employee, to effect or to keep in force an insurance on the health of such
20 employee under any scheme approved, for the purposes of section 30(c),
by the––
(i) Central Government; or
(ii) Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
established under section 3(1) of the Insurance Regulatory and
41 of 1999. 25 Development Authority Act, 1999;
(d) any sum paid by the employer in respect of any premium paid by
the employee to effect or to keep in force an insurance on his health or the
health of any member of his family under any scheme, approved for the
purposes of section 126, by the—
30
(i) Central Government; or
(ii) Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
established under section 3(1) of the Insurance Regulatory and
41 of 1999.
Development Authority Act, 1999;
(e) any expenditure incurred by the employer for the use of any vehicle
35 for journey by the assessee from his residence to his office or other place of
work, or from such office or place to his residence;
(f) any expenditure incurred by the employer, or any sum paid by
the employer in respect of any expenditure actually incurred by the
employee, on—
40 (i) medical treatment of the employee or any family member of
such employee outside India;
(ii) travel and stay abroad for the employee or any member of
the family of such employee for medical treatment;
(iii) travel and stay abroad of one attendant who accompanies
45 the patient in connection with such treatment.
 40

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2)(f),—

(a) the expenditure on medical treatment and stay abroad shall be
excluded from the perquisite only to the extent permitted by the Reserve
Bank of India; and
(b) the expenditure on travel shall be excluded from perquisite only in 5
the case of an employee whose gross total income, as computed before
including therein the said expenditure, does not exceed such amount as
prescribed.
(4) In this section,—
(a) “fair market value” means the value determined in accordance with 10
the method, as prescribed;
(b) “family”, in relation to an individual, shall have the meaning
assigned to it in Schedule III (Note 2);
(c) “gross total income” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 122(10); 15

(d) “hospital” includes a dispensary or a clinic or a nursing home;

(e) “option” means a right but not an obligation, granted to an
employee to apply for the specified security or sweat equity shares at a
predetermined price;
(f) “specified security” means the securities as defined in section 2(h) 20
of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and, where employees’ 42 of 1956.
stock option has been granted under any plan or scheme, includes the
securities offered under such plan or scheme;
(g) “sweat equity shares” means equity shares issued by a company to
its employees or directors at a discount or for consideration other than cash 25
for providing know-how or making available rights in the nature of
intellectual property rights or value additions, by whatever name called;
(h) the value of any specified security or sweat equity shares shall be
the fair market value of the specified security or sweat equity shares, on the
date on which the option is exercised by the assessee, as reduced by the 30
amount actually paid by, or recovered from, the assessee in respect of such
security or shares.
Profits in lieu 18. (1) For the purposes of this Part, “profits in lieu of salary” includes,—
of salary.
(a) any amount of any compensation due to or received by an assessee
from his employer or former employer at or in connection with the— 35

(i) termination of his employment; or

(ii) modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto;
(b) any amount due to or received, whether in lump-sum or otherwise,
by any assessee from any person—
(i) before his joining any employment with that person; or 40

(ii) after cessation of his employment with that person;

(c) any payment due to or received by an assessee—
(i) from an employer or a former employer; or
(ii) from a provident or other fund, to the extent to which it does
not consist of contributions by the assessee or interest on such 45
contributions; or
 41

(iii) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy as defined in Schedule II
(Note 1), including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy.
(2) The payment referred in sub-section (1)(c) shall not include any payment
referred to in––
5 (a) Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 3);
(b) Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 4);
(c) Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 8); and
(d) Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 11).
19. (1) The income chargeable under the head “Salaries” shall be computed Deductions
from salaries.
10 after making the deductions of the nature as mentioned in column B of the
following Table, to the extent as mentioned in column C of the said Table:—
Table
Sl. No. Nature of sum Amount of deduction
A B C

15 1. Sum paid by the assessee as a Entire amount.

tax on employment as per article
276(2) of the Constitution,
leviable by or under any law.

2. Standard deduction. (a) ₹ 75,000 or the salary,

20
whichever is less, where
income-tax is computed under
section 202(1);
(b) ₹ 50,000 or the salary,
whichever is less, in any other
25 case.
3. Death-cum-retirement gratuity Entire amount.
received as referred to in
sub-section (2)(g).

4. Payment of retiring gratuity Entire amount.

30
received under the Pension Code
or Regulations applicable to the
members of the defence services.
5. Gratuity received under the Amount received, as
Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 restricted to the amount
35 (39 of 1972). calculated as per the provisions
of section 4(2) and (3) of that
Act.
6. Any other gratuity received by Amount being minimum
an employee— of—
(i) on his retirement; or (a) actual gratuity received;
40
(ii) on his becoming (b) amount specified by the
incapacitated before such Central Government, by
retirement; or notification, having regard to
the limit applicable in this
(iii) on termination of his behalf to the employees of the
45 employment. Central Government; and
 42

A B C
(c) half month’s salary for
each completed year of
service, calculated as
under:— 5
1
Amount = (A x B)
2
where,—
A = average salary for
ten months immediately 10
preceding the month when
event occurs;
B = number of such
completed years.
15
7. Payment in commutation of Entire amount.
pension received—
(a) under the Civil Pensions
(Commutation) Rules of the
Central Government; or
(b) under any similar scheme 20
applicable to––
(i) the members of the civil
services of the Union or
holders of posts connected
with defence or of civil posts 25
under the Union, [such
members or holders not
covered under (a)];
(ii) the members of the all-
30
India services;
(iii) the members of the
defence services;
(iv) the members of the civil
services of a State, or the
holders of civil posts under a
35
State; or
(v) the employees of a local
authority or a corporation
established by a Central Act or
State Act or Provincial Act. 40

8. Payment in commutation of (a) If the employee has

pension is received under any received gratuity, the commuted
scheme from any other employer. value of one-third of the pension,
which he is normally entitled to
45
receive;
(b) in any other case, the
commuted value of one-half of
such pension;
 43

A B C
(c) such commuted value
being determined having
regard to the age of the
5 recipient, the state of his
health, the rate of interest and
officially recognised tables of
mortality.
9. Payment in commutation of Entire amount.
10 pension received from a fund as
specified in Schedule VII
(Table: Sl. No. 3).
10. Compensation received by a Minimum of—
workman at the time of his
(a) compensation
15 retrenchment—
received;
(a) under the Industrial
(b) amount calculated as
Disputes Act, 1947
per provisions of section
(14 of 1947); or
25F(b) of the Industrial
(b) under any other Act or Disputes Act, 1947
20 rules, orders or notifications (14 of 1947);
issued thereunder; or
(c) such amount, not
(c) under any standing being less than ₹ 50,000 as
orders; or notified by the Central
Government.
(d) under any award,
25
contract of service or
otherwise.
11. Compensation received by a Compensation received.
workman in accordance with any
scheme which the Central
30 Government may approve in this
behalf, having regard to––
(a) the need for extending
special protection to the
workmen in the undertaking to
35 which such scheme applies; and

(b) other relevant circumstances.

12. Amount received or receivable Minimum of—
on voluntary retirement or
termination of service under a (a) compensation received;
40 scheme or schemes of voluntary and
retirement, by an employee as
(b) ₹ 5,00,000.
referred to in sub-section (2)(h).

13. Payment received by an Entire amount.

employee of the Central
45 Government or a State Government
as the cash equivalent of the leave
salary in respect of the period of
earned leave at his credit at the time
of his retirement whether on
50 superannuation or otherwise.
 44

A B C
14. Payment of the nature referred Amount being minimum
against serial number 13 received of —
by an employee who is not a
Central Government or State (a) the cash equivalent of 5
Government employee. the leave salary in respect of
the period of earned leave at
his credit at the time of his
retirement, whether on
superannuation or otherwise 10
(entitlement of earned leave
shall not exceed thirty days
for every year of actual
service);
(b) amount “A”, 15

where,—
A =10×B;
B = average monthly
salary for the ten months
immediately preceding his 20
retirement whether on
superannuation or otherwise;
(c) amount as the Central
Government may, by
notification, specify in this 25
behalf having regard to the
limit applicable in this behalf
to the employees of that
Government; and
(d) actual payment 30
. received.
(2) For the purposes of the Table referred to in sub-section (1),—
(a) in respect of the entries against serial number 6 thereof, if gratuity
or gratuities was or were received from one or more than one employer in
the same tax year (whether or not any gratuity or gratuities was or were 35
received in any earlier tax year), the aggregate amount of deduction shall
not exceed—
A – B,
where,—
A = the limit specified by the Central Government, by 40
notification; and
B = the aggregate amount of gratuity or gratuities which was or
were received in any one or more earlier tax years and allowed as an
exemption or a deduction (whether whole or part) from the total
45
income of any such tax year or years;
 45

(b) in respect of the entries against serial numbers 6 and 14 thereof,

“Salary” includes dearness allowance, if the terms of employment so
provide, but excludes all other allowances and perquisites;
(c) in respect of the entries against serial numbers 10 and 11 thereof,
5 the following amounts shall be deemed to be compensation received at the
time of retrenchment:––
(i) compensation received by a workman at the time of the
closing down of the undertaking in which he is employed;
(ii) compensation received by a workman, at the time of the
10 transfer (whether by agreement or by operation of law) of the
ownership or management of the undertaking in which he is employed
from the employer in relation to that undertaking to a new employer,
if—
(A) the service of the workman has been interrupted by
15 such transfer; or
(B) the terms and conditions of service applicable to the
workman after such transfer are in any way less favourable to
the workman than those applicable to him immediately before
the transfer; or

20 (C) the new employer is, under the terms of such transfer
or otherwise, legally not liable to pay to the workman, in the
event of his retrenchment, compensation on the basis that his
service has been continuous and has not been interrupted by the
transfer;
25 (d) in respect of the entries against serial numbers 10 and 11 thereof,
the expressions “employer” and “workman” shall have the same meanings
14 of 1947. as respectively assigned to them in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947;
(e) the provisions of the entries against serial number 12 thereof shall
be subject to the following conditions:––
30 (i) the applicable schemes of the said companies or authorities
or societies or Universities or the institutes referred to in clauses
(h)(vii)(x) and (j) in column B of the said serial number, governing the
payment of such amount are made as per such guidelines (including,
inter alia, criteria of economic viability) as prescribed;

35 (ii) where deduction has been allowed to an employee in respect

of the said item for any tax year, no deduction thereunder shall be
allowed to him in relation to any other tax year; and
(iii) where any relief under section 157 has been allowed to an
assessee for any tax year in respect of any amount referred to in the
40 said item, such amount shall not be allowed as a deduction from the
compensation received or receivable in any tax year;
(f) in respect of the entries against serial number 14 thereof, if any
payment on account of cash equivalent to leave salary is received from one
or more than one employer in the same tax year (whether or not any such
45 payment or payments was or were received in any earlier tax year), the
aggregate amount of deduction shall not exceed—
A – B,
 46

Where,—
A = the limit specified by the Central Government, by
notification; and
B = the aggregate amount of payment or payments which
was received in any one or more earlier tax years and allowed as 5
an exemption or a deduction (whether whole or part) from total
income of any such tax year or years;
(g) the death-cum-retirement gratuity referred to in sub-section (1)
(Table: Sl. No. 3) shall be––
(A) received under the revised pension rules of the Central 10
Government, or the Central Civil Services (Pension) Rules, 2021; or
(B) received under any similar scheme applicable––
(i) to the members of the civil services of the Union or
holders of posts connected with defence or of civil posts under
the Union (such members or holders being persons not governed 15
by the said rules);
(ii) to the members of the All-India services;
(iii) to the members of the civil services of a State or
holders of civil posts under a State; or 20
(iv) to the employees of a local authority;
(h) the schemes of voluntary retirement or termination of service as
referred to in sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 12) shall be for the
employees of––
(i) a public sector company (under a scheme of voluntary 25
separation); or
(ii) any other company; or
(iii) an authority established under a Central Act or State Act or
Provincial Act; or
30
(iv) a local authority; or
(v) a co-operative society; or
(vi) a University established or incorporated by or under a
Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act and an institution declared
to be a University under section 3 of the University Grants
35 3 of 1956.
Commission Act, 1956; or
(vii) an Indian Institute of Technology within the meaning of
section 3(g) of the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961; or 59 of 1961.

(viii) the Central or any State Government; or

(ix) an institution, having importance throughout India or in any 40
State or States, as the Central Government may, by notification,
specify in this behalf; or
(x) such institute of management, as the Central Government
may, by notification, specify in this behalf.
45
C.— Income from house property
Income from 20. (1) The annual value of property consisting of any buildings or lands
house property.
appurtenant thereto, owned by the assessee shall be chargeable to income-tax
under the head “Income from house property”.
 47

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to such portions of the
property, as occupied by the assessee for his business or profession, the profits of
which are chargeable to income-tax.
21. (1) For the purposes of section 20, the annual value of any property shall Determination
5 be deemed to be the higher of the following:— of annual
value.
(a) the sum for which it might reasonably be expected to let from year to
year; or
(b) the actual rent received or receivable by the owner, if the property or any
part of it is let.
10 (2) In case the property or any part of it is let in normal course and was
vacant for the whole or any part of the tax year, the annual value of such property
shall be computed as per sub-section (1)(b).
(3) The annual value of the property shall be reduced by the taxes (including
service taxes) levied by a local authority in respect of such property, actually paid
15 during the tax year by the owner, irrespective of when such taxes became payable.
(4) The rent which cannot be realised by the owner shall not be included in
computing the actual rent received or receivable, subject to the rules as may be
made in this behalf.
(5) In respect of a property or its part held as stock-in-trade and not let
20 wholly or partly at any time during the tax year, the annual value shall be nil for
two years from the end of the financial year in which completion certificate is
obtained from the competent authority.
(6) The annual value of the property consisting of a house or any part thereof
shall be taken as nil, if the owner occupies it for his own residence or cannot
25 actually occupy it due to any reason.
(7) The provisions of sub-section (6)––
(a) shall apply only in respect of two of such houses as specified by
the assessee in this behalf;
(b) shall not apply, if the house or any part thereof is actually let during
30 any time of the tax year, or if the owner derives any other benefit from it.
22. (1) The income under the head “Income from house property” shall be Deductions from
income from
computed after allowing the following deductions:–– house property.
(a) 30% of the annual value;
(b) where the property has been acquired, constructed, repaired,
35 renewed or reconstructed with borrowed capital, the amount of any interest
payable on such capital.
(2) In case of property or properties referred to in section 21(6), the
aggregate amount of deduction under sub-section (1)(b) shall not exceed—
(a) two lakh rupees, subject to the following conditions:––
40 (i) the property has been acquired or constructed with borrowed
capital and such acquisition or construction is completed within five
years from the end of tax year in which capital was borrowed;
(ii) if capital is borrowed during any period prior to the tax year
in which the property has been acquired or constructed, any interest
45 payable for the said prior period shall be allowed as a deduction in five
equal instalments for the said tax year and for each of the four
immediately succeeding tax years;
(iii) the assessee furnishes a certificate from the person to whom
interest is payable on such capital; and
 48

(b) thirty thousand rupees in any other case.

(3) The deduction under sub-section (2)(a)(ii) shall be computed after
reducing any amount already allowed as a deduction under any other
provisions of this Act.
(4) The certificate referred to in sub-section (2) shall specify–– 5

(a) the amount of interest payable on capital borrowed; and

(b) the interest payable on any new loan, where subsequent to the
capital borrowed, the assessee has taken any such loan for repayment
of whole or any part of such capital.
(5) The aggregate of the amounts of deduction under sub-section (2) in 10
respect of properties of the nature referred to in section 21(6) shall not exceed
two lakh rupees.
(6) Any interest chargeable under this Act which is payable outside
India shall not be allowed as a deduction under this section, if—
(a) tax has not been paid or deducted on such interest under 15
Chapter XIX-B; and
(b) in respect of such interest, there is no agent in India as per
section 306.
Arrears of rent 23. (1) The amount of arrears of rent received from a tenant or the
and unrealised unrealised rent realised subsequently from a tenant shall deemed to be the 20
rent received income from house property in respect of the tax year in which such rent is
subsequently.
received or realised.
(2) The amount deemed to be income from house property under
sub-section (1) shall be included in the total income of the assessee under the
head “Income from house property”, whether the assessee is the owner of the 25
property or not in that tax year.
(3) A sum equal to 30% of the arrears of rent or the unrealised rent
referred to in sub-section (1) shall be allowed as deduction.
Property owned 24. (1) For property co-owned with definite and ascertainable share, the
by co-owners. co-owners shall not be assessed as an association of persons and their income 30
computed separately as per their respective share under this Chapter shall be
included in their total income.
(2) The relief available under section 21(6) shall be provided as if each
co-owner is individually entitled to the said relief.
Interpretation. 25. For the purposes of sections 20 to 24, the “owner” in relation to a 35
property shall include––
(a) an individual who transfers without adequate consideration,
any property to the spouse (except under an agreement to live apart), or
to a minor child (other than a married daughter);
(b) the holder of an impartible estate; 40
(c) a member of a co-operative society, company or other association
of persons to whom a building or part thereof is allotted or leased under a
house building scheme of the society, company or association;
(d) a person who is allowed to take or retain possession of any
building or part thereof in part performance of a contract of the nature 45
4 of 1882.
referred to in section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882;
(e) a person who acquires any rights (excluding any rights by way
of a lease from month to month or for a period not exceeding one year)
in or with respect to any building or its part—
 49

(i) by virtue of transfer of such property by way of sale or

exchange or original or extendible lease for a term of not less than
twelve years; or
(ii) accruing or arising from any transaction (whether by
5 way of becoming a member of, or acquiring shares in, a
co-operative society, company or other association of persons or
by way of any agreement or any arrangement of whatever nature),
not being a transaction by way of sale, exchange or lease which
has the effect of enabling the enjoyment of such property.
10 D.— Profits and gains of business or profession
26. (1) The income from any business or profession carried on by Income under
head “Profits
the assessee at any time during the tax year shall be chargeable to and gains of
income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”. business or
profession”.
(2) The income under sub-section (1) shall include––
15 (a) the profits and gains of any business or profession
carried on by the assessee at any time during the tax year;
(b) any compensation or other payment, due to, or received,
by any person by whatever named called,––
(i) wholly or substantially managing the affairs —

20
(A) of an Indian company; or
(B) in India, of any other company; or
(ii) holding any agency in India for any part of
business activities of any other person; or
(iii) for any contract relating to business,
25 in connection with termination of management, office or agency
or contract, as the case may be, or modification of terms and
conditions relating thereto;
(c) any compensation or payment, due to, or received by,
any person for vesting of the management of any property or
30 business in the Government, including any corporation owned or
controlled by the Government under any law in force;
(d) income derived by a trade, professional or similar
association from specific services performed for its members;
(e) the amount of any profit on sale of input licence, cash
35 assistance against export, duty drawback or duty remission or any
other export incentive, received or receivable;
(f) the value of any benefit or perquisite arising from
business or the exercise of a profession, whether—
(i) convertible into money or not; or
40 (ii) in cash or in kind or partly in cash and partly in kind;
(g) an amount being interest, salary, bonus, commission or
remuneration, by whatever name called, which is due to, or
received by, a partner of a firm from such firm to the extent
allowed under Chapter IV-D as a deduction in computing the
45 income of the firm;
(h) any sum, received or receivable, in cash or in kind––
(i) under an agreement for not carrying out any
activity in relation to any business or profession, not being–
 50

(A) a consideration received on account of transfer

of the right to manufacture, produce or process any article
or thing or right to carry on any business or profession
which is chargeable under the head “Capital gains”;
(B) any sum received as compensation from the 5
multilateral fund of the Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone layer under the United Nations
Environment Programme, as per the terms of agreement
entered into with the Government of India; or
(ii) under an agreement for not sharing any know-how, 10
patent, copyright, trade-mark, licence, franchise or any other
business or commercial right of similar nature, or information
or technical know-how likely to assist in the manufacture or
processing of goods or provision for services;
(i) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including the 15
sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy;
(j) the fair market value of inventory as on the date on which it is
converted into, or treated as, a capital asset determined in the manner, as
prescribed; and
(k) any sum which is received or receivable in cash or kind, when–– 20

(i) a capital asset other than land or goodwill or financial

instrument, is demolished, destroyed, discarded or transferred; and
(ii) the whole of the expenditure on it has been allowed as a
deduction under section 46.
(3) Where speculative transactions carried on by an assessee are of such 25
nature to constitute a business, the business (herein referred to as speculation
business) shall be deemed to be distinct and separate from any other business.
(4) Any income from letting out of a residential house or a part of it by the
owner shall not be included in income under sub-section (1) and shall be
chargeable only under the head “Income from house property”. 30
Manner of
computing 27. The income referred to in section 26 shall be computed as per the
profits and gains provisions of sections 28 to 60, except section 58.
of business or
profession.
Rent, rates, taxes, 28. (1) The following amounts shall be allowed as deduction in respect of
repairs and premises, machinery, plant or furniture, wholly and exclusively, used for the
insurance. purposes of the business or profession:–– 35

(a) any premium paid in respect of insurance against risk of damage

or destruction thereof;
(b) land revenue, local rates or municipal taxes paid;
(c) rent paid, when the premises are occupied by the assessee as a tenant;
(d) amount paid on account of current repairs, not being capital 40
expenditure, when the premises are occupied by the assessee otherwise than
as a tenant; and
(e) cost of repairs, not being capital expenditure, when the premises
occupied by the premises occupied by the assessee as a tenant.
(2) In case where the premises, building, machinery, plant or furniture is 45
partly used or not wholly and exclusively used for the purposes of the business
or profession, the deduction allowable under sub-section (1) shall be restricted
to the fair proportionate part thereof as determined by the Assessing Officer,
having regard to the usage for the purposes of the business or profession.
 51

29. (1) The following sums, when paid by the assessee as an employer, shall Deductions
related to
be allowed as deduction in computing income chargeable under section 26:–– employee
(a) any contribution paid to a recognised provident fund or an welfare.
approved superannuation fund, subject to––
5 (i) the limits as prescribed for recognising the provident fund
or approving the superannuation fund; and
(ii) the conditions, as the Board may specify, for cases where
the contributions are not made annually either as fixed amounts, or
annual contributions fixed on some definite basis by reference to the
10 income chargeable under the head “Salaries” or the contributions or
to the number of members of the fund;
(b) any contribution paid to a pension scheme referred to in section 124,
for an employee up to 14% of the salary of the employee in the tax year, where
such salary includes dearness allowance, if the terms of employment so
15 provide, but excludes all other allowances and perquisites;
(c) any contribution paid to an approved gratuity fund created by the
assessee for the exclusive benefit of his employees under an irrevocable trust;
(d) any provision made for the purpose of making contribution
towards approved gratuity fund or for the purpose of payment of any
20 gratuity that has become payable during the tax year;
(e)(i) the amount of contribution received from an employee by the
assessee to which the provisions of section 2(49)(o) apply, if it is credited
by the assessee to the account of the employee in the relevant fund or funds
by the due date;
25 (ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (i), “due date” means the date by
which the assessee is required as an employer to credit employee
contribution to the account of an employee in the relevant fund under any
Act, rule, order or notification issued under it or under any standing order,
award, contract of service or otherwise and the provisions of section 37
30 shall not apply for determining the “due date” under this clause.
(2) (a) For the purposes of sub-section (1)(d), no deduction shall be
allowed for any provision made for the payment of gratuity to the employees on
their retirement or termination for any reason; and
(b) in case deduction has been allowed for any provision made under
35 sub-section (1)(d), then no deduction shall be allowed on actual payment made
from such provision.
(3) No deduction shall be allowed in respect of any sum paid by the
assessee as an employer towards setting up or formation of, or as contribution
to, any fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society
21 of 1860. 40 registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, or other institution for any
purpose, except where such sum is so paid, for the purposes and to the extent
provided by or under sub-section (1)(a) or (b) or (c), or as required by or under
any other law in force.
30. The following sums shall be allowed as deduction in computing income Deduction on
certain premium.
45 chargeable under section 26, being premium paid:––
(a) by any assessee in respect of insurance against risk of damage or
destruction of stocks or stores used for the purposes of business or profession;
(b) by a federal milk co-operative society to effect or to keep in force
an insurance on the life of the cattle owned by a member of a co-operative
50 society, being a primary society engaged in supplying milk raised by its
members to such federal milk co-operative society;
 52

(c) by the assessee, as an employer, through any mode of payment

other than cash, to effect or to keep in force an insurance on the health of
its employees under a scheme framed in this behalf by—
(i) the General Insurance Corporation of India formed under
section 9 of the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) 5
Act, 1972 and approved by the Central Government; or 57 of 1972.

(ii) any other insurer and approved by the Insurance Regulatory

and Development Authority established under section 3(1) of the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999. 41 of 1999.

Deduction for 31. (1) The amount mentioned in column C of the Table below, in respect 10
bad debt and of any provision for bad and doubtful debts made by the assessee specified in
provision for bad
and doubtful
column B thereof, shall be allowed as a deduction in computation of income
debt. chargeable under section 26.
Table
Sl Specified assessee Amount of deduction 15
No.
A B C
1. (a) A scheduled bank, other than a bank (a) not more than
incorporated by or under the laws of a 8.5% of the total income
country outside India; or of the tax year computed 20

(b) a non-scheduled bank; or before making any

deduction under this
(c) a co-operative bank, other than— clause and Chapter VIII,
(i) a primary agricultural credit and an additional amount
society; or up to 10% of the 25
aggregate average
(ii) a primary co-operative advances made by rural
agricultural and rural development bank. branches computed in
the manner as
prescribed; 30

(b) for an assessee

mentioned in clauses (a)
and (b) of column B, at
its option, an additional
amount in excess of 35
clause (a) of this column
but not more than the
income from redemption
of securities as per a
scheme framed by the 40
Central Government,
when such income has
been disclosed in the
return of income under
the head “Profits and 45
gains of business or
profession”.
2. (a) A bank incorporated by or under the Not more than 5% of
laws of a country outside India; or the total income of a tax
(b) a public financial institution or a year computed before 50

State Financial Corporation or a State making any deduction

Industrial Investment Corporation; or under this clause and
Chapter VIII.
(c) a non-banking financial company.
 53

(2) Any amount of bad debt, or part of it, in the tax year in which such
amount is written off as irrecoverable in the accounts of the assessee, shall be
allowed as deduction in computation of income chargeable under section 26,
subject to the following conditions:––
5 (a) it has been taken into account in computing the income of the
assessee of the tax year in which it is written off, or any earlier tax year, or
represents the money lent in the ordinary course of the business of banking
or money lending which is carried on by the assessee;
(b) if the amount ultimately recovered on any such debt or part of
10 debt is less than the difference between the debt or part and the amount so
deducted, the deficiency shall be deductible in the tax year in which the
ultimate recovery is made;
(c) where it relates to an assessee to which sub-section (1) applies,––
(i) only that amount which exceeds the credit balance in the
15 provision for bad and doubtful debts account made under that
sub-section shall be allowed as deduction;
(ii) it shall be allowed only when the assessee has debited such
amount in that tax year to the provision for bad and doubtful debts
account made under that sub-section; and
20 (d) the account referred to in clause (c) shall be only one such account
under sub-section (1) and such account shall be related to all types of
advances, including advances made by rural branches.
(3) For the purposes of this sub-section (2),––
(a) any bad debt or part of it written off as irrecoverable shall not
25 include any provision for bad and doubtful debt;
(b) any amount of bad debt or part of it, which has been taken into
account in computing the income of the assessee of the tax year in which the
amount of bad debt or part of it becomes irrevocable or of an earlier tax year,
as per income computation and disclosure standards notified under section
30 276(2) without recording it in the accounts, shall be allowed as a deduction in
computing the income of the assessee of the tax year in which it becomes
irrecoverable and such bad debt or part of it shall be deemed to be written off
as irrevocable in the accounts for the purposes of sub-section (2).
32. (1) The following amounts shall be allowed as deduction in computing Other
deductions.
35 income chargeable under section 26:––
(a) bonus or commission paid to an employee for services rendered,
but only when such sum would not have been payable to the employee as
profits or dividend if it had not been paid as bonus or commission;
(b) interest paid in respect of capital borrowed for the purposes of
40 business or profession, where––
(i) interest shall not include interest on capital borrowed for
acquisition of an asset, whether capitalised in the books of account or
not, for any period beginning from the date the capital was borrowed for
acquisition of the asset till the date that asset was first put to use;
45 (ii) recurring subscriptions paid periodically by shareholders or
subscribers in Mutual Benefit Societies fulfilling the conditions as
prescribed, shall be deemed to be capital borrowed;
(c) contribution paid by a public financial institution to the credit
guarantee fund trust for small industries as the Central Government may,
50 by notification, specify;
 54

(d) the pro rata amount of discount on a zero coupon bond having
regard to the period of life of such bond calculated in the manner, as
prescribed, where––
(i) “discount” means the difference between the amount
received or receivable by the infrastructure capital company or 5
infrastructure capital fund or public sector company or scheduled
bank issuing the bond, and the amount payable on maturity or
redemption of such bond;
(ii) “period of life of bond” means the period commencing from
the date of issue of the bond and ending on the date of the maturity 10
or redemption of such bond;
(e) the amount carried to a special reserve created and maintained by
a specified entity, subject to the following conditions:––
(i) the deduction shall not exceed 20% of the profits derived from
an eligible business computed under the head “Profits and gains of 15
business or profession” before any deductions under this clause; and
(ii) when the aggregate of such amounts carried to such reserve
account from time to time exceeds twice the amount of paid-up share
capital and of general reserves of the specified entity, no deduction
shall be allowable on such excess, 20

and for the purposes of this clause,––

(A) “specified entity” means—
(I) a financial corporation as specified in section 2(72) of the 18 of 2013.
Companies Act, 2013;
(II) a financial corporation which is a public sector company; 25

(III) a banking company;

(IV) a co-operative bank other than a primary agricultural credit
society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank;
(V) a housing finance company; and
(VI) any other financial corporation including a public 30
company;
(B) “eligible business” means,—
(I) in respect of any of the specified entities referred to in clauses
(e)(A)(I) to (IV), the business of providing long-term finance for—
(a) industrial or agricultural development; 35

(b) development of infrastructure facility in India; or

(c) development of housing in India;
(II) in respect of the specified entity referred to in clause (e)(A)(V),
the business of providing long-term finance for the construction or
purchase of houses in India for residential purposes; and 40

(III) in respect of the specified entity referred to in

clause (e)(A)(VI), the business of providing long-term finance for
development of infrastructure facility in India;
(C) “infrastructure facility” means—
(I) an infrastructure facility as defined in Explanation to 45
section 80-IA(4)(i) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 or any other public 43 of 1961.
facility of a similar nature as notified by the Board in this behalf and
which fulfils the conditions as prescribed;
 55

(II) an undertaking referred to in section 80-IA(4)(ii) or (iii) or

43 of 1961. (iv) or (vi) of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and
(III) an undertaking referred to in section 141(5);
(f) any expenditure, not being capital expenditure, incurred by a
5 corporation or a body corporate, by whatever name called, if,—
(i) it is constituted or established by a Central Act or State Act
or Provincial Act;
(ii) it is notified by the Central Government for the purposes of
this clause having regard to the objects and purposes of the Act
10 referred to in sub-clause (i); and
(iii) the expenditure is incurred for the objects and purposes
authorised by the Act under which it is constituted or established;
(g) the expenditure incurred by a co-operative society engaged in the
business of manufacture of sugar, on purchase of sugarcane at a price equal
15 to or less than the price fixed or approved by the Government;
(h) marked to market loss or other expected loss as computed as per
the income computation and disclosure standards notified
under section 276(2) and no deduction or allowance for such loss shall be
allowed under any other provision of this Act;
20 (i) any expenditure bona fide incurred by a company for the purpose
of promoting family planning amongst its employees, subject to the
following conditions:––
(i) if such expenditure or any part of it is of capital nature,
one-fifth of it shall be deducted for the tax year in which it was
25 incurred and the balance shall be deducted in equal instalments for
each of the four immediately succeeding tax years;
(ii) the provisions of sections 33(11) and 112(3) shall apply to
deduction under this clause as they apply in relation to deductions
allowable in respect of depreciation;
30 (iii) the provisions of sections 38(1)(c), 39(4) (Table: Sl. No. 9)
and 45(6), shall apply to an asset representing capital expenditure for
promoting family planning, to the extent they apply to an asset
representing capital expenditure on scientific research;
(j) the amount being difference between the cost of animals used
35 for the purposes of the business or profession otherwise than as
stock-in-trade, as reduced by the amount realised from the carcasses
or animals, where such animals have died or become permanently
useless; and
(k) the amount paid as securities transaction tax or commodities
40 transaction tax, if––
(i) the taxable securities transactions or taxable commodities
transactions are entered into the course of the business during the tax
year; and
(ii) the income arising from such taxable securities transactions or
45 taxable commodities transactions is included in the income computed
under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”.
 56

Deduction for 33. (1) A deduction in respect of depreciation of—

depreciation.
(a) buildings, machinery, plant or furniture, being tangible assets;
(b) know-how, patents, copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises
or any other business or commercial rights of similar nature, being
intangible assets acquired, not being goodwill of a business or profession, 5

owned wholly or partly by the assessee and used wholly and exclusively for the
purposes of the business or profession, shall be allowed, as per the provisions of
this section.
(2) In case of assets referred to in sub-section (1) of an undertaking
engaged in generation or generation and distribution of power, the depreciation 10
shall be a percentage of its actual cost to the assessee, as prescribed.
(3) (a) In case of any block of assets, depreciation shall be a percentage of
its written down value, as prescribed;
(b) when any asset forming part of the block of assets is partly, or not
wholly and exclusively, used for the purposes of the business or profession, the 15
deduction allowable shall be restricted to the fair proportionate part thereof as
determined by the Assessing Officer, having regard to the usage for the purposes
of the business or profession;
(c) when deduction of actual cost in respect of any machinery or plant has been
allowed under section 54, no deduction under this sub-section shall be allowed. 20

(4) The deduction under this section shall be restricted to 50% of the prescribed
rate, if such asset, being asset referred to in sub-sections (1), (2) and (8) is––
(a) acquired by the assessee during the tax year; and
(b) put to use for the purposes of business or profession for less than
one hundred and eighty days in that tax year. 25

(5) The allowable deduction calculated at the prescribed rates under this
section shall be allowed on pro rata basis based on number of days for which
assets were used by the following:––
(a) predecessor and successor, in case of a succession under
section 70(1)(zd) or (ze) or (zf), or section 313; or 30

(b) amalgamating company and the amalgamated company in case

of an amalgamation; or
(c) demerged company and the resulting company in case of a demerger.
(6) Where a building, not owned by the assessee, is held on lease or by any
other right of occupancy is used for the purposes of business or profession, and 35
if any capital expenditure is incurred by the assessee for the purposes of business
or profession on construction of any structure or any work by way of renovation,
extension or improvement to such building, then such structure or work shall be
treated as a building owned by the assessee for the purposes of this section.
(7) The provisions of this section shall apply even when the assessee has 40
not claimed deduction for depreciation in computing the total income.
(8) Further sum in addition to deduction under sub-section (3) shall be
allowed, when–—
(a) the assessee is engaged in the business of manufacture or
production of any article or thing or in the business of generation, 45
transmission or distribution of power;
(b) the assessee acquires and installs any new machinery or plant;
 57

(c) the new machinery or plant is first put to use by the assessee for
the purposes of business; and
(d) the new machinery or plant—
(i) is not a ship or an aircraft;
5 (ii) was not used either within or outside India by any other
person before its installation by the assessee;
(iii) is not installed in any office premises or any residential
accommodation, including accommodation in the nature of a guest house;
(iv) is not in the nature of any office appliances or road
10 transport vehicle; and
(v) is not of a class of asset on which the whole of the actual
cost is allowable as a deduction (whether by way of depreciation or
otherwise) in computing the income under the head “Profits and
gains of business or profession” of any tax year.
15 (9) The additional deduction referred to in sub-section (8) shall be––
(a) 20% of the actual cost of the new machinery or plant in the tax
year when it is acquired and put to use; or
(b) 10% of the actual cost, if the new machinery or plant is acquired and
put to use for less than one hundred and eighty days in the relevant tax year, and
20 the remaining 10% shall be allowed in the immediately succeeding tax year.
(10) The difference between the written down value and the money
payable including the scrap value, if any, shall be allowed as deduction when
any tangible asset in respect of which depreciation is claimed and allowed under
sub-section (2)––
25 (a) is sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed in the tax year not
being the tax year in which it is first put into use;
(b) the money payable including the scrap value, if any, is less than
its written down value; and
(c) such deficiency is actually written off in the books of account of
30 the assessee.
(11) (a) Where the profits and gains chargeable for the tax year before
allowing the deduction under sub-section (1) is less than the allowable deduction
under that sub-section, then––
(i) if such profits and gains is not a loss, the deduction under sub-section (1)
35 shall be allowed to the extent of the available profits and gains;
(ii) if such profits and gains is a loss, no deduction under
sub-section (1) shall be allowed;
(b) the amount of deduction which has not been allowed under clause (a)
shall be added to the allowable deduction under this section, whether available
40 or not, for the succeeding tax year and the total amount shall be deemed to be
eligible for deduction in that year, and so on for the succeeding tax years;
(c) the provisions of this sub-section shall be subject to the provisions of
sections 112(3) and 113(4); and
(d) any deduction in respect of any depreciation carried forward to the
45 succeeding tax year under this sub-section shall be deemed to be depreciation,
actually allowed.
(12) In this section,––
 58

(a) “assets” mean—

(i) tangible assets, being buildings, machinery, plant or
furniture;
(ii) intangible assets being––
(A) know-how; 5

(B) patents;
(C) copyrights;
(D) trademarks;
(E) licences;
(F) franchises; or 10

(G) any other similar business or commercial rights, but

not being goodwill of a business or profession;
(b) “know-how” means any industrial information or technique
likely to assist in the manufacture or processing of goods or in the working
of a mine, oil-well or other sources of mineral deposits (including 15
searching for discovery or testing of deposits for the winning of access
thereto);
(c) “sold” includes a transfer by way of exchange or a compulsory
acquisition under any law for the time being in force but does not include a
transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation, of any asset by the amalgamating 20
company to the amalgamated company where the amalgamated company is
an Indian company or in a scheme of amalgamation of a banking company, as
referred to in section 5(c) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 with a banking 10 of 1949.
institution as referred to in section 45(15) of the said Act, sanctioned and
brought into force by the Central Government under section 45(7) of that Act, 25
of any asset by the banking company to the banking institution;
(d) “written down value of the block of assets” shall have the same
meaning as in section 41(1)(Table: Sl. No. 3)
General 34 (1) Any expenditure (not being an expenditure of the nature specified in
conditions for sections 28 to 33 and not being in the nature of capital expenditure or personal 30
allowable expenses of the assessee), laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the
deductions.
purposes of the business or profession shall be allowed in computing the income
chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), an expenditure laid out or expended
wholly and exclusively for business or profession by the assessee shall not include 35
any of the following:––
(a) an expenditure incurred for any purpose which is an offence or is
prohibited by law; or
(b) an expenditure incurred on the activities relating to corporate social
responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013; or 40 18 of 2013.

(c) an expenditure incurred on advertisement in any souvenir, brochure,

tract, pamphlet or the like, published by a political party.
(3) The expenditure mentioned in sub-section (2)(a) shall include expenditure
incurred for––
(a) any purpose which is an offence under, or is prohibited by, any law 45
in force in or outside India; or
(b) providing a benefit or perquisite in any form to a person, who may
or may not be carrying on a business or exercising a profession, when its
acceptance by the person is in violation of any law or rule or regulation or
guideline governing the conduct of that person; or 50
 59

(c) compounding an offence under any law in force in or outside India; or

(d) settling proceedings initiated in relation to contravention under any
law notified by the Central Government in this behalf.
35. Irrespective of any other provision of Chapter IV-D, the following amounts Amounts not
deductible in
5 shall not be allowed as deduction in computing the income chargeable under the certain
head “Profits and gains of business or profession”:— circumstances.
(a) any amount on account of––
(i) tax paid on income; or
(ii) tax paid by employer referred to in Schedule III
10 (Table: Sl. No. 10); or
(iii) tax paid in any other country for which relief is eligible under
section 159 or 160,
and shall include any surcharge or cess on such tax, by whatever name called;
(b)(i) 30% of any sum payable to a resident on which tax is deductible
15 at source under Chapter XIX-B and during the tax year, such tax has not been
deducted or after deduction, has not been paid up to the due date specified in
section 263(1), where—
(A) tax is deducted and paid during any subsequent tax year,
deduction of such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the
20 income in any subsequent tax year, in which such tax has been paid;
(B) the assessee is required to and fails to deduct whole or any
part of the tax under Chapter XIX-B but he is not deemed to be an
assessee in default under section 398(2), then for the purposes of this
sub-clause, the assessee shall be deemed to have deducted and paid
25 the tax on such sum on the date on which the return has been filed by
the payee referred to in section 398(2);
(ii) any interest, royalty, fees for technical services or other sum
chargeable under this Act which is payable––
(A) outside India; or
30 (B) in India to a non-resident (which is not a company) or to a
foreign company,
on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XIX-B and during
the tax year, such tax, has not been deducted or after deduction, has not
been paid up to the due date specified in section 263(1), where––
35 (I) tax is deducted and paid during any subsequent tax year,
deduction of such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the
income in any subsequent tax year, in which such tax has been paid;
(II) the assessee is required to and fails to deduct whole or any part
of the tax under Chapter XIX-B but he is not deemed to be an assessee
40 in default under section 398(2), then for the purposes of this sub-clause
the assessee shall be deemed to have deducted and paid the tax on such
sum on the date on which the return has been filed by the payee as
referred to in section 398(2);
(iii) any payment to a provident or other fund established for the benefit of
45 employees of the assessee, unless the assessee has made effective arrangements to
secure that tax shall be deducted at source under Chapter XIX-B from any
payments made from the fund which are chargeable to tax under the head
“Salaries”;
 60

(c) any payment chargeable under the head “Salaries”, payable outside India
or to a non-resident on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XIX-B and
such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid;
(d)(i) any consideration paid or payable to a non-resident for a specified
service on which equalisation levy is deductible under Chapter VIII of the 5
Finance Act, 2016 and such levy has not been deducted or, after deduction, 28 of 2016.
has not been paid up to the due date specified in section 263(1);
(ii) deduction of such consideration shall be allowed in any subsequent
tax year, in which such levy has been paid;
10
(e) any amount––
(i) paid by way of royalty, licence fee, service fee, privilege fee,
service charge or any other fee or charge, by whatever name called,
which is levied exclusively on; or
(ii) which is appropriated, directly or indirectly, from a State
Government undertaking, by the State Government; 15

(f) the expenditure incurred by a firm, assessable as such––

(i) in the nature of salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by
whatever name called (herein referred as remuneration) to a partner, who
is not a working partner; or
(ii) on the remuneration to a working partner and interest to any 20
partner, if it is––
(A) not authorised by the partnership deed applicable for the
period for which such remuneration or interest is paid; or
(B) authorised by and is as per the terms of partnership deed
but relates to the period prior to the date of such partnership deed, 25
or which was not authorised by the earlier partnership deed; or
(iii) on the aggregate remuneration to all working partners as
authorised by the partnership deed, exceeding the amount computed as
under:––
(A) on the first six lakh rupees of the book profit or in case 30
of a loss, three lakh rupees or 90% of the book profit, whichever
is higher;
(B) on the balance of the book profit at the rate of 60%; or
(iv) on interest to any partner as authorised by the partnership deed,
exceeding 12% simple interest per annum, and where an individual is a 35
partner in a firm, on behalf of or for the benefit of any other person, such
partner and any other person shall be referred as a “representative
partner” and the “person so represented”, respectively, then the
provisions of sub-clause (ii) and this sub-clause––
(A) shall not be applicable in respect of interest paid to such 40
individual not as a representative partner;
(B) shall be applicable in respect of interest paid to an
individual as a representative partner and the person so represented;
(C) shall not be applicable in respect of interest paid to a
partner, otherwise than as a representative partner, on behalf of or 45
for the benefit of any other person; or
 61

(v) In this clause––

(A) “book profit” means the net profit, as shown in the profit
and loss account for the relevant tax year, computed as per
Chapter IV-D as increased by the aggregate amount of the
5 remuneration to all the partners of the firm, if such amount has
been deducted while computing the net profit;
(B) “working partner” means an individual who is actively
engaged in conducting the affairs of the business or profession of
the firm of which he is a partner;
10 (g) the expenditure incurred by an association of persons or a body of
individuals (other than a company, or a co-operative society or society
21 of 1860. registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, or under any law
corresponding to that Act in force in any part of India)––

(i) in the nature of interest, salary, bonus, commission or

15 remuneration, by whatever name called, made to a member of such
association or body;
(ii) where the interest has been paid by the association or the body
to its member and such member has also paid interest to the association
or the body, then only such excess interest, if any, paid by the association
20 or body shall not be allowed under sub-clause (i);
(iii) where an individual is a member of an association or a body
on behalf, or for benefit of any other person, such member and any other
person shall be referred as “representative member” and “person so
represented”, respectively, then, the provisions of this clause––
25 (A) shall not be applicable in respect of interest paid to or
received from such individual not being a representative member;
(B) shall be applicable in respect of interest paid to or
received from an individual as a representative member and the
person so represented;
30 (C) shall not be applicable in respect of interest paid to a
member, otherwise than as representative member, on behalf or
for the benefit of any other person.
36. (1) The provisions of this section shall have effect irrespective of Expenses or
payments not
anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of this Act relating to deductible in
35 computation of income under the head “Profits and gains of business or certain
profession”. circmstances.

(2) If the assessee incurs any expenditure for which payment has been or
is to be made to any “specified person”, which in the opinion of the Assessing
Officer is excessive or unreasonable having regard to the––
40 (a) fair market value of the goods, services or facilities; or

(b) legitimate needs of the business or profession of the assessee; or

(c) benefit derived by or accruing to the assessee therefrom,

so much of the expenditure as considered excessive or unreasonable by him shall not

be allowed as a deduction.
 62

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2),––

(a) “specified person”,––
(i) in relation to an assessee mentioned in column B of the Table
below, shall be the person referred to in column C thereof:—
Table 5

Sl. No. Assessee Specified person

A B C

1. Individual. Any relative of the assessee.

2. Company. Any director of the company or

his relative. 10

3. Firm. Partner of the firm or its relative.

4. Association of persons. Member of the association or its

relative.

5. Hindu undivided family. Member of the family or his

relative. 15

(ii) shall mean any person being an individual or company or firm

or association of persons or Hindu undivided family having substantial
interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any director,
partner, member thereof or any relatives of such individual, director,
partner, member or any other company in which the first mentioned 20
company has substantial interest;
(iii) shall mean a company, firm, association of persons, or Hindu
undivided family whose director, partner or member has substantial
interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any director,
partner or member thereof and their relatives, as the case may be; 25

(iv) shall mean any person carrying on a business or profession, in

which assessee, being––
(A) an individual or his relative; or
(B) a company, its directors or their relatives; or
(C) a firm, its partners or their relatives; or 30

(D) an association of persons, its members or their relatives; or

(E) a Hindu undivided family, its members or their relatives,
has substantial interest in the business or profession of such person;
(b) a person is deemed to have “substantial interest in the business or
profession” if, at any time during the tax year, such person is— 35

(i) the beneficial owner of shares (not being shares entitled to fixed
rate of dividend with or without a right to participate in profits) carrying
at least 20% of the voting power, in case of assessee being a company; and
 63

(ii) entitled to at least 20% of the profits of the business or

profession in any other case, at any time during the tax year.
(4) Where any expenditure is incurred by the assessee and payment or
aggregate of payments made in a day to a person is exceeding ten thousand rupees
5 and is not through specified banking or online mode, then the expenditure by way
of such payments shall not be allowed as deduction.
(5) Where any deduction was made in any preceding tax year for a liability
incurred for any expenditure and payment in respect of such liability is made during
a subsequent tax year and if such payment or aggregate of payments made in a day
10 to a person exceeds ten thousand rupees and is not through specified banking or
online mode, such payment shall be deemed to be the income under the head “Profits
and gains of business or profession” in such subsequent tax year.
(6) For the purposes of sub-sections (4) and (5), the figure “ten thousand
rupees” shall be read as “thirty-five thousand rupees” in case the payment is made
15 for plying, hiring or leasing of goods carriages.
(7) The provisions of sub-sections (4) and (5) shall not be applicable in
cases and circumstances, as prescribed, having regard to the nature and extent
of banking facilities available, considerations of business expediency and other
relevant factors.
20 (8) Nothing (with reference to mode of payment) contained in any other
law in force or in any contract, shall apply in respect of any payment which has
been made through specified banking or online mode, in compliance of
sub-sections (4) to (7), and no plea shall be allowed to be raised, in any suit or
other proceeding on the ground that the payment was not made or tendered in
25 cash or in mode other than through specified banking or online mode.
37. (1) The following sums payable, as specified in sub-section (2), shall be Certain
deductions
allowed as deduction while computing the income chargeable under section 26 only allowed on
in the tax year in which such sums are actually paid irrespective of–– actual payment
basis only.
(a) any provision to the contrary in this Act; or
30 (b) method of accounting regularly followed; or
(c) the tax year in which the liability was incurred.
(2) The sums payable by an assessee referred to in sub-section (1), shall be––
(a) tax, duty, cess, surcharge or fee, by whatever named called, levied
under any law in force;
35 (b) contribution of the employer to a provident fund or superannuation
fund or gratuity fund or any fund for the welfare of employees;
(c) amount payable by employer in lieu of any leave at the credit of the
employee;
(d) any sum referred to in section 32(a);
40 (e) interest on loans or borrowings from specified financial entities as
per the terms and conditions of the agreement governing such loans or
advances;
(f) amount payable to the Indian Railways for use of railway assets; or
 64

(g) amount payable by the assessee to a micro or small enterprise beyond

the time limit specified in section 15 of the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises Development Act, 2006. 27 of 2006.

(3) In case the amounts specified in sub-section (2), except the sum referred
to in clause (g) thereof, are paid after the end of the tax year in which the liability 5
was incurred, but on or before the due date of filing of return of income under
section 263(1) for such tax year, the deduction towards such sum shall be allowed
in such tax year.
(4) If interest on loans or advances specified in sub-section (2)(e) is converted into
a loan or advance or debenture or any other instrument by which the liability to pay is 10
deferred to a future date, then it shall not be deemed to have been actually paid.
(5) If a deduction in respect of any sum payable under sub-section (2) has
already been allowed in any tax year when such liability was incurred, it shall not
be allowed again in any subsequent tax year when paid.
(6) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a sum received by the 15
assessee from any employee as contribution towards any of the funds referred to in
section 2(49)(o).
(7) For the purposes of this section, “specified financial entities” means a
public financial institution or State Finance Corporation or State Industrial
Investment Corporation or notified class of non-banking financial companies or 20
scheduled banks or co-operative banks (other than a primary agricultural credit
society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank).
Certain sums 38. (1) The following sums shall be deemed to be profit and gains of business
deemed as
profits and gains
or profession and shall be chargeable to income-tax, in the manner specified below,
of business or subject to the provisions of sub-section (2):–– 25
profession.
(a) where an allowance or deduction has been allowed in respect of any
loss, expenditure or trading liability incurred by the assessee during any tax
year, then,—
(i) the value of any benefit accruing to the assessee by way of
cessation or remission of such trading liability, including a unilateral act 30
of write-off of such liability in his accounts, in the tax year in which such
benefit accrues; or
(ii) any amount obtained by the assessee, whether in cash or
otherwise, in respect of such loss or expenditure incurred, in the tax year
in which the amount is obtained, 35

whether the business or profession in respect of which the allowance or

deduction was made is in existence in that year or not;
(b) in a case where any tangible asset, which is owned by assessee, is
sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed, and the money payable for the asset,
together with the scrap value [A] exceeds the written down value of the assets 40
[C], the sum as computed below, in the tax year in which the money payable
for the tangible asset becomes due––
(i) where the money payable for the asset together with the scrap
value [A] is less than the actual cost of the asset [B], then—
[A] – [C]; or 45

(ii) in any other case,—

[B] – [C];
 65

(c) in a case where an asset representing expenditure of a capital nature on

scientific research, referred to in section 45(1)(a) or (c) is sold, without having
been used for other purposes, and the sale proceeds together with the total
deductions allowed under that section exceed the amount of capital expenditure,
5 the excess or the amount of deduction so made, whichever is less, in the tax year
in which the asset was sold;
(d) in a case where a deduction has been allowed for a bad debt (or part of it)
under the provisions of section 31(2), and any amount subsequently recovered
exceeds the difference between such debt and the amount allowed, then the
10 amount in excess, in the tax year in which recovery is made;
(e) in a case where a deduction has been allowed for any special reserve
created and maintained under the provisions of section 32(e), any amount
subsequently withdrawn from such reserve, in the tax year in which the
amount is withdrawn.
15 (2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall apply subject to fulfilment of the
following conditions:—
(a) in respect of sub-section (1)(a), only when an allowance or deduction
has been made in assessment for any earlier tax year towards the trading
liability, loss or expenditure incurred;
20 (b) in respect of sub-section (1)(b), only when the asset owned by the
assessee, has been used for the purpose of business, and depreciation has been
claimed and allowed thereon under section 33;
(c) in respect of sub-section (1)(c) of the said sub-section, only when the
assets has not been used for other purposes.
25 (3) Where the business or profession referred to in this section is no longer in
existence and there is income chargeable to tax under of sub-section (1)(a), (c), (d)
and (e), in respect of that business or profession, any loss, not being a loss sustained
in speculation business, which arose in that business or profession during the tax
year in which it ceased to exist and which could not be set off against any other
30 income of that tax year shall, so far as may be, be set off against the income
chargeable to tax under the said clauses of that sub-section.
(4) In respect of sums referred to in sub-section (1)(a), if the benefit accrues to, or
amount is obtained, by the successor in business, the value of benefit or the amount shall
be chargeable to income-tax as income in the hands of successor in business.
35 (5) The provisions of sub-section (1)(b), (c), (d) and (e) shall apply in a tax year
even if the business is no longer in existence.
(6) In this section,––
(a) “sold” includes a transfer by way of exchange or a compulsory
acquisition under any law for the time being in force but does not include a transfer,
40 in a scheme of amalgamation, of any asset by the amalgamating company to the
amalgamated company where the amalgamated company is an Indian company;
(b) “successor in business”means and includes––
(i) the amalgamated company, where there has been an
amalgamation;
45 (ii) the resulting company, where there has been a demerger;
(iii) where the assessee is succeeded by any other person in that
business or profession, that other person;
(iv) where a firm carrying on a business or profession is succeeded by
another firm, that other firm.
 66

Computation of 39. (1) The actual cost of an asset used for the purposes of the business or profession
actual cost.
shall be the actual cost to the assessee as, reduced by the following amounts:—
(a) part of cost of asset, if any, met by any other person or authority,
directly or indirectly;
(b) goods and services tax paid in respect of which input tax credit has 5
been claimed and allowed under the relevant law;
(c) additional duty leviable under section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 51 of 1975.
in respect of which a claim of credit has been made and allowed under the Central
Excise Rules, 1944;
(d) subsidy, grant or reimbursement, by whatever name called, if any, 10
relatable to the acquisition of the asset, received by the assessee from—
(i) the Central Government;
(ii) a State Government;
(iii) any authority established under any law; or
(iv) any other person. 15

(2) The payment or aggregate of payments exceeding ten thousand rupees in

a day for acquisition of an asset, made to a person in a mode otherwise than by
specified banking or online mode, shall be excluded from the actual cost of the asset.
(3) In a case where the subsidy, grant or reimbursement referred to in
sub-section (1)(d) is not directly relatable to the asset acquired, the amount of 20
reduction under sub-section (1)(d) shall be determined as under:
𝐵
𝐴×( )
𝐶
Where,—
A = total amount of subsidy, grant or reimbursement not directly relatable to 25
the asset;
B = cost of the asset acquired for which actual cost is to be determined;
C = cost of all the assets in respect of or in reference to which the subsidy or
grant or reimbursement is so received.
(4) In circumstances specified under column B of the Table below, the actual 30
cost of the capital asset shall be as specified in column C thereof.
Table
Sl. No. Specified circumstances Determination of actual cost
A B C
1. Where capital asset is transferred Actual cost to amalgamated 35
by an amalgamating company to an company shall be the same as it
amalgamated company being an would have been if the
Indian company in a scheme of amalgamating company had
amalgamation. continued to hold such capital asset
for the purpose of its own business. 40

2. Where capital asset is transferred Actual cost to resulting company

by a demerged company to a resulting shall be the same as it would have
company being an Indian company in been, if the demerged company had
a demerger. continued to hold such asset for the
purpose of its own business, which 45
shall not exceed the written down
value of such capital asset in the
hands of demerged company.
 67

A B C
3. Where inventory is converted Fair Market Value as on date of
into capital asset. conversion, as determined in the
manner as prescribed.
5 4. Where capital asset is acquired Actual cost to previous owner
by the assessee by way of gift or as reduced by the depreciation
inheritance. allowable up to the immediately
preceding tax year, as if such asset
was the only asset in the relevant
10
block of asset.
5. Where a building, being the Actual cost of the building as
property of the assessee, is put to use reduced by the depreciation—
for the purpose of business or
(a) that would have been
profession during the tax year.
15 allowable had the building
been used for the purpose of
business from the date of
acquisition; and
(b) calculated at the rate
20 in force on the date on
which such asset was put to
use for business.
6. Where capital asset is transferred Actual cost to the transferee-
by— company shall be the same as it
(a) a holding company to its would have been, if the transferor
25
subsidiary company; or company had continued to hold
such asset for the purpose of its
(b) a subsidiary company to its own business.
holding company,
30 and the conditions of section 70(1)(c)
and (d) are satisfied.
7. Where a capital asset, which (a) Actual cost of the asset in
previously belonged to the assessee, the hands of assessee, when it was
is reacquired by the assessee. first acquired, as reduced by the
35 depreciation allowable up to the
immediately preceding tax year,
as if such asset was the only asset
in the relevant block of asset; or
(b) actual price for which such
40 asset is reacquired by the assesse,
whichever is lower.
8. Where the capital asset is Actual cost of asset to the
acquired by the assessee from assessee shall be the written down
previous owner and subsequently value of the asset in the hands of
45 asset is given back to the previous the previous owner at the time of
owner by way of lease, hire or transfer by the previous owner.
otherwise, and—
(a) the asset was being used
for the purpose of business by the
50 previous owner; and
(b) depreciation has been
claimed by the previous owner.
 68

A B C
Where the capital asset is used in Actual cost of asset as reduced
9.
business after it ceases to be used for by deduction allowed for the
scientific research related to that capital asset under section 45(1)(a)
business and a deduction is made or (c) or under any corresponding 5
under section 33(3). provision of the Income-tax Act,
1961(43 of 1961).
10. Where the assessee had acquired Actual cost of the asset as
an asset outside India, as a non- reduced by the depreciation––
resident, and the asset is brought by (a) that would have been 10
him to India and put to use in allowable had the asset been
business or profession in India. used for the purpose of business
or profession in India since the
date of its acquisition; and
(b) calculated at the rate in 15
force.
11. Where capital asset is acquired Actual cost of the asset, as if
under the scheme of corporatisation there was no corporatisation.
of a recognised stock exchange
approved by the Securities and 20
Exchange Board of India.
12. (a) Where deduction under Actual cost shall be deemed to
section 46 was allowed or allowable be nil.
in respect of the capital asset—
(i) to the assessee; or 25
(ii) to any person and the
assessee acquires or receives
such asset through special modes
of acquisition from such person.
(b) Where deduction allowed Actual cost of the asset as 30
under section 46 in respect of a reduced by the depreciation,—
capital asset becomes deemed (a) that would have been
income as per section 46(9)(b). allowable had the asset been
used for the purpose of
business since date of 35
acquisition; and
(b) calculated at the rate in
force.
13. Where any amount is paid or Actual cost shall not include so
payable as interest in connection much of such amount as is 40
with the acquisition of an asset. relatable to any period after such
asset is first put to use.
(5) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (4), in a case where the asset
is acquired by the assessee, its actual cost shall be determined by the Assessing Officer
having regard to all circumstances of the case, subject to the following conditions:— 45

(a) the asset was used by any other person for the purposes of his
business, before such acquisition; and
(b) the Assessing Officer is satisfied that the main purpose of the transfer
of the asset was to reduce tax liability (by claiming depreciation on enhanced
actual cost). 50
 69

(6) The determination of actual cost under sub-section (5) shall be made with
the prior approval of the Joint Commissioner.
(7) In this section, “special modes of acquisition” means acquisition—
(a) by way of a gift or will or an irrevocable trust; or
5 (b) upon distribution on the liquidation of a company; or
(c) by such mode of transfer as is referred to in section 70(1)(a), (c), (d), (e),
(j), (zd), (ze) and (zf).
40. (1) For the purposes of computation of income under the head “Profits and Special
provision for
gains of business or profession”, cost of acquisition of an asset acquired by–– computation of
10 (a) an amalgamated company under a scheme of amalgamation; or cost of
acquisition of
(b) an assessee, under a gift, or will, or an irrevocable trust, or on total certain assets.
or partial partition of a Hindu undivided family,
when sold as stock-in-trade shall be the sum of—
(i) cost of acquisition of the said asset in the hands of the amalgamating
15 company in case of clause (a), or the transferor or donor in case of clause (b);
(ii) any cost of improvement made;
(iii) any expenditure incurred by the amalgamating company or
transferor or donor wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer.
(2) This section shall not apply to an asset referred to in section 67(6).
20 41. (1) For the purposes of different provisions for computation of income under Written down
the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”, written down value for the tax value of
depreciable
year shall be as mentioned in column C of the Table below:— asset.
Table
Sl. No. Circumstances Written down value
25 A B C
1. In case the asset is Actual cost to the assessee.
acquired in the tax year.
2. In case the asset Actual cost to the assessee less depreciation
is acquired before actually allowed under this Act or the Income-tax
43 of 1961. 30 the tax year. Act, 1961.
3. In case of block [(A-D)+ B-C]-E.
of assets.

Note:–– In column C,—

A = the written down value of the block of assets in the immediately
35 preceding tax year;
B = actual cost of any asset falling within that block, acquired during the
tax year;
C = moneys payable together with scrap value, if any, in respect of any
asset falling within the block, which is sold, transferred, demolished, destroyed
40 or discarded during the tax year, where “C” shall not exceed (A-D)+B;
D = depreciation actually allowed in respect of block of assets in relation
to the said immediately preceding tax year;
E = in the case of a slump sale, the actual cost of the asset falling within
that block as reduced by depreciation allowable from the tax year 1988-1989
45 onwards, as if the asset was the only asset in the relevant block of assets, which
shall not exceed [(A-D)+B-C].
 70

A B C

4. Where any block of asset Written down value in the hands of

is transferred by— the transferee company or amalgamated
company is the same as written down
(a)(i) a holding
value in the hands of transferor company 5
company to its subsidiary
or amalgamating company, as the case
company; or
may be, at the beginning of the tax year
(ii) a subsidiary in which such transfer took place.
company to its holding
company and the 10
conditions of section
70(1)(c) and (d) are
satisfied; or
(b) amalgamating
15
company to the
amalgamated company
being an Indian
company.
5. Where any asset, forming Written down value of block of
part of a block of assets is assets–– 20
transferred by a demerged
(a) for demerged company (for
company to a resulting
the immediately preceding tax
company.
year), shall be the written down
value in the immediately preceding
tax year as reduced by the written 25
down value of the assets
transferred to the resulting
company pursuant to such
demerger;
(b) for resulting company, shall 30
be the written down value of the
assets transferred from the
demerged company immediately
before such demerger.
6. Where any block of assets Written down value in the hands of 35
is transferred by a private limited liability partnership shall be
company or unlisted public written down value in the hands of said
company to a limited liability company as on the date of conversion of
partnership and the conditions the company into limited liability
in section 70(1)(ze) are partnership. 40
satisfied.
7. Where any asset forming Written down value of the block of
part of the block of assets is assets in the hands of resulting company,
transferred to a company shall be the written down value of the
under the scheme of assets transferred immediately before 45
corporatisation of a such transfer.
recognised stock exchange in
India approved by the
Securities and Exchange
50
Board of India.
 71

A B C
8. In a case of succession in Written down value of any asset or
business or profession under block of assets shall be the amount
section 313, where an which would have been taken as its
5 assessment is made in the written down value, if the assessment
hands of successor under had been made directly on the person
section 313 (2). succeeded to.

(2) Any allowance in respect of any depreciation carried forward under

10 section 33(11) shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed.
(3) Where an assessee was not required to compute his total income for the
purposes of this Act for any tax year or tax years preceding the tax year under
consideration,—
(a) the actual cost of an asset shall be adjusted by the amount attributable
15 to the revaluation of such asset, if any, in the books of account;
(b) the total amount of depreciation on such asset provided in the books
of account of the assessee in respect of such tax year or tax years preceding
the tax year under consideration shall be deemed to be the depreciation
actually allowed under this Act for the purposes of this clause; and
20 (c) the depreciation actually allowed under clause (b) shall be adjusted
by the amount of depreciation attributable to such revaluation of the asset.
(4) For the purposes of this section, where the income of an assessee is derived,
in part from agriculture and in part from business chargeable to income-tax under
the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”, for computing the written
25 down value of assets acquired before the tax year, the total amount of depreciation
shall be computed as if the entire income is derived from the business of the assessee
under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” and the depreciation so
computed shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed under this Act or
43 of 1961. under the Income-tax Act, 1961.
30 (5) In this section, “sold” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 38(6)(a).
42. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act, Capitalising the
where at the time of making payment during the tax year, there is a variation in impact of
foreign
liability of an assessee as expressed in Indian currency due to change in rate of exchange
35 exchange in relation to an asset acquired for the purpose of business or profession fluctuation.
in foreign currency from a country outside India, it shall be dealt with in the manner
specified in sub-sections (2) and (3).
(2) For this section, “variation in liability” shall be computed as—
A = B-C
40 where,—
A = variation in the liability;
B = amount paid in Indian currency (excluding any part met, directly or
indirectly, by any other person or authority) during the tax year for acquisition
of the asset for—
45 (a) the whole or part of the cost of asset; or
(b) repayment of money borrowed along with interest in foreign
currency, specifically for acquiring such asset;
 72

C = liability, corresponding to the amount referred in B, in Indian

currency at the time of acquisition of such asset.
(3) The variation in liability shall be added or reduced from the—
(a) actual cost of the asset as referred in section 39; or
(b) expenditure of capital nature referred to in section 45(1)(a) or (c) or 5
32(i); or
(c) cost of acquisition of a capital asset (not being capital asset referred
to in section 74) for the purpose of section 72,
and the amount arrived at after such addition or deduction shall be taken to be
the actual cost of the asset or the amount of expenditure of a capital nature or, as the 10
case may be, the cost of acquisition of the capital asset.
(4) Where the assessee has entered into a contract with an authorised dealer as
defined in section 2 of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, for providing him 42 of 1999.
with a specified sum in a foreign currency on or after a stipulated future date at the rate
of exchange specified in the contract to enable him to meet the whole or any part of the 15
said liability, the amount, if any, to be added to, or deducted from, the actual cost of the
asset or the amount of expenditure of a capital nature or, as the case may be, the cost of
acquisition of the capital asset under this section shall, in respect of so much of the sum
specified in the contract as is available for discharging the said liability, be computed
with reference to the rate of exchange specified therein. 20

Taxation of 43. (1) Subject to the provisions of section 42 any gain or loss arising on
foreign account of change in foreign exchange rates on foreign currency transactions shall
exchange
fluctuation. be treated as income or loss, and shall be computed as per the income computation
and disclosure standards notified under section 276(2).
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall be applicable to all foreign currency 25
transactions including—
(a) monetary items and non-monetary items;
(b) translation of financial statements of foreign operations;
(c) forward exchange contracts; and
(d) foreign currency translation reserves. 30

Amortisation of 44. (1) If an assessee, being an Indian company or a person (other than a
certain company), who is resident in India, incurs any expenditure specified in sub-section (2)—
preliminary
expenses. (a) before the commencement of its business; or
(b) after the commencement of its business, in connection with the
extension of its undertaking or in connection with its setting up a new unit, 35

the assessee shall be allowed a deduction of an amount equal to one-fifth of such

expenditure for each of the five successive tax years beginning with—
(i) the tax year in which the business commences, for clause (a); or
(ii) the tax year in which the extension of the undertaking is completed
or the new unit commences production or operation, for clause (b). 40

(2) The expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) shall be—

(a) the expenditure in connection with—
(i) preparation of feasibility report;
(ii) preparation of project report;
(iii) conducting market survey or any other survey necessary for 45
the business;
 73

(iv) engineering services relating to the business;

(b) legal charges for drafting any agreement between the assessee and any
other person for any purpose relating to the setting up or conduct of the business;
(c) if the assessee is a company,—
5 (i) legal charges for drafting and printing of the Memorandum and
Articles of Association of the company;
(ii) fees for registering the company under the provisions of the
18 of 2013. Companies Act, 2013;
(iii) expenditure in connection with the issue, for public
10 subscription, of shares in or debentures of the company, being
underwriting commission, brokerage and charges for drafting, typing,
printing and advertisement of the prospectus; and
(d) such other items of expenditure (not being expenditure eligible for any
allowance or deduction under any other provision of this Act), as prescribed.
15 (3) In relation to expenditure specified in sub-section (2)(a), the assessee shall
furnish a statement containing the particulars of the expenditure in such form and
manner, as prescribed.
(4) The total expenditure referred to in sub-section (2) shall be restricted to 5%—
(a) of the cost of the project; or
20 (b) of the capital employed in the business of the company, where the
assessee is an Indian company, at its option.
(5) In this section,—
(a) “cost of the project” means the actual cost of the fixed assets, being
land, buildings, leaseholds, plant, machinery, furniture, fittings and railway
25 sidings (including expenditure on development of land and buildings) and—
(i) for cases under sub-section (1)(a), the cost is calculated as of
the last day of the tax year when the business commences;
(ii) for cases under sub-section (1)(b), the cost is calculated as of
the last day of the tax year when either the extension of the undertaking
30 is completed, or the new unit commences production or operations,
which only includes fixed assets acquired or developed in connection
with the extension of the undertaking or setting up of new unit;
(b) “capital employed in the business of the company” means—
(i) in cases under sub-section (1)(a), the aggregate of the issued
35 share capital, debentures and long-term borrowings as on the last day of
the tax year in which the business of the company commences;
(ii) in a case under sub-section (1)(b), the aggregate of the issued
share capital, debentures and long-term borrowings as on the last day of
the tax year in which the extension of the undertaking is completed or,
40 as the case may be, the new unit commences production or operation, in
so far as such capital, debentures and long-term borrowings have been
issued or obtained in connection with the extension of the undertaking
or the setting up of the new unit of the company;
(c) “long-term borrowings” means—

45 (i) any moneys borrowed by the company from Government or IFCI

Ltd., or ICICI Ltd., or any other financial institution which is eligible for
deduction under section 32(e) or any banking institution (not being a
financial institution referred to above); or
 74

(ii) any loan or debt incurred by it in a foreign country in respect

of the purchase outside India of capital plant and machinery, where the
tenure of loan or debt is not less than seven years.
(6) If the assessee is a person, other than a company or a co-operative society,
no deduction shall be admissible under sub-section (1) unless,— 5

(a) the accounts of the assessee for the year or years in which the
expenditure specified in sub-section (2) is incurred have been audited by an
accountant before the specified date referred to in section 63; and
(b) the assessee furnishes for the first year in which the deduction under this
section is claimed, the report of such audit by such date in such form duly signed 10
and verified by such accountant and setting forth such particulars, as prescribed.
(7) If an undertaking of Indian company entitled for deduction under
sub-section (1) is transferred before expiry of five years specified in the said
sub-section, in a scheme of amalgamation, to another Indian company, then—
(a) no deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowed to the amalgamating 15
company for the tax year in which amalgamation takes place; and
(b) all provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the
amalgamated company as they would have applied to the amalgamating
company, as if the amalgamation has not taken place.
(8) If an undertaking of Indian company entitled for deduction under 20
sub-section (1) is transferred before five years specified in the said sub-section, in a
scheme of demerger to another company, then—
(a) no deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowed to the demerged
company for the tax year in which demerger takes place; and
(b) all provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the resulting 25
company as they would have applied to the demerged company, as if the
demerger has not taken place.
(9) If a deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year in
respect of any expenditure referred to in sub-section (2), deduction shall not be
allowed for such expenditure under any other provision of this Act for the same or 30
any other tax year.
Expenditure on 45. (1) A deduction shall be allowed for any expenditure, being in the
scientific
research. nature of––
(a) capital expenditure, but not on acquisition of land, as such or as part
of any property; or 35
(b) revenue expenditure; or
(c) both,
incurred on scientific research related to the business of the assessee subject to
provisions of this section.
(2)(a) A deduction shall be allowed under sub-section (1) in respect of the 40
aggregate of expenditure (not being in the nature of capital expenditure), related to
business, incurred on—
(i) salary to an employee engaged in such scientific research; or
(ii) purchase of materials used in such scientific research,
where such expenditure is incurred within three years immediately preceding the 45
commencement of business, to the extent certified by the prescribed authority as
incurred on such research, expenditure shall be deemed to have been incurred in the
tax year in which the business is commenced.
 75

(b) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the aggregate of capital expenditure
incurred within three years immediately preceding the commencement of
business shall be deemed to have been incurred in the tax year in which the
business is commenced.
5 (c)(i) A deduction shall be allowed under sub-section (1), in respect of any
expenditure incurred (not being expenditure in the nature of cost of any land or
building) by a company engaged in the business of—
(A) bio-technology; or
(B) manufacture or production of any article or thing, which is not
10 specified in Schedule XIII,
on in-house research and development facility as approved by the prescribed
authority, subject to the conditions and manner, as prescribed;
(ii) No deduction shall be allowed under this clause to a company approved
under sub-section (3)(b)(ii);
15 (iii) No deduction shall be allowed in respect of the expenditure mentioned in
sub-clause (i) under any other provision of this Act;
(iv) The expenditure under sub-clause (i) shall be allowed subject to such
conditions and on furnishing of documents in such form and manner, as prescribed;
(d) For the purposes of clause (c), expenditure on “scientific research”, in relation
20 to drugs and pharmaceuticals, shall include expenditure incurred on clinical drug trial,
obtaining approval from any regulatory authority under any Central Act or State Act or
39 of 1970. Provincial Act and filing an application for a patent under the Patents Act, 1970.
(3) A deduction shall be allowed for any sum, paid to—
(a)(i) a research association having the object of undertaking scientific
25 research or to a University, college or institution to be used for scientific
research; or
(ii) a research association having the object of undertaking research in
social science or statistical research or to a University, college or institution to
be used for research in social science or statistical research;
30 (b) a company which is––
(i) registered in India having the main object of scientific research
and development; and
(ii) approved by such authority, in such manner and subject to such
conditions, as prescribed;
35
(c)(i) a national laboratory; or
(ii) a University; or
(iii) an Indian Institute of Technology; or
(iv) a specified person,
with a specific direction that the said sum shall be used for scientific research
40 undertaken under a programme approved in this behalf by the prescribed authority.
(4) For the purposes of sub-section (3),––
(a) the expenditure shall be allowed subject to such conditions and on
furnishing of documents in such form and manner, as prescribed; and
(b) in respect of clause (a) of the said sub-section, only such association,
45 University, college or other institution shall be eligible for deduction, which for
the time being is approved in the manner and subject to such conditions, as
prescribed, and is specified by the Central Government, by notification.
 76

(5) The deduction for any sum under sub-section (3) shall not be denied merely
on the ground that subsequent to the payment of such sum by the assessee, the
approval granted to such entities or the programme undertaken by entities as
mentioned in sub-section(3)(c), has been withdrawn.
(6) Where a deduction is allowed for any tax year under this section in respect of 5
expenditure, represented wholly or partly by an asset, no deduction shall be allowed under
section 33(3) for the same or any other tax year in respect of that asset.
(7) The provisions of section 33(11) in respect of depreciation shall apply
in relation to deductions allowable for capital expenditure under sub-section (1).
(8) No deduction in respect of the sum mentioned in sub-section (3)(c) shall be 10
allowed under any other provision of this Act.
(9) If any question arises under this section as to whether, and if so, to what extent
any activity constitutes or constituted scientific research, or any asset is or was being
used, for scientific research, the Board shall refer the question to—
(a) the Central Government, when such question relates to any activity 15
under sub-section (3)(a), and its decision shall be final;
(b) the prescribed authority, when such question relates to any other activity,
whose decision shall be final.
(10) When an amalgamating company, in a scheme of amalgamation, sells or
otherwise transfers to the amalgamated company (being an Indian company) any asset 20
representing capital expenditure on scientific research, the provisions of this section
shall apply to the amalgamated company as they would have applied to the
amalgamating company if the latter had not so sold or otherwise transferred the asset.
(11) In this section,—
(a) “National Laboratory” means a scientific laboratory functioning at the 25
national level under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the
Indian Council of Medical Research, the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research, the Defence Research and Development Organisation, the Department
of Electronics, the Department of Bio-Technology or the Department of Atomic
Energy and which is approved as a National Laboratory by such authority and in 30
such manner, as prescribed;
(b) “specified person” means such person approved by the prescribed
authority;
(c) “land” includes any interest in land.
Capital 46. (1) An assessee, at his option, shall be allowed a deduction of the whole of the 35
expenditure of capital expenditure incurred, wholly and exclusively, for the purposes of any specified
specified
business.
business carried on by him during the tax year in which such expenditure is incurred.
(2) Where the expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) is incurred prior to the
commencement of its operations and such expenditure is capitalised in the books of
account as on the date of commencement of its operations, it shall be allowed during the 40
tax year in which such business is commenced.
(3) This section shall apply to the specified business fulfilling the following
conditions:—
(a) it is not set up by splitting up, or the reconstruction, of an already existing
business; 45

(b) it is not set up by the transfer of machinery or plant previously used for
any purpose to the specified business;
(c) if the business is of the nature referred to in sub-section (11)(d)(iii) and
such business—
 77

(i) is owned by a company formed and registered in India under the

18 of 2013. Companies Act, 2013 or by a consortium of such companies or by an
authority or a board or a corporation established or constituted under any
Central Act or State Act;
5 (ii) has been approved by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory
Board established under section 3(1) of the Petroleum and Natural Gas
19 of 2006. Regulatory Board Act, 2006 and notified by the Central Government in
this behalf;
(iii) has made not less than such proportion of its total pipeline
10 capacity as specified by regulations made by the Petroleum and Natural
Gas Regulatory Board established under section 3(1) of the Petroleum and
19 of 2006. Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 available for use on common
carrier basis by any person other than the assessee or an associated person;
and
15 (iv) fulfils any other condition as prescribed;
(d) if the business is of the nature referred to in sub-section (11)(d)(xiv),
such business,—
(i) is owned by a company registered in India or by a consortium of
such companies or by an authority or a board or corporation or any other
20 body established or constituted under any Central Act or State Act;
(ii) entity referred to in sub-clause (i) has entered into an agreement
with the Central Government or a State Government or a local authority
or any other statutory body for developing or operating and maintaining
or developing, operating and maintaining a new infrastructure facility.
25 (4) No deduction shall be allowed under the provisions of section 144 and
Chapter VIII-C in relation to such specified business for the same or any other tax
year, if a deduction under sub-section (1) is claimed and allowed.
(5) No deduction in respect of the expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) shall
be allowed to the assessee under any other section in any tax year or under this section
30 in any other tax year, if the deduction has been claimed and allowed to him under this
section.
(6) The provisions of this section shall apply to the specified business referred
to in column B of the Table below if it commences its operations as specified in
column C thereof.
35 Table
Sl. No. Nature of specified business Date of commencement
of operations being on or
after
A B C
40 1. Laying and operating a cross- 1st April, 2007.
country natural gas pipeline network for
distribution, including storage facilities
being an integral part of such network.
2. Building and operating a new hotel 1st April, 2010.
45 of two-star or above category as classified
by the Central Government.
3. Building and operating a new 1st April, 2010.
hospital with at least 100 beds for
patients.
 78

A B C
4. Developing and building a housing 1st April, 2010.
project under a scheme for slum
redevelopment or rehabilitation framed
by the Central Government or a State 5
Government, as notified by the Board, as
per the guidelines as notified by the
Board.
5. Developing and building a housing 1st April, 2011.
project under a scheme for affordable 10
housing framed by the Central
Government or a State Government, as
notified by the Board, as per the
guidelines notified by the Board.
6. A new plant or a newly installed 1st April, 2011. 15
capacity in an existing plant for
production of fertilizer.
7. Setting up and operating an inland 1st April, 2012.
container depot or a container freight
station notified or approved under the 20
Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962).
8. Bee-keeping and production of 1st April, 2012.
honey and beeswax.
9. Setting up and operating a 1st April, 2012.
warehousing facility for storage of sugar. 25

10. Laying and operating a slurry 1st April, 2014.

pipeline for the transportation of iron ore.
11. Setting up and operating a semi- 1st April, 2014.
conductor wafer fabrication
manufacturing unit, as notified by the 30
Board, and as per such guidelines as
notified by the Board.
12. Developing, or operating and 1st April, 2017.
maintaining, or developing, operating and
maintaining, any infrastructure facility. 35

13. In all other cases. Th 1st April, 2009.

(7) Where the assessee builds a hotel of two star or above category as classified
by the Central Government and subsequently, transfers the hotel operation thereof to
another person while retaining its ownership, the assessee shall be deemed to be
carrying on the specified business referred to in sub-section (11)(d)(iv). 40

(8) The provisions contained in sections 122(6) and 138(18) and (23) shall, so
far as may be, apply to this section in respect of goods or services or assets held for
the purposes of the specified business.
(9) Any asset for which a deduction is claimed and allowed under this section––
(a) shall be used only for the specified business for a period of eight years 45
beginning with the tax year in which such asset is acquired or constructed;
 79

(b) is used for the purpose and period other than that referred to in
clause (a), and is not chargeable to tax under section 26(2)(k), then the total
amount of deduction so claimed and allowed in one or more tax years, as
reduced by the amount of depreciation allowable under section 33, as if no
5 deduction under this section was allowed, shall be the income chargeable under
the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” of the tax year in which
the asset is so used.
(10) The provisions of sub-section (9)(b) shall not apply to a company which
has become a sick industrial company under section 17(1) of the Sick Industrial
1 of 1986. 10 Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, as it stood before its repeal by the Sick
1 of 2004. Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003 during the period
specified in sub-section (9)(a).
(11) In this section,—
(a) “associated person”, in relation to the assessee, means a person,—
15 (i) who participates, directly or indirectly, or through one or more
intermediaries in the management or control or capital of the assessee;
(ii) who holds, directly or indirectly, shares carrying at least 26% of
the voting power in the capital of the assessee;
(iii) who appoints more than half of the board of directors or
20 members of the governing board, or one or more executive directors or
executive members of the governing board of the assessee; or
(iv) who guarantees at least 10% of the total borrowings of the assessee;
(b) “cold chain facility” means a chain of facilities for storage or transportation
of agricultural and forest produce, meat and meat products, poultry, marine and
25 dairy products, products of horticulture, floriculture and apiculture and processed
food items under scientifically controlled conditions including refrigeration and
other facilities necessary for the preservation of such produce;
(c) “infrastructure facility” shall have the meaning assigned to it in the
43 of 1961. Explanation to section 80-IA(4) of the Income-tax Act, 1961;
30 (d) “specified business” means any one or more of the following
businesses:—
(i) setting up and operating a cold chain facility;
(ii) setting up and operating a warehousing facility for storage of
agricultural produce;
35 (iii) laying and operating a cross-country natural gas or crude or
petroleum oil pipeline network for distribution, including storage facilities
being an integral part of such network;
(iv) building and operating, anywhere in India, a hotel of two star or
above category as classified by the Central Government;
40 (v) building and operating, anywhere in India, a hospital with at least
100 beds for patients;
(vi) developing and building a housing project under a scheme for
slum redevelopment or rehabilitation framed by the Central Government
or a State Government as per the guidelines notified by the Board;
 80

(vii) developing and building a housing project under a scheme for

affordable housing framed by the Central Government or a State
Government as per the guidelines notified by the Board;
(viii) production of fertilizer in India;
(ix) setting up and operating an inland container depot or a container 5
freight station notified or approved under the Customs Act, 1962; 52 of 1962.

(x) bee-keeping and production of honey and beeswax;

(xi) setting up and operating a warehousing facility for storage of sugar;
(xii) laying and operating a slurry pipeline for the transportation of
iron ore; 10

(xiii) setting up and operating a semiconductor wafer fabrication

manufacturing unit as per the guidelines notified by the Board;
(xiv) developing, or maintaining and operating, or developing,
maintaining and operating, a new infrastructure facility;
(e) any machinery or plant which was used outside India by any person 15
other than the assessee shall not be regarded as machinery or plant previously
used for any purpose, if—
(i) such machinery or plant was not, at any time before the date of
the installation by the assessee, used in India;
(ii) such machinery or plant is imported into India; and 20

(iii) no deduction of depreciation for such machinery or plant has

been allowed or is allowable under the provisions of this Act in computing
the total income of any person for any period before the date of installation
of the machinery or plant by the assessee;
(f) if any machinery or plant or its part previously used for any purpose is 25
transferred to the specified business and its total value does not exceed 20% of the
total value of the machinery or plant used in such business, then the conditions
specified in sub-section (3)(b) shall be deemed to be complied with;
(g) any expenditure of capital nature shall not include any expenditure––
(i) for which the payment or aggregate of payments made to a person 30
in a day, is not through specified banking or online mode, exceeds
ten thousand rupees; or
(ii) incurred on the acquisition of any land or goodwill or financial
instrument.
Expenditure on 47. (1) Any expenditure (excluding cost of any land or building) incurred, on–– 35
agricultural
extension project (a) agricultural extension project by any assessee; or
and skill
development (b) any skill development project by a company,
project.
shall be allowed as a deduction, in the tax year in which such expenditure is incurred
provided such project is notified as per the guidelines issued by the Board.
(2) If a deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year in 40
respect of any expenditure referred to in sub-section (1), deduction shall not be
allowed for such expenditure under any other provision of this Act for the same or
any other tax year.
 81

48. (1) Where an assessee is carrying on business of growing and manufacturing Tea development
account, coffee
tea or coffee or rubber in India, such assessee shall be allowed a deduction on the development
basis of deposits into the tea development account, coffee development account or account and
rubber development account or any other designated account and computed as per the rubber
development
5 provisions of the Schedule IX. account.
(2) Any amount withdrawn or utilised or released at the time of closure or
otherwise shall be charged to tax in the year in which the amount is transferred or
withdrawn as per the provisions of the Schedule IX.
(3) Where any asset acquired as per the scheme or the deposit scheme is sold or
10 otherwise transferred in any tax year by the assessee to any person at any time before the
expiry of eight years from the end of the tax year in which it was acquired, such part of
the cost of such asset as is relatable to the deduction allowed under sub-section (1) shall
be deemed to be the profits and gains of business or profession of the tax year in which
the asset is sold or otherwise transferred and shall accordingly be chargeable to
15 income-tax as the income of that tax year.
49. (1) An assessee carrying on a business of prospecting, extracting, or Site Restoration
producing petroleum or natural gas, or both, in India, and who has an agreement with Fund.
the Central Government for this business, shall be allowed a deduction on the basis of
deposit to special account or the site restoration account, computed as per the
20 provisions of the Schedule X.
(2) Any amount withdrawn or transferred at the time of closure or otherwise
shall be charged to tax in the year in which the amount is transferred or withdrawn as
per the provisions of the Schedule X.
(3) Where any asset acquired as per the scheme or the deposit scheme is sold or
25 otherwise transferred in any tax year by the assessee to any person at any time before the
expiry of eight years from the end of the tax year in which it was acquired, such part of
the cost of such asset as is relatable to the deduction allowed under sub-section (1) shall
be deemed to be the profits and gains of business or profession of the tax year in which
the asset is sold or otherwise transferred and shall accordingly be chargeable to
30 income-tax as the income of that tax year.
50. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, if, during Special provision
the tax year, the amount received by a specified association from its members falls in case of trade,
profession or
short of the expenditure incurred by such association solely for the protection or similar
advancement of common interest of its members, then the amount so falling short association.
35 shall be allowed as deduction from the income of such association under the head
“Profits and gains of business or profession” and the remaining amount, if any, from
its income under any other head.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1),––
(a) “specified association” means any trade, professional or similar
40 association, not covered in Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 24), whose income or its part
is not distributed to its members (other than as grants to any associations or
institutions affiliated to it);
(b) the amount received by the specified association from its members
shall include amount by way of subscription or otherwise, and shall not include
45 any remuneration received by the association for rendering any specific services
to such members;
(c) expenditure incurred by specified association shall not include––
(i) expenditure deductible under any other provision of this Act; and
(ii) any capital expenditure.
 82

(3) The effect of other provisions of this Act relating to carry forward and
set off of brought forward losses or allowances shall be given before allowing
deduction under sub-section (1).
(4) The maximum allowable deduction under this section shall not exceed 50%
of the total income as computed before allowing deduction under this section. 5

Amortisation of 51. (1) An assessee, being an Indian company or a person (other than a
expenditure for company) who is resident in India, who is engaged in any operations relating to
prospecting certain
minerals. prospecting for, or extraction or production of, any mineral, shall be allowed a
deduction of an amount equal to one-tenth of the amount of expenditure referred to in
sub-section (2), in each of the relevant tax years. 10

(2) The expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) is the expenditure incurred by

the assessee at any time during the year of commercial production and any one or
more of the four tax years immediately preceding that year, wholly and exclusively
on any operations relating to prospecting for any mineral or group of associated
minerals specified in Part A or Part B, respectively, of the Schedule XII or on the 15
development of a mine or other natural deposit of any such mineral or group of
associated minerals.
(3) The expenditure under sub-section (2) shall be reduced by such expenditure
which is met directly or indirectly by any other person or authority and any sale, salvage,
compensation or insurance moneys realised by the assessee in respect of any property 20
or rights brought into existence as a result of the expenditure.
(4) For the purposes of sub-sections (2) and (3), the following expenditure shall be
excluded:––
(a) any expenditure on the acquisition of the site of the source of any
mineral or group of associated minerals referred to in the said sub-sections or of 25
any rights in or over such site; or
(b) any expenditure on the acquisition of the deposits of such mineral or
group of associated minerals or of any rights in or over such deposits; or
(c) any expenditure of a capital nature in respect of any building,
machinery, plant or furniture for which allowance by way of depreciation is 30
admissible under section 33.
(5) The deduction to be allowed under sub-section (1) for any relevant tax year
shall be—
(a) an amount equal to one-tenth of the expenditure specified in sub-sections (2)
and (3) (such one-tenth being herein referred to as the instalment); or 35

(b) such amount as is sufficient to reduce to nil the income (as computed
before making the deduction under this section) of that tax year arising from the
commercial exploitation [whether or not such commercial exploitation is as a
result of the operations or development referred to in sub-sections (2) and (3)]
of any mine or other natural deposit of the mineral or any one or more of the 40
minerals in a group of associated minerals under this section in respect of which
the expenditure was incurred,
whichever is less.
(6) If any part of the instalment for a relevant tax year is not fully allowed, it
shall be carried forward to the next year, becoming part of the instalment of that tax 45
year and such carrying forward may continue for each following year, but no
instalment shall be carried forward beyond the tenth year from the year in which
commercial production began.
(7) Where the assessee is a person other than a company or a co-operative
society, no deduction shall be admissible under sub-section (1) unless,–– 50
 83

(a) the accounts of the assessee for the year or years in which the
expenditure specified in sub-sections (2) and (3) are incurred have been audited
by an accountant, before the specified date referred to in section 63; and
(b) the assessee furnishes for the first year in which the deduction under
5 this section is claimed, the report of such audit, by such date, in such form and
duly signed and verified by such accountant, as prescribed.
(8) If an undertaking of an Indian company, entitled for deduction under
sub-section (1), is transferred before ten years specified in the said sub-section in a
scheme of amalgamation or demerger, to another Indian company, then,––
10 (a) no deduction shall be allowed to the amalgamating or demerged company
for the year in which such amalgamation or demerger takes place; and
(b) all the provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the
amalgamated or resulting company as it would have applied to the
amalgamating or demerged company, as if the amalgamation or demerger has
15 not taken place.
(9) If a deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year in
respect of any expenditure referred to in sub-sections (2) and (3), deduction shall not
be allowed for such expenditure under any other provision of this Act for the same or
any other tax year.
20 (10) In this section,—
(a) “operation relating to prospecting” means any operation undertaken
for the purposes of exploring, locating or proving deposits of any mineral and
includes any such operation which proves to be infructuous or abortive;
(b) “year of commercial production” means the tax year in which as a
25 result of any operation relating to prospecting, commercial production of any
mineral or any one or more of the minerals in a group of associated minerals
specified in Part A or Part B, respectively, of Schedule XII, commences;
(c) “relevant tax years” means the ten tax years beginning with the year of
commercial production.
30 52. (1) Where an expenditure of the nature specified in column B of the Table Amortisation of
expenditure for
given below is incurred during the tax year, a deduction or part thereof shall be telecommunications
allowed in equal instalments in each of the tax years as mentioned in column D of the services,
said Table, beginning from the initial tax year specified in column C thereof. amalgamation,
demerger, scheme
Table of voluntary
retirement, etc.
35 Sl. No. Nature of expenditure Initial tax year Number of tax years
over which deduction
of expenditure is
allowable in equal
instalments
40 A B C D
1. Expenditure incurred by Tax year in Five tax years.
an Indian company, wholly which such
and exclusively for the amalgamation or
purposes of amalgamation demerger takes
45 or demerger of an place.
undertaking.
 84

A B C D
2. Amount paid to an Tax year in Five tax years.
employee in connection which such
with his voluntary payment is made.
5
retirement as per any
scheme of voluntary
retirement.
3. Capital expenditure Tax year in Number of years
incurred and actually paid which,— commencing from
for acquiring any right to the initial tax year 10
use spectrum for (a) the and ending in the tax
telecommunication business to year up to which the
services (spectrum fee). operate spectrum for which
telecom the fee is paid
services is remains in force. 15
commenced;
or
(b) spectrum
fee is actually
paid,
whichever is later. 20

4. Capital expenditure Tax year in Number of years

incurred and actually paid which,— commencing from
for acquiring any right to the initial tax year
operate telecommunication (a) the and ending in the tax
services (herein referred to business to year up to which the 25
as licence fee). operate licence for which the
telecom fee is paid remains in
services is force.
commenced;
30
or
(b) licence
fee is actually
paid,
whichever is later.
(2) Where the rights referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4) are 35
transferred and—
(a) where the proceeds of the transfer (so far as they consist of capital
sums) are less than the expenditure though incurred, but remaining unallowed,
a deduction equal to such expenditure remaining unallowed, as reduced by the
proceeds of the transfer, shall be allowed in respect of the tax year in which the 40
licence is transferred;
(b) where the whole or part of the right is transferred, the proceeds of the
transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums) exceed the amount of the
expenditure though incurred, but remaining unallowed, so much of the excess
as does not exceed the difference between the expenditure incurred to obtain the 45
licence and the amount of such expenditure remaining unallowed, shall be
chargeable to income-tax as profits and gains of the business in the tax year in
which the licence has been transferred;
 85

(c) where the rights under clause (b) is transferred in a tax year in which
the business is no longer in existence, the provisions of this sub-section shall
apply as if the business is in existence in that tax year;
(d) where the whole or part of the right is transferred, the proceeds of the
5 transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums) are equal or greater than the
amount of expenditure incurred remaining unallowed, no deduction for such
expenditure shall be allowed under sub-section (1) in respect of the tax year in
which the licence is transferred or in respect of any subsequent tax year or years;
(e) such transfer is in a scheme of amalgamation or demerger to the
10 amalgamated company or resulting company, being an Indian company,—
(i) the provisions of clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d) shall not apply to the
amalgamating or demerged company; and
(ii) all the provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the
amalgamated or resulting company as it would have applied to the
15 amalgamating or demerged company, as if the transfer has not taken place.
(3) Where a part of the rights is transferred in a tax year and sub-section (2)(b)
and (c) does not apply, the deduction to be allowed under sub-section (1) for the
expenditure incurred remaining unallowed shall be arrived at by—
(a) subtracting the proceeds of transfer (so far as they consist of capital
20 sums) from the expenditure remaining unallowed; and
(b) dividing the remainder by the number of relevant tax years which have not
expired at the beginning of the tax year during which the licence is transferred.
(4) No deduction shall be allowed––
(a) for depreciation under section 33(1) to (10) in respect of expenditure
25 mentioned in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4), where deduction under this
section is claimed and allowed for any tax year;
(b) under any other provision of this Act in respect of the expenditure
mentioned in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2).
(5) In case any deduction has been claimed and granted in respect of an
30 expenditure referred in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3) and there is subsequent
failure on part of the assessee to comply with any of the provisions of this
section, then,—
(a) the deduction shall be deemed to have been wrongly allowed;
(b) the Assessing Officer may, irrespective of any other provisions of this
35 Act, recompute the total income of the assessee for the said tax year by making
necessary rectification;
(c) the provisions of section 287 shall, so far as may be, apply; and
(d) the period of four years specified in section 287(8) shall be counted
from the end of the tax year in which such failure takes place.
40 (6) Where a specified business reorganisation takes place before the expiry of
the period specified in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 2.D), in case of an expenditure
referred against serial number 2 thereof, then,—
(a) the provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the successor
entity for the tax year in which the business reorganisation took place and
45 subsequent tax years; and
(b) no deduction shall be allowed to the predecessor entity under this
section for the tax year in which such reorganisation takes place.
 86

(7) In this section,––

(a) “actually paid” means the actual payment of expenditure irrespective
of the tax year in which the liability for the expenditure was incurred according
to the method of accounting regularly employed by the assessee or payable in
such manner, as prescribed; 5

(b) “equal installments” shall be calculated by taking numerator as 1 and

denominator as the tax years mentioned in column D of the Table in sub-section (1);
(c) “specified business reorgnisation” means––
(i) amalgamation of an Indian company and its undertaking with
another Indian company; or 10

(ii) demerger of an undertaking of an Indian company to another

company; or
(iii) succession of a firm or proprietorship concern to a company
fulfilling conditions as laid down in section 70(1)(zd); or
(iv) conversion of a private company or unlisted public company to a 15
limited liability partnership fulfilling conditions laid down in section 70(1)(ze).
Full value of 53. (1) In case of transfer of an asset (other than a capital asset), being land or
consideration for building or both, if the consideration received or accrued from such transfer is less
transfer of assets
other than capital than the stamp duty, then such stamp duty value for computing profits and gains from
assets in certain transfer of such asset shall be deemed to be the full value of consideration. 20
cases.
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply if the stamp duty value does
not exceed 110% of the consideration received or accrued and in such a case, the
consideration received or accrued shall be deemed to be the full value of
consideration.
(3) If the date of agreement fixing the value of consideration for transfer of asset 25
and date of registration for transfer of such asset are different, then the stamp duty
value as on date of agreement may be taken to be the full value of consideration under
sub-section (1).
(4) The provisions of sub-section (3) shall apply only in a case where the amount
of consideration or a part thereof has been received by specified banking or online 30
mode on or before the date of agreement for transfer of such asset.
(5) For the determination of the value adopted or assessed or assessable under
sub-section (1), the provisions of section 78(2) and (4) shall apply.

Business of 54. (1) Where the assessee undertakes specified oil exploration business, then
prospecting for deduction specified in sub-sections (3) and (4) shall be allowed while computing the 35
mineral oils. income under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”.
(2) In this section, “specified oil exploration business” means business consisting of
prospecting for or extraction or production of mineral oils where the following conditions
are fulfilled:—
(a) the assessee has entered into an agreement with the Central Government; 40

(b) such agreement is entered for association or participation of the Central

Government or any person authorised by it; and
(c) such agreement is laid before each House of Parliament.
(3) The deduction referred to in sub-section (1) shall be––
(a) for the period before the beginning of commercial production, expenditure 45
towards infructuous or abortive exploration incurred in respect of any surrendered
area;
 87

(b) for the period after the commencement of commercial production,

expenditure (whether before or after such production) in respect of drilling or
exploration activities or services or in respect of physical assets used in that
connection;

5 (c) for the tax year of commencement of commercial production and such
succeeding tax years as specified in the agreement, towards depletion of mineral oil
in the mining area.
(4) The deductions referred to in sub-section (1) shall be––

(a) either in lieu of, or in addition to, any allowance admissible under this Act
10 as specified in the agreement; and
(b) computed and made in the manner specified in the agreement and the other
provisions of this Act shall be deemed to have been modified to such extent.
(5) Where the business or any interest therein as referred to in sub-section (1) is
wholly or partly transferred as per the provisions of the agreement, the profit shall be
15 charged to tax or deduction shall be allowed in the following manner:—
(a) where A is less than C, then (C-A) shall be allowed as deduction in the tax
year in which such business or interest is transferred;
(b) where A is greater than C,––

(i) but less than B, then (A-C) shall be the profit chargeable under the
20 head “Profits and gains of business or profession” for the tax year in which
such transfer takes place;

(ii) in any other case, only (B-C) shall be the profit chargeable under the
said head for the tax year in which such transfer takes place; and
(iii) no deduction shall be allowed for the expenditure incurred
25 remaining unallowed in the tax year in which such transfer takes place or any
subsequent tax year,
where,––
A = proceeds of the transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums);
B = total amount of expenditure incurred in connection with the business or
30 to obtain interest therein;
C = amount of expenditure incurred remaining unallowed.

(6) If the business or interest therein is no longer in existence in the year of transfer,
the provisions of sub-section (5) shall apply as if such business is in existence during the
said year.
35 (7) Where the business or interest therein is transferred in a scheme of amalgamation
or demerger and the resulting entity is an Indian company, then the provisions of
sub-section (5) shall—
(a) not apply to the amalgamating or demerged company; and
(b) continue to apply to the amalgamated or resulting company as it would
40 have applied to the amalgamating or demerged company as if the transfer has
not taken place.
(8) In this section, “mineral oil” includes petroleum and natural gas.
 88

Insurance business. 55. Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in the provisions of this Act
for computing income under the head “Income from house property”, “Capital gains” or
“Income from other sources”, or in section 390(5) and (6), or in sections 26 to 54, the
profits and gains of any business of insurance, including any such business carried on by
a mutual insurance company or by a co-operative society, shall be computed as per the 5
provisions of Schedule XIV.
Special provision in 56. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the interest
case of interest income in relation to bad or doubtful debts of a specified financial institution shall be
income of specified
financial
chargeable to tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” in the tax
institutions. year in which such interest is— 10

(a) credited to the profit and loss account; or

(b) actually received,
whichever is earlier.
(2) In this section,––
15
(a) “specified financial institution” means––
(i) a public financial institution; or
(ii) a scheduled bank; or
(iii) a co-operative bank, other than––
(A) a primary agricultural credit society; or
(B) a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development 20
bank; or
(iv) a State Financial Corporation; or
(v) a State Industrial Investment Corporation; or
(vi) any such class of non-banking financial companies, as notified by
the Central Government; 25

(b) “bad or doubtful debts” shall be such categories of debts, as prescribed,

having regard to the guidelines issued in relation to such debts by the Reserve Bank
of India.
Revenue 57. (1) The profits and gains arising from a construction contract or a contract
recognition for for providing services shall be determined on the basis of percentage of completion 30
construction and
service contracts.
method, as per the income computation and disclosure standards notified under
section 276(2).
(2) The profits and gains arising from a contract for providing services under
sub-section (1) shall be determined—
(a) on the basis of project completion method, if the duration of such contract 35
is not more than ninety days;
(b) on the basis of straight line method, if the contract involves indeterminate
number of acts over a specified period of time.
(3) For the purposes of percentage of completion method, project completion
method or straight line method under this section,— 40

(a) the contract revenue shall include retention money;

(b) the contract costs shall not be reduced by any incidental income in the
nature of interest, dividends or capital gains.
 89

58. (1) The provisions of sections 26 to 54, to the extent contrary to this section, Special provision
for computing
shall not apply to the specified business or profession mentioned in column B of the Table profits and gains
in sub-section (2). of business
profession on
(2) The profits and gains of any specified business or profession as presumptive basis
5 mentioned in column B of the Table below, carried on by an assessee specified in in case of certain
residents.
column C of the said Table, having total turnover or gross receipts of business or
profession during the tax year specified in column D and computed in the manner
specified in column E thereof, shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such
business or profession chargeable to tax under the head “Profits and gains of
10 business or profession”.
Table
Sl. No. Specified Assessee Total turnover or Manner of
business or gross receipts of computation
profession business or
15 profession
during tax year
A B C D E
1. Any Eligible (a) Does not (A) (i) 6% of total
business other assessee. exceed turnover or gross
20 than the ₹2,00,00,000; or receipts realised in
business specified banking or
(b) does not
specified online mode; and
exceed
against serial
₹3,00,00,000, (ii) 8% of total
number 2.
25 where the turnover or gross
amount or receipts realised in
aggregate of any mode other than
amounts specified banking or
received, in online mode; or
30 cash, does not
(B) profit claimed
exceed 5% of
to have been actually
the total
earned,
turnover or gross
receipts. whichever is higher.
35 2. Business of An (a) The
plying, hiring assessee, aggregate of
or leasing who owns income from goods
goods not more than carriage:—
carriage. ten goods
(i) being a
40 carriages at
heavy goods
any time
vehicle,
during the tax
calculated at the
year.
rate of ₹1,000
per ton of gross
45
vehicle weight
or unladen
weight for each
vehicle; or

50
(ii) being a
vehicle other
than heavy
goods vehicle,
calculated at the
 90

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

rate of ₹ 7,500
for each goods
carriage for
every month or 5
part of a month
during which the
vehicle is owned
by the assessee in
the tax year; or 10

(b) income
claimed to have been
actually earned,

whichever is higher.

3. Any Specified (a) Does 50% of the 15

profession assessee. not exceed gross receipts or
as referred ₹50,00,000; or profit claimed to have
to in section been actually earned,
62(1)(a). (b) does
not exceed whichever is
20
₹75,00,000, higher.

where the
amount or
aggregate of
amounts
received in cash 25
does not exceed
5% of the total
turnover or gross
receipts.

(3) Any assessee mentioned in column C of the Table in sub-section (2), who 30
claims that––
(a) the profits or gains actually earned from the specified business or
profession are lower than the profits or gains computed in the manner
mentioned in column E of the said Table; and
(b) whose total income exceeds the maximum amount which is not 35
chargeable to tax,
shall be required to––
(i) keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as
required under section 62; and
(ii) get the accounts audited and furnish a report of such audit as required 40
under section 63.
(4) Any loss, allowance or deduction allowable under the provisions of this Act, shall
not be allowed against the income computed in the manner specified in sub-section (1).
(5) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 2), where the assessee is a firm,
the salary and interest paid to its partners shall be deducted from the income computed 45
under sub-section (1) subject to the conditions and limits specified in section 35(f).
 91

(6) The written down value of any asset used for the purposes of specified business
or profession shall be computed as if the assessee mentioned in column C of the Table in
sub-section (2) had claimed and was actually allowed depreciation thereon for each of the
relevant tax years.
5 (7) Where an eligible assessee declares profit for any tax year as per the provisions
of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 1) and he declares profit for any of the five tax years
succeeding such tax year in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1), then he
shall not be eligible to claim the benefit of the provisions of this section for five tax years
subsequent to the tax year in which the profit has not been declared as per the provisions
10 of the said sub-section.

(8) Irrespective of anything contained in foregoing provision of this section, where

provisions of sub-section (7) are applicable to an eligible assessee and his total income
exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax, he shall be required
to keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as required under
15 section 62(2) and get them audited and furnish a report of such audit as required under
section 63.

(9) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. Nos. 1 and 3), the receipt of
amount or aggregate of amounts by a cheque drawn on a bank or by a bank draft, which
is not account payee, shall be deemed to be the receipt in cash.
20 (10) In this section,––

(a) “eligible assessee” means an individual, a Hindu undivided family, or a

firm other than a limited liability partnership, who is resident in India, who––

(i) has not claimed any deduction under section 141; or

(ii) has not claimed any deduction under Chapter VIII-C for the relevant
25
tax year; or

(iii) does not carry on specified profession as defined in

section 62(1)(a), and (c); or

(iv) does not earn any income in the nature of commission or

brokerage; or
30
(v) does not carry on any agency business;

(b) “specified assessee” means an individual or a firm, other than a limited

liability partnership, who is a resident in India;

(c) “limited liability partnership” shall have the same meaning as assigned to
6 of 2009. it in section 2(n) of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008;
35 (d) the expressions “goods carriage”, “gross vehicle weight” and “unladen
weight” shall have the same meaning as respectively assigned to them in section 2
59 of 1988. of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988;

(e) “heavy goods vehicle” means any goods carriage, the gross vehicle weight
of which exceeds 12,000 kilograms; and
40 (f) an assessee, who is in possession of a goods carriage, whether taken on hire
purchase or on instalments and for which the whole or part of the amount payable
is still due, shall be deemed to be the owner of such goods carriage.
 92

Chargeability of 59. (1) Income in the nature of royalty or fees for technical services received
royalty and fee
for technical
by a specified assessee during a tax year, shall be charged to income-tax under the
services in head “Profits and gains of business or profession” under this Act, if the following
hands of non- conditions are satisfied:––
residents.
(a) income is received from the Government or an Indian concern; 5

(b) income is in pursuance to an agreement made by the specified

assessee with the Government or the Indian concern;
(c) the specified assessee carries on business in India through a
permanent establishment, or performs professional services from a fixed
10
place of profession, situated in India; and
(d) the right, property or contract in respect of which the royalties or
fees for technical services are paid is effectively connected with such
permanent establishment or fixed place of profession.
(2) No deduction shall be allowed against the income chargeable under
15
sub-section (1) in respect of the following amounts:—
(a) any expenditure or allowance which is not wholly and exclusively
incurred for the business of such permanent establishment or fixed place of
profession in India; or
(b) amounts, if any, paid (otherwise than towards reimbursement of
actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to its head office or to any 20
of its other offices.
(3) The provisions of section 61 in so far as it relates to business referred to
in section 61(2) (Table: Sl. No. 5), shall not apply in respect of the income referred
to in this section.
(4) The specified assessee shall keep and maintain books of account and 25
other documents as per the provisions of section 62, get his accounts audited on
or before the specified date referred to in section 63 by an accountant, and furnish
report of audit in the prescribed form, duly signed and verified by the accountant.
(5) In this section, “specified assessee” means a non-resident (not being a
30
company) or a foreign company.
Deduction of
head office 60. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in sections 26 to 54, in
expenditure in the case of a non-resident assessee, deduction of head office expenditure incurred by
case of non- such assessee as is attributable to his business or profession in India, shall be
residents.
allowed in computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of
35
business or profession” subject to provisions of sub-section (2).
(2) The deduction allowable under sub-section (1) shall be restricted to—
(a) if the adjusted total income of the assessee is a loss, to an upper
monetary limit of 5% of the average adjusted total income of the assessee; or
(b) in any other case, to an upper monetary limit of 5% of the adjusted
40
total income of the assessee.
(3) In this section,—
(a) “adjusted total income” means the total income computed under this
Act, without giving effect to the allowance referred to in this section or in
section 33(11) or the deduction referred to in section 32(i)(i) or any loss 45
carried forward under section 112(1) or 113(2) or 115(1) or the deductions
under Chapter VIII;
 93

(b) “average adjusted total income” means,—

(i) if the assessee is assessable for each of the three tax years
immediately preceding the relevant tax year, the arithmetic mean of
his adjusted total income over those three tax years;
5 (ii) if the assessee is assessable only for two of the said three tax
years, the arithmetic mean of his adjusted total income over those two
tax years;
(iii) if the assessee is assessable only for one of the said three tax
years, his adjusted total income for that tax year;
10 (c) “head office expenditure” means executive and general administration
expenditure incurred by the assessee outside India, including expenditure
incurred in respect of—
(i) rent, rates, taxes, repairs or insurance of any premises outside
India used for the business or profession;
15 (ii) salary, wages, annuity, pension, fees, bonus, commission,
gratuity, perquisites or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, salary,
whether paid or allowed to any employee or other person employed
in, or managing the affairs of, any office outside India;
(iii) travelling by any employee or other person employed in, or
20 managing the affairs of, any office outside India; and
(iv) such other matters connected with executive and general
administration, as prescribed.
61. (1) The provisions of sections 26 to 54, to the extent contrary to this Special
section, shall not apply to the specified business mentioned in column B of the provision for
computation of
25 Table in sub-section (2). income on
presumptive
(2) The profits and gains of any specified business as mentioned in basis in respect
column B of the Table below, carried on by a specified assessee as mentioned of certain
in column C of the said Table during a tax year, shall be computed in the manner business
activities of
specified in column D thereof, and charged to income-tax for the said tax year certain non-
30 under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”. residents.

Table
Sl No. Specified business Specified Profits and gains of
assessee business or profession
A B C D
35 1. Business of Non- 7.5% of (A+B),
operation of ships, resident.
where,––
other than cruise ships
referred to in Serial A = sum on account of
number 2. carriage of passenger,
40 livestock, mail or goods
shipped at any port in India,
whether paid or payable, in
or outside India, to the
assessee or any other person
45 on his behalf (including
demurrage, handling or other
similar charges);
 94

A B C D
B = sum on account of
carriage of passenger,
livestock, mail or goods
shipped at any port outside 5
India, whether received or
deemed to be received in
India, by the assessee or any
other person on his behalf
(including demurrage, 10
handling or other similar
charges).
2. Business of Non-resident. 20% of (A+B),
operation of cruise where,––
ships (subject to
the conditions as A = sum on account of 15
prescribed). carriage of passenger, paid or
payable to the assessee or any
other person on his behalf;
B = sum on account of
carriage of passenger 20
received or deemed to be
received by the assessee or
any other person on his
behalf.
3. Business of Non-resident. 5% of (A+B), 25
operation of where,––
aircraft.
A = sum on account of
carriage of passenger,
livestock, mail or goods
from any place in India, paid 30
or payable (in or outside
India) to the assessee or any
other person on his behalf;
B = sum on account of
carriage of passenger, 35
livestock, mail or goods
from any place outside India,
received or deemed to be
received in India, by the
assessee or any other person 40
on his behalf.
4. Business of civil Foreign 10% of the amount
construction or company. towards such civil
erection or testing construction, erection,
or commissioning, testing, or commissioning, 45
of plant or paid or payable, to the
machinery, in assessee or to any other
connection with a person on his behalf,
turnkey power whether in or outside India.
project, approved 50
by the Central
Government.
 95

A B C D
5. Business of Non-resident 10% of (A+B),
providing services person.
where,––
or facilities
5 (including supply A = sum on account of
of plant and business of providing services
machinery on hire) and facilities in connection
for prospecting, with, or supply of plant and
extraction or machinery on hire used, or to be
10 production of used, in the prospecting for, or
mineral oils. extraction or production of
mineral oils in India, paid or
payable (in or outside India), to
the assessee or any other person
15 on his behalf;
B = sum on account of
business of providing services
and facilities in connection
with, or supply of plant and
20 machinery on hire used, or to be
used, in the prospecting for, or
extraction or production of
mineral oils outside India,
received or deemed to be
25 received in India, by the
assessee or any other person on
his behalf.
6. Business of Non- 25% of (A+B),
providing services resident.
where,––
30 or technology in
India, for the A = the amount paid or
purposes of setting payable to the non-resident
up an electronics assessee or to any person on his
manufacturing behalf on account of providing
35 facility or in services or technology;
connection with
B = the amount received or
manufacturing or
deemed to be received by the
producing
non-resident assessee or on
electronic goods,
behalf of non-resident assessee
40 article or thing in
on account of providing
India to a resident
services or technology.
company.
(3) For the purposes of (Table: Sl. Nos. 1 to 5) of sub-section (2), the
specified assessee may claim that the profits actually earned from the specified
45 business are lower than the business profits computed under sub-section (2),
if,––
(a) he keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents
as required under section 62; and
(b) gets his accounts audited and furnish a report of such audit as
50 required under section 63.
(4) Any loss, allowance or deduction allowable under the provisions of this
Act shall not be allowed against the income computed in the manner specified in
sub-section (2).
 96

(5) The written down value of any asset used for the purposes of specified
business or profession shall be computed, as if the assessee mentioned in
column C of the Table in sub-section (2) had claimed and was actually allowed
depreciation thereon for each of the relevant tax years.
(6) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 5) the provisions of 5
this section shall not apply where the provisions of section 54 or 59 or 207 or 527
apply for the purposes of computing profits and gains or any other income referred
to in the said sections.
(7) In this section, “plant” includes ships, aircrafts, vehicles, drilling units,
scientific apparatuses and equipments, used for the purposes of the specified 10
business as mentioned in sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 5).
(8) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 6), resident company
shall satisfy the following:—
(a) it is establishing or operating electronics manufacturing facility or
a connected facility for manufacturing or producing electronic goods, article 15
or thing in India, under a scheme notified by the Central Government in the
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology; and
(b) it satisfies the conditions prescribed in this behalf.
Maintenance of 62. (1) (a) Any person carrying on specified profession; or
books of
account. (b) any person carrying on, business; or any profession [not being a 20
profession referred to in clause (a)] and satisfying the conditions referred to in
sub-section (2); or
(c) any other person carrying on profession notified by the Board in this behalf,
shall keep and maintain such books of account and other documents to enable the
Assessing Officer to compute his total income under this Act. 25

(2) The conditions in respect of persons referred to in sub-section (1)(b) shall

be the following:––
(a) where the income from business or profession exceeds one lakh and
twenty thousand rupees or its total sales, turnover or gross receipts from such
business or profession exceeds ten lakh rupees in any one of the three years 30
immediately preceding the tax year; or
(b) where business or profession is newly set up in the tax year, the
income from business or profession is likely to exceed one lakh and twenty
thousand rupees or its total sales, turnover or gross receipts from such business
or profession is likely to exceed ten lakh rupees during such tax year; or 35

(c) where during the tax year, the assessee, other than the assessee referred
to in section 61(2) (Table: Sl. No. 6), has claimed income from business or
profession to be lower than the deemed profits as referred to in section 58(2) or
section 61(2); or
(d) in case of an individual or Hindu undivided family, clauses (a) and 40
(b) shall be modified to the extent of income from such business or
profession exceeding two lakh and fifty thousand rupees and its total sales,
turnover or gross receipts from such business or profession exceeding two
lakh and fifty thousand rupees.
45
(3) For the purposes of this section, the Board may prescribe––
(a) the books of account and other documents (including inventories,
wherever necessary) to be kept and maintained;
(b) particulars to be contained therein;
(c) the form, manner and place at which they shall be kept and
maintained; and 50
 97

(d) the period for which such books of account and other documents
are to be retained.
(4) In this section, “specified profession” means––
(a) legal, medical, engineering, architectural, accountancy, technical
5 consultancy, interior decoration, information technology or company
secretary; or
(b) any other profession, as notified by the Board.
63. (1) Every person, carrying on the business or profession fulfilling the Tax audit.
conditions specified in column B of the Table below, shall get his accounts of the
10 tax year audited by an accountant, before the specified date.
Table
Sl. No. Conditions for getting books of account audited
A B
1. Where the total sales, turnover or gross receipts from business or
15 profession during the tax year of any person who––
(a) is carrying on business and at least 95% of aggregate of all
the receipts and payments from the business during the tax year are
through specified banking or online mode, is more than
₹10,00,00,000;
20 (b) is carrying on business and not covered under serial number
1, is more than ₹1,00,00,000;
(c) is carrying on profession, is more than ₹50,00,000.
2. If the person is carrying on business or profession, referred to in
section 58(2) or 61(2) (other than that referred to in section 61(2)
25 [Table: Sl. No. 6]) and the profits and gains from such business or
profession are claimed to be lower than the deemed profits as
referred to in these sections.
(2) The provisions of this section shall not apply,––
(a) where profits and gains of business or profession, declared by the
30 assessee are as per section 58(2);
(b) where the person, other than that referred in section 61(2)
(Table: Sl. No. 6), is deriving income of the nature referred to in section 61(2).
(3) The assessee shall furnish by the specified date, the report of such audit
in such form, duly signed and verified by the accountant and setting forth such
35 particulars, as prescribed.
(4) Where a person is required, by or under any other law, to get his accounts
audited, then it shall be sufficient compliance of this section, if such person––
(a) gets the accounts of such business or profession audited under such
law before the specified date; and
40 (b) furnishes by that specified date the report of such audit along with
the report of the accountant in the form as prescribed.
(5) In this section, “specified date” in relation to the accounts of the assessee
of the tax year, means the date one month prior to the due date for furnishing the
return of income under section 263(1).
45 64. Any person carrying on business with total sales, turnover, or gross Facilitating
receipts exceeding fifty crore rupees in the preceding tax year shall provide payments in
electronic
facility for accepting payments through prescribed electronic methods, in addition modes.
to any other electronic payment methods, already offered.
 98

Special 65. (1) The deduction under section 33 or 44 or 52(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2)
provision for
computing
shall, in a case where business reorganisation of a co-operative bank has taken
deductions in place during the tax year, be allowed as per provisions of this section.
case of business
reorganisation (2) The amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor co-operative bank
of co-operative or to the successor co-operative bank or to the converted banking company under 5
banks.
section 33 or 44 or 52(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2) shall be determined as per the
formula—
(i) for predecessor co-operative bank:—
A×B
C 10

(ii) for successor co-operative bank or converted banking company:—

A×D
C
where,—
A = the amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor 15
co-operative bank, if the business reorganisation had not taken place;
B = the number of days comprised in the period beginning with the 1st
day of the tax year and ending on the day immediately preceding the date of
business reorganisation; and
C = the total number of days in the tax year in which the business 20
reorganisation has taken place.
D = the number of days comprised in the period beginning with the
date of business reorganisation and ending on the last day of the tax year.
(3) The provisions of section 44 or 52(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2) shall, in a case
where an undertaking of the predecessor co-operative bank entitled to the 25
deduction under the said section is transferred before the expiry of the period
specified therein to a successor co-operative bank or to a converted banking
company on account of business reorganisation, apply to the successor
co-operative bank or to the converted banking company in the tax years
subsequent to the year of business reorganisation as they would have applied to 30
the predecessor co-operative bank, as if the business reorganisation had not taken
place.
(4) In this section,––
(a) “amalgamation” means the merger of an amalgamating
co-operative bank with an amalgamated co-operative bank, if—
(i) all the assets and liabilities of the amalgamating co-operative 35
bank or banks immediately before the merger (other than the assets
transferred, by sale or distribution on winding up, to the amalgamated
co-operative bank) become the assets and liabilities of the
amalgamated co-operative bank;
(ii) the members holding 75% or more voting rights in the 40
amalgamating co-operative bank become members of the
amalgamated co-operative bank; and
(iii) the shareholders holding 75% or more in value of the shares
in the amalgamating co-operative bank (other than the shares held by
 99

the amalgamated co-operative bank or its nominee or its subsidiary,

immediately before the merger) become shareholders of the
amalgamated co-operative bank;
(b) “amalgamating co-operative bank” means—
5 (i) a co-operative bank which merges with another co-operative
bank; or
(ii) every co-operative bank merging to form a new co-operative
bank;
(c) “amalgamated co-operative bank” means—
10 (i) a co-operative bank with which one or more
amalgamating co-operative banks merge; or
(ii) a co-operative bank formed as a result of merger of
two or more amalgamating co-operative banks;
(d) “business reorganisation” means reorganisation of business
15 involving the amalgamation or demerger of a co-operative bank or
conversion of a primary co-operative bank;
(e) “conversion” means transition of a primary co-operative bank to a
banking company under the scheme of the Reserve Bank of India as notified
vide its circular number DCBR. CO. LS. PCB. Cir. No. 5/07.01.000/2018-19,
20 dated 27th September, 2018;
(f) “converted banking company” means a banking company formed
as a result of conversion from primary co-operative bank;
(g) “demerger” means the transfer by a demerged co-operative bank
of one or more of its undertakings to any resulting co-operative bank, in
25 such manner that—
(i) all the assets and liabilities of the undertaking or undertakings
immediately before the transfer become the assets and liabilities of the
resulting co-operative bank;
(ii) the assets and the liabilities are transferred to the resulting
30 co-operative bank at values (other than change in the value of assets
consequent to their revaluation) appearing in its books of account
immediately before the transfer;
(iii) the resulting co-operative bank issues, in consideration of
the transfer, its membership to the members of the demerged co-
35 operative bank on a proportionate basis;
(iv) the shareholders holding 75% or more in value of the shares
in the demerged co-operative bank (other than shares already held by
the resulting bank or its nominee or its subsidiary immediately before
the transfer), become shareholders of the resulting cooperative bank,
40 otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the assets of the
demerged cooperative bank or any undertaking thereof by the resulting
co-operative bank;
(v) the transfer of the undertaking is on a going concern
basis; and
45 (vi) the transfer is as per the conditions specified by the Central
Government, by notification, having regard to the necessity to ensure
that the transfer is for genuine business purposes;
 100

(h) “demerged co-operative bank” means the co-operative bank whose

undertaking is transferred, pursuant to a demerger, to a resulting bank;
(i) “predecessor co-operative bank” means the amalgamating
co-operative bank or the demerged co-operative bank, or the primary
co-operative bank, which has been succeeded as a result of conversion; 5

(j) “resulting co-operative bank” means—

(i) one or more co-operative banks to which the undertaking of
the demerged co-operative bank is transferred in a demerger; or
(ii) any co-operative bank formed as a result of demerger;
(k) “successor co-operative bank” means the amalgamated 10
co-operative bank or the resulting bank.
Interpretation. 66. In sections 26 to 66,—
(1) “agreement”, for the purposes of section 26(2)(h), includes any
arrangement or understanding or action in concert,—
(A) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is 15
formal or in writing; or
(B) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is
intended to be enforceable by legal proceedings;
(2) “banking company” means a company to which the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949 applies and includes any bank or banking institution 20 10 of 1949.
referred to in section 51 of that Act;
(3) “commission or brokerage” shall have the meaning assigned to it
in section 402(7);
(4) “commodity derivative” shall have the same meaning as assigned
to it in Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2013; 25 17 of 2013.

(5) “commodities transaction tax” shall have the same meaning as

assigned to it under Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2013; 17 of 2013.

(6) “fees for technical services” shall have the meaning assigned to it
in section 9(7)(b);
(7) “housing finance company” means a public company formed or 30
registered in India with the main object of carrying on the business of
providing long-term finance for construction or purchase of houses in India
for residential purposes;
(8) “Indian Institute of Technology” shall have the same meaning as that
of “Institute” defined in section 3(g) of the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961; 35 59 of 1961.

(9) “Keyman insurance policy” shall have the meaning assigned to it

in Schedule II (Note 1);
(10) “limited liability partnership” shall have the same meaning as
assigned to it in section 2(1)(n) of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008; 6 of 2009.

(11) “long-term finance”, for the purposes of section 32(e), means any 40
loan or advance where the terms under which moneys are loaned or advanced
provide for repayment along with interest thereof during a period of not less
than five years;
(12) “micro enterprise” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 2(h) of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development 45
27 of 2006.
Act, 2006;
 101

(13) “mineral oil” includes petroleum and natural gas;

(14) “moneys payable” in respect of any tangible asset includes—
(a) any insurance, salvage or compensation moneys payable in
respect thereof;
5 (b) where the asset is sold, the price for which it is sold;
(15) “National Housing Bank” means the National Housing Bank
53 of 1987. established under section 3 of the National Housing Bank Act, 1987;
(16) “non-scheduled bank” means a banking company as defined in
10 of 1949. section 5(c) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, which is not a scheduled
10 bank;
(17) “paid” means, except for section 37, actually paid or incurred
according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the profits or
gains are computed under the head “Profits and gains of business or
profession”;
15 (18) “permanent establishment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 173(c);
(19) “plant” includes ships, vehicles, books, scientific apparatus and
surgical equipment used for the business or profession but does not include
tea bushes or livestock or buildings or furniture and fittings;
20 (20) “predecessor entity” means––
(a) the amalgamating Indian company in the case of
amalgamation;
(b) the demerged Indian company, in the case of demerger;
(c) a firm, in the case of a succession of a firm by a company as
25 referred to in section 70(1)(zd);
(d) a private company or unlisted public company, in case of
conversion as referred to in section 70(1)(ze);
(e) a sole proprietary concern, in the case of succession of sole
proprietorship concern by a company, as referred to in section 70(1)(zf);
30 (21) “primary agricultural credit society” shall have the same meaning
10 of 1949. as assigned to it in Part V of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949;
(22) “primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank”
means a society having its area of operation confined to a taluk and the
principal object of which is to provide for long-term credit for agricultural
35 and rural development activities;
(23) “professional services” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 402(28);
(24) “public company” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
18 of 2013. in section 2(71) of the Companies Act, 2013;
40 (25) “public financial institution” shall have the same meaning as
18 of 2013. assigned to it in section 2(72) of the Companies Act, 2013;
(26) “rate of exchange” means the rate of exchange determined or
recognised by the Central Government for the conversion of Indian currency
into foreign currency or foreign currency into Indian currency;
 102

(27) “recognised commodity exchange" means a recognised

association as defined in section 2(j) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation)
Act, 1952 and which fulfils such conditions, as prescribed, and is notified 17 of 1952.
by the Central Government for this purpose;
(28) “rent”, for the purposes of section 35(b)(i), shall have the meaning 5
assigned to it in section 402(29);
(29) “royalty” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 9(6)(b);
(30) “rural branch” means a branch of a scheduled bank or a
non-scheduled bank situated in a place which has a population of not more 10
than ten thousand according to the last preceding census, of which the
relevant figures have been published before the first day of the tax year;
(31) “scientific research” means—
(a) any activity for the extension of knowledge in the fields of
natural or applied science including agriculture, animal husbandry or 15
fisheries; and
(b) the references to expenditure incurred on scientific research
shall include all expenditure incurred for the prosecution, or the
provision of facilities for the prosecution, of scientific research, but
does not include any expenditure incurred in the acquisition of rights 20
in, or arising out of, scientific research,
and the references to scientific research related to a business or class of
business shall include any scientific research—
(i) which may lead to or facilitate an extension of that business
or, all businesses of that class; 25

(ii) of a medical nature which has a special relation to the welfare

of workers employed in that business or, all businesses of that class;
(32) “securities transaction tax” shall have the meaning assigned to it
23 of 2004.
under Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004;
(33) “service”, for the purposes of section 26(2)(h), means a service of 30
any description which is made available to potential users and includes the
provision of services in connection with business of any industrial or
commercial nature such as––
(a) accounting;
(b) banking; 35

(c) communication;
(d) conveying of news or information;
(e) advertising;
(f) entertainment;
(g) amusement; 40
(h) education;
(i) financing;
(j) insurance;
(k) chit funds;
 103

(l) real estate;

(m) construction;
(n) transport;
(o) storage;
5 (p) processing;
(q) supply of electrical or other energy; and
(r) boarding and lodging;
(34) “small enterprise” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
in section 2(m) of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development
27 of 2006. 10 Act, 2006;
(35) “speculative transaction” means a transaction in which a contract
for the purchase or sale of any commodity, including stocks and shares, is
periodically or ultimately settled otherwise than by the actual delivery or
transfer of the commodity or scrips, other than the following transactions:—
15 (a) a specified derivative transaction as defined in clause (37);
(b) a contract in respect of raw materials or merchandise entered
into by a person in the course of his manufacturing or merchandising
business to guard against loss through future price fluctuations in
respect of his contracts for actual delivery of goods manufactured, or
20 merchandise sold by him;
(c) a contract in respect of stocks and shares entered into by a
dealer or investor therein to guard against loss in his holdings of stocks
and shares through price fluctuations;
(d) a contract entered into by a member of a forward market or a
25 stock exchange in the course of any transaction in the nature of jobbing
or arbitrage, to guard against loss which may arise in the ordinary
course of his business as such member;
(36) “Specified Banking or Online Mode” shall mean transaction by
an account payee cheque or an account payee bank draft or use of electronic
30 clearing system through a bank account or through such other electronic
mode, as prescribed;
(37) “specified derivative transaction” means any transaction in
derivatives, if—
(a) it is carried out electronically on screen-based systems of a
35 recognised stock exchange or a recognised commodity exchange;
(b) it is carried out by a bank or mutual fund or any other person,
through a broker, member or such other intermediary; and
(c) it is supported by a time stamped contract note issued by the
intermediary to every client indicating in the contract note—
40
(i) the unique client identity number allotted under any law
in force; and
(ii) the Permanent Account Number allotted under this Act;
(38) “State Government undertaking” includes—
(a) a corporation established by or under any State Act;
45 (b) a company in which more than 50% of the paid-up equity
share capital is held by the State Government;
 104

(c) a company in which more than 50% of the paid-up equity

share capital is held by the entity referred to in clause (a) or (b)
(whether singly or taken together);
(d) a company or corporation in which the State Government has
the right to appoint the majority of the directors or to control the 5
management or policy decisions, directly or indirectly, including by
virtue of its shareholding or management rights or shareholders
agreements or voting agreements or in any other manner;
(e) an authority, a board or an institution or a body established
or constituted by or under any State Act, or owned or controlled by the 10
State Government;
(39) “State Industrial Investment Corporation” means a Government
company within the meaning of section 2(45) of the Companies Act, 2013, 18 of 2013.
engaged in the business of providing long-term finance for industrial
projects; 15

(40) “State Financial Corporation” means a Financial Corporation

established under section 3 or 3A or an institution notified under section 46
of the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951; 63 of 1951.

(41) “successor entity” means––

(a) the amalgamated Indian company, in the case of 20
amalgamation;
(b) the resulting Indian company, in the case of demerger;
(c) a company, in case of a succession of a firm by a company
as referred to in section 70(1)(zd);
(d) a limited liability partnership, in case of conversion of private 25
company or unlisted public company to a limited liability partnership,
as referred to in section 70(1)(ze);
(e) company, in case of succession of sole proprietorship
concern by a company, as referred to in section 70(1)(zf);
(42) “taxable commodities transaction” shall have the meaning 30
assigned to it under Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2013; 17 of 2013.
(43) “taxable securities transaction” shall have the meaning assigned
to it under Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2004; 13 of 2004.

(44) “University” shall have the meaning assigned to it in

section 70(2) (Table: Sl. No. 7); and 35

(45) “work”, for the purposes of section 35(b)(i), shall have the
meaning assigned to it in section 402(47).
E.—Capital gains
Capital gains.
67. (1) Any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset
effected in a tax year shall, save as otherwise provided in sections 82, 83, 84, 86, 40
87, 88 and 89, be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Capital gains” and
shall be deemed to be the income of the tax year in which the transfer took place.
(2) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person receives
during any tax year any money or other assets under an insurance from an insurer
on account of damage to, or destruction of, any capital asset, as a result of 45
circumstances mentioned in sub-section (3), then,––
(a) any profits or gains arising from receipt of such money or other
assets shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Capital gains” and
shall be deemed to be the income of such person of the tax year in which
such money or other asset was received; and 50
 105

(b) for the purposes of section 72, the value of any money or the fair
market value of other assets on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be
the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the
transfer of such capital asset.
5 (3) The following shall be the circumstances referred to in sub-section (2):––
(a) flood, typhoon, hurricane, cyclone, earthquake or any other
convulsion of nature; or
(b) riot or civil disturbance; or

(c) accidental fire or explosion; or

10 (d) action by an enemy or action taken in combating an enemy (whether
with or without a declaration of war).
(4) In sub-section (2), “insurer” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
4 of 1938. in section 2(9) of the Insurance Act, 1938.

(5) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if any profits or gains

15 arises to a person from receipt of any amount, including a bonus, under a unit linked
insurance policy to which the exemption specified at Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 2)
does not apply, then,––
(a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to income-tax under the
head “Capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such person in
20 the tax year in which such amount was received; and
(b) the income taxable shall be calculated in such manner, as prescribed.
(6) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if the profits or gains
arising from the transfer by way of conversion of a capital asset into, or its treatment
by the owner as, stock-in-trade of a business carried on by him, then,––
25 (a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to income-tax as his
income in the tax year in which such stock-in-trade is sold (or otherwise
transferred by any other means); and
(b) for the purposes of section 72, the fair market value of the asset on
the date of such conversion or treatment shall be deemed to be the full value
30 of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such
capital asset.

(7) If any person, at any time during the tax year, had any beneficial interest
in any securities and any profits or gains arise from transfer made by the depository
or participant of such beneficial interest in respect of securities, then,––
35 (a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to income-tax as the
income of the beneficial owner of the tax year in which such transfer took
place;
(b) such profits and gains shall not be regarded as income of the
depository who is deemed to be the registered owner of securities by virtue of
22 of 1996. 40 section 10(1) of the Depositories Act, 1996; and
(c) for the purposes of section 72 and section 2(100)(b), the cost of
acquisition and the period of holding of any securities shall be determined on
the basis of the first-in-first-out method.
 106

(8) In sub-section (7), “beneficial owner”, “depository” and “security” shall

have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in section 2(1)(a), (e) and
22 of 1996.
(l) of the Depositories Act, 1996.

(9) If any profits or gains arise from the transfer of a capital asset by a person,
to a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company 5
or co-operative society) in which he is or becomes a partner or member, by way of
capital contribution or otherwise, then,––

(a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to tax as his income in the
tax year of such transfer; and

(b) for the purposes of section 72 the amount recorded in the books of 10
account of the firm, association or body as the value of the capital asset shall
be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a
result of the transfer of such capital asset.

(10) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if a specified

person receives during the tax year, any money or capital asset, or both, from a 15
specified entity in connection with the reconstitution of such specified
entity, then,––

(a) any profits or gains arising from such receipt shall be deemed as
income of the specified entity of the tax year of such receipt by the specified
person and chargeable to income-tax under the head “Capital gains”; and 20

(b) such profits or gains shall be determined irrespective of anything to

the contrary contained in this Act as follows:—

A = B + C – D,

where,

A = income chargeable to income-tax under this sub-section as 25

income of the specified entity under the head “Capital gains”;

B = value of any money received by the specified person from the

specified entity on the date of such receipt;

C = amount of fair market value of the capital asset received by the

specified person from the specified entity on the date of such 30
receipt; and

D = amount of balance in the capital account (represented in any

manner) of the specified person in the books of account of the specified
entity at the time of its reconstitution;

(c) for the purposes of the formula in clause (b),–– 35

(i) if the value of “A” in the said formula is negative, its value shall
be deemed to be zero;

(ii) the balance in the capital account of the specified person in the
books of account of the specified entity shall be calculated without
considering any increase in the capital account of the specified person 40
due to revaluation of any asset or due to self-generated goodwill or any
other self-generated asset; and
 107

(d) the provisions of this sub-section shall operate in addition to the

provisions of section 8 and the taxation under the said section shall be
worked out independently, when a capital asset is received by a specified
person from a specified entity in connection with the reconstitution of such
5 specified entity.

(11) In sub-section (10),—

(a) “reconstitution of the specified entity”, “specified entity” and

“specified person” shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in
section 8;
10 (b) “self-generated goodwill” and “self-generated asset” mean goodwill
or asset, as the case may be, which has been acquired without incurring any
cost for purchase or which has been generated during the course of the
business or profession.

(12) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if the capital gain

15 arises from the transfer of a capital asset by way of compulsory acquisition under
any law, or a transfer the consideration for which was determined or approved by
the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India, and the compensation or the
consideration for such transfer is enhanced or further enhanced by any court,
tribunal or other authority, the capital gain shall be dealt with in the following
20 manner:––

(a) the capital gains computed with reference to the compensation

awarded in the first instance or as the case may be, consideration determined
or approved by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India in the
first instance, shall be chargeable as income under the head “Capital gains” of
25 the tax year in which such compensation or part thereof, or such consideration
or part thereof, was first received;

(b) the amount by which the compensation or consideration is enhanced

or further enhanced by the court, tribunal or other authority shall be deemed
to be income chargeable under the head “Capital gains” of the tax year in
30 which such amount is received;

(c) any compensation as referred to in clause (b) received in pursuance

of an interim order of a court, tribunal or other authority shall be deemed as
income chargeable under the head “Capital gains” of the tax year in which the
final order of such court, tribunal or other authority is made; and
35 (d) the capital gain assessed for any tax year under clause (a) or (b)
shall be recomputed where the compensation or consideration referred to
in clauses (a) to (c) is reduced by any court, tribunal or other authority
and such reduced value shall be taken to be the full value of the
consideration.
40 (13) In relation to the amount referred to in sub-section (12)(b) and (c),—

(a) the cost of acquisition and the cost of improvement shall be taken as
nil; and

(b) in a case, where the enhanced compensation or consideration is

received by any other person due to the death of the person who made the
45 transfer, or for any other reason, such amount shall be deemed as the income
chargeable to tax under the head “Capital gains” in the hands of such other
person.
 108

(14) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if the capital gains

arises to a person (being an individual or a Hindu undivided family), from the
transfer of a capital asset, being land or building or both, under a specified
agreement, then,––
(a) such capital gains shall be chargeable to income-tax for the tax year 5
in which the certificate of completion for the whole or part of the project is
issued by the competent authority; and
(b) for the purposes of section 72, the stamp duty value, on the date of
issue of the said certificate, of the share of such person, being land or building,
or both, in the project, as increased by any consideration received in cash or 10
by a cheque or draft or by any other mode shall be deemed to be the full value
of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such
capital asset.
(15) In sub-section (14),––
(a) “competent authority” means the authority empowered to approve 15
the building plan under any law;
(b) “specified agreement” means a registered agreement in which a
person owning land or building, or both, agrees to allow another person to
develop a real estate project on such land or building, or both, in consideration
of a share, being land or building, or both, in such project, whether with or 20
without payment of part of the consideration in cash.
(16) The provisions of sub-section (14) shall not apply, if the person transfers
his share in the project on or before the date of issue of the certificate of completion,
and then,––
(a) the capital gains shall be deemed to be the income of the tax year of 25
such transfer; and
(b) the provisions of this Act, other than sub-section (14), shall apply for
the purpose of determination of full value of consideration.
(17) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), the difference
between the repurchase price of the units referred to in section 80CCB(2) of the 30
Income-tax Act, 1961 and the capital value of such units shall be taxed considering 43 of 1961.
it to be the capital gains arising to the assessee in the tax year in which––
(a) such repurchase takes place; or
(b) the plan referred to in that section is terminated.
(18) For the purposes of sub-section (17), “capital value of such units” means 35
any amount invested by the assessee in the units referred to in section 80CCB(2) of
43 of 1961.
the Income-tax Act, 1961.
Capital gains on 68. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 67, where the assets
distribution of
assets by
of a company are distributed to its shareholders on its liquidation, such
companies in distribution shall not be regarded as a transfer by the company for the purposes 40
liquidation. of the said section.
(2) If a shareholder, on the liquidation of a company, receives any money or
other assets from the company, then,––
(a) such shareholder shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head
“Capital gains”, in respect of the money so received or the market value of the 45
other assets on the date of distribution, as reduced by the amount assessed as
dividend within the meaning of section 2(40)(c); and
(b) the sum so arrived at shall be deemed to be the full value of the
consideration for the purposes of section 72.
 109

69. (1) If a shareholder or a holder of other specified securities receives any Capital gains on
consideration from any company for the purchase of its own shares or other purchase by
company of its
specified securities held by such shareholder or holder of other specified securities, own shares or
then, subject to the provisions of section 72, the difference between the cost of other specified
5 acquisition and the value of consideration so received shall be deemed to be the securities.
“Capital gains” arising to such shareholder or the holder in the year in which the
company purchases the shares or other specified securities.
(2) If the shareholder receives any consideration of the nature referred to in
section 2(40)(f), from any company in respect of buy-back of shares, then for the
10 purposes of this section, the value of such consideration shall be deemed to be nil.
(3) For the purposes of this section, “specified securities” shall have the same
18 of 2013. meaning as assigned to it in Explanation 1 to section 68 of the Companies Act, 2013.
70. (1) The provisions of section 67 shall not apply to transfer— Transactions not
regarded as
(a) of distribution of capital assets on the total or partial partition of a transfer.
15 Hindu undivided family;
(b) of a capital asset by an individual or a Hindu undivided family, under
a will or a gift or an irrevocable trust;
(c) of a capital asset, not being stock-in-trade, by a company to its
subsidiary company, if—
20 (i) the parent company or its nominees hold the whole of the share
capital of the subsidiary company; and
(ii) the subsidiary company is an Indian company;
(d) of a capital asset, not being stock-in-trade, by a subsidiary company
to the holding company, if––
25 (i) the whole of the share capital of the subsidiary company is held
by the holding company; and
(ii) the holding company is an Indian company;
(e) in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset by the amalgamating
company to the amalgamated company, if the amalgamated company is an
30 Indian company;
(f) by a shareholder, in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset
being a share or shares held in the amalgamating company, if—
(i) the transfer is made in consideration of allotment of any share
or shares in the amalgamated company, except when the shareholder
35 itself is the amalgamated company; and
(ii) the amalgamated company is an Indian company;
(g) in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset being a share or
shares held in an Indian company, by the amalgamating foreign company to
the amalgamated foreign company, if—
40 (i) at least 25% of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign
company continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign
company; and
(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country,
in which the amalgamating company is incorporated;
 110

(h) in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset, being a share of a

foreign company, referred to in section 9(9)(a), which derives directly or
indirectly, its value substantially from the share or shares of an Indian
company, held by the amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated
foreign company, if— 5

(i) at least 25% of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign

company continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign
company; and
(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country
in which the amalgamating company is incorporated; 10

(i) of a capital asset by a banking company to a banking institution under

a scheme of amalgamation sanctioned and brought into force by the Central
Government under section 45(7) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949; 10 of 1949.

(j) in a demerger, of a capital asset by the demerged company to the

resulting company, if the resulting company is an Indian company; 15

(k) of shares by the resulting company or issue of shares by such

company, in a scheme of demerger to the shareholders of the demerged
company, if the transfer or issue is made in consideration of demerger of the
undertaking;
(l) in a demerger (where the provisions of sections 230 to 232 of the 20
Companies Act, 2013 do not apply), of a capital asset, being a share or shares 18 of 2013.
held in an Indian company, by the demerged foreign company to the resulting
foreign company, if—
(i) the shareholders holding not less than 75% in value of the shares
of the demerged foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the 25
resulting foreign company; and
(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country,
in which the demerged foreign company is incorporated;
(m) in a demerger (where the provisions of sections 230 to 232 of the
Companies Act, 2013 do not apply), of a capital asset, being a share of a 30 18 of 2013.
foreign company, referred to in section 9(9)(a), which derives directly or
indirectly, its value substantially from the share or shares of an Indian
company, held by the demerged foreign company to the resulting foreign
company, if—
(i) the shareholders, holding not less than 75% in value of the 35
shares of the demerged foreign company, continue to remain
shareholders of the resulting foreign company; and
(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country
in which the demerged foreign company is incorporated;
(n) in a business reorganisation, of a capital asset by the predecessor 40
co-operative bank to the successor co-operative bank or to the converted
banking company;
(o) by a shareholder, in a business reorganisation, of capital asset being
share or shares held in the predecessor co-operative bank, if the transfer is
made in consideration of the allotment to the shareholder of share or shares in 45
the successor co-operative bank or the converted banking company;
 111

(p) of a capital asset, being bonds or Global Depository Receipts as

referred to in section 209(1), made outside India by a non-resident to another
non-resident;
(q) made outside India, of a capital asset, being rupee denominated bond
5 of an Indian company issued outside India, by a non-resident to another
non-resident;
(r) of a capital asset made by a non-resident on a recognised stock
exchange located in any International Financial Services Centre, where the
consideration for such transaction is paid or payable in foreign currency, and
10 such capital asset is—
(i) bond or Global Depository Receipt referred to in
section 209(1); or
(ii) rupee denominated bond of an Indian company; or
(iii) derivative; or
15 (iv) such other securities as notified by the Central Government;
(s) of a capital asset, being a Government security carrying a periodic
payment of interest, made outside India through an intermediary dealing in
settlement of securities, by a non-resident to another non-resident;
(t) in a relocation, of a capital asset by the original fund to the
20 resulting fund;
(u) by a shareholder or unit holder or interest holder, in a relocation, of
a capital asset being share or unit or interest held in the original fund in
consideration for the share or unit or interest in the resultant fund;
(v) of a capital asset by India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited
25 to an institution established for financing the infrastructure and development,
set up under an Act of Parliament and notified by the Central Government for
the purposes of this clause;
(w) of a capital asset, under a plan approved by the Central Government,
by a public sector company, to––
30 (i) another public sector company notified by the Central
Government for the purposes of this clause; or
(ii) the Central Government; or
(iii) a State Government;
(x) of Sovereign Gold Bond issued by the Reserve Bank of India under
35 the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, 2015, by way of redemption, by an
individual;
(y) of a capital asset, being conversion of gold into Electronic Gold
Receipt issued by a Vault Manager, or conversion of Electronic Gold Receipt
into gold;
40 (z) by way of conversion of bonds or debentures, debenture-stock or
deposit certificates in any form, of a company into shares or debentures of that
company;
(za) by way of conversion of bonds referred to in section 209(1)
(Table: Sl. No. 1) into shares or debentures of any company;
45 (zb) by way of conversion of preference shares of a company into equity
shares of that company;
 112

(zc) of a capital asset, being any work of art, archaeological, scientific

or art collection, book, manuscript, drawing, painting, photograph or
print, to—
(i) the Government; or
(ii) a University; or 5

(iii) the National Museum, National Art Gallery or National

Archives; or
(iv) such other public museum or institution as notified by the
Central Government to be of national importance or of renown
throughout any State; 10

(zd) of a capital asset or intangible asset by a firm to a company as a

result of succession of the firm by a company in the business carried on by the
firm, if––
(i) all the assets and liabilities of the firm relating to the business
immediately before the succession become the assets and liabilities of 15
the company;
(ii) all the partners of the firm, immediately before the succession,
become the shareholders of the company in the same proportion in which
their capital accounts stood in the books of the firm on the date of the
succession; 20

(iii) the partners of the firm do not receive any consideration or

benefit, directly or indirectly, in any form or manner, other than by way
of allotment of shares in the company; and
(iv) the aggregate of the shareholding of the partners in the
company is at least 50% of the total voting power and such shareholding 25
remains the same for five years from the date of succession;
(ze) of a capital asset or intangible asset by a private company or unlisted
public company (herein referred to as the company) to a limited liability
partnership or transfer of a share or shares held in the company by a
shareholder as a result of conversion of the company into a limited liability 30
partnership under the provisions of section 56 or 57 of the Limited Liability
6 of 2009.
Partnership Act, 2008, if––
(i) all the assets and liabilities of the company, immediately before
the conversion, become the assets and liabilities of the limited liability
35
partnership;
(ii) all the shareholders of the company, immediately before the
conversion, become the partners of the limited liability partnership and
their capital contribution and profit sharing ratio in the limited liability
partnership are in the same proportion as their shareholding in the
company on the date of conversion; 40

(iii) the shareholders of the company do not receive any

consideration or benefit, directly or indirectly, other than by way of share
in profit and capital contribution in the limited liability partnership;
(iv) the aggregate of the profit sharing ratio of the shareholders of
the company in the limited liability partnership shall not be less than 45
50% at any time during five years from the date of conversion;
 113

(v) the total sales, turnover or gross receipts in the business of the
company in any of the three tax years preceding the tax year in which
the conversion takes place does not exceed sixty lakh rupees;
(vi) the total value of the assets, as appearing in the books of
5 account of the company in any of the three tax years preceding the tax
year in which the conversion takes place does not exceed five crore
rupees; and
(vii) no amount is paid, either directly or indirectly, to any partner
out of balance of accumulated profit standing in the accounts of the
10 company on the date of conversion for three years from the date of
conversion;
(zf) of a capital asset or intangible asset (by way of sale or otherwise) by
a sole proprietorship concern to a company in case of succession of the sole
proprietorship concern by the company in the business carried on by it, if––
15 (i) all the assets and liabilities related to the business of the sole
proprietary concern, immediately before the succession, become the
assets and liabilities of the company;
(ii) the shareholding of the sole proprietor in the company is not
less than 50% of the total voting power in the company and this
20 shareholding continues to remain the same for five years from the date
of the succession; and
(iii) the sole proprietor does not receive any consideration or
benefit, directly or indirectly, except through allotment of shares in
the company;
25 (zg) in a scheme for lending of any securities under an agreement or
arrangement, entered into by the assessee with the borrower of such securities
and which is subject to the guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange
Board of India or the Reserve Bank of India;
(zh) of a capital asset in a transaction of reverse mortgage under a
30 scheme notified by the Central Government;
(zi) of a capital asset, being share or shares of a special purpose vehicle
to a business trust in exchange of units allotted by that trust to the transferor;
(zj) of a capital asset, being a unit or units, held by a unit holder in the
consolidating scheme of a mutual fund, in consideration of the allotment to
35 the unit holder of a capital asset, being a unit or units, in the consolidated
scheme of the mutual fund subject to the condition that the consolidation is of
two or more schemes––
(i) of an equity-oriented fund; or
(ii) of a fund other than equity-oriented fund;
40 (zk) of a capital asset, being a unit or units, held by a unit holder in the
consolidating plan of a mutual fund scheme, in consideration of the allotment
to the unit holder of a capital asset, being a unit or units, in the consolidated
plan of that scheme of the mutual fund;
(zl) of a capital asset, being an interest in a joint venture, by a public
45 sector company, in exchange for shares of a company incorporated outside
India by the government of a foreign State, as per the laws of that
foreign State.
 114

(2) In sub-section (1), the definitions of the expressions mentioned in

column C of the Table below shall apply to the corresponding clauses of the said
sub-section mentioned in column B of the said Table.

Table

Sl. No. Clause Definitions 5

A B C
1. (i) The expressions––

(a) “banking company” shall have the same meaning

as assigned to it in section 5(c) of the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949); 10

(b) “banking institution” shall have the same meaning

as assigned to it in section 45(15) of the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949).

2. (n) and “business reorganisation”, “converted banking

(o) company”, “predecessor co-operative bank” and 15
“successor co-operative bank” shall have the meanings
respectively assigned to them in section 65.

3. (r) (a) “derivative” shall have the same meaning as

assigned to it in section 2(ac) of the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956); 20

(b) “securities” shall have the same meaning as

assigned to it in section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956).

4. (s) “Government Security” shall have the same meaning as

assigned to it in section 2(b) of the Securities Contracts 25
(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956).

5. (t) and (a) “original fund” means—

(u)
(A) a fund established or incorporated or registered
outside India, which collects funds from its members 30
for investing it for their benefit and fulfils the following
conditions:—

(i) the fund is not a person resident in India;

(ii) the fund is a resident of a country or a specified

territory with which an agreement referred to in 35
section 159(1) or (2) has been entered into; or is
established or incorporated or registered in a country
or a specified territory as notified by the
Central Government;

(iii) the fund and its activities are subject to 40

applicable investor protection regulations in the
country or specified territory where it is established
or incorporated or is a resident; and

(iv) fulfils other conditions as prescribed;

 115

A B C
(B) an investment vehicle, in which Abu Dhabi
Investment Authority is the direct or indirect sole
shareholder or unit holder or beneficiary or interest
5 holder and such investment vehicle is wholly owned
and controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Abu Dhabi
Investment Authority or the Government of Abu
Dhabi; or
(C) a fund notified by the Central Government subject
10 to conditions as specified;
(b) “relocation” means transfer of assets of the
original fund, or of its wholly owned special purpose
vehicle, to a resultant fund on or before the 31st
March, 2025, where consideration for such transfer is
15 discharged in the form of share or unit or interest in the
resulting fund to—
(i) a shareholder or unit holder or interest holder of
the original fund, in the same proportion in which the
share or unit or interest was held by such shareholder or
20 unit holder or interest holder in such original fund,
in lieu of their shares or units or interests in the
original fund; or
(ii) the original fund, in the same proportion as
referred to in sub-clause (i), in respect of which the
25 share or unit or interest is not issued by resultant fund
to its shareholder or unit holder or interest holder;
(c) “resultant fund” means a fund established or
incorporated in India in the form of a trust or a company
or a limited liability partnership, which is located in an
30 International Financial Services Centre as referred to in
section 147 and has been granted—
(i) a certificate of registration as a Category I or
Category II or Category III Alternative Investment
Fund, and is regulated under the Securities and
35 Exchange Board of India (Alternative Investment
Funds) Regulations, 2012 made under the Securities
and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992)
or regulated under the International Financial
Services Centres Authority (Fund Management)
40 Regulations, 2022 made under the International
Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019
(50 of 2019); or
(ii) a certificate as a retail scheme or an Exchange
Traded Fund as per Schedule VI (Note 1) and which
45 fulfils the conditions specified in Schedule VI
(Table: Sl. No. 1).
6. (y) “Electronic Gold Receipt” and “Vault Manager” shall
have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them
in regulation 2(1)(h) and (l) of the Securities and
50 Exchange Board of India (Vault Managers)
Regulations, 2021 made under the Securities and
Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992).
 116

A B C
7. (zc) “University” means a University established or
incorporated by or under a Central Act or State Act or
Provincial Act and includes an institution declared under
section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 5
(3 of 1956), to be a University for the purposes of that
Act.
8. (ze) “private company” and “unlisted public company” shall
have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them
in the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009). 10

9. (zi) “special purpose vehicle” shall have the meaning

assigned to it in Schedule V (Note 2).
10. (zj) (a) “consolidated scheme” means the scheme with
which the consolidating scheme merges or which is
15
formed as a result of such merger;
(b) “consolidating scheme” means the scheme of a
mutual fund which merges under the process of
consolidation of the schemes of mutual fund as per the
Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Funds)
Regulations, 1996 made under the Securities and 20
Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);
(c) “equity oriented fund” means a fund—
(i) where the investible funds are invested by way of
equity shares in domestic companies to the extent of
more than 65% of the total proceeds of such fund, for 25
which the percentage of equity shareholding shall be
computed with reference to the annual average of the
monthly averages of the opening and closing figures; and
(ii) which has been set up under a scheme of Mutual
Fund specified in Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21); 30
(d) “mutual fund” means a mutual fund specified in
Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21).
11. (zk) (a) “consolidating plan” means the plan within a scheme
of a mutual fund which merges under the process of
consolidation of the plans within a scheme of mutual fund 35
as per the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual
Funds) Regulations, 1996 made under the Securities and
Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);
(b) “consolidated plan” means the plan with which the
consolidating plan merges or which is formed as a result 40
of such merger;
(c) “mutual fund” means a mutual fund specified in
Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21); and
12. (zl) “joint venture” means a business entity, as notified by
the Central Government. 45
Withdrawal of 71. (1) The profits or gains arising from the transfer of capital asset not
exemption in charged under section 67 by virtue of section 70(1)(c) and (d) shall, irrespective of
certain cases.
anything contained in the said clauses, be deemed to be income chargeable under
the head “Capital gains” of the tax year in which such transfer took place, if at any
time before the expiry of eight years from the date of such transfer,— 50
 117

(a) the transferee company converts the capital asset into, or treats it as,
stock-in-trade of its business; or
(b) the parent company or its nominees or the holding company, ceases
or cease to hold the whole of the share capital of the subsidiary company.
5 (2) If any of the conditions laid down in section 70(zd) or (zf) are not complied
with, the profits or gains arising from the transfer of such capital asset or intangible
asset not charged under section 67 by virtue of such conditions shall be deemed to
be the profits and gains chargeable to tax under the head “Capital gains” of the
successor company for the tax year in which such conditions are not complied with.
10 (3) If any of the conditions laid down in section 70(ze) are not complied with,
the profits or gains arising from the transfer of such capital asset or intangible assets
or share or shares not charged under section 67 by virtue of such conditions shall be
deemed to be the profits and gains chargeable to tax under the head “Capital gains”of
the successor limited liability partnership or the shareholder of the predecessor
15 company, for the tax year in which such conditions are not complied with.
72. (1) Income chargeable under the head “Capital gains” shall be computed, Mode of
by deducting from the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result computation of
capital gains.
of the transfer of the capital asset, the following amounts:—
(a) expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such
20 transfer; and
(b) the cost of acquisition of the asset and the cost of any improvement
thereto.
(2) In cases, as prescribed, the provisions of sub-section (1) shall have effect
as if for the words “cost of acquisition” and “cost of any improvement”, the words
25 “indexed cost of acquisition” and “indexed cost of any improvement” had
respectively been substituted.
(3) In computing the income chargeable under the head “Capital gains”, the
following amounts shall not be allowed as a deduction:—
(a) the interest claimed as deduction under section 22(1)(b) or under
30 Chapter VIII;
(b) any sum paid as securities transaction tax under Chapter VII of the
23 of 2004. Finance (No.2) Act, 2004.
(4) If a unit holder receives any amount from a business trust with respect to
a unit that is not in the nature of income under Schedule V (Table: Sl. No. 3. or 4)
35 and is not chargeable to tax under section 92(2)(k) or 223(2), then,––
(a) such amount shall be reduced from the cost of acquisition of such
unit; and
(b) if the transaction of transfer of a unit is not considered as transfer
under section 70 and cost of acquisition of such unit is determined under
40 section 73, the amount received with respect to such unit before as well as
after such transaction, shall be reduced from the cost of acquisition.
(5) In case of value of any money or capital asset received by a specified
person from a specified entity, as referred to in section 67(10), the specified entity
is entitled to a deduction calculated in such manner, as prescribed for computing the
45 amount chargeable to income-tax in its hands under that sub-section which is
attributable to the transfer of such capital asset.
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(6) In the case of an assessee, who is a non-resident, capital gains arising from
the transfer of a capital asset being shares in, or debentures of, an Indian company
(other than equity shares referred to in section 198) shall be computed––
(a) by converting the cost of acquisition, expenditure incurred, wholly
and exclusively, in connection with such transfer and the full value of the 5
consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset
into the same foreign currency as was initially utilised in the purchase of the
shares or debentures; and
(b) the capital gains so computed in such foreign currency shall be
reconverted into Indian currency, so, however, that the said manner of 10
computation of capital gains shall be applicable in respect of capital gains
accruing or arising from every reinvestment thereafter in, and sale of, shares
in, or debentures of, an Indian company.
(7) In the case of an assessee who is a non-resident, any gains arising on
account of appreciation of rupee against a foreign currency at the time of 15
redemption of rupee denominated bond of an Indian company held by the
assessee, shall be ignored for the purpose of computing the full value of
consideration.
(8) In this section, the expressions––
(a) “Cost Inflation Index”, in relation to a tax year, means such Index as 20
the Central Government may, having regard to 75% of average rise in the
Consumer Price Index (urban) for the immediately preceding tax year to such
tax year, by notification, specify, in this behalf;
(b) “indexed cost of acquisition” means an amount which bears to the
cost of acquisition, the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index for the year in 25
which the asset is transferred bears to the Cost Inflation Index for the first year
in which the asset was held by the assessee or for the year beginning on
1st April, 2001, whichever is later; and
(c) “indexed cost of any improvement” means an amount which bears to
the cost of improvement, the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index for the 30
year in which the asset is transferred bears to the Cost Inflation Index for the
year in which the improvement to the asset took place.
Cost with 73. (1) In the case of a capital asset specified in column B of the Table
reference to below, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be the cost as
certain modes of
acquisition. mentioned in column C of the said Table. 35

Table
Sl. No. Description of the capital asset Cost of acquisition
A B C
1. If the capital asset became the The cost for which
property of the assessee–– the previous owner of the 40

(a) under a gift or will; or property acquired it, as

increased by the cost of
(b) by succession, inheritance any improvement
or devolution; or
incurred or borne by the
previous owner or the 45
assessee.
 119

A B C
(c) on any distribution of assets on
the liquidation of a company; or
(d) under a transfer to a revocable
5 or an irrevocable trust; or
(e) being a Hindu undivided
family, by the mode referred to
in section 99(3) after the
31st December, 1969; or
10 (f) under any such transfer as is
referred to in section 70(1)(a), (c),
(d), (e), (g), (h), (i), (j), (l), (m), (n),
(o), (t), (u), (v), (w), (zd), (ze) or (zf).
2. Capital asset, being a share or shares in The cost of
15 an amalgamated company which is an acquisition to him of the
Indian company that became the property share or the shares in the
of the assessee in consideration of a amalgamating company.
transfer referred to in section 70(1)(f).
3. Capital asset being a share or debenture That part of the cost of
20 of a company, which became the property debenture, debenture-
of the assessee in consideration of a stock, bond or deposit
transfer referred to in section 70(1)(z) or certificate for which such
(za). asset is acquired by the
assesse.

25 4. Capital asset, being specified security or Fair market value

sweat equity shares, referred to in taken into account for the
section 17(2). purposes of the said
clause.
5. Capital asset, being rights of a partner The cost of
30 referred to in section 42 of the Limited acquisition of the share
Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009), or shares in the company
which became the property of the assessee immediately before its
on conversion as referred to in conversion.
section 70(1)(ze).
35 6. Capital asset, being share or shares of a The price of the said
company acquired by a non-resident share or shares
assessee on redemption of Global prevailing on any
Depository Receipts referred to in section recognised stock
209(1) (Table: Sl. No. 2) held by such exchange on the date on
40 assessee. which a request for
redemption was made.
7. Capital asset, being a unit of a business The cost of
trust, which became the property of the acquisition of the share
assessee in consideration of a transfer as referred to in the said
45 referred to in section 70(1)(zi). clause.
 120

A B C

8. Capital asset, being a unit or units in a The cost of

consolidated scheme of a mutual fund, acquisition of the unit or
which became the property of the assessee units in the consolidating
in consideration of a transfer referred to in scheme of the mutual 5
section 70(1)(zj). fund.

9. Capital asset, being equity share of a That part of the cost of

company, which became the property of the preference shares in
the assessee in consideration of a transfer relation to which such
referred to in section 70(1)(zb). asset is acquired. 10

10. Capital asset, being a unit or units in a The cost of

consolidated plan of a mutual fund scheme, acquisition of the unit or
which became the property of the assessee units in the consolidating
in consideration of a transfer referred to in plan of the scheme of the
section 70(1)(zk). mutual fund. 15

11. Capital asset being a unit or units in the Computed as per the
segregated portfolio. following formula:––

X =AxB,
C

where,––
20
X = cost of
acquisition of the unit or
units in segregated
portfolio;

A = cost of 25
acquisition of unit or
units in the total
portfolio;

B = Net Asset
Value of the asset 30
transferred to the
segregated portfolio; and

C = Net Asset
Value of the total
portfolio immediately 35
before segregation.

12. Capital asset being original units held The cost of

by the unit holder in the main portfolio. acquisition as reduced
by the amount as so
arrived at under serial 40
number 11.
 121

A B C
13. Capital asset, being shares as referred to The cost of
in section 70(1)(zl) which became the acquisition to it of the
property of the assessee. interest in the joint
5 venture referred to in the
said clause.

14. Shares in the resulting company as a Computed as per the

result of demerger. following formula:––
X =AxB,
10 C
where,––

X = cost of
acquisition of
shares in the
15 resulting company;
A = cost of
acquisition of
shares in demerged
company;
20 B = net book
value of assets
transferred in
demerger; and
C = net worth of
25
demerged
company
immediately before
demerger.

15. Original shares held by the shareholder As reduced by the

30 in the demerged company. amount so arrived at
under serial number 14.
16. Capital asset deemed to be chargeable to Cost for which such
tax according to the provisions of section asset was acquired by the
71(1). transferee company.
35 17. Capital asset being property, where the The value taken
capital gain arises from the transfer of into account under
such property the value of which has been section 92(2)(m).
subject to income-tax under
section 92(2)(m).
40 18. Capital asset declared under the Income The fair market value
Declaration Scheme, 2016, where the tax, of the asset taken into
surcharge and penalty have been paid as account for the purposes
per the provisions of such Scheme on the of the said Scheme.
fair market value as on the date of the
45 commencement of that Scheme.
 122

A B C

19. Specified capital asset referred to in The stamp duty value

clause (c) of the Explanation to as on the last day of the
section 10(37A) of the Income-tax second tax year after the
Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), which has been end of the tax year in 5
transferred after the expiry of two years which the possession of
from the end of the tax year in which the the said specified capital
possession of such asset was handed over asset was handed over to
to the assessee. the assessee.

20. Capital asset, being share in the project, The amount deemed 10
in the form of land or building, or both, as full value of
under section 67(14). consideration under
section 67(14).
21. Capital asset, being the asset held by a The fair market value
trust or an institution in respect of which of the asset considered 15
accreted income has been computed and for computation of
tax paid thereon as per section 352. accreted income as on
specified date as per
section 352(3).
22. Capital asset referred to in section The fair market value 20
26(2)(j). for section 26(2)(j).
23. Capital asset, being an Electronic Gold The cost of gold for
Receipt issued by a Vault Manager, which the person in whose
became the property of the person as name Electronic Gold
consideration of a transfer, as referred to in Receipt is issued. 25
section 70(1)(y).
24. Capital asset being gold released against The cost of the
an Electronic Gold Receipt, which became Electronic Gold Receipt
the property of the person as consideration for such person.
for a transfer as referred to in 30
section 70(1)(y).
(2) For the purposes of the Table in sub-section (1), in respect of the entries
against––
(a) serial number 1, “previous owner of the property” for any capital
asset owned by an assessee, means the last previous owner of the capital asset 35
who acquired it by a mode of acquisition other than that referred to in
column B thereof;
(b) serial numbers 11 and 12, “main portfolio”, “segregated
portfolio” and “total portfolio” shall have the same meanings as
respectively assigned to them in the Circular No. 40
SEBI/HO/IMD/DF2/CIR/P/2018/160, dated the 28th December, 2018,
issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India;
(c) serial numbers 14 and 15, “net worth” means the total of the paid-up
share capital and general reserves as appearing in the books of account of the
demerged company immediately before the demerger; 45

(d) serial numbers 2, 14 and 15, the provisions as contained therein,

shall, as far as may be, also apply in relation to business reorganisation of a
co-operative bank as referred to in section 65.
 123

74. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 2(101), for a capital Special
provision for
asset forming part of a block of assets on which depreciation has been allowed computation of
43 of 1961. under this Act or under the Income-tax Act, 1961 or under the Indian Income-tax capital gains in
11 of 1922. Act, 1922, the provisions of sections 72 and 73 shall be subject to the provisions case of
depreciable
5 of sub-sections (2), (3) and (4). assets.

(2) If, during the tax year, the full value of consideration received or accruing
for the transfer of one or more assets in a block of assets exceeds the total of the
following:––

(a) expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for such transfer;

10 (b) the written-down value of the block of assets at the start of the tax
year; and
(c) the actual cost of any asset falling within the block of assets acquired
during the tax year,

such excess shall be deemed to be capital gains arising from the transfer of
15 short-term capital assets.
(3) If any block of assets ceases to exist for the reason that all the assets in that
block are transferred during the tax year, then,––
(a) the cost of acquisition of the block of assets shall be the written down
value of the block of assets at the beginning of the tax year, as increased by
20 the actual cost of any asset falling within that block of assets, acquired by the
assessee during the tax year; and
(b) the income received or accruing as a result of such transfer or
transfers shall be deemed to be short-term capital gains.
75. If depreciation has been obtained under section 33(2) for a capital asset in Special
25 any tax year, the provisions of sections 72 and 73 shall apply subject to the provision for
cost of
modification that the written down value, as defined in section 41, of the asset, as acquisition in
adjusted, shall be taken as the cost of acquisition of the asset. case of
depreciable
asset.

76. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 2(101) or section 72, the Special
provision for
gains on the transfer or redemption or maturity, of a capital asset as mentioned in computation of
30 sub-section (2) shall be treated as short-term capital gains and shall be computed as capital gains in
per sub-section (3). case of Market
Linked
Debenture.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the capital asset shall be—
(a) a unit of a Specified Mutual Fund acquired on or after 1st April, 2023
or a Market Linked Debenture; or
35 (b) an unlisted bond or an unlisted debenture which is transferred or
redeemed or matures on or after the 23rd July, 2024.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the short-term capital gains shall be
computed as per the following formula:––

X = A – B – C,
40 where,––

X = short-term capital gains;

 124

A = full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of the

transfer or redemption or maturity of the debenture or unit or bond;
B = the cost of acquisition of the debenture or unit or bond; and
C = the expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for such transfer or
redemption or maturity. 5

(4) No deduction shall be allowed for any sum paid as securities transaction
tax as per Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004. 23 of 2004.

(5) In this section,—

(a) “Market Linked Debenture” means a security, by whatever name
called, which has an underlying principal component in the form of a debt 10
security and where the returns are linked to market returns on other underlying
securities or indices, and include any security classified or regulated as a
market linked debenture by the Securities and Exchange Board of India; and
(b) “Specified Mutual Fund” means a Mutual Fund, by whatever name
called, which invests more than 65% of its total proceeds in debt and money 15
market instruments or a fund which invests 65% or more of its total proceeds
in units of such Mutual Fund, subject to the following:––
(i) the percentage of investment in debt and money market
instruments or in units of a fund shall be computed with reference to the
annual average of the daily closing figures; 20

(ii) “debt and money market instruments” shall include any

securities, by whatever name called, classified or regulated as debt and
money market instruments by the Securities and Exchange Board of
India.
Special 77. (1) Any profits or gains arising from the slump sale effected in the tax year 25
provision for shall be chargeable to income-tax as long-term capital gains and shall be deemed to
computation of
capital gains in be the income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, subject to the
case of slump provisions of sub-section (2).
sale.
(2) The profits and gains arising from a slump sale involving the transfer of a
capital asset, being one or more undertakings or divisions owned and held by an 30
assessee for 36 months or less, immediately before the date of its transfer, shall be
treated as short-term capital gains.
(3) In relation to capital assets, being an undertaking or division transferred by
way of slump sale,—
(a) the “net worth” of the undertaking or division shall be deemed as the 35
cost of acquisition and the cost of improvement for sections 72 and 73; and
(b) the fair market value of the capital assets on the date of transfer,
calculated in such manner, as prescribed, shall be deemed to be the full value
of the consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer.
(4) Every assessee, in the case of slump sale, shall furnish in the prescribed 40
form a report of an accountant, before the specified date referred to in section 63,
and the report shall––
(a) include the computation of the net worth of the undertaking or
division; and
 125

(b) certify that the net worth has been correctly arrived at as per the
provisions of this section.

(5) For the purposes of this section,––

(a) the “net worth” shall be the “aggregate value of total assets” of the
5 undertaking or division, as reduced by the value of its liabilities as appearing
in the books of account, and for computing net worth, any change in the value
of assets due to revaluation shall be ignored;

(b) the “aggregate value of total assets” shall,—

(i) for depreciable assets, be the written down value of the block
10 of assets determined under section 41(1) (Table: Sl. No.3);

(ii) for capital asset being goodwill of a business or profession,

which was not acquired by the assessee by purchase from a previous
owner, be nil;

(iii) for capital assets for which the entire expenditure has been
15 allowed or is allowable as a deduction under section 46, be nil; and

(iv) for other assets, be the book value.

78. (1) If the consideration received or accruing from the transfer of a capital Special
provision for full
asset, being land or building or both, is less than the stamp duty value, then, for value of
the purposes of section 72, the stamp duty value shall be deemed to be the full consideration in
20 value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer, subject certain cases.
to the following:––

(a) the stamp duty value on the date of agreement may be taken as the
full value of consideration, if––

(i) the date of the agreement fixing the consideration and the date
25 of registration for the transfer of the capital asset are not the same; and

(ii) part or full consideration is received on or before the date of

the agreement by an account payee cheque or account payee bank draft
or electronic clearing system through a bank account or any other
electronic mode, as prescribed;
30 (b) if the stamp duty value does not exceed 110% of the consideration
received or accruing, such consideration shall be deemed to be the full value
of the consideration for section 72.

(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the Assessing

Officer may refer the valuation of the capital asset to a Valuation Officer, and
35 the provisions of sections 269(3) to (8), shall, with necessary modifications,
apply in relation to such reference, where––

(a) the assessee claims that the stamp duty value exceeds the fair market
value of the property as on the date of transfer; and

(b) the stamp duty value has not been disputed in any appeal or revision
40 or no reference has been made before any other authority, court or the High
Court.
 126

(3) In this section, “assessable” means the value which any authority of the
Government would have adopted or assessed as if it were referred to such authority
for the purposes of payment of stamp duty, regardless of anything to the contrary
contained in any other law in force.
(4) If the value determined by the Valuation Officer on a reference made under 5
sub-section (2) exceeds the stamp duty value, such stamp duty value shall be taken
as the full value of consideration.
Special 79. (1) If the consideration received or accruing from the transfer of a capital
provision for full asset, being share of a company other than a quoted share, is less than the fair market
value of
consideration for value of such share determined in the manner as prescribed, the value so determined 10
transfer of share shall be deemed as the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of
other than the transfer for the purposes of computing income under the head “Capital gains”.
quoted share.
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to any consideration
received or accruing as a result of transfer by such class of persons and subject to
such conditions, as prescribed. 15

(3) In this section, “quoted share” means the share quoted on any recognised stock
exchange with regularity from time to time, where the quotation of such share is based
on current transaction made in the ordinary course of business.
Fair market 80. If the consideration received or accruing from the transfer of a capital asset
value deemed to is not ascertainable or is unable to be determined, its fair market value on the date 20
be full value of
consideration in of transfer shall be deemed as the full value of consideration received or accruing
certain cases. as a result of the transfer for the purposes of computing income under the head
“Capital gains”.

Advance money 81. Where any capital asset was, on any previous occasion, the subject of
received. negotiations for its transfer, any advance or other money received and retained by 25
the assessee in respect of such negotiations––
(a) shall be deducted from the cost for which the asset was acquired or
the written down value or the fair market value, as the case may be, in
computing the cost of acquisition;
(b) shall not be deducted from the said cost, where such advance or other 30
money has been included in the total income of the assessee for any tax year
as per the provisions of section 92(2)(h).

Profit on sale of 82. (1) Where an individual or Hindu undivided family––

property used for
residence. (a) has long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset,
being buildings or lands appurtenant thereto, and being a residential house, the 35
income of which is chargeable under the head “Income from house property”
(original asset); and
(b) has within one year before or two years after the date of such transfer
purchased, or has within three years after that date constructed, one residential
house in India (new asset), 40

then, instead of the capital gain being charged to income-tax as income of the tax
year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—

(i) if the capital gains exceeds the cost of the new asset, such excess shall
be charged under section 67, and for computing capital gains arising from the
transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or construction, the 45
cost shall be nil; or
 127

(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the cost of the new asset,
no capital gains shall be charged under section 67 and for computing capital
gains from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or
construction, the cost shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gains.
5 (2) If the capital gains is not used by the assessee to purchase the new asset
within one year before the transfer of the original asset, or is not utilised for the
purchase or construction of a new asset before filing the return of income under
section 263, then—
(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or
10 institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;
(b) such deposit shall be made not later than the due date applicable in the
case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1); and
(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with the return on or
before the due date of filing of the return.
15 (3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount, already utilised for
purchasing or constructing the new asset, together with the deposited amount under
sub-section (2) shall, subject to sub-section (7), be deemed to be the cost of the new
asset.
(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not fully utilised for
20 purchasing or constructing the new asset within the period specified in
sub-section (1), then,—
(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged to tax under section 67 as the
income of the tax year in which the period of three years from the date of the
transfer of the original asset expires; and
25 (b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw the unused amount
according to the said scheme.
(5) If the capital gains under sub-section (1) does not exceed two crore rupees,
the assessee may, at his option, purchase or construct two residential houses in India,
and where such option has been exercised,—
30 (a) for the purposes of sub-section (1)(b), “one residential house in
India” shall be read as “two residential houses in India”; and
(b) for the purposes of sub-sections (1)(b) and (2), “new asset” shall
mean two residential houses in India.
(6) If during any tax year, the assessee has exercised the option mentioned in
35 sub-section (5), he shall not be entitled to exercise such option for the same tax year
or any other tax year.
(7) If the cost of new asset exceeds ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding
ten crore rupees shall not be taken into account for the purposes of sub-section (1).
(8) If the capital gains on the transfer of original asset exceeds ten crore
40 rupees, the amount exceeding ten crore rupees shall not be taken into account for
the purposes of sub-section (2).
83. (1) Where an assessee, being an individual or a Hindu undivided Capital gains on
family,–– transfer of land
used for
(a) has capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, being agricultural
purposes not to
45 land, which was used by the assessee or his parent, or the Hindu undivided be charged in
family for agricultural purposes (original asset), in two years immediately certain cases.
preceding the date of transfer; and
 128

(b) has, within two years after that date, purchased any other land for
being used for agricultural purposes (new asset),
then, instead of the capital gains being charged to income-tax as income of the tax
year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—
(i) if the capital gains exceed the cost of the new asset, such excess shall 5
be charged under section 67, and for computing any capital gains arising from
the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase, the cost shall
be nil; or
(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the cost of the new asset,
no capital gains shall be charged under section 67, and for computing any 10
capital gains arising from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its
purchase, the cost shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gains.
(2) If the capital gains is not utilised by the assessee to purchase the new asset
before filing the return of income under section 263, then––
(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or 15
institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;
(b) such deposit shall be made not later than the due date applicable in
the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1);
and
(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with the return on or 20
before the due date of filing of the return.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for
purchasing the new asset together with the deposited amount under sub-section (2),
shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.
(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not fully utilised for 25
purchase of the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,—
(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the
income of the tax year in which two years from the date of the transfer of the
original asset expires; and
(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw the unused amount 30
according to the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).
Capital gains on 84. (1) Where an assessee has––
compulsory
acquisition of (a) capital gains arising from the transfer by way of compulsory
lands and acquisition under any law, of a capital asset being land or building or any right
buildings not to
be charged in in land or building, forming part of an industrial undertaking belonging to him, 35
certain cases. which was being used by the assessee for the business of the said undertaking
in the two years immediately preceding the date of transfer (original asset);
and
(b) within three years after that date, purchased any other land or
building or any right in any other land or building or constructed any other 40
building for shifting or re-establishing the said undertaking or setting up
another industrial undertaking (new asset),
then, instead of the capital gain being charged to income-tax as income of the tax
year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—
(i) if the capital gains exceeds the cost of new asset, such excess shall be 45
charged under section 67, and for computing any capital gains arising from
the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or construction,
the cost shall be nil; or
 129

(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the cost of new asset, no
capital gains shall be charged under section 67 and for computing capital gains
from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or
construction, the cost shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gains.
5 (2) If the capital gains is not utilised by the assessee to purchase the new asset
before filing the return of income under section 263, then––
(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited not later than the due date
for filing the return of income under sub-section (1) of the said section in a
specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the
10 Central Government;
(b) such deposit shall be made not later than the due date applicable in
the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under the said
sub-section; and
(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with the return on or
15 before the due date for filing the return.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for
purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under
sub-section (2), shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.
(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not fully utilised for the
20 purchase or construction of the new asset within the period specified in
sub-section (1), then,—
(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the
income of the tax year in which three years from the date of the transfer of the
original asset expires; and
25 (b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw the unused amount
according to the said scheme.
85. (1) Where an assessee has–– Capital gains not
to be charged on
(a) long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of land or building, investment in
or both, (original asset); and certain bonds.

30 (b) within six months after the date of such transfer, invested whole or
part of the capital gains in a long-term specified asset (new asset),
then, the capital gains shall be dealt with as follows:—
(i) if the capital gains exceed the investment in the new asset, the
amount of capital gains as exceeds such investment shall be charged under
35 section 67; or
(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the investment in the new
asset, the whole of such capital gains shall not be charged under section 67.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), investment made in the long-term
specified asset from capital gain arising from transfer of one or more original asset
40 shall not exceed fifty lakh rupees,––
(a) during any tax year; or
(b) in the year of transfer of the original asset or assets and in the
subsequent tax year.
(3) If the new asset is transferred or converted (otherwise than by transfer) into
45 money within five years of its acquisition, the capital gains not charged under
section 67 as per sub-section (1), shall be deemed to be income chargeable as
long-term capital gains in the tax year of its transfer or conversion.
 130

(4) Any loan or advance taken on the security of the new asset shall be
regarded as transfer of the new asset on the date of such loan or advance.
(5) Where the investment in the new asset has been taken into account for
sub-section (1), no deduction under section 123 for any tax year shall be allowed for
such investment. 5

(6) In this section, “new asset” means any bond, redeemable after five years
and as notified by the Central Government for the purposes of this section with such
conditions (including a condition for providing a limit on the amount of investment
by an assessee in such bond).
Capital gains on 86. (1) If an individual or a Hindu undivided family has–– 10
transfer of
certain capital (a) capital gains arising from the transfer of any long-term capital asset,
assets not to be not being a residential house (original asset); and
charged in case
of investment in (b) within one year before, or two years after, the date of such transfer,
residential
house. purchased, or has within three years after that date constructed, one residential
house in India (new asset), 15
then, the capital gains shall be dealt with as follows:—
(i) if the net consideration is more than the cost of the new asset, so much
of the capital gains as bears to the whole of the capital gains, the same
proportion as the cost of the new asset bears to the net consideration, shall not
be charged under section 67; or 20

(ii) if the net consideration is equal to or less than the cost of the new
asset, no capital gains shall be charged under section 67.
(2) If the capital gains is not utilised by the assessee to purchase the new asset
within one year before the transfer of the original asset, or is not utilised for the
purchase or construction of a new asset before filing the return of income under 25
section 263, then,––
(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or
institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;
(b) such deposit shall be made not later than the due date applicable in
the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under sub-section (1) 30
of the said section; and
(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with the return on or
before the due date for filing the return.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for
purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under 35
sub-section (2) shall, subject to the sub-section (8), be deemed to be the cost of the
new asset.
(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not wholly or partly
utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset within the period specified in
sub-section (1), then,–– 40

(a) the amount determined as per with the following formula shall be
charged under section 67 as income of the tax year in which three years from
the date of the transfer of the original asset expires:––
X - Y, 45
where,––
X = the capital gains not charged under section 67 as per sub-section (1).
 131

Y = the capital gains that would not have been charged under section 67,
if the cost of the new asset had been taken to be the amount actually utilised
for purchase or construction of the new asset;
(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw the unused amount
5 according to the said scheme.
(5) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply, if––
(a) the assessee—
(i) owns more than one residential house, other than the new asset,
on the date of transfer of the original asset; or
10 (ii) purchases any residential house, other than the new asset,
within two years of transfer of the original asset; or
(iii) constructs any residential house, other than the new asset,
within three years of transfer of the original asset; and
(b) the income from such residential house, other than the one residential
15 house owned on the date of transfer of the original asset, is chargeable under
the head “Income from house property”.
(6) If the assessee purchases within two years of the transfer of the original
asset, or constructs within three years after such date, any residential house, the
income from which is chargeable under the head “Income from house property”,
20 other than the new asset, the capital gains not charged under section 67 on the
basis of cost of such new asset as per sub-section (1), shall be charged as
long-term capital gains of the tax year in which such residential house is
purchased or constructed.
(7) If the new asset is transferred within three years of its purchase or its
25 construction, the capital gains not charged under section 67 on the basis of cost of
such new asset as per sub-section (1) shall be charged as long-term capital gains of
the tax year in which such new asset is transferred.
(8) If the cost of the new asset exceeds ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding
ten crore rupees, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of sub-section (1).
30 (9) If the net consideration on the transfer of original asset exceeds
ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding ten crore rupees, shall not be taken into
account for the purposes of sub-section (2).
(10) In this section, “net consideration” means the full value of the
consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the original asset as
35 reduced by any expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with
such transfer.
87. (1) If the assessee has–– Exemption of
capital gains on
transfer of assets
(a) capital gains arising from the transfer of capital asset, being in cases of
machinery or plant or building or land or any rights in building or land used shifting of
40 for the business of an industrial undertaking situated in an urban area, effected industrial
undertaking
in the case of shifting of an industrial undertaking situated in an urban area from urban area.
(original asset) to any non-urban area (new area); and
(b) within one year before or three years after the date of such transfer,—
(i) purchased new machinery or plant for business of the industrial
45 undertaking in the new area;
 132

(ii) acquired building or land or constructed building for his

business in the said area;
(iii) shifted the original asset and transferred its establishment to
such area; and
(iv) incurred expenses on such other purpose as specified in a 5
scheme notified by the Central Government for this section,
then, instead of the capital gains being charged to income tax as income of the
tax year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—
(A) if the cost and expenses incurred in on all or any of the purposes
mentioned in clauses (i) to (iv) (new asset),–– 10

(I) is less than the capital gains, the difference shall be

charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year; or
(II) is equal to or more than the capital gain, no capital gain
shall be charged under section 67;
(B) for computing any capital gain arising from transfer of the 15
new asset within three years of its being purchased, acquired,
constructed or transferred, the cost shall be nil in case of clause (a)
or shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gain in case of
clause (b).
(2) If the capital gain is not used by the assessee for the new asset within one 20
year before the transfer of the original asset, or before filing the return of income
under section 263, then––
(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or
institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central
Government; 25

(b) such deposit shall be made not later than the due date applicable in
the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under sub-section (1)
of the said section; and
(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with the return on or
before the due date for filing the return. 30

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for
purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under
sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.
(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not wholly or partly
utilised for the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,— 35

(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the

income of the tax year in which the period of three years from the date of the
transfer of the original asset expires; and
(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw the unused amount
according to the said scheme. 40

(5) In this section, the expression “urban area” means any area within the
limits of a municipal corporation or municipality, declared to be an urban area by
the Central Government for the purposes of this section, having regard to––
(a) the population;
(b) concentration of industries; and 45
 133

(c) need for proper planning of the area and other relevant factors.
88. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 87 if the assessee has–– Exemption of
capital gains on
(a) capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, being transfer of assets
in cases of
machinery or plant or building or land or any rights in building or land used shifting of
5 for the business of an industrial undertaking situated in an urban area, effected industrial
in the course of or in consequence of shifting of such industrial undertaking undertaking
(original asset) to any Special Economic Zone in any area; and from urban area
to any Special
Economic Zone.
(b) has within one year before or three years after the date of such
transfer,—
10 (i) purchased machinery or plant for the business of the industrial
undertaking in such Special Economic Zone;
(ii) acquired building or land or constructed building for his
business in such Special Economic Zone;
(iii) shifted the original asset and transferred the establishment to
15 such Special Economic Zone; and
(iv) incurred expenses on such other purposes specified by a
scheme notified by the Central Government in this behalf,
then, instead of capital gain being charged to income-tax as income of the tax
year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—
20 (A) if the cost and expenses incurred in on all or any of the purposes
mentioned in clauses (i) to (iv) (new asset)––
(I) is less than the capital gains, the difference shall be
charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year; or
(II) is equal to or more than the capital gains, no capital gain
25 shall be charged under section 67;
(B) for computing any capital gain arising from transfer of the new
asset within three years of its being purchased, acquired, constructed or
transferred, the cost shall be nil in case of clause (a), or shall be reduced
by the amount of the capital gain in case of clause (b).
30 (2) If the capital gain is not utilised by the assessee for the new asset within
one year before the transfer of the original asset, or before filing the return of income
under section 263, then,––
(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited not later than the due date
for filing the return of income under sub-section (1) of the said section in a
35 specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the
Central Government;
(b) such deposit shall be made not later than the due date applicable in
the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under the said
sub-section; and
40 (c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with the return on or
before the due date for filing the return.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for
purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under
sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.
 134

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not wholly or partly
utilised for the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,—
(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the
income of the tax year in which the period of three years from the date of the
transfer of the original asset expires; and 5

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw the unused amount

according to the said scheme.
(5) In this section “urban area” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 87.
Extension of 89. Irrespective of anything contained in sections 82, 83, 84, 85, and 86,–– 10
time for
acquiring (a) if the transfer of the original asset mentioned in those sections is by
new asset or way of compulsory acquisition under any law; and
depositing or
investing (b) if the compensation awarded for such acquisition is not received by
amount of
capital gains.
the assessee on the date of transfer, then, the period available to him under
those sections for acquisition of the new asset or investment or deposit of 15
capital gain in specified bank or institution shall be reckoned from the date
of receipt of compensation.
Meaning of 90. (1) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, “cost of improvement”,—
“adjusted”,
“cost of (a) in relation to a capital asset being goodwill or any intangible asset
improvement” of a business, or a right to manufacture, produce or process any article or 20
and “cost of
acquisition”.
thing, or right to carry on any business or profession, or any other right, shall
be taken to be nil; and
(b) in relation to any other capital asset,—
(i) if the capital asset became the property of the previous owner
or the assessee before the 1st April, 2001, means all expenditure of a 25
capital nature incurred on or after the said date in making any additions
or alterations to the capital asset by the previous owner or the assessee;
and
(ii) in any other case, all expenditure of a capital nature incurred
in making any additions or alterations to the capital asset by the 30
assessee after it became his property, and, where the capital asset
became the property of the assessee by any of the modes specified in
section 73 (Table: Sl. No. 1), by the previous owner.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1)(b), the cost of improvement does not
include any expenditure which is deductible in computing the income chargeable 35
under the head “Income from house property”, “Profits and gains of business or
profession” or “Income from other sources”.
(3) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, “cost of acquisition”, of a capital
asset (being goodwill of a business or profession, or a trade mark or brand name
associated with a business or profession, or any other intangible asset, or a right to 40
manufacture, produce or process any article or thing, or a right to carry on any
business or profession, or tenancy rights, or stage carriage permits, or loom hours,
or any other right) means—
(a) purchase price, if acquisition of such asset by the assessee is by
purchase from the previous owner; and 45
 135

(b) purchase price for the previous owner, in the case covered in section
73 (Table: Sl. No. 1), where such asset was acquired by purchase by the
previous owner as defined in sub-section (2) of the said section; and
(c) nil, in any other case.
5 (4) For the purposes of sub-section (3)(a) or (b), if—
(a) the capital asset is goodwill of a business or profession; and
(b) the assessee has obtained a deduction on account of depreciation
43 of 1961. under section 32(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 in a tax year preceding the
10 tax year commencing on the 1st April, 2020,
then the total amount of depreciation obtained before the tax year
commencing on the 1st April, 2020 shall be reduced from the amount of
purchase price.
(5) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73(a) and (b), and subject to the
15 provisions of sub-sections (9)(a) and (b), “cost of acquisition” shall be as per
sub-section (6), in a case where, by virtue of holding a capital asset, being a share or
any other security, within the meaning of section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts
42 of 1956. (Regulation) Act, 1956 (herein referred to as the financial asset), the assessee—
(a) becomes entitled to subscribe to any additional financial asset; or
20 (b) is allotted any additional financial asset without any payment.
(6) In a case referred to in sub-section (5), “cost of acquisition”, in relation to––
(a) the original financial asset, on the basis of which the assessee
becomes entitled to any additional financial asset, means the amount actually
paid for acquiring the original financial asset;
25 (b) any right to renounce the said entitlement to subscribe to the
financial asset, when such right is renounced by the assessee in favour of any
person, shall be taken to be nil in the case of such assessee;
(c) the financial asset, to which the assessee has subscribed on the basis
of the said entitlement, means the amount actually paid for acquiring such
30 asset;
(d) the financial asset allotted to the assessee without any payment and
on the basis of holding of any other financial asset, shall be taken to be nil;
and
(e) any financial asset purchased by any person in whose favour the
35 right to subscribe to such asset has been renounced, means the total amount
of the purchase price paid to the person renouncing such right and the amount
paid to the company or institution, for acquiring such financial asset.
(7) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, “cost of acquisition”, subject to
sub-sections (9)(a) and (b), in relation to a long-term capital asset, being an equity
40 share in a company or a unit of an equity oriented fund or a unit of a business trust
referred to in section 198, acquired before the 1st February, 2018, shall be higher
of—
(a) the cost of acquisition of such asset; and
(b) lower of—
45 (i) the fair market value of such asset; and
(ii) the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result
of the transfer of the capital asset.
 136

(8) For the purposes of sub-section (7),—

(a) “Cost Inflation Index”, shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 72(8)(ii);
(b) “fair market value” means,—
(i) in a case where the capital asset is listed on any recognised 5
stock exchange as on the 31st January, 2018, the highest price of the
capital asset quoted on such exchange on that date;
(ii) irrespective of sub-clause (i), if there is no trading in such
asset on such exchange on the 31st January, 2018, the highest price
of such asset on such exchange on a date immediately preceding the 10
31st January, 2018 when such asset was traded shall be the fair
market value;
(iii) if the capital asset is a unit which is not listed on a recognised
stock exchange as on the 31st January, 2018, the net asset value of such
unit as on that date; 15

(iv) if the capital asset is an equity share in a company which is—

(A) not listed on a recognised stock exchange as on the 31st
January, 2018 but listed on the date of transfer;
(B) not listed on a recognised stock exchange as on the 31st 20
January, 2018, or which became the property of the assessee in
consideration of share which is not listed on such exchange as on
the 31st January, 2018 by way of transaction mentioned in
section 70, but listed on such exchange subsequent to the date of
transfer (where such transfer is in respect of sale of unlisted equity 25
shares under an offer for sale to the public included in an initial
public offer);
(C) listed on a recognised stock exchange on the date of
transfer and which became the property of the assessee in
consideration of share which is not listed on such exchange as on 30
the 31st January, 2018 by way of transaction mentioned in
section 70,
an amount which bears to the cost of acquisition the same proportion as Cost
Inflation Index for the tax year 2017-18 bears to the Cost Inflation Index for
the first year in which the asset was held by the assessee or for the year 35
beginning on the 1st April, 2001, whichever is later.
(9) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, cost of acquisition in relation to
any other capital asset,—
(a) if the capital asset became the property of the assessee before the
1st April, 2001, subject to sub-section (10), shall be the cost of acquisition of 40
the asset to the assessee or its fair market value on the 1st April, 2001, at the
option of the assessee;
(b) if the capital asset became the property of the assessee by any of
the modes specified in section 73 (Table: Sl. No. 1), and the capital asset
became the property of the previous owner before the 1st April, 2001, 45
subject to sub-section (10), shall be the cost of the capital asset to the
previous owner or its fair market value on the 1st April, 2001, at the
option of the assessee;
 137

(c) if the capital asset became the property of the assessee on the
distribution of the capital assets of a company on its liquidation and the
assessee has been assessed to income-tax under the head “Capital gains” in
respect of that asset under section 68, means the fair market value of the asset
5 on the date of distribution;
(d) if the capital asset, being a share or a stock of a company, became
the property of the assessee on—
(i) the consolidation and division of all or any of the share capital
of the company into shares of larger amount than its existing shares; or
10 (ii) the conversion of any shares of the company into stock; or
(iii) the re-conversion of any stock of the company into shares; or
(iv) the sub-division of any of the shares of the company into
shares of smaller amount; or

(v) the conversion of one kind of shares of the company into

15 another kind,
means the cost of acquisition of the asset calculated with reference to the cost of
acquisition of the shares or stock from which such asset is derived.
(10) In case of a capital asset referred to in sub-sections (9)(a) and (9)(b),
being land or building, or both, the fair market value of such asset on the 1st April,
20 2001 for the said clauses shall not exceed the stamp duty value, wherever available,
of such asset as on the 1st April, 2001.

(11) If the cost for which the previous owner acquired the property is unable
to be ascertained, the cost of acquisition to the previous owner shall be the fair
market value on the date on which the capital asset became the property of the
25 previous owner.
91. (1) For ascertaining the fair market value of a capital asset for this Reference to
Valuation
Chapter, the Assessing Officer may refer the valuation of capital asset to a Officer.
Valuation Officer,—
(a) if the value of the asset claimed by the assessee is as per the estimate
30 by a registered valuer, but the Assessing Officer is of the opinion that the
value so claimed is at variance with its fair market value;

(b) in any other case, if the Assessing Officer is of the opinion that––
(i) the fair market value of the asset exceeds the value claimed
by the assessee by more than the percentage or amount, as
35 prescribed; or
27 of 1957. (ii) having regard to the nature of the asset and other relevant
circumstances, it is necessary so to do.
(2) The provisions of section 269(3) to (8) shall , with necessary
modifications, apply in relation to such reference made under sub-section (1).
40 F.— Income from other sources
92. (1) Income of every kind which is not to be excluded from the total Income from
other sources.
income, shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Income from other
sources”, if it is not chargeable to income-tax under any of the heads specified in
section 13(a) to (d).
 138

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of

sub-section (1), the following incomes shall be chargeable to income-tax under the
head “Income from other sources”:––
(a) any dividend;
(b) any winning from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including 5
horse races, card games and other games of any sort or from gambling or
betting of any form or nature;
(c) any sum received by the assessee from employees as contributions to
any provident fund, superannuation fund, any fund set up under the Employees’
State Insurance Act, 1948, or any other fund for the welfare of such employees, 10 34 of 1948.
if the income in not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains
of business or profession”;
(d) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy, as defined
Schedule II (Note 1) including the bonus allocated on such policy, if such
income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of 15
business or profession” or under the head “Salaries”;
(e) any income by way of interest on securities, if the income is not
chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or
profession”;
(f) any income from machinery, plant or furniture belonging to the 20
assessee and let on hire, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under
the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;
(g) any income from letting on hire of machinery, plant or furniture,
belonging to the assessee and also buildings, where the letting of the building
is inseparable from the letting of such machinery, plant or furniture, if the 25
income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of
business or profession”;
(h) any sum of money received as an advance or otherwise during
negotiations for the transfer of a capital asset, if––
(i) such sum is forfeited; and 30

(ii) the negotiations do not result in transfer of such capital asset;

(i) any income by way of interest received on compensation or on
enhanced compensation referred to in section 278(1);
(j) any compensation or other payment, due to or received by any
person, by whatever name called, in connection with the termination of his 35
employment, or the modification of its terms and conditions;
(k) any specified sum received by a unit holder from a business trust
during the tax year with respect to a unit held by him at any time during such
tax year, the computation of which shall be––
specified sum = A-B-C (which shall be deemed to be zero, if the 40
sum of B and C is greater than A), where—
A = aggregate of the sum distributed by the business trust with
respect to such unit, during the tax year or during any earlier tax year
or years, to such unit holder, who holds such unit on the date of
distribution of sum or to any other unit holder who held such unit at 45
any time prior to the date of such distribution, which is—
(a) not in the nature of income referred to in Schedule
V (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4); and
(b) not chargeable to tax under section 223(2);
 139

B = amount at which such unit was issued by the business

trust; and
C = amount charged to tax under this clause in any earlier
tax year;
5 (l) where any sum, including bonus allocated, is received, during a tax
year, under a life insurance policy, other than—

(a) sums received under a unit linked insurance policy; or

(b) income referred to in clause (d),

and such sum is not to be excluded from the total income of that tax year under
10 Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 2), the sum exceeding the aggregate of the premium
paid, during the term of such policy, and not claimed as a deduction under this Act,
computed in such manner, as prescribed;
(m) where any person receives in any tax year, from any person or
persons––

15 (i) any sum of money without consideration, the total of which

exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of such sum;
(ii) any immovable property—
(A) without consideration, the stamp duty value of which
exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the stamp duty value of such
20 property;
(B) for a consideration, the stamp duty value of such
property that exceeds such consideration, if this excess amount is
more than the higher of the following amounts:—
(I) fifty thousand rupees; or
25 (II) 10% of the consideration;
(iii) any property, other than immovable property,—
(A) without consideration, the aggregate fair market value
of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of the
aggregate fair market value of such property;
30 (B) for a consideration which is less than the aggregate fair
market value of the property by an amount exceeding fifty
thousand rupees, the aggregate fair market value of such property
as exceeds such consideration.
(3) The provisions of sub-section (2)(m) shall not apply to any sum of money
35 or any property received—

(a) from any relative; or

(b) on the occasion of marriage of the individual; or

(c) under a will or by way of inheritance; or

(d) in contemplation of death of the payer or donor; or
40 (e) from any local authority as defined in Schedule III (Note 6); or
 140

(f) from or by any registered non-profit organisation as defined in

section 355(g), except when received by any person referred to in
section 355(i); or
(g) by way of a transaction not regarded as transfer under section 70(1)(a),
(c), (d), (e), (g), (i), (j), (l), (n), (o), (k), (f), (t), (u), (v) or (w); or 5

(h) from an individual by a trust created or established solely for the

benefit of relative of the individual; or
(i) from such class of persons and subject to such conditions, as
prescribed.
(4) For the purposes of sub-section (2)(m)(ii),–– 10

(a) if the date of agreement fixing the amount of consideration for the
transfer of immovable property and the date of registration are not the same,
the stamp duty value on the date of agreement shall apply, provided the
consideration, in whole or in part, has been paid by account payee cheque or
account payee bank draft or by electronic clearing system through a bank 15
account or through any prescribed electronic mode, on or before the date of
agreement for transfer of such immovable property;
(b) if the stamp duty value of immovable property is disputed by the
assessee on the grounds mentioned in section 78(2) the Assessing Officer may
refer the valuation of such property to a Valuation Officer, and the provisions 20
of sections 78(2) and 288 (Table: Sl. No. 8) shall, as far as may be, apply to
the stamp duty value of such property as they apply for valuation of capital
asset under those sections.
(5) In this section,––
(a) “assessable” shall have the meaning assigned to it in 25
section 78(3);
(b) “card game and other game of any sort” includes any game show,
an entertainment programme on television or electronic mode, where people
compete to win prizes or any similar game;
(c) “fair market value” of a property, other than an immovable property, 30
means the value determined in such method as prescribed;
(d) “jewellery” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 2(22);
(e) “lottery” includes winnings from prizes awarded by draw of lots, by
chance, or in any other manner under any scheme or arrangement by 35
whatever named called;
(f) “property” means the following capital asset of the assesse:—
(i) immovable property being land or building or both;
(ii) shares and securities;
(iii) jewellery; 40

(iv) archaeological collections;

(v) drawings;
 141

(vi) paintings;

(vii) sculptures;
(viii) any work of art;
(ix) bullion; or
5 (x) virtual digital asset;
(g) “relative” means—

(i) in case of an individual—

(A) spouse;

(B) brother or sister;

10 (C) brother or sister of the spouse;
(D) brother or sister of either of the parents;
(E) any lineal ascendant or descendant (maternal as well as
paternal);

(F) any lineal ascendant (maternal as well as paternal) or

15 descendant (maternal as well as paternal) of the spouse;
(G) spouse of the person referred to in items (B) to (F); and
(ii) for a Hindu undivided family, any member thereof;
(h) “unit linked insurance policy” shall have the meaning assigned to it
in Schedule II (Note 1).
20 93. (1) The income chargeable under the head “Income from other sources” Deductions.
shall be computed after making the following deductions:—
(a) for dividends [excluding those referred to in section 2(40)(f) or
interest on securities, any reasonable sum paid as commission or
remuneration to a banker or any other person for the purpose of realising such
25 dividend or interest on behalf of the assessee;
(b) for income of the nature referred to in section 92(2)(c), so far as
may be, an amount as per section 29(1)(e);
(c) for income of the nature referred to in section 92(2)(f) and
(g), so far as may be, an amount as per section 28(1)(a), (b), (d), section 33,
30 and subject to the provisions of section 28(2);
(d) for income in the nature of family pension (a regular monthly
amount payable by the employer to a family member of an employee upon
the death of such employee),––
(i) an amount equal to one-third of such income or twenty-five
35 thousand rupees, whichever is less, where income-tax is computed
under section 202(1); and
(ii) an amount equal to one-third of such income or fifteen
thousand rupees, whichever is less, in any other case;
 142

(e) any other expenditure (not being in the nature of capital

expenditure) laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for making or
earning such income;
(f) for income of the nature referred to in section 92(2)(i), an amount
equal to 50% of such income and no other deduction shall be allowed under 5
this section.

(2) In respect of––

(a) dividend income of the nature referred to in section 2(40)(f), no
deduction shall be allowed;
(b) any other dividend income [other than in clause (a)], or income from 10
units of a Mutual Fund specified under Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21) or
income from units of a specified company as referred to in section 2(h) of the
Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002, only
deduction allowed shall be interest expense which, for any tax year, shall be 58 of 2002.
limited to 20% of such income (included in the total income for that year, 15
without deduction under this section).

Amounts not 94. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 93, the following
deductible. amounts shall not be deductible in computing the income of any assessee
chargeable under the head “Income from other sources”:—
(a) any personal expenses of the assessee; or 20

(b) any interest chargeable under this Act, payable outside India,
on which tax has not been paid or deducted under Chapter XIX-B; or
(c) any payment chargeable under the head “Salaries”, if it is
payable outside India, unless tax has been paid or deducted under
Chapter XIX-B. 25

(2) The provisions of sections 29, 35(b)(i), and 36 shall apply in computing
the income chargeable under the head “Income from other sources” as they apply
in computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business
or profession”.
(3) For an assessee, being a foreign company, the provisions of section 59 30
shall apply in computing the income chargeable under the head “Income from other
sources”, as they apply in computing the income chargeable under the head “Profits
and gains of business or profession”.
(4) In computing the income from winnings from lotteries, crossword
puzzles, races including horse races, card games and other games of any sort, or 35
from gambling or betting of any form or nature, no deduction for any expenditure
or allowance related to such income shall be allowed under this Act.
(5) Sub-section (4) shall not apply in computing the income of an assessee,
being the owner of horses maintained for running in horse races, from the activity
of owning and maintaining such horses. 40

(6) In this section, “horse race” means a horse race upon which wagering or
betting may be lawfully made.

Profits 95. The provision of section 38(1)(a) shall apply in computing the income of
chargeable to an assessee under section 92, as they apply in computing the income of an assessee
tax.
under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”. 45
 143

CHAPTER V
INCOME OF OTHER PERSONS, INCLUDED IN TOTAL INCOME OF ASSESSEE

96. All income arising to any person by virtue of transfer,–– Transfer of

income without
5 (a) whether revocable or not, and whether effected before or after the transfer of
commencement of this Act; and assets.
(b) where there is no transfer of assets from which such income arises,
shall be chargeable to income-tax as the income of the transferor and shall be
included in his total income.
10 97. (1) All income arising to any person by virtue of a revocable transfer of Chargeability of
assets shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the transferor and shall be income in
transfer of
included in his total income. assets.
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply, if such transfer—
(a) is by way of trust which is not revocable during the lifetime of the
15 beneficiary; or
(b) and in case of any other transfer, is not revocable during the lifetime
of the transferee,
and the transferor does not derive any direct or indirect benefit from such income
in cases referred to in clauses (a) and (b).
20 (3) Irrespective of the provisions of sub-section (2), all income arising to any
person by virtue of such transfer shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of
the transferor as and when the power to revoke such transfer arises, and shall than
be included in his total income.
98. For the purposes of sections 96 and 97, and this section,— “Transfer” and
“revocable
25 (a) “transfer” includes any settlement, trust, covenant, agreement or transfer”
arrangement; defined.

(b) a transfer shall be considered to be revocable, if––

(i) it contains any provision for the direct or indirect re-transfer of
the whole or any part of the income or assets to the transferor; or
30 (ii) it, in any way, gives the transferor a right to re-assume power
directly or indirectly over the whole or any part of the income or
assets.
99. (1) The total income of any individual, for a tax year, shall include the Income of
income arising directly or indirectly,–– individual to
include income
35 (a) to the spouse,— of spouse, minor
child, etc.
(i) by way of salary, commission, fees or any other form of
remuneration, whether in cash or kind, from a concern in which such
individual has a substantial interest but shall not exclude income solely
attributable to the application of technical or professional knowledge,
40 experience and professional qualification of the spouse;
(ii) from assets transferred directly or indirectly to him or her by such
individual otherwise than for adequate consideration or in connection with
an agreement to live apart, subject to the provisions of section 25(a);
(iii) from assets transferred directly or indirectly to any person or
45 association of persons otherwise than for adequate consideration to the
extent to which the income from such assets is for the immediate or
deferred benefit of the spouse;
 144

(b) to the son’s wife,––

(i) from assets transferred directly or indirectly on or after the
1st June, 1973, to her by such individual, otherwise than for adequate
consideration; or
(ii) from assets transferred directly or indirectly on or after the 5
1st June, 1973, to any person or association of persons otherwise than
for adequate consideration to the extent to which the income from such
assets is for the immediate or deferred benefit of the son’s wife;
(c) to the minor child of the individual but shall not include in the total
income of the individual where the income arising or accruing to the minor 10
child is from manual work done by such child, or from activities where his
skill, talent, specialised knowledge or experience is applied, or where such
minor child is suffering from disability of the nature specified in section 154.
(2) If the asset transferred under sub-section (1)(a) or (b) is invested by the
spouse or son’s wife, in any business or capital contributed as a partner in a firm, 15
or, as the case may be, for being admitted to the benefits of partnership in a firm,
then, the income to be included in the hands of the individual for the tax year shall
be as follows:––
𝐶
A=B×( )
𝐷
where,–– 20

A = Income to be included in the hands of individual for the tax year;

B = Income and interest or both, arising to the spouse or son’s wife
from the business or the firm, as applicable during the tax year;
C = Value of such assets invested, or contributed as capital by the
spouse or son’s wife as on the first day of the tax year; 25

D = Total investment or total capital contribution, as the case may be,

by the spouse or son’s wife as on the day for which A is being computed.
(3) Where a property owned by an individual is converted into property
belonging to the Hindu undivided family of which he is a member, through––
(a) the act of impressing such separate property with the character of 30
property belonging to the family; or
(b) throwing it into the common stock of the family; or
(c) transfer, directly or indirectly to the family,
without adequate consideration, then, irrespective of any other provision of this Act
or any other law in force for computing the total income of such individual,–– 35

(i) the individual shall be deemed to have transferred such property,

through the family, to the members of such family for being held jointly, and
the income derived from such property or part thereof, shall be deemed to be
income of the individual;
(ii) upon partition (whether partial or total) of the family, the income 40
derived from such property as is received by the spouse of the individual on
partition, shall be deemed to arise to the spouse from assets transferred
indirectly to the spouse and the provisions of sub-section (1)(a) shall apply;
(iii) the income referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) shall, on being included
in the total income of the individual, be excluded from the total income of 45
the family or, the spouse.
(4) The provisions of sub-section (3) shall not apply where the property of
the individual has been converted into property belonging to the family on or before
the 31st December, 1969.
 145

(5) In this section,––

(a) for sub-section (1)(a),––
(i) the income referred to in that clause shall be included in the
hands of either of the spouse whose total income before such inclusion
5 is greater; and
(ii) such income, once included in the total income of either
spouse, for a tax year, shall not be included in the income of the other
spouse for any succeeding tax year, unless the Assessing Officer is so
satisfied, after giving the other spouse an opportunity of being heard;
10 (iii) “substantial interest in a concern” means,—
(A) in case of a company, if its shares (not being shares
entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a
further right to participate in profits) carrying not less than 20%
of the voting power are, at any time during the tax year, owned
15 beneficially by the individual or jointly with one or more of his
relatives;
(B) in any other case, if such person is entitled, or such
person and one or more of his relatives are jointly entitled, to
atleast 20% of the profits of such concern at any time during the
20 tax year;
(b) for sub-section (1)(d), income of minor child shall be included—
(i) in the income of that parent whose total income before such
inclusion is greater in case where the marriage of his parents subsists; or
(ii) in the income of the parent who maintains such child during
25 the tax year in case where marriage of his parents does not subsist,
and such income, once included in the total income of either parent, for a tax year,
shall not be included in the income of the other parent for any succeeding tax year,
unless the Assessing Officer is so satisfied, after giving the other parent an
opportunity of being heard;
30 (c) for sub-section (3), “property” includes––
(i) interest in property; or
(ii) movable or immovable property; or
(iii) proceeds of sale of such property and any money, property or
investment representing such proceeds; or
35 (iv) where property is converted into any other property by any
method, such other property;
(d) for this section, “income” includes loss.
100. Where, income of a person, other than the assessee, arising from any Liability of
asset, or income from membership of a firm, is included in the total income of the person in respect
of income
40 assessee under this Chapter or under section 25(a), then, irrespective of anything included in
to the contrary contained in any other law in force,–– income of
another person.
(a) such person, in whose name such asset stands, shall be liable to pay,
that portion of the tax levied on the assessee which is attributable to the
income so included, upon service of notice of demand by the Assessing
45 Officer in this behalf;
(b) where any such asset is held jointly by more than one person, they
shall be jointly and severally liable to pay such tax; and
(c) the provisions of Chapter XIX-D shall apply accordingly.
 146

CHAPTER VI
AGGREGATION OF INCOME
Total 101. In computing the total income of an assessee, there shall be included all
income. income on which no income-tax is payable under Chapter XVIIA-4.
Unexplained 102. (1) Where any sum is found credited in the books of account maintained 5
credits. by the assessee for any tax year, and––
(a) the assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source of
such credit; or
(b) the explanation offered by assessee is not satisfactory in the opinion
of the Assessing Officer, 10

then, the sum so credited shall be charged to income-tax as income of the assessee
of that tax year.
(2) If the sum so credited consists of loan or borrowing, or any such amount,
by whatever name called, the explanation offered by such assessee shall be deemed
to be not satisfactory, unless,— 15

(a) the person in whose name such credit is recorded in the books of
such assessee also offers an explanation about the nature and source of such
sum so credited; and
(b) such explanation, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer referred to
in sub-section (1), has been found to be satisfactory. 20

(3) If the assessee is a company (not being a company in which the public are
substantially interested), and the sum so credited consists of share application
money, share capital, share premium, or any such amount, by whatever name
called, the explanation offered by such assessee company shall be deemed to be
not satisfactory, unless— 25

(a) the person, being a resident in whose name such credit is recorded
in the books of such company also offers an explanation about the nature and
source of such sum so credited; and
(b) such explanation, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer referred to
in sub-section (1), has been found to be satisfactory. 30
(4) Nothing contained in sub-section (2) or (3) shall apply if the person, in
whose name the sum referred to in those sub-sections is recorded, is a venture capital
fund or a venture capital company as referred to in Schedule V (Table: Sl. No. 6).
Unexplained 103. Where in any tax year, any investment has been made by the assessee which
investment. is not recorded in the books of account, if any, maintained by such assessee, or, the 35
Assessing Officer finds that the amount of such investment exceeds the amount recorded
in such books of account where the investment is found recorded, and the assessee––
(a) offers no explanation about the nature and source of such
investment, or such excess amount, as the case may be; or
(b) the explanation offered by the assessee, is not satisfactory in the 40
opinion of the Assessing Officer,
then, the value of such investment, or such excess amount, as the case may be, shall
be deemed to be the income of the assessee of that tax year.
Unexplained 104. (1) Where in any tax year, any asset has been found to be owned by or
asset. belonging to the assesse which is not recorded in the books of account, if any, 45
maintained by such assessee, or the Assessing Officer finds that the amount of such
asset exceeds the amount recorded in such books of account where the asset is
found recorded, and the assesse––
 147

(a) offers no explanation about the nature and source of acquisition of

such asset, or such excess amount, as the case may be; or
(b) the explanation offered by the assessee, is not satisfactory in the
opinion of the Assessing Officer,
5 then, the value of such asset, or such excess amount, as the case may be, shall be
deemed to be the income of the assessee of the tax year in which such asset has
been found to be owned by, or belonging to, the assessee.
(2) In this section, “asset” includes money, bullion, jewellery, virtual digital
asset or other valuable article.
10 105. (1) Where any expenditure has been incurred by the assessee in any tax Unexplained
year, and–– expenditure.

(a) the assessee offers no explanation about the source of such

expenditure or part thereof; or
(b) the explanation offered by the assessee is not satisfactory in the
15 opinion of the Assessing Officer,
then, the amount covered by such expenditure or part thereof, shall be deemed to
be the income of the assessee for that tax year.
(2) Irrespective of any other provision of this Act, the amount deemed as
income in sub-section (1) shall not be allowed as a deduction under this Act.
20 106. (1) Where any amount (including interest thereof) is borrowed or repaid Amount
through a negotiable instrument or a hundi, other than an account payee cheque, or borrowed or
repaid through
through any mode as specified by the Board in this behalf, the amount so borrowed negotiable
or repaid shall be deemed to be the income of the person borrowing or repaying, instrument,
as the case maybe, for the tax year in which the amount was borrowed or repaid. hundi, etc.

25 (2) Where the amount borrowed under sub-section (1) has been deemed to be
the income of any person, such person shall not be liable to be assessed again in
respect of such amount under that sub-section on repayment of such amount.
107. Income referred to in sections 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 shall be Charge of tax.
charged to tax as per the provisions of section 195.
30 CHAPTER VII
SET OFF, OR CARRY FORWARD AND SET OFF OF LOSSES
108. (1) Unless provided otherwise in this Act, for any tax year, if net result Set off of losses
under the same
of computation from any source under any head of income (other than “Capital head of income.
gains”) is a loss, then assessee shall be entitled to set off such loss against his
35 income from any other source under the same head for that tax year.
(2) Any loss, as a result of computation made under sections 72 to 90, for any
tax year, arising from transfer of a capital asset as arrived at under a similar
computation made for the tax year in respect of any other capital asset being,––
(a) a long-term capital asset, shall be set off only against gains, if any,
40 from transfer of another long-term capital asset; and
(b) a short-term capital asset, shall be set off against gains, if any, from
transfer of any capital asset.
109. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, for any tax year, if income Set off of losses
under any other
computed under any head of income (other than “Capital gains”) is a loss, such head of income.
45 loss shall be set off against income of the assessee under any other head, including
“Capital gains”, if any, assessable for that tax year, subject to the following
conditions:––
 148

(a) loss under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”
shall not be set off against income chargeable under the head “Salaries”; and
(b) loss under the head “Income from house property” shall be set off
to the extent of two lakh rupees against income under any other head;
(2) For any tax year, the loss under the head “Capital gains” shall not be set 5
off against income under any other head.
Carry 110. (1) The unabsorbed loss from house property for any tax year shall
forward and be carried forward to the subsequent tax year, and shall be set off only against
set off of
loss from
income from house property, if any, computed for such subsequent tax year,
house and so on. 10
property.
(2) The unabsorbed loss from house property referred to in sub-section (1)
shall be carried forward to the following tax year, not being more than eight tax
years immediately succeeding the tax year in which such loss was first computed.
(3) In this section, “unabsorbed loss from house property” means, loss
computed under the head “Income from house property” for the tax year, which 15
has not been, or is not wholly, set off against income from any other head, under
section 107, for the said tax year.
Carry 111. (1) The unabsorbed capital loss for any tax year shall be carried forward
forward and to the subsequent tax year and shall be set off in the manner provided in
set off of
loss from
sub-section (2). 20
Capital
gains. (2) The unabsorbed capital loss arising from transfer of capital asset, being––
(a) a long-term capital asset, may be set off only against capital gains,
if any, from transfer of any other long-term capital asset during the
subsequent tax year and so on; and
(b) a short-term capital asset, shall be set off against capital gains, if 25
any, from transfer of any other capital asset during the subsequent tax year
and so on.
(3) The unabsorbed capital loss referred to in sub-section (1), shall be carried
forward to the following tax year, not being more than eight tax years immediately
succeeding the tax year in which such loss was first computed. 30

(4) In this section, “unabsorbed capital loss” means loss computed under the
head “Capital gains” for any tax year, which has not been, or is not wholly, set off
under section 108 for the said tax year.
Carry 112. (1) The unabsorbed business loss (other than loss from speculation
forward and business) for any tax year shall be carried forward to the subsequent tax year and 35
set off of
business shall be set off only against the profits and gains of business or profession, carried
loss. on by him and assessable for that tax year, if any, computed for such subsequent
tax year, and so on.
(2) The unabsorbed business loss referred to in sub-section (1), shall be
carried forward to the following tax year, not being more than eight tax years 40
immediately succeeding the tax year in which such loss was first computed.
(3) The unabsorbed business loss referred to in sub-section (1) shall first be
allowed to be set off before allowing set off of any carried forward allowance under
section 33(11) or 45(7).
(4) In this section, “unabsorbed business loss” means, loss computed under 45
the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” (other than loss from
speculation business) for the tax year, which has not been, or is not wholly, set off
against income from any other head, under section 109 for the said tax year.
 149

113. (1) Any loss computed from a speculation business carried on by the Set off and carry
forward of
assessee, during any tax year, shall be set off only against profits and gains, if any, losses from
of another speculation business for the said tax year. speculation
business.
(2) The unabsorbed speculation business loss for any tax year shall be carried
5 forward to the subsequent tax year and shall be set off only against the profits and
gains of speculation business, if any, computed for such subsequent tax year, and
so on.
(3) The unabsorbed speculation business loss referred to in sub-section (2)
shall not be carried forward for more than four tax years immediately succeeding
10 the tax year in which such loss was first computed.
(4) The unabsorbed speculation business loss referred to in sub-section (2)
shall first be allowed to be set off before allowing set off of any carried forward
allowance under section 33(11) or 45(7).
(5) In this section,––
15 (a) where any part of the business of the assessee (being a company)
consist of purchase and sale of shares of other companies, then the assessee
shall be deemed to be carrying on a speculation business, to the extent to
which its business consists of purchase and sale of such shares;
(b) “unabsorbed speculation business loss” means any loss computed
20 in respect of a speculation business carried on by the assessee during the tax
year, which has not been, or is not wholly, set off against profits and gains,
if any, of another speculation business under sub-section (1) for the said tax
year.
(6) The provisions of sub-section (5)(a) shall not apply to an assessee, being
25 a company, if—
(a) its gross total income consists mainly of income which is chargeable
under the heads “Income from house property”, “Capital gains” or “Income
from other sources”; or
(b) its principal business is of trading in shares or banking or the
30 granting of loans and advances.
114. (1) Any loss computed from a specified business carried on by the Set off and carry
forward of
assessee, during any tax year, shall be set off only against profits and gains, if any, losses from
of any other specified business for the said tax year. specified
business.
(2) The unabsorbed loss from the specified business for any tax year shall be
35 carried forward to the subsequent tax year and shall be set off only against the
profits and gains of any specified business, if any, computed for such subsequent
tax year, and so on.
(3) In this section,––
(a) “specified business” means any specified business referred to in
40 section 46;
(b) “unabsorbed loss from the specified business” means, any loss
computed in respect of a specified business carried on by the assessee during
the tax year, which has not been, or is not wholly, set off against profits and
gains, if any, of another specified business under sub-section (1) for the said
45 tax year.
 150

Set off and 115. (1) Any loss incurred by the assessee in the specified activity during
carry forward of
losses from
any tax year, shall not be set off against the income, if any, from any source other
specified than specified activity for the said tax year.
activity.
(2) The unabsorbed loss from the specified activity for any tax year shall be
carried forward to the subsequent tax year and shall be set off,–– 5

(a) only against the income from specified activity, if any, computed
for such subsequent tax year, and so on; and
(b) only when the specified activity is carried on by the assessee in that
tax year.
(3) The unabsorbed loss from the specified activity referred to in 10
sub-section (2) shall not be carried forward for more than four tax years
immediately succeeding the tax year in which such loss was first computed.
(4) In this section,––
(a) “income by way of stake money” means the gross amount of prize
money received by the owner of race horses participating in horse races on 15
their winning a particular position in such race;
(b) “loss incurred by the assessee in the specified activity” means the
amount by which the income by way of stake money, if any, falls short of
the expenditure, not being capital expenditure, incurred wholly and
exclusively for maintaining race horses; 20

(c) “race horse” means a horse upon which wagering or betting may
be lawfully made in a horse race;
(d) “specified activity” means the activity of owning and maintaining
race horses;
(e) “unabsorbed loss from the specified activity” means any loss 25
computed in respect of the specified activity carried on by the assessee
during the tax year, which has not been, or is not wholly, set off against
income, if any, of the specified activity under sub-section (1) for the said tax
year.
Treatment of 116. (1) Where there has been an amalgamation of,—
accumulated 30
losses and (a) a company owning an industrial undertaking or a ship or a hotel
unabsorbed
depreciation in
with another company; or
amalgamation or
demerger, etc.
(b) a banking company referred to in section 5(c) of the Banking
10 of 1949.
Regulation Act, 1949 with a specified bank; or
(c) one or more public sector company with one or more other public 35
sector company; or
(d) an erstwhile public sector company with one or more company or
companies, if the share purchase agreement entered into under strategic
disinvestment restricted immediate amalgamation of the said public sector
company and the amalgamation is carried out within five years from the end 40
of the tax year in which the restriction on amalgamation in the share
purchase agreement ends,
then, irrespective of anything in any other provision of this Act, the accumulated
loss and unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamating company shall be deemed
to be the loss or, allowance for unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamated 45
company for the tax year in which the amalgamation was effected, and other
provisions of this Act relating to set off and carry forward of loss and allowance
for depreciation shall apply accordingly.
 151

(2) The accumulated loss and the unabsorbed depreciation of the

amalgamating company, in case of an amalgamation referred to in
sub-section (1)(d), which is deemed to be the loss or, as the case may be, the
unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamated company, shall not exceed the
5 accumulated loss and unabsorbed depreciation of the public sector company as on
the date on which it ceases to be a public sector company due to such
strategic disinvestment.
(3) For sub-section 1(d),—
(a) “control” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
18 of 2013. 10 section 2(27) of the Companies Act, 2013;
(b) “erstwhile public sector company” means a company which was a
public sector company in earlier tax years and ceases to be so due to strategic
disinvestment by the Government;
(c) “strategic disinvestment” means sale of shareholding by the
15 Central Government or State Government or a public sector company, in a
public sector company or in a company, which results in—
(i) reduction of its shareholding to below 51%; and
(ii) transfer of control to the buyer;
(d) for clause(c)(i), the reduction of shareholding shall apply only
20 where shareholding of the Central Government or the State Government or
the public sector company exceeded 51% before the sale of shareholding;
(e) the transfer of control referred to in clause (c)(ii) may be effected
by the Central Government or the State Government or the public sector
company or any two or all of them.
25 (4) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), the accumulated
loss shall not be set off or carried forward and the unabsorbed depreciation shall
not be allowed in the assessment of the amalgamated company unless,—
(a) the amalgamating company—
(i) has been engaged in the business, in which the accumulated
30 loss occurred or depreciation remains unabsorbed, for three or
more years;
(ii) has held continuously as on the date of the amalgamation, at
least three-fourths of the book value of fixed assets held by it two years
preceding the date of amalgamation;
35 (b) the amalgamated company—
(i) holds continuously for a minimum five years from the date of
amalgamation at least three-fourths of the book value of fixed assets
of the amalgamating company acquired in a scheme of amalgamation;
(ii) continues the business of the amalgamating company for a
40 minimum five years from the date of amalgamation;
(iii) fulfils such other conditions as prescribed to ensure the
revival of the business of the amalgamating company or to ensure that
the amalgamation is for genuine business purpose.
(5) If any of the conditions laid down in sub-section (4) are not complied
45 with, the set off of loss or allowance of depreciation made in any tax year in the
hands of the amalgamated company shall be treated as the income of the
amalgamated company chargeable to tax for the year in which the
non-compliance occurs.
 152

(6) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provisions of this Act, in

the case of a demerger, the accumulated loss and the allowance for unabsorbed
depreciation of the demerged company shall,—
(a) if directly relatable to the undertakings transferred to the resulting
company, be allowed to be carried forward and set off in the hands of the 5
resulting company;
(b) if not directly relatable to the undertakings transferred to the
resulting company, be apportioned between the demerged company and the
resulting company in the same proportion in which the assets of the
undertakings have been retained by the demerged company and transferred 10
to the resulting company, and shall be allowed to be carried forward and set
off in the hands of the demerged company or the resulting company, as
applicable.
(7) The Central Government may, by notification, specify such conditions
to ensure that the demerger is for genuine business purposes. 15

(8) If there has been a business reorganisation where, a firm is succeeded

by a company fulfilling the conditions laid down in section 70(1)(zd) or a
proprietary concern is succeeded by a company fulfilling the conditions laid down
in section 70(1)(zf), then, irrespective of anything contained in this Act, the
accumulated loss and the unabsorbed depreciation of the predecessor firm or the 20
proprietary concern, shall be deemed to be the loss or allowance for depreciation
of the successor company for the tax year in which business reorganisation was
effected and other provisions of this Act relating to set off and carry forward of
loss and allowance for depreciation shall apply.
(9) If any of the conditions laid down in section 70(1)(zd) or (zf) are not 25
complied with, the set off of loss or allowance of depreciation made in any tax
year in the hands of the successor company, shall be deemed to be the income of
the company chargeable to tax in the year in which the non-compliance occurs.
(10) If there has been reorganisation of business whereby a private company
or unlisted public company is succeeded by a limited liability partnership 30
fulfilling the conditions laid down in section 70(1)(ze), then, irrespective of
anything contained in any other provision of this Act, the accumulated loss and
the unabsorbed depreciation of the predecessor company, shall be deemed to be
the loss or allowance for depreciation of the successor limited liability partnership
for the tax year in which business reorganisation was effected and other provisions 35
of this Act relating to set off and carry forward of loss and allowance for
depreciation shall apply accordingly.
(11) If any of the conditions laid down in section 70(1)(ze) are not complied
with, the set off of loss or allowance of depreciation made in any tax year in the
hands of the successor limited liability partnership, shall be deemed to be the 40
income of the limited liability partnership chargeable to tax in the year in which
the non-compliance occurs.
(12) For any amalgamation referred to in sub-section (1) or reorganisation
of business referred to in sub-section (8) or (10) effected on or after the
1st April, 2025, any loss forming part of the accumulated loss of the predecessor 45
entity, being—
(i) the amalgamating company; or
(ii) the firm or proprietary concern; or
(iii) the private company or unlisted public company,
as the case may be, which is deemed to be the loss of the successor entity, being— 50
 153

(a) the amalgamated company; or

(b) the successor company; or
(c) the successor limited liability partnership,
as the case may be, shall be carried forward for not more than eight tax years
5 immediately succeeding the tax year for which such loss was first computed for
the original predecessor entity.
(13) In this section,—
(a) “accumulated loss” means so much of the loss of the predecessor
firm or the proprietary concern or the private company or unlisted public
10 company before conversion into limited liability partnership or the
amalgamating company or the demerged company, under the head “Profits
and gains of business or profession” (excluding loss in a speculation
business) which would have been eligible for carry forward and set off to
such predecessor under section 112, had the reorganisation of business or
15 conversion or amalgamation or demerger not occurred.
(b) “industrial undertaking” means any undertaking which is
engaged in—
(i) the manufacture or processing of goods; or
(ii) the manufacture of computer software; or
20 (iii) the business of generation or distribution of electricity or
any other form of power; or
(iv) the business of providing telecommunication services,
whether basic or cellular, including radio paging, domestic satellite
service, network of trunking, broadband network and internet
25 services; or
(v) mining; or
(vi) the construction of ships, aircrafts or rail systems;
(c) “original predecessor entity” means predecessor entity in respect
of the first amalgamation for sub-section (1) or first business reorganisation
30 for sub-sections (8) and (10), as the case may be.
(d) “specified bank” means the State Bank of India constituted under
23 of 1955. the State Bank of India Act, 1955 or a corresponding new bank constituted
under section 3 of the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of
5 of 1970. Undertakings) Act, 1970 or under section 3 of the Banking Companies
40 of 1980. 35 (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1980;
(e) “unabsorbed depreciation” means so much of the allowance for
depreciation of the predecessor firm or the proprietary concern or the private
company or unlisted public company before conversion into limited liability
partnership or the amalgamating company or the demerged company, which
40 remains to be allowed and which would have been allowed to such
predecessor under this Act, had the reorganisation of business or conversion
or amalgamation or demerger not occurred.
117. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 2(6)(a) to (c) or Treatment of
section 116, where there has been an amalgamation of,— accumulated
losses and
45 (a) one or more banking company with— unabsorbed
depreciation in
(i) any other banking institution under a scheme sanctioned and scheme of
amalgamation in
brought into force by the Central Government under section 45(7) of certain cases
10 of 1949. the Banking Regulation Act, 1949; or
 154

(ii) any other banking institution or a company following a

strategic disinvestment, wherein the amalgamation occurs within five
years from the end of the tax year during which such disinvestment is
carried out; or
(b) one or more corresponding new bank or banks with any other 5
corresponding new bank under a scheme brought into force by the Central
Government under section 9 of the Banking Companies (Acquisition and
Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970 or under section 9 of the Banking 5 of 1970.
Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1980, or 40 of 1980.
10
both; or
(c) one or more Government company or companies with any other
Government company under a scheme sanctioned and brought into force by
the Central Government under section 16 of the General Insurance Business
(Nationalisation) Act, 1972, 57 of 1972.

the accumulated loss and unabsorbed depreciation of such banking company or 15

companies or amalgamating corresponding new bank or banks or amalgamating
Government company or companies, shall be deemed to be the loss or, allowance
for depreciation of the banking institution or company or amalgamated
corresponding new bank or amalgamated Government company for the tax year
in which the scheme of amalgamation was brought into force and other provisions 20
of this Act relating to set off and carry forward of loss and allowance for
depreciation shall apply accordingly.
(2) Where any scheme of such amalgamation is brought into force on or
after the 1st April, 2025, any loss forming part of the accumulated loss of the
predecessor entity, being— 25

(i) the banking company or companies;

(ii) the amalgamating corresponding new bank or banks; or
(iii) the amalgamating Government company or companies,
as the case may be, which is deemed to be the loss of the successor entity, being—
(a) the banking institution or company; or 30

(b) the amalgamated corresponding new bank or banks; or

(c) the amalgamated Government company or companies,
as the case may be, shall be carried forward in the hands of the successor entity
for not more than eight tax years immediately succeeding the tax year for which
such loss was first computed for original predecessor entity. 35

(3) In this section,—

(a) “accumulated loss” means so much of the loss of the amalgamating
banking company or companies or amalgamating corresponding new bank
or banks or amalgamating Government company or companies under the
head “Profits and gains of business or profession” (excluding losses of a 40
speculation business) which such amalgamating company or companies
would have been entitled to carry forward and set off under section 112 had
the amalgamation not occurred;
(b) “banking company” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
45 10 of 1949.
in section 5(c) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949;
(c) “banking institution” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
in section 45(15) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949; 10 of 1949.
 155

(d) “corresponding new bank” shall have the same meaning as

assigned to it in section 2(d) of the Banking Companies (Acquisition and
5 of 1970. Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970, or section 2(b) of the Banking
40 of 1980. Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1980;
5 (e) “general insurance business” shall have the same meaning as
assigned to it in section 3(g) of the General Insurance Business
57 of 1972. (Nationalisation) Act, 1972;
(f) “Government company” means a Government company as defined
18 of 2013. in section 2(45) of the Companies Act, 2013, engaged in the general
10 insurance business and established under section 4 or 5 or 16 of the General
57 of 1972. Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972;
(g) “original predecessor entity” means predecessor entity in respect
of the first amalgamation;
(h) “strategic disinvestment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
15 section 116(3)(c);
(i) “unabsorbed depreciation” means the allowance for depreciation of
the amalgamating banking company or companies or amalgamating
corresponding new bank or banks or amalgamating Government company
or companies which remains to be allowed and which would have been
20 allowed to such entity, had the amalgamation not occurred.
118. (1) In a case of a co-operative bank, where amalgamation takes place Carry forward
and set off of
during the tax year, the accumulated business loss and unabsorbed depreciation, losses and
if any, of the predecessor co-operative bank, shall be allowed to be set off against unabsorbed
the income of the assessee, being a successor co-operative bank for that tax year, depreciation in
25 as if the business reorganisation had not taken place and all other provisions of business
reorganisation
this Act relating to set off and carry forward of loss and allowance for of co-operative
depreciation, shall apply accordingly. banks.

(2) In case of a co-operative bank where demerger takes place during the tax
year, and where the accumulated loss or unabsorbed depreciation––
30 (a) is directly relatable to the undertaking transferred, the whole of
such loss and depreciation shall be allowed to be carried forward and set off
against the income of the resulting co-operative bank; and
(b) is not directly relatable to the undertaking transferred, then such
loss and depreciation shall first be apportioned between the demerged
35 co-operative bank and the resulting co-operative bank in the same
proportion in which assets of the undertaking are distributed between the
demerged co-operative bank and the resulting co-operative bank, and be
allowed to be carried forward and set off against their respective incomes.
(3) The accumulated loss shall be carried forward only up to eight tax years
40 immediately succeeding the tax year in which such loss was first computed in the
hands of the predecessor-in-business.
(4) The provisions of this section shall apply, if—
(a) the predecessor co-operative bank—
(i) has been engaged in the business of banking for three or more
45 years; and
(ii) has held at least three-fourths of the book value of fixed
assets as on the date of the business reorganisation, continuously for
two years before to the date of business reorganisation;
 156

(b) the successor co-operative bank,—

(i) holds at least three-fourths of the book value of fixed assets
of the predecessor co-operative bank acquired through business
reorganisation, continuously for a minimum five years immediately
succeeding the date of business reorganisation; 5

(ii) continues the business of the predecessor co-operative bank

for a minimum five years from the date of business reorganisation; and
(iii) fulfils such other conditions, as prescribed, to ensure the
revival of the business of the predecessor co-operative bank or to
ensure that the business reorganisation is for genuine business 10
purpose.
(5) The Central Government may, by notification, specify such other
conditions as it may consider necessary, other than the condition referred to in
sub-section (4)(b)(iii), for the purposes of ensuring that the specified business
reorganisation is for genuine business purposes. 15

(6) In a case where any of the conditions referred to in sub-section (4) or (5)
are not complied with, the set off of accumulated business loss or unabsorbed
depreciation made in any tax year in the hands of the successor co-operative bank
shall be deemed to be the income of the successor co-operative bank chargeable
to tax for the year in which such conditions are not complied with. 20

(7) The period commencing from the beginning of the tax year and ending
on the date immediately preceding the date of business reorganisation, and the
period commencing from the date of such business reorganisation and ending with
the tax year, shall be deemed to be two different tax years for the purposes of
set off and carry forward of loss and allowance for depreciation. 25

(8) In this section,––

(a) “accumulated business loss” means so much of the loss of
amalgamating co-operative bank or demerged co-operative bank as referred
to in section 112 in the hands of predecessor co-operative bank, which such
predecessor co-operative bank would have been entitled to carry forward 30
and set off under the said section, as if the business reorganisation had not
taken place;
(b) “amalgamated co-operative bank”, “amalgamating co-operative
bank”, “amalgamation”, “business reorganisation”, “demerged co-operative
bank”, “demerger”, “predecessor co-operative bank”, “successor 35
co-operative bank” and “resulting co-operative bank” shall have the
meanings respectively assigned to them in section 65;
(c) “unabsorbed depreciation” means so much of the allowance for
depreciation in the hands of amalgamating co-operative bank or demerged
co-operative bank, which remains to be allowed and which would have been 40
allowed to such banks, if the business reorganisation had not taken place.
Carry forward 119. (1) In case of change in constitution of a firm during a tax year, such
and set off of
losses not firm shall not be entitled to carry forward and set off so much of the loss
permissible in proportionate to the share of retired or deceased partner as reduced by his share
certain cases. of profit, if any, from the firm for that tax year. 45

(2) If any person carrying on any business or profession has been succeeded
in such capacity by another person, otherwise than by inheritance, nothing in this
Chapter shall entitle any person other than the person incurring the loss to have it
carried forward and set off against his income.
 157

(3) In case of change in shareholding of a company, not being a company in

which public are substantially interested, during any tax year, loss brought
forward from any preceding tax year shall not be allowed to be set off against the
income of the said tax year and subsequent tax years unless the following
5 conditions are satisfied:––
(a) if the beneficial owners of shares of the company carrying at least
51% of voting power, as on the last day of tax year in which loss was
incurred, shall continue to be the beneficial owner of shares carrying at least
51% of voting power, as on the last day of the tax year in which such change
10 in shareholding takes place; or
(b) even if conditions referred to in clause (a) are not satisfied in case
of a company, being an eligible start-up referred to in section 140,—
(i) all shareholders of the company holding shares carrying
voting power, as on the last day of tax year in which loss was incurred,
15 continue to hold those shares as on the last day of the tax year in which
such change in shareholding takes place; and
(ii) such loss was incurred during the first ten years beginning
from the year of incorporation of the company.
(4) The provisions of sub-section (3) shall not apply––
20 (a) where a change in the voting power and shareholding takes place
in the tax year referred to in that sub-section due to death of shareholder or
transfer of shares by way of gift to any relative of the shareholder; or
(b) where change in shareholding of Indian company, being a
subsidiary of foreign company, takes place due to amalgamation or
25 demerger of the foreign company and 51% of the shareholders of
amalgamating or demerged foreign company are shareholders of
amalgamated or resulting foreign company; or
(c) where change in shareholding takes place in a tax year consequent
to a resolution plan approved under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy
31 of 2016. 30 Code, 2016 and a reasonable opportunity of being heard was afforded to the
jurisdictional Principal Commissioner or Commissioner; or
(d) to a company, its subsidiary and subsidiary of such subsidiary, if––
(i) the Board of Directors of such company were suspended by
the Tribunal on an application moved by the Central Government
18 of 2013. 35 under section 241 of the Companies Act, 2013 and new directors were
appointed by the Central Government under section 242 of the said
Act; and
(ii) the change in shareholding of such company and its
subsidiary, and subsidiary of such subsidiary has taken place
40 consequent to a resolution plan approved by the Tribunal under
18 of 2013. section 242 of the Companies Act, 2013 and a reasonable opportunity
of being heard was afforded to the jurisdictional Principal
Commissioner or Commissioner; or
(e) to a company to the extent that a change in the shareholding has
45 taken place during the tax year on account of relocation referred to in
section 70(2); or
(f) to an erstwhile public sector company where ultimate holding
company of such company, immediately after the completion of strategic
disinvestment, continues to hold, directly or through its subsidiary or
50 subsidiaries, at least 51% of the voting power of such company in aggregate.
 158

(5) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (4), if the conditions

specified in sub-section 4(f) is not complied with in any tax year after the
completion of strategic disinvestment, the provisions of sub-section (3) shall
apply for such tax year and subsequent tax years.
(6) In this section,— 5
(a) a company shall be a subsidiary of another company, if such other
company holds more than half in nominal value of the equity share capital
of the company;
(b) the expression “erstwhile public sector company” shall have the
meaning assigned to it in section 116(3)(b); 10

(c) “strategic disinvestment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in

section 116(3)(c);
(d) “Tribunal” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
18 of 2013.
section 2(90) of the Companies Act, 2013.
No set off of 120. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in any other 15
losses against provision of this Act, any loss, whether brought forward or otherwise or
undisclosed
income unabsorbed depreciation, shall not be allowed to be set off against any undisclosed
consequent to income which is included in the total income of any tax year, consequent to a
search, search conducted under section 247 or a requisition under section 248 or a survey
requisition and
survey.
conducted under section 253, not being a survey under section 253(4). 20

(2) In this section, the expression “undisclosed income” for any tax year
shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 301.
Submission of 121. Irrespective of anything contained in this Chapter, no loss which has
return for losses. not been determined in pursuance of a return filed under section 263(1), shall be
carried forward and set off under section 111(1) and 111(2), or 112(1), or 113(2), 25
or 114(2) or 115(1).
CHAPTER VIII
DEDUCTIONS TO BE MADE IN COMPUTING TOTAL INCOME
A.—General
Deductions to 121. (1) In computing the total income of an assessee, the deductions 30
be made in specified in this Chapter shall be allowed from his gross total income, as per and
computing total
income.
subject to the provisions of this Chapter.
(2) The aggregate amount of the deductions under this Chapter shall not, in
any case, exceed the gross total income of the assessee.
(3) If the deduction under section 133 or 135 or 137 or 138 or 141 or 142 35
or 143 is admissible in computing the total income of an association of persons or
a body of individuals, no deduction under the same provision shall be made in
relation to the share of income of a member of such association of persons or body
of individuals while computing the total income of such member.
(4) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in any of the provisions 40
of this Chapter under the heading “Deductions in respect of certain incomes”,
where, in the case of an assessee, any amount of profits and gains of an
undertaking or unit or enterprise or eligible business is claimed and allowed as a
deduction under those provisions for any tax year,––
(a) deduction in respect of, and to the extent of, such profits and gains 45
shall not be allowed under any other provision of this Act for such tax year; and
(b) shall in no case exceed the profits and gains of such undertaking
or unit or enterprise or eligible business.
 159

(5) Deduction under the provisions of Part C of this Chapter shall not be
allowed to an assessee, who fails to—
(a) furnish a return of income on or before the due date specified under
section 263(1); or
5 (b) make a claim of deduction in return furnished under section 263(1).
(6) For the purposes of any deduction under this Chapter, irrespective of
anything to the contrary contained in Part C of this Chapter, if any goods or
services held for the purposes of––
(a) the undertaking, unit, enterprise or eligible business carried on by the
10 assessee are transferred to any other business carried on by the assessee; or
(b) any other business carried on by the assessee are transferred to the
undertaking or unit or enterprise or eligible business of the assessee; and
(c) the consideration, if any, for such transfer as recorded in the accounts
of the undertaking or unit or enterprise or eligible business does not
15 correspond to the market value of such goods or services as on the date of
transfer,
the profits and gains of such undertaking or unit or enterprise or eligible business
carried on by the assessee, shall be computed as if the transfer in clause (a) or (b),
had been made at the market value of such goods or services as on that date.
20 (7) For the purposes of sub-section (6), “market value”,—
(a) in relation to any goods or services sold or supplied, means the
price that such goods or services would fetch, if these were sold by the
undertaking or unit or enterprise or eligible business in the open market,
subject to statutory or regulatory restrictions, if any;
25 (b) in relation to any goods or services acquired, means the price that
such goods or services would cost if these were acquired by the undertaking
or unit or enterprise or eligible business from the open market, subject to
statutory or regulatory restrictions, if any; and
(c) in relation to any goods or services sold, supplied or acquired
30 means the arms length price of such goods or services as defined in section
173(a), if it is a specified domestic transaction referred to in section 164.
(8) Where a deduction under Part C of this Chapter, is claimed and allowed
in respect of profits of a specified business as referred to in section 46(11)(d) for
any tax year, no deduction shall be allowed for such specified business under
35 section 46 for the same or any other tax year.
(9) Where any deduction is required to be made or allowed under Part C of
this Chapter, in respect of any income of the nature specified in that section and
included in the gross total income of the assessee, then, irrespective of anything
contained in that section, for the purpose of computing the deduction under that
40 section, the amount of income of that nature as computed under the provisions of
this Act (before making any deduction under this Chapter) shall alone be deemed
to be the amount of income of that nature which is derived or received by the
assessee and which is included in his gross total income.
(10) In this Chapter, “gross total income” means the total income computed
45 as per the provisions of this Act, before making deduction under this Chapter.
B.—Deductions in respect of certain payments
123. An individual or a Hindu undivided family, shall be allowed a Deduction for life
insurance premia,
deduction of the whole of the amount paid or deposited in the tax year, being the deferred annuity,
aggregate of the sums enumerated in Schedule XV, but not exceeding one lakh contributions to
50 fifty thousand rupees, while computing the total income for that year, subject to provident fund,
etc.
the conditions specified in that Schedule.
 160

Deduction in 124. (1) Where in the case of an assessee, being an individual employed by
respect of
employer
any employer, if an employer makes any contribution in his account under a
contribution to pension scheme notified by the Central Government, the assessee shall be allowed
pension scheme a deduction in the computation of his total income, of the whole of the amount
of Central
Government.
contributed by such employer as does not exceed— 5

(a) 14%, where such contribution is made by the employer being the
Central Government or the State Government; and
(b) 10%, where such contribution is made by an employer other than
an employer referred to in clause (a),
of his salary in the tax year. 10

(2) Where the total income of the assessee is chargeable to tax under
section 202(1), the provisions of sub-section (1) shall have effect as if for “10%”
referred to in clause (b) of that sub-section, “14%” had been substituted.
(3) An assessee referred to in sub-section (1), or any other assessee, being
an individual, shall be allowed a deduction in computation of his total income of 15
the whole of the amount paid or deposited in the tax year in his account under a
pension scheme notified or as notified by the Central Government, which shall
not exceed fifty thousand rupees.
(4) The deduction under sub-section (3) shall also be allowed where any
payment or deposit is made to the account of a minor under the said pension 20
scheme, by the assessee, being the guardian of such minor, subject to the condition
that the aggregate amount of deduction under sub-section (3) and this sub-section
shall not exceed fifty thousand rupees.
(5) No deduction under sub-section (3) shall be allowed in respect of the amount
on which a deduction has been claimed and allowed under section 123. 25

(6) Any amount standing to the credit of the assessee or a minor, in his
account or the account of a minor, as the case may be, referred to in
sub-sections (1), (3) and (4), in respect of which a deduction has been allowed
together with the amount accrued thereon, received by the assessee or his
nominee, in whole or in part, in any tax year,— 30

(a) on account of closure or his opting out of the pension scheme

referred to in sub-sections (1) and (3); or
(b) as pension received from the annuity plan purchased or taken on
such closure or opting out,
the whole of the amount referred to in clause (a) or (b) shall be deemed to be the 35
income of the individual or his nominee, in the tax year in which such amount is
received, and shall accordingly be charged to tax as income of that tax year.
(7) The amount received by the nominee, on the death of the assessee, under
the circumstances referred to in sub-section (6)(a), shall not be deemed to be the
income of the nominee. 40

(8) The amount received by a person, being the guardian or nominee of a

minor on account of closure of the pension scheme due to the death of the minor
referred to in sub-section (4), shall not be deemed to be the income of such person.
(9) For the purposes of this section, the assessee shall not be deemed to have
received any amount in the tax year, if such amount is used for purchasing an 45
annuity plan in the same tax year.
 161

(10) Where any amount paid or deposited by the assessee has been allowed
as a deduction under sub-section (3), no deduction with reference to such amount
shall be allowed as deduction under section 123 for that tax year.
(11) For the purposes of this section, “salary” includes dearness allowance,
5 if the terms of employment so provide, but excludes all other allowances and
perquisites.
125. (1) An assessee, being an individual who has enrolled in the Agnipath Deduction in
respect of
Scheme and subscribes to the Agniveer Corpus Fund on or after the contribution to
1st November, 2022, shall be allowed a deduction in the computation of his total Agnipath
10 income, of the whole of the amount paid or deposited in his account in the said Scheme.
Fund during the tax year.
(2) Where the Central Government makes any contribution to the account
of an assessee in the Fund referred to in sub-section (1), the assessee shall be
allowed a deduction in the computation of his total income of the whole of the
15 amount so contributed.
(3) In this section,—
(a) “Agnipath Scheme” means the scheme for enrolment in the Indian
Armed Forces introduced vide letter No. 1(23)2022/D(Pay/Services), dated the
29th December, 2022, of the Government of India in the Ministry of Defence;
20 (b) “Agniveer Corpus Fund” means a fund in which consolidated
contributions of all the Agniveers and matching contributions of the Central
Government along with interest on both these contributions are held.
126. (1) An assessee, being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, shall Deduction in
respect of health
be allowed a deduction of a sum as specified in sub-sections (2) to (8), payment insurance
25 of which is made by any mode as specified in sub-section (9), out of his income premia.
chargeable to tax in the tax year.
(2) In the case of an assessee, being individual, the sum referred to in
sub-section (1), shall be the aggregate of the whole of the amount paid—
(a) to effect or keep in force an insurance on the health (herein referred
30 to as health insurance) of the assessee or his family, or any contributions
made to the Central Government Health Scheme or such other scheme, as
notified by the Central Government in this behalf, or any payment made for
preventive health check-up of the assessee or his family, up to twenty-five
thousand rupees in aggregate;
35 (b) to effect or to keep in force the health insurance, or any payment
made for preventive health check-up, for the parent or parents of the
assessee, up to twenty-five thousand rupees in aggregate;
(c) on account of medical expenditure incurred on the health of the
assessee or any member of his family, up to fifty thousand rupees in
40 aggregate; and
(d) on account of medical expenditure incurred on the health of any
parent of the assessee, up to fifty thousand rupees in aggregate.
(3) The deduction in respect of amounts referred to in sub-section (2)(a) or
(2)(b), which are paid on account of preventive health check-up, shall be allowed
45 up to five thousand rupees in aggregate.
(4) The amount of sum referred to in sub-section (2) shall not exceed
fifty thousand rupees in aggregate of the sum specified under sub-sections 2(a)
and 2(c) or aggregate of the sum specified under sub-sections 2(b) and 2(d).
(5) In the case of assessee, being Hindu undivided family, the sum referred to
50 in sub-section (1), shall be the aggregate of the whole of the amount paid––
 162

(a) to effect or keep in force an insurance on the health of any member

of that family, up to twenty-five thousand rupees in the aggregate; and
(b) on account of medical expenditure incurred on the health of any
member of that family, up to fifty thousand rupees in the aggregate.
(6) The amount of sum under sub-section (5) shall not exceed fifty thousand 5
rupees in the aggregate of the sum specified under sub-section (5)(a) and (b); or
(7) For the purposes of this section, where the amount is paid on account of
medical expenditure incurred on the health of senior citizen under
sub-section (2)(c) or (d) or (5)(b), deduction shall be allowed, if no amount has
been paid to effect or to keep in force the health insurance of such person. 10

(8) Where the sum specified in sub-section (2)(a) or (b) or (5)(a) is paid to effect
or keep in force the health insurance of any person specified therein, and—
(a) such person is a senior citizen, the amount of sum as provided in
such clauses, shall be substituted with fifty thousand rupees for twenty-five
thousand rupees; and 15

(b) such sum is paid in lump sum in the tax year for more than a year,
a deduction shall be allowed for each of the relevant tax year equal to the
appropriate fraction of such amount.
(9) For the purposes of deduction under section (1), the payment shall be
made by any mode,— 20

(a) including cash, in respect of any sum paid on account of preventive

health check-up; or
(b) other than cash in all other cases not falling under clause (a).
(10) In this section,—
(a) “appropriate fraction” means the fraction where the numerator is 25
one, and the denominator is the total number of relevant tax year;
(b) “family” includes the spouse and dependant children of the
assesse; and
(c) “relevant tax year” means the tax year beginning with the tax year
in which such lump sum amount is paid and the subsequent tax year or years 30
during which the health insurance remains in force.
(11) The health insurance referred to in this section shall be as per the
scheme made in this behalf by—
(a) the General Insurance Corporation of India formed under
section 9 of the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 and 35 57 of 1972.
approved by the Central Government in this behalf; or
(b) any other insurer and approved by the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority established under section 3(1) of the Insurance
4 of 1999.
Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.
Deduction in 127. (1) An assessee being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, who 40
respect of
maintenance
is a resident in India, shall be allowed a deduction up to seventy-five thousand
including rupees from his gross total income of a tax year, subject to the provisions of this
medical section, if during that year he has––
treatment of a
dependant who (a) incurred expenditure for the medical treatment (including nursing),
is a person with
disability.
training, or rehabilitation of a dependant, being a person with disability; or 45
 163

(b) paid or deposited any amount, under a scheme framed by the Life
Insurance Corporation or any other insurer or the Administrator, or the
specified company, for the maintenance of a dependant, being a person with
disability, subject to the conditions specified in sub-section (2) and approved
5 by the Board in this behalf.
(2) The deduction under sub-section (1)(b) shall be allowed only if the
following conditions are fulfilled:––
(a) the scheme referred to in sub-section (1)(b) provides for payment
of an annuity or lump sum amount for the benefit of a dependant, being a
10 person with disability––
(i) on the death of the individual or the member of the Hindu
undivided family, in whose name the scheme was subscribed; or
(ii) on attaining the age of sixty years or more by such individual
or the member of the Hindu undivided family, and the payment or
15 deposit to such scheme has been discontinued;
(b) the assessee nominates the dependant, being a person with
disability or another person or a trust to receive the payments on behalf and
for the benefit of such dependant.
(3) If the dependant as referred to in sub-section (1) is a person with severe
20 disability, the amount of deduction as referred to in sub-section (1) shall be
substituted with one lakh and twenty-five thousand rupees for seventy-five
thousand rupees.
(4) In the event of death of the dependant, being a person with disability
before the individual or member of the Hindu undivided family mentioned in
25 sub-section (2), the amount paid or deposited under sub-section (1)(b) shall be
deemed to be the income of the assessee of the tax year in which it is received and
shall accordingly be chargeable to tax.
(5) The provisions of sub-section (4) shall not apply to the amount received
by the dependant, being a person with disability, before his death, as an annuity
30 or lump sum, by application of the condition referred to in sub-section (2)(a)(ii).
(6) The assessee claiming deduction under this section, shall furnish a copy
of the medical certificate issued by the medical authority in such form and manner
as prescribed, along with the return of income under section 263 for the tax year
in which the deduction is claimed.
35 (7) If the certificate referred to in sub-section (6), specifies that the condition
of disability requires reassessment of its extent after a period stipulated in it, the
deduction under this section shall not be allowed for any tax year succeeding the
tax year in which the said certificate expires, unless a new certificate is obtained
from the medical authority in such form and manner, as prescribed, and a copy
40 thereof is submitted along with the return of income under section 263.
(8) The dependant mentioned in this section shall not include a person who
has claimed deduction under section 154 in computing his total income for the
tax year.
(9) In this sections,—
45 (a) “Administrator” means the Administrator as referred to in section 2(a)
58 of 2002. of the Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002;
(b) “dependant” means—
(i) in the case of an individual, the spouse, children, parents,
brothers and sisters of the individual or any of them;
 164

(ii) in the case of a Hindu undivided family, a member of the

Hindu undivided family,
dependant wholly or mainly on such individual or Hindu undivided family
for his support and maintenance;
(c) “disability” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in 5
section 2(i) of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection
of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 and includes “autism”, “cerebral 1 of 1996.
palsy” and “multiple disability” respectively referred to in section 2(a), (c)
and (h) of the National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral
Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999; 10 44 of 1999.

(d) “Life Insurance Corporation” means the Life Insurance

Corporation of India established under the Life Insurance Corporation
31 of 1956.
Act, 1956;
(e) “medical authority” means the medical authority as referred to in
section 2(p) of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, 15
Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 or such other medical 1 of 1996.
authority as may, by notification, be specified by the Central Government
for certifying “autism”, “cerebral palsy”, “multiple disabilities”, “person
with disability” and “severe disability” respectively referred to in
section 2(a), (c), (h), (j) and (o) of the National Trust for Welfare of Persons 20
with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities
Act, 1999; 44 of 1999.

(f) “person with disability” means a person as referred to in

section 2(t) of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection
of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 or section 2(j) of the National 25 1 of 1996.
Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999; 44 of 1999.

(g) “person with severe disability” means—

(i) a person with 80% or more of one or more disabilities, as
referred to in section 56(4) of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal 30
Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation)
Act, 1995; or 1 of 1996.

(ii) a person with severe disability referred to in section 2(o) of

the National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy,
Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999; 35 44 of 1999.

(h) “specified company” shall have the same meaning as assigned to

it in section 2(h) of the Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and
Repeal) Act, 2002. 58 of 2002.

Deduction in 128. (1) An assessee who is resident in India, shall be allowed a

respect of deduction of the amount actually paid during the tax year or a sum of 40
medical
treatment, etc. forty thousand rupees, whichever is less, from income chargeable to tax of that
tax year, for the medical treatment of such disease or ailment as prescribed—
(a) for himself or a dependant, in case the assessee is an individual; or
(b) for any member of a Hindu undivided family, in case the assessee
is a Hindu undivided family. 45

(2) A deduction shall be allowed under this section only if the assessee
obtains the prescription for the medical treatment from a neurologist, oncologist,
urologist, haematologist, immunologist, or any other specialist, as prescribed.
 165

(3) The deduction under this section shall be reduced by any amount received
under an insurance from an insurer, or reimbursed by an employer, for the medical
treatment of the person as referred to in sub-section (1)(a) or (b).
(4) If the amount actually paid is in respect of the assessee or his dependant
5 or any member of a Hindu undivided family of the assessee and who is senior
citizen, the amount of deduction as referred to in sub-section (1) shall be
substituted with one lakh rupees for forty thousand rupees.
(5) In this section,––
(a) “dependant” shall have the meaning as provided in section 127;
10 (b) “insurer” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 2(9) of the
4 of 1938. Insurance Act, 1938.
129. (1) An assessee, being an individual, shall be allowed a deduction of Deduction in
respect of
amount paid as interest during a tax year, subject to the provisions of this section, interest on loan
on a loan taken by him from any financial institution or any approved charitable taken for higher
15 institution, if the–– education.

(a) loan taken is for the purpose of pursuing higher education of

himself or his relative; and
(b) payment is made out of his income chargeable to tax.
(2) The deduction referred to in sub-section (1) shall be allowed in
20 computing the total income in respect of the initial tax year and seven tax years
immediately succeeding the initial tax year, or until the interest on the loan is fully
paid by the assessee, whichever is earlier.
(3) In this section,—
(a) “approved charitable institution” means a registered non-profit
25 organisation where it was approved earlier under the provisions of
43 of 1961. section 10(23C) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, or an institution referred to in
section 80G(2)(a) of the said Act;
(b) “financial institution” means a banking company to which the
10 of 1949. Banking Regulation Act, 1949 applies (including any bank or banking
30 institution referred to in section 51 of that Act) or any other financial
institution which the Central Government may, by notification, specify;
(c) “higher education” means any course of study pursued after
passing the Senior Secondary Examination or its equivalent from a school,
board, or University recognised by the Central Government or State
35 Government, local authority, or by any authority authorised by the Central
Government or State Government or local authority to do so;
(d) “initial tax year” means the tax year in which the assessee starts
paying the interest on the loan; and
(e) “relative”, in relation to an individual, means the spouse and
40 children of that individual, or the student for whom the individual is the legal
guardian.
130. (1) An assessee, being an individual, shall be allowed a deduction of Deduction in
interest payable on loan taken by him from any financial institution for the respect of
interest on loan
purpose of acquisition of a residential house property as per the provisions of taken for
45 this section. residential house
property.
(2) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall not exceed fifty thousand
rupees and shall be allowed in computing the total income of the individual for
the tax year beginning on the 1st April, 2016 and subsequent tax years.
 166

(3) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be subject to the following
conditions:—
(a) the loan has been sanctioned by the financial institution during the
period beginning on the 1st April, 2016 and ending on the 31st March, 2017;
(b) the amount of loan sanctioned for acquisition of the residential 5
house property does not exceed thirty-five lakh rupees;
(c) the value of residential house property does not exceed fifty lakh
rupees; and
(d) the assessee does not own any residential house property on the
date of sanction of loan. 10

(4) Where a deduction under this section is allowed for any interest referred
to in sub-section (1), deduction shall not be allowed in respect of such interest
under any other provision of this Act for the same or any other tax year.
(5) In this section,—
(a) “financial institution” means a banking company to which the 15
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 applies, or any bank or banking institution 10 of 1949.
referred to in section 51 of that Act or a housing finance company; and
(b) “housing finance company” means a public company formed or
registered in India with the main object of carrying on the business of
providing long-term finance for construction or purchase of houses in India 20
for residential purposes.
Deduction in 131. (1) An assessee, being an individual not eligible to claim deduction
respect of under section 130, shall be allowed a deduction on interest payable on loan taken
interest on loan
taken for certain by him from any financial institution for the purpose of acquisition of a residential
house property. house property, subject to a maximum limit of one lakh and fifty thousand rupees 25
in a tax year and on fulfilment of conditions specified in sub-section (2), for the
tax year beginning on the 1st April, 2019 and subsequent tax years.
(2) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be subject to the following
conditions:—
(a) the loan has been sanctioned by the financial institution during 30
the period beginning on the 1st April, 2019 and ending with the
31st March, 2022;
(b) the stamp duty value of residential house property does not exceed
forty-five lakh rupees; and
(c) the assessee does not own any residential house property on the 35
date of sanction of loan.
(3) Where a deduction under this section is allowed for any interest referred
to in sub-section (1), deduction shall not be allowed in respect of such interest
under any other provision of this Act for the same or any other tax year.
(4) In this section, “financial institution” shall have the meaning assigned to 40
it in section 130(5)(a).
Deduction in 132. (1) An assessee, being an individual, shall be allowed a deduction of
respect of interest payable on loan taken by him from any financial institution for the
purchase of
electric vehicle.
purpose of purchase of an electric vehicle, as per the provisions of this section.
(2) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be subject to the condition that 45
the loan has been sanctioned by the financial institution during the period
beginning on the 1st April, 2019 and ending with the 31st March, 2023.
 167

(3) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall not exceed one lakh fifty
thousand rupees and shall be allowed in computing the total income of the
individual for the tax year beginning on the 1st April, 2019 and subsequent tax
years.
5 (4) Where a deduction under this section is allowed for any interest referred
to in sub-section (1), deduction shall not be allowed in respect of such interest
under any other provision of this Act for the same or any other tax year.
(5) In this section,—
(a) “electric vehicle” means a vehicle powered exclusively by an
10 electric motor, whose traction energy is supplied exclusively by traction
battery installed in the vehicle and has such electric regenerative braking
system, which during braking provides for the conversion of vehicle kinetic
energy into electrical energy; and
(b) “financial institution” means a banking company to which the
10 of 1949. 15 Banking Regulation Act, 1949 applies, or any bank or banking institution
referred to in section 51 of that Act and includes a non-banking financial
company.
133. (1) In computing the total income of an assessee, there shall be Deduction in
deducted, as per and subject to the provisions of this section,— respect of
donations to
20 (a) the whole of the aggregate of the sum or the sums paid by the certain funds,
charitable
assessee, in the tax year as donations to–– institutions, etc.
(i) the National Defence Fund set up by the Central
Government; or
(ii) the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or the Prime
25 Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations
Fund (PM CARES FUND); or
(iii) the Prime Minister’s Armenia Earthquake Relief Fund; or
(iv) the Africa (Public Contributions-India) Fund; or
(v) the National Children’s Fund; or
30 (vi) the National Foundation for Communal Harmony; or
(vii) a University or any educational institution of national
eminence as may be approved by the prescribed authority in this
behalf; or
(viii) any fund set up by the State Government of Gujarat
35 exclusively for providing relief to the victims of earthquake in
Gujarat; or
(ix) any Zila Saksharta Samiti constituted in any district under
the chairmanship of the Collector of that district for improving
primary education in villages and towns (having a population up to
40 one lakh) according to the last published census of which figures are
available before the first day of the relevant tax year), in such district
and for literacy and post-literacy activities; or
(x) the National Blood Transfusion Council or any State Blood
Transfusion Council, which has its sole object the control, supervision,
45 regulation or encouragement in India of the services related to
operation and requirements of blood banks; or
(xi) any fund set up by a State Government to provide medical
relief to the poor; or
 168

(xii) the Army Central Welfare Fund or the Indian Naval

Benevolent Fund or the Air Force Central Welfare Fund established
by the armed forces of the Union for the welfare of the past and present
members of such forces or their dependants; or
(xiii) the Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister’s Cyclone Relief 5
Fund, 1996; or
(xiv) the National Illness Assistance Fund; or
(xv) the Chief Minister’s Relief Fund or the Lieutenant
Governor’s Relief Fund, if the fund meets all the following
conditions:–– 10

(A) it is the only fund of its kind established in the State or

the Union territory;
(B) it is under the overall control of the Chief Secretary or
the Department of Finance of the respective State or the Union
territory; 15

(C) it is administered in a manner specified by the State

Government or the Lieutenant Governor; or
(xvi) the National Sports Development Fund to be set up by the
Central Government; or
(xvii) the National Cultural Fund set up by the Central 20
Government; or
(xviii) the Fund for Technology Development and Application
set up by the Central Government; or
(xix) the National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism,
Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities 25
constituted under section 3(1) of the National Trust for Welfare of
Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple
44 of 1999.
Disabilities Act, 1999; or
(xx) the Swachh Bharat Kosh, set up by the Central Government,
other than the sum spent by the assessee in pursuance of Corporate 30
Social Responsibility under section 135(5) of the Companies
18 of 2013.
Act, 2013; or
(xxi) the Clean Ganga Fund, set up by the Central Government,
where such assessee is a resident and such sum is other than the sum
spent by the assessee in pursuance of Corporate Social Responsibility 35
under section 135(5) of the Companies Act, 2013; or 18 of 2013.

(xxii) the National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse constituted

under section 7A of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act, 1985; or 61 of 1985.

(xxiii) the Government or to any such local authority, institution 40

or association as may be approved in this behalf by the Central
Government, to be utilised for the purpose of promoting
family planning; or
(xxiv) the Indian Olympic Association or any other association
or institution established in India, as the Central Government may, 45
having regard to the prescribed guidelines, by notification specify in
this behalf for—
(A) the development of infrastructure for sports and games
in India; or
 169

(B) the sponsorship of sports and games in India,

and where the assessee is a company;
(b) an amount equal to 50% of the aggregate of the sums paid as
donation by an assessee during the tax year to––
5 (i) the Prime Minister’s Drought Relief Fund;
(ii) any fund or any institution to which this section applies, if:—
(A) it is established in India for a charitable purpose; and
(B) it is a registered non-profit organisation or an
institution or fund mentioned in Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 1)
10 and approved under section 354;
(iii) the Government or any local authority, to be utilised for any
charitable purpose other than the purpose of promoting family
planning;
(iv) an authority constituted in India by or under any law enacted
15 either for the purpose of dealing with and satisfying the need for
housing accommodation or for the purpose of planning, development
or improvement of cities, towns and villages, or for both;
(v) a corporation established by the Central Government or any
State Government for promoting the interests of the members of a
20 minority community;
(vi) for the purposes of sub-clause (v), “minority community”
means a community notified as such by the Central Government;
(vii) any entity, for the renovation or repair of any temple,
mosque, gurudwara, church or other place which is notified by the
25 Central Government to be of historic, archaeological or artistic
importance or to be a place of public worship of renown throughout
any State or States.
(2) Where the aggregate of the sums referred to in sub-section (1)(a)(xxiii)
and (xxiv), sub-section (1)(b)(ii) to (v) and (vii) exceeds 10% of the adjusted gross
30 total income, then the amount in excess of 10% of the gross total income shall be
ignored for the purpose of computing the aggregate of the sums in respect of
which deduction is to be allowed under sub-section (1).
(3) Where deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax
year in respect of any sum specified in sub-section (1), the sum in respect of which
35 deduction is so allowed shall not qualify for deduction under any other provision
of this Act for the same or any other tax year.
(4) The deduction under this section shall be allowed only for donation made
as a sum of money.
(5) Any deduction for a donation over two thousand rupees shall be allowed
40 only if the payment is made by a mode other than cash.
(6) Any claim of deduction by the assessee in his return of income filed for
any tax year in case of a donation made to an institution or fund referred in
sub-section (1)(b)(ii), shall be allowed only on the basis of––
 170

(a) the information relating to such donation furnished by such

institution or fund to the prescribed authority or person authorised by such
authority; and
(b) subject to verification as per the risk management strategy formulated
by the Board from time to time. 5

(7) For the purposes of this section,––

(a) “adjusted gross total income” means gross total income as reduced
by any portion thereof on which income-tax is not payable under any
provision of this Act and by any amount in respect of which the assessee is
entitled to a deduction under any other provision of this Chapter; 10

(b) “charitable purpose” does not include any purpose the whole or
substantially the whole of which is of a religious nature;
(c) “National Blood Transfusion Council” means a society registered
under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and has an officer of the rank of 21 of 1860.
an Additional Secretary to the Government of India or higher to deal with 15
the AIDS Control Project as its Chairman;
(d) “State Blood Transfusion Council” means a society registered, in
consultation with the National Blood Transfusion Council, under the
Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under any law corresponding to that Act 21 of 1860.
in force in any part of India and has a Secretary to the Government of that 20
State dealing with the Department of Health, as its Chairman; and
(e) an association or institution having as its object the control,
supervision, regulation or encouragement in India of such games or sports
as notified by the Central Government, shall be considered to be an
institution established in India for a charitable purpose. 25

Deductions in 134. (1) In computing the total income of an assessee, subject to other
respect of rents
paid.
provisions of this section, there shall be deducted any expenditure incurred by him
towards payment of rent (by whatever name called) in respect of any furnished or
unfurnished accommodation occupied by him for the purposes of his own
residence. 30

(2) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowable on such rent
exceeding 10% of his total income, subject to a maximum of five thousand rupees
per month, or 25% of total income for tax year, whichever is less.
(3) For the purposes of deduction under sub-section (1), such other
conditions or limitations having regard to the area or place in which such 35
accommodation is situated and other relevant consideration, as prescribed, shall
be taken into account.
(4) No deduction under this section shall be allowed to an assessee in any
case, where—
(a) any residential accommodation is— 40
(i) owned by the assessee or by his spouse or minor child or,
where such assessee is a member of a Hindu undivided family, by such
family at the place where he ordinarily resides or performs duties of
his office or employment or carries on his business or profession; or
(ii) owned by the assessee at any other place, being 45
accommodation in the occupation of the assessee, the value of which
is to be determined under section 21(6) or (7)(a); or
(b) the assessee has any income falling in Schedule III (Table:
Sl. No. 11).
 171

(5) For the purposes of this section, the expressions “10% of his total
income” and “25% of his total income” shall mean 10% or 25%, as the case may
be, of the total income of the assessee before allowing deduction for any
expenditure under this section.
5 135. (1) In computing the total income of an assessee, there shall be Deduction in
respect of
deducted, as per the provisions of this section, any sum paid by the assessee in the certain
tax year to,–– donations for
scientific
(a) a research association which has as its object the undertaking of research or rural
scientific research, or to a University, college or other institution approved development.
10 for the purposes of section 45(3)(a)(i) to be used for scientific research;
(b) a research association which has as its object the undertaking of
research in social science or statistical research, or to a University, college
or other institution approved for the purposes of section 45(3)(a)(ii) to be
used for research in social science or statistical research;
15 (2) Deduction for contributions made as per sub-section (1) shall not be
allowed, if—
(a) the gross total income of the assessee includes income which is
chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”; or
(b) the contribution is made in cash exceeding two thousand rupees.
20 (3) Deduction under sub-section (1)(a) and (1)(b) shall not be denied merely
on the ground that subsequent to the payment of such sum by the assessee,
approval to such association, University, college, other institution referred there
in to whom the payment was made has been withdrawn.
(4) The claim of the assessee for a deduction in respect of any sum referred
25 to in sub-section (1) in the return of income for any tax year filed by him, shall be
allowed on the basis of information relating to such sum furnished by the payee
to the prescribed income-tax authority or the person authorised by such authority,
subject to verification as per the risk management strategy formulated by the
Board from time to time.
30 136. (1) An assessee, being an Indian company, shall be allowed a deduction Deduction in
respect of
for the amount contributed by it, other than by way of cash, during a tax year to a contributions
political party registered under section 29A of the Representation of the People given by
43 of 1951. Act, 1951 or an electoral trust. companies to
political parties.
(2) In this section, the word “contribute”, with its grammatical variations
35 and cognate expressions shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
18 of 2013. section 182 of the Companies Act, 2013.
137. An assessee, (other than a local authority and an artificial juridical Deduction in
respect of
person wholly or partly funded by the Government), shall be allowed a deduction contributions
for the amount contributed by him, other than by way of cash, during a tax year given by any
40 to a political party registered under section 29A of the Representation of the person to
43 of 1951. People Act, 1951, or an electoral trust. political parties.

C.—Deductions in respect of certain incomes.

138. In respect of any tax year beginning on or after the 1st April, 2026, Deductions in
where–– respect of
profits and
45 (a) the gross total income of an assessee includes any profits and gains gains from
industrial
derived by an undertaking or an enterprise from any business referred to in undertakings or
43 of 1961. section 80-IA of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and enterprises
engaged in
infrastructure
development,
etc.
 172

(b) such assessee is eligible to claim a deduction from the profits and
gains derived from such business for such tax year under the provisions of
the said section, if the said Act had not been repealed,
there shall be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction
from the profits and gains derived from such business, subject to the 5
conditions that—
(i) the amount of deduction is calculated as per the provisions of
section 80-IA of the Income-tax Act,1961; and 43 of 1961.

(ii) the deduction under this Act shall be allowed only for such tax
years, as would have been allowed under section 80-IA of the Income-tax 10
Act,1961, as if the said Act had not been repealed. 43 of 1961.

Deductions in 139. In respect of any tax year, where––

respect of
profits and gains (a) the gross total income of an assessee, being a Developer, includes
by an
undertaking or any profits and gains derived by an undertaking or an enterprise from any
enterprise business of developing a Special Economic Zone, notified on or after the 15
engaged in 1st April, 2005 under the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 referred to in 28 of 2005.
development of
Special section 80-IAB of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and 43 of 1961.
Economic Zone.
(b) such assessee is eligible to claim a deduction from the profits and
gains derived from such business for such tax year under the provisions of
the said section, if the said Act had not been repealed, 20

there shall be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction
from the profits and gains derived from such business, subject to the
conditions that—
(i) the amount of deduction is calculated as per the provisions of
section 80-IAB of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and 25 43 of 1961.

(ii) the deduction under this Act shall be allowed only for such tax
years, as would have been allowed under section 80-IAB of the Income-tax
Act, 1961, if the said Act had not been repealed. 43 of 1961.

Special 140. (1) Where the gross total income of an assessee, being an eligible
provision in start-up, includes any profits and gains derived from eligible business, there shall, 30
respect of
specified as per and subject to the provisions of this section, be allowed, in computing the
business. total income of the assessee, a deduction of an amount equal to 100% of the profits
and gains derived from such business for three consecutive tax years.
(2) The deduction specified in sub-section (1) may, at the option of the
assessee, be claimed by him for any three consecutive tax years out of ten years 35
beginning from the year in which the eligible start-up is incorporated.
(3) This section applies to a start-up which fulfils the following
conditions:—
(a) it is not formed by splitting up, or the reconstruction, of a business
already in existence; 40

(b) it is not formed by the transfer to a new business of machinery or

plant previously used for any purpose.
(4) Where the business of any undertaking carried on in India is discontinued
in any tax year by reason of extensive damage to, or destruction of, any building,
machinery, plant or furniture owned by the assessee and used for the purposes of 45
such business as a direct result of—
 173

(a) flood, typhoon, hurricane, cyclone, earthquake or other convulsion

of nature; or
(b) riot or civil disturbance; or

(c) accidental fire or explosion; or

5 (d) action by an enemy or action taken in combating an enemy

(whether with or without a declaration of war),
and thereafter, at any time before the expiry of three years from the end of such
tax year, the business of such undertaking is re-established, re-constructed or
revived by the assessee, the condition referred to in sub-section (3)(a) shall not
10 apply to such undertaking which is so re-established, reconstructed or revived.
(5) For the purposes of sub-section (3)(b), any machinery or plant which
was used outside India by any person other than the assessee shall not be regarded
as machinery or plant previously used for any purpose, if all the following
conditions are fulfilled:—

15 (a) such machinery or plant was not, at any time previous to the date
of the installation by the assessee, used in India;
(b) such machinery or plant is imported into India; and
(c) no deduction on account of depreciation in respect of such
machinery or plant has been allowed or is allowable under the provisions of
20 this Act in computing the total income of any person for any period before
to the date of the installation of the machinery or plant by the assessee.

(6) Where in the case of a start-up, any machinery or plant or any part thereof
previously used for any purpose is transferred to a new business and the total value
of the machinery or plant or part so transferred does not exceed 20% of the total
25 value of the machinery or plant used in the business, then, for the purposes of
sub-section (3)(b), the condition specified therein shall be considered to have been
complied with.
(7) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act, the
profits and gains of an eligible business to which the provisions of sub-section (1)
30 apply shall, for the purposes of determining the quantum of deduction under that
sub-section for the tax year immediately succeeding the initial tax year or any
subsequent tax year, be computed as if such eligible business were the only source
of income of the assessee during the initial tax year and to every subsequent tax
year up to and including the tax year for which the determination is to be made.
35 (8) The deduction under sub-section (1) from profits and gains derived from
an eligible business shall not be admissible unless the accounts of the eligible
business for the tax year for which the deduction is claimed have been audited by
an accountant, before the specified date referred to in section 63 and the assessee
furnishes by that date the report of such audit in the prescribed form duly signed
40 and verified by such accountant.

(9) In a case where,—

(i) any goods or services held for the purposes of the eligible business
are transferred to any other business carried on by the assessee; or
(ii) where any goods or services held for the purposes of any other
45 business carried on by the assessee are transferred to the eligible business,
 174

and, in either case, the consideration, if any, for such transfer as recorded in the
accounts of the eligible business does not correspond to the market value of such
goods or services as on the date of the transfer, then, for the purposes of the
deduction under this section, the profits and gains of such eligible business shall
be computed as if the transfer, in either case, had been made at the market value 5
of such goods or services as on that date.
(10) For the purposes of sub-section (9), where, in the opinion of the
Assessing Officer, the computation of the profits and gains of the eligible business
in the manner hereinbefore specified presents exceptional difficulties, the
Assessing Officer may compute such profits and gains on such reasonable basis 10
as he may deem fit.
(11) For the purposes of sub-section (9), “market value”, in relation to any
goods or services, means—
(i) the price that such goods or services would ordinarily fetch in the
open market; or 15

(ii) the arm's length price as defined in section 173(a), where the
transfer of such goods or services is a specified domestic transaction referred
to in section 164.
(12) Where any amount of profits and gains of an undertaking or of an
enterprise in the case of an assessee is claimed and allowed under this section for 20
any tax year, deduction to the extent of such profits and gains shall not be allowed
under any other provisions of Part C of this Chapter and shall in no case exceed
the profits and gains of such eligible business of undertaking or enterprise, as the
case may be.
(13) Where it appears to the Assessing Officer that,–– 25

(i) owing to the close connection between the assessee carrying on the
eligible business to which this section applies and any other person; or
(ii) for any other reason,
the course of business between them is so arranged that the business transacted
between them produces to the assessee more than the ordinary profits which might 30
be expected to arise in such eligible business, the Assessing Officer shall, in
computing the profits and gains of such eligible business for the purposes of the
deduction under this section, take the amount of profits as may be reasonably
considered to have been derived therefrom.
(14) Where the arrangement as mentioned in sub-section (13) involves a 35
specified domestic transaction referred to in section 164, the amount of profits
from such transaction shall be determined having regard to arm's length price as
defined in section173(a).
(15) The Central Government may, after making such inquiry as it may think
fit, direct, by notification, that the exemption conferred by this section shall not 40
apply to any class of industrial undertaking or enterprise with effect from such
date as it may specify in the notification.
(16) In this section,––
(a) “eligible business” means a business carried out by an eligible
start-up engaged in innovation, development or improvement of products or 45
processes or services or a scalable business model with a high potential of
employment generation or wealth creation;
 175

(b) “eligible start-up” means a company or a limited liability

partnership engaged in eligible business which fulfils the following
conditions:—
(i) it is incorporated on or after the 1st April, 2016 but before the
5 1st April, 2030;
(ii) the total turnover of its business does not exceed one hundred
crore rupees in the tax year relevant to the tax year for which deduction
under sub-section (1) is claimed; and
(iii) it holds a certificate of eligible business from the Inter-
10 Ministerial Board of Certification as notified by the Central
Government; and
(c) “limited liability partnership” means a partnership referred to in
6 of 2009. section 2(1)(n) of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008.
Deduction in
141. In respect of any tax year, where–– respect of
profits and gains
15 (a) the gross total income of an assessee, includes any profits and gains from certain
derived from any business referred to in section 80-IB of the Income-tax industrial
43 of 1961. Act, 1961; and undertakings.

(b) such assessee is eligible to claim a deduction from the profits and
gains derived from such business for such tax year under the provisions of
20 the said section, if the said Act had not been repealed,
there shall be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction
from the profits and gains derived from such business, subject to the
conditions that—
(i) the amount of deduction is calculated as per the provisions of
43 of 1961. 25 section 80-IB of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and
(ii) the deduction under this Act shall be allowed only for such tax
years, as would have been allowed under section 80-IB of the Income-tax
43 of 1961. Act, 1961, if the said Act had not been repealed.
Deductions in
142. In respect of any tax year, where–– respect of
30 profits and gains
(a) the gross total income of an assessee, includes any profits and gains from housing
derived from the business of developing and building housing projects or projects
rental housing projects referred to in section 80-IBA of the Income-tax
43 of 1961. Act,1961; and
(b) such assessee is eligible to claim a deduction from the profits and
35 gains derived from such business for such tax year under the provisions of
the said section, if the said Act had not been repealed,
there shall be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction
from the profits and gains derived from such business, subject to the conditions
that—
40 (i) the amount of deduction is calculated as per the provisions of
43 of 1961. section 80-IBA of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and
(ii) the deduction under this Act shall be allowed only for such tax
years, as would have been allowed under section 80-IBA of the Income-tax
43 of 1961. Act, 1961, if the said Act had not been repealed.
 176

Special 143. (1) Where the gross total income of an assessee includes any profits and gains
provisions in derived by an undertaking, to which this section applies, from any business referred to
respect of certain
undertakings in in sub-section (2), there shall be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee,
North-Eastern a deduction of an amount equal to 100% of the profits and gains derived from such
States. business for ten consecutive tax years commencing with the initial tax year. 5

(2) This section applies to any undertaking which has, during the period
beginning on the 1st April, 2007 and ending with the 1st April, 2017, begun or
begins, in any of the North-Eastern States,—
(a) to manufacture or produce any eligible article or thing;
(b) to undertake substantial expansion to manufacture or produce any 10
eligible article or thing; and
(c) to carry on any eligible business.
(3) This section applies to any undertaking which fulfils all the following
conditions:—
(a) it is not formed by splitting up, or the reconstruction, of a business 15
already in existence;
(b) it is not formed by the transfer to a new business of machinery or
plant previously used for any purpose;
(c) condition referred to in clause (a) shall not apply in respect of an
undertaking which is formed as a result of the re-establishment, reconstruction 20
or revival by the assessee of the business of any such undertaking as is referred
to in section 140(4),in the circumstances and within the period specified therein.
(4) For the purposes of sub-section (3)(b), the provisions of section 140(5) and
(6) shall apply.
(5) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act, in 25
computing the total income of the assessee, no deduction shall be allowed under any
other section contained in this Chapter in relation to the profits and gains of the
undertaking.
(6) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, no deduction shall be
allowed to any undertaking under this section, where the total period of deduction 30
inclusive of the period of deduction under this section or under second proviso to
section 80-IB(4) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 exceeds ten tax years. 43 of 1961.

(7) The provisions contained in section 140(7) to (15) shall, so far as may be,
apply to the eligible undertaking under this section.
(8) In this section,— 35

(a) “eligible article or thing” means the article or thing other than the
following:—
(i) goods falling under Chapter 24 of the First Schedule to the
Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985, which pertains to tobacco and 5 of 1986.
manufactured tobacco substitutes; 40

(ii) pan masala as covered under Chapter 21 of the First Schedule

to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985; 5 of 1986.

(iii) plastic carry bags of less than twenty microns as specified by

the Ministry of Environment and Forests vide notification numbers
S.O. 705(E), dated the 2nd September, 1999 and S.O. 698(E), dated the 45
17th June, 2003; and
 177

(iv) goods falling under Chapter 27 of the First Schedule to the

5 of 1986. Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985, produced by petroleum oil or gas
refineries;
(b) “eligible business” means the business of—

5 (i) hotel (not below two star category);

(ii) adventure and leisure sports including ropeways;
(iii) providing medical and health services in the nature of nursing
home with a minimum capacity of twenty-five beds;

(iv) running an old-age home;

10 (v) operating vocational training institute for hotel management,
catering and food craft, entrepreneurship development, nursing and
para-medical, civil aviation related training, fashion designing and
industrial training;

(vi) running information technology related training centre;

15 (vii) manufacturing of information technology hardware; and

(viii) bio-technolog;
(c) “initial tax year” means the tax year in which the undertaking begins
to manufacture or produce articles or things, or completes substantial
expansion;

20 (d) “North-Eastern States” means the States of Arunachal Pradesh,

Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura;
(e) “substantial expansion” means increase in the investment in the plant
and machinery by at least 25% of the book value of plant and machinery
(before taking depreciation in any year), as on the first day of the tax year in
25 which the substantial expansion is undertaken.
Special
144. In respect of any tax year , where–– provisions in
respect of newly
(a) in computing the total income of an assessee, being an entrepreneur established Units
28 of 2005. as referred to in section 2(j) of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, who in Special
Economic
begins to manufacture or produce articles or things or provide any services Zones.
43 of 1961. 30 referred to in section 10AA of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and
(b) such assessee is eligible to claim a deduction from the profits and
gains derived from the export, of such articles or things or from services for
such tax year under the provisions of the said section, if the said Act had not
been repealed,

35 there shall be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a

deduction from the profits and gains derived from such business, subject to
the conditions that—
(i) the amount of deduction is calculated as per the provisions of
43 of 1961. section 10AA of the Income-tax Act, 1961; and

40 (ii) the deduction under this Act shall be allowed only for such tax years,
43 of 1961. as would have been allowed under section 10AA of the Income-tax Act, 1961,
if the said Act had not been repealed.
 178

Duction for 145. (1) If the gross total income of an assessee includes any profits and gains
businesses
engaged in
derived from the business of collecting and processing or treating of bio-degradable
collecting and waste for,—
processing of
bio-degradable (a) generating power; or
waste.
(b) producing bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides or biological agents; or 5

(c) producing bio-gas; or

(d) making pellets or briquettes for fuel or organic manure,
there shall be allowed a deduction equal to the whole amount of such profits
and gains for five consecutive tax years, beginning with the tax year in which
such business commences. 10

Deduction in 146. (1) Subject to the conditions specified in sub-sections (2) and (3), if the
respect of gross total income of an assessee, to whom section 63 applies, includes any profits
additional
employee cost. and gains from business, a deduction of an amount equal to 30% of additional
employee cost incurred in the course of such business in the tax year shall be allowed.
(2) The deduction referred to in sub-section (1) shall be allowed for three 15
consecutive tax years, beginning from the tax year in which the employment is provided.
(3) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall not be allowed, if––
(a) the business is formed by splitting up, or the reconstruction, of an
existing business; or
(b) the business is acquired by the assessee through transfer from any 20
other person or as a result of any business reorganisation;
(c) the assessee does not furnish the report of an accountant, before the
specified date as referred to in section 63, giving the particulars in the report,
as prescribed.
(4) The condition referred to in sub-section (3)(a) shall not apply in respect of an 25
undertaking which is formed as a result of the re-establishment, reconstruction or revival
by the assessee of the business of any such undertaking as is referred to in section 140(4)
in the circumstances and within the period specified in that sub-section.
(5) In this section,—
(a) “additional employee cost” means— 30

(i) the total emoluments paid or payable to additional employees

employed during the tax year; or
(ii) emoluments paid or payable to employees employed during the
tax year, where that year is the first year of a new business,
and it shall be nil in the case of an existing business, if— 35

(A) there is no increase in the number of employees from the total

number employed as on the last day of the preceding tax year; or
(B) emoluments are paid otherwise than by an account payee cheque or
account payee bank draft or by use of electronic clearing system through a
bank account or through such other electronic mode, as prescribed; 40

(b) “additional employee” means an employee who has been employed

during the tax year and whose employment increases the total number of
employees employed by the employer as on the last day of the preceding tax
year, but does not include any employee—
(i) whose total emoluments exceed twenty-five thousand rupees 45
per month;
 179

(ii) for whom the Government pays the entire contribution under
the Employees’ Pension Scheme notified as per the provisions of the
Employees, Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act,1952; 19 of 1952.

(iii) employed for less than one hundred and fifty days in case of
5 an assessee who is engaged in the business of manufacturing of apparel
or footwear or leather products, except where such employee is
employed for said number of days in the immediately succeeding tax
year, he shall be deemed as an additional employee of the succeeding
tax year and the provisions of this section shall apply accordingly;
10 (iv) employed for less than two hundred and forty days during the
tax year in case of any other assessee, except where such employee is
employed for said number of days in the immediately succeeding tax
year, he shall be deemed as an additional employee of the succeeding
tax year and the provisions of this section shall apply accordingly; and
15 (v) who does not participate in a recognised provident fund;
(c) “emoluments” means any sum paid or payable to an employee in lieu
of his employment, by whatever name called, but does not include––
(i) employer contributions to any pension or provident fund or any
other fund for the benefit of the employee as mandated by any law; and
20 (ii) lump sum payments paid or payable to an employee at the time
of termination of his service, superannuation, or voluntary retirement,
such as gratuity, severance pay, leave encashment, voluntary
retrenchment benefits, commutation of pension and the like.
147. (1) Where the following assessee has any income of the nature referred Deductions for
25 to in sub-section (3), there shall be allowed a deduction equal to 100% of such income of
Offshore
income:— Banking Units
and Units of
(a) a scheduled bank, or a bank incorporated under the laws of a country International
outside India, having an Offshore Banking Unit in a Special Economic Zone; Financial
Services Centre.
or
30 (b) a unit of an International Financial Services Centre.
(2) The deduction shall be allowed––
(a) for ten consecutive tax years beginning from the relevant tax year in
the case of an entity mentioned in sub-section (1)(a);
(b) for ten consecutive tax years within fifteen years beginning from the
35 relevant tax year, at the option of an assessee, in the case of an entity
mentioned in sub-section (1)(b).
(3) The income referred to in sub-section (3) shall be the income from—
(a) an Offshore Banking Unit located in a Special Economic Zone; or
(b) the business activities referred to in section 6(1) of the Banking
10 of 1949. 40 Regulation Act, 1949, with undertakings in a Special Economic Zone or
entities that develop, develop and operate, or develop, operate and maintain
Special Economic Zone; or
(c) the approved business activities of any Unit of an International
Financial Services Centre set up in a Special Economic Zone; or
 180

(d) transfer of an asset being, an aircraft or a ship, leased by a unit

referred to in clause (c) if such unit commenced its business operations by
31st March, 2030.
(4) The deduction under this section shall be allowed only if the assessee
submits along with the return of income–– 5

(a) a report in the form as prescribed, from an accountant certifying the

correctness of claim of deduction; and
(b) a copy of the––
(i) permission obtained under section 23(1)(a) of the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949; or 10 10 of 1949.

(ii) permission or registration obtained under the International

Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019. 50 of 2019.

(5) In this section,—

(a) “relevant tax year” shall be,—
(i) in case of an entity mentioned in sub-section (1)(a), the tax year 15
in which permission under section 23(1)(a) of the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949, or permission or registration under the Securities and Exchange 10 of 1949.
Board of India Act, 1992 or any other relevant law was obtained; or 15 of 1992.

(ii) in case of an entity mentioned in sub-section (1)(b), the tax year

in which permission under section 23(1)(a) of the Banking Regulation 20
Act, 1949, or permission or registration under the Securities and 10 of 1949.
Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, or permission or registration under 15 of 1992.
the International Financial Services Centre Authority Act, 2019 was 50 of 2019.
obtained;
(b) “Unit” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 2(zc) 25
of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005; 28 of 2005.

(c) “aircraft” and “ship” shall have the meanings respectively assigned
to them in Schedule VI Note 3.
Deduction in 148. (1) If the gross total income of a domestic company in any tax year
respect of certain includes any income by way of dividends from–– 30
inter-corporate
dividends. (a) any other domestic company; or
(b) a foreign company; or
(c) a business trust,
such domestic company shall, be allowed a deduction of an amount equal to so much
of the income by way of dividends received from the person mentioned in clause 35
(a) or (b) or (c) as does not exceed the amount of dividend distributed by it by the
date one month before the due date for filing the return of income under
section 263(1).
(2) Where any deduction, in respect of the amount of dividend distributed by
the domestic company, has been allowed under sub-section (1) in any tax year, no 40
deduction shall be allowed in respect of such amount in any other tax year.
Deduction in
respect of
149. (1) If the gross total income of an assessee, being a co-operative society,
income of includes any income referred to in sub-section (2), the sums specified in the said
co-operative sub-section shall, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section,
societies. be allowed as deduction in computing the total income of such assessee. 45
 181

(2) The sums referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following:—

(a) in the case of a co-operative society engaged in—
(i) carrying on the business of banking or providing credit facilities
to its members; or

5 (ii) a cottage industry; or

(iii) the marketing of agricultural produce grown by its
members; or
(iv) the purchase of agricultural implements, seeds, livestock or
other articles intended for agriculture for the purpose of supplying them
10 to its members; or
(v) the processing, without the aid of power, of the agricultural
produce of its members; or
(vi) the collective disposal of the labour of its members; or
(vii) fishing or allied activities, that is to say, the catching, curing,
15 processing, preserving, storing or marketing of fish or the purchase of
materials and equipment in connection therewith for the purpose of
supplying them to its members,
the whole of the amount of profits and gains of business attributable to any
one or more of such activities;
20 (b) in the case of a co-operative society, being a primary society engaged
in supplying milk, oilseeds, fruits, or vegetables raised or grown by its
members to––
(i) a federal co-operative society, engaged in the business of
supplying milk, oilseeds, fruits or vegetables; or
25 (ii) the Government or a local authority; or
(iii) a Government company, as defined in section 2(45) of the
18 of 2013. Companies Act, 2013, or a corporation established by or under a Central
Act or State Act or Provincial Act, engaged in supplying milk, oilseeds,
fruits or vegetables, as the case may be, to the public,
30 the whole of the amount of profits and gains of such business;
(c) in the case of a co-operative society engaged in activities not
specified in clause (a) or (b), (either independently of, or in addition to, all or
any of the activities so specified), that amount of profits and gains attributable
to such activities as does not exceed––
35 (i) one lakh rupees, if the society is a consumers’ co-operative
society; and
(ii) fifty thousand rupees, in any other case;
(d) in respect of any income by way of interest or dividends derived by
the co-operative society from its investments with any other co-operative
40 society, the whole of such income;
(e) in respect of any income by derived by the co-operative society from
the letting of godowns or warehouses for storage, processing, or facilitating
the marketing of commodities, the whole of such income;
 182

(f) in the case of a co-operative society, not being––

(i) a housing society; or

(ii) an urban consumers’ society (being a society for the benefit of

the consumers within the limits of a municipal corporation, municipality,
municipal committee, notified area committee, town area, or 5
cantonment); or

(iii) a society carrying on transport business; or

(iv) a society engaged in performing manufacturing operations

with the aid of power,

where the gross total income does not exceed twenty thousand rupees, 10
the amount of income––

(i) by way of interest on securities; or

(ii) any income from house property chargeable under

section 20.

(3) In the case of a co-operative society as referred to in sub-section 15

(2)(a)(vi) or (vii), provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply when the rules and
bye-laws of the society restrict the voting rights to the following classes of
members:—

(i) the individuals who contribute their labour or carry on fishing or

allied activities; or 20

(ii) the co-operative credit societies which provide financial assistance

to the society; or

(iii) the State Government.

(4) The deduction under sub-section (1) in relation to the sums specified in
sub-section (2)(a)or (b) or (c) or sub-section (3), shall be allowed with reference to 25
the income referred to in those sub-sections included in the gross total income after
reducing the deduction under section 80-IA of the Income-tax Act, 1961, if the 43 of 1961.
assessee is also entitled to such deduction.

(5) The provision of this section shall not apply to any co-operative bank
which is not a primary agricultural co-operative society or a primary co-operative 30
agricultural and rural development bank.

(6) In this section,––

(a) “consumers’ co-operative society” means a society for the benefit of

the consumers;

(b) “co-operative bank” and “primary agricultural credit society” have 35

the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in Part V of the Banking
10 of 1949.
Regulation Act, 1949; and

(c) “primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank”

means a society having an area of operation confined to a taluk, the principal
object of which is to provide long-term credit for agricultural and rural 40
development activities.
 183

150. (1) An assessee, who,–– Deduction in

respect of certain
income of
(a) is a Producer Company; Producer
Companies.
(b) has a total turnover of less than one hundred crore rupees in any
tax year; and

5 (c) has any profits and gains derived from eligible business included in
its gross total income,
shall be allowed a deduction of 100% of the profits and gains attributable to such
business for the tax year commencing on or after the 1st April, 2018, but before the
1st April, 2024.

10 (2) The deduction under this section shall be allowed after the gross total
income of the assessee mentioned in sub-section (1) is reduced by any other
deduction under this Chapter to which such assessee is entitled.
(3) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) “eligible business” means—

15 (i) the marketing of agricultural produce grown by the

members; or
(ii) the purchase of agricultural implements, seeds, livestock or
other articles intended for agriculture for the purpose of supplying them
to the members; or
20 (iii) the processing of the agricultural produce of the members;
(b) “Member” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
18 of 3013. section 378A(e) of the Companies Act, 2013;
(c) “Producer Company” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
18 of 2013. in section 378A(1) of the Companies Act, 3013.
25 151. (1) Where, in the case of an individual resident in India, being an author, Deduction in
the gross total income includes any income, derived by him in the exercise of his respect of
royalty income,
profession, on account of any lump sum consideration for the assignment or grant etc., of authors
of any of his interests in the copyright of any book being a work of literary, artistic of certain books
or scientific nature, or of royalty or copyright fees (whether receivable in lump sum other than text-
books.
30 or otherwise) in respect of such book, there shall, as per and subject to the provisions
of this section, be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a
deduction from such income, computed in the manner specified in sub-section (2).
(2) The deduction under this section shall be equal to the whole of such
income referred to in sub-section (1), or an amount of three lakh rupees,
35 whichever is less.
(3) Where the income by way of such royalty or the copyright fee, is not a
lump sum consideration in lieu of all rights of the assessee in the book, so much of
the income, before allowing expenses attributable to such income, as is in excess of
15% of the value of such books sold during the tax year shall be ignored.
40 (4) In respect of any income earned from any source outside India, so much
of the income shall be taken into account for the purpose of this section as is
brought into India by, or on behalf of, the assessee in convertible foreign
exchange within six months from the end of the tax year in which such income
is earned or within such further period as the competent authority may allow in
this behalf.
 184

(5) Deduction under this section shall not be allowed unless the assessee
furnishes a certificate in such form and manner, as prescribed, duly verified by any
person responsible for making such payment to the assessee as referred to in
sub-section (1), along with the return of income, setting forth such particulars, as
prescribed. 5

(6) Deduction under this section shall not be allowed in respect of any income
earned from any source outside India, unless the assessee furnishes a certificate, in
the prescribed form from the prescribed authority, along with the return of income
in the prescribed manner.
(7) Where a deduction for any tax year has been claimed and allowed in 10
respect of any income referred to in this section, no deduction in respect of such
income shall be allowed under any other provision of this Act in any tax year.
(8) In this section,—
(a) “author” includes a joint author;
(b) “books” shall not include brochures, commentaries, diaries, guides, 15
journals, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, text-books for schools, tracts and
other publications of similar nature, by whatever name called;
(c) “competent authority” means the Reserve Bank of India or such other
authority as is authorised under any law in force for regulating payments and
dealings in foreign exchange; and 20

(d) “lump sum”, in regard to royalties or copyright fees, includes an advance

payment on account of such royalties or copyright fees which is not returnable.
Deduction in 152. (1) An assessee, being an individual, who is––
respect of
royalty on (a) a resident in India;
patents.
25
(b) a patentee;
(c) in receipt of income by way of royalty in respect of a patent
registered on or after the 1st April, 2003 under the Patents Act, 1970; and. 39 of 1970.

(d) having gross total income for the tax year which includes royalty,
shall be allowed a deduction from such income computed in the manner specified
in sub-sections (2) to (6). 30

(2) The deduction under this section shall be equal to the whole of such income
referred to in sub-section (1) or three lakh rupees, whichever is less.
(3) Where a compulsory licence is granted in respect of any patent under the
Patents Act, 1970, the income by way of royalty for the purpose of allowing 39 of 1970.
deduction under this section shall not exceed the amount of royalty under the terms 35
and conditions of a licence settled by the Controller under that Act.
(4) In respect of any income earned from any source outside India, so much of
the income, shall be taken into account for the purpose of this section as is brought
into India by, or on behalf of, the assessee in convertible foreign exchange within
six months from the end of the tax year in which such income is earned or within 40
such further period as the competent authority referred to in section 151(8)(c) may
allow in this behalf.
(5) No deduction under this section shall be allowed unless the assessee
furnishes a certificate in the prescribed form, duly signed by the authority as
prescribed, along with the return of income setting forth such particulars, as 45
prescribed.
 185

(6) No deduction under this section shall be allowed in respect of any income
earned from any source outside India, unless the assessee furnishes a certificate in
such form, from the authority or authorities, as prescribed, along with the return of
income.
5 (7) In this section,––
(a) “Controller” means the authority as defined in section 2(1)(b) of the
39 of 1970. Patents Act, 1970;
(b) “lump sum” includes a non-refundable advance payment for
royalties;
10 (c) “patent” means any patent granted, including a patent of addition,
39 of 1970. under the Patents Act, 1970;
(d) “patentee” means the true and first inventor recorded as the patentee
39 of 1970. under the Patents Act, 1970, including joint patentees recorded as such true
and first inventors;
15 (e) “patent of addition” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
39 of 1970. section 2(1)(q) of the Patents Act, 1970;
(f) “patented article” and “patented process” shall have the same
39 of 1970. meanings as assigned to them in section 2(1)(o) of the Patents Act, 1970;
(g) “royalty” in respect of a patent, means consideration for—
20 (i) the transfer of all or any rights (including the granting of a
licence) in respect of a patent; or
(ii) the imparting of any information concerning the working of, or
the use of, a patent; or
(iii) the use of any patent; or
25 (iv) the rendering of any services in connection with the activities
referred to in sub-clauses (i) to (iii), but does not include any
consideration,––
(A) which would be the income of the recipient chargeable
under the head “Capital gains”; or
30 (B) for sale of product manufactured with the use of patented
process or of the patented article for commercial use; and
(h) “true and first inventor” shall have the same meaning as assigned to
39 of 1970. it in section 2(1)(y) of the Patents Act, 1970.
D.—Deductions in respect of other incomes
35 153. (1) An assessee who is–– Deduction for
interest on
(a) an individual, not being a senior citizen; or deposits.

(b) an individual, being a senior citizen; or

(c) a Hindu undivided family,
shall be allowed a deduction from the gross total income, subject to conditions
40 specified in sub-section (2), where it includes income by way of interest on
deposits with––
10 of 1949. (i) a banking company to which the Banking Regulation Act, 1949,
applies (including any bank or banking institution referred to in
section 51 of that Act); or
 186

(ii) a co-operative society engaged in carrying on the business of

banking (including a co-operative land mortgage bank or a co-operative
land development bank); or
(iii) a Post Office as defined in section 2(k) of the Post Office Act, 2023. 43 of 2023.

(2) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowed for a tax year as follows:— 5

(a) in case of assessee mentioned in sub-section 1(a) or (c), the whole of

the interest up to a maximum amount of ten thousand rupees on deposits in a
savings account, excluding time deposits;
(b) in case of assessee mentioned in sub-section (1)(b), the whole of the
interest up to a maximum amount of fifty thousand rupess on deposits in a 10
savings account, including time deposits.
(3) Where the income referred to in this section is derived from any deposit in
a savings account held by, or on behalf of, a firm, an association of persons or a
body of individuals, no deduction shall be allowed under this section in respect of
such income in computing the total income of any partner of the firm or any member 15
of the association or any individual of the body.
(4) In this section, “time deposits” means the deposits repayable on expiry of
fixed periods.
E.—Other deductions
Deduction in 154. (1) An individual, being resident in India, who is certified by a medical 20
case of a person authority, at any time during the tax year, as a person with disability or person with
with disability.
severe disability, shall be allowed a deduction of seventy-five thousand rupees or
one lakh and twenty-five thousand rupees, respectively, while computing his total
income.
(2) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowed only if all of the 25
following conditions are fulfilled:––
(a) the individual furnishes a copy of the certificate issued by the medical
authority;
(b) if the certificate specifies that the disability needs reassessment of its
extent after a period stipulated in it, the deduction shall not be allowed for any 30
tax year succeeding the tax year in which the certificate expires, unless a new
disability certificate is obtained and submitted; and
(c) the certificate referred to in clauses (a) and (b) of this sub-section shall be
furnished in the form and manner, as prescribed, along with the return of income
]

under section 263 for the tax year in which the deduction is claimed. 35

(3) For the purposes of this section, “disability”, “medical authority”, “person
with disability” or “person with severe disability” shall have the same meanings as
provided in section 127.
CHAPTER IX
REBATES AND RELIEFS 40

A.—Rebates and reliefs

Rebate to be 155. (1) In computing income-tax on the total income of an assessee with which
allowed in
computing
he is chargeable for any tax year, there shall be allowed from income-tax (as computed
income-tax. before allowing the deductions under this Chapter), subject to the provisions of
section 156, the deductions specified therein. 45

(2) The deduction under section 156, shall not, in any case, exceed
income-tax (as computed before allowing the deductions under this Chapter) on the
total income of the assessee with which he is chargeable for any tax year.
 187

156. (1) A resident individual assessee shall be entitled to a deduction of 100% Rebate of
income-tax in
of income-tax payable or twelve thousand five hundred rupees, whichever is less, case of certain
from the income-tax (computed before allowing the deduction under this section) individuals.
chargeable on the total income for any tax year if the total income does not exceed
5 five lakh rupees.
(2) Where the total income of a resident individual assessee for any tax year is
chargeable to tax under section 202(1), then from income-tax (computed before
allowing the deduction under this section) following deductions shall be allowed, if—
(a) the income does not exceed twelve lakh rupees, 100% of the
10 income-tax payable or sixty thousand rupees, whichever is less;
(b) the income exceeds twelve lakh rupees, the income-tax payable on the
total income, reduced by total income which is in excess of twelve lakh rupees.
(3) The deduction under sub-section (2), shall not exceed income-tax payable as
per the rates provided in section 202(1).
15 157. (1) Where the total income of an assessee is assessed at a rate higher than the Relief when
salary, etc., is
rate at which it would otherwise have been assessed, due to the following receipts,— paid in arrears or
in advance.
(a) a sum in the nature of arrear or advance salary; or
(b) salary for more than twelve months in any one tax year; or
(c) a payment in the nature of “profits in lieu of salary” under
20 section 18(1); or
(d) arrears of “family pension” as defined in section 93(1)(d),
the Assessing Officer shall on an application made to him by the assessee in this
behalf, grant such relief, as prescribed.
(2) No relief shall be granted on any income on which deduction has been
25 claimed by the assessee in section 19(1)(Table: Sl. No. 12) for any amount
mentioned therein, for such, or any other, tax year.
158. (1) The income accrued in a specified account, maintained in a notified Relief from
taxation in
country by a specified person, shall be taxed in a tax year, as prescribed. income from
retirement
(2) In this section,— benefit account
maintained in a
30 (a) “notified country” means a country as notified by the Central Government; notified country.
(b) “specified account” means an account maintained in a notified country
by the specified person for his retirement benefits, which is taxed by that notified
country at the time of withdrawal or redemption and, not on accrual basis;
(c) “specified person” means a person resident in India having opened a
35 specified account in a notified country while being non-resident in India and
resident in that country.
B.—Double taxation relief
Agreement with
159. (1) The Central Government may enter into an agreement with the foreign countries
Government of— or specified
territories and
40 (a) any other country;or adoption by
Central
(b) any specified territory, Government of
agreement
for the purposes mentioned in sub-section (3), and may, by notification, make such between
provisions as necessary for implementing the agreement. specified
associations for
double taxation
relief.
 188

(2) Any specified association in India may enter into an agreement with any
specified association in the specified territory for the purposes mentioned in
sub-section (3) and the Central Government may, by notification, make such
provisions as may be necessary for adopting and implementing such agreement.
(3) The agreement mentioned in sub-section (1) or (2) may be entered for— 5

(a) the granting of relief in respect of—

(i) income on which income-tax has been paid both under this Act
and income-tax in that country or specified territory, as the case may
be; or
(ii) income-tax chargeable under this Act and under the 10
corresponding law in force in that country or specified territory, as the
case may be, to promote mutual economic relations, trade and
investment; or
(b) the avoidance of double taxation of income under this Act and under
the corresponding law in force in that country or specified territory, as the case 15
may be, without creating opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation
through tax evasion or avoidance (including through treaty-shopping
arrangements aimed at obtaining reliefs provided in the said agreement for the
indirect benefit to residents of any other country or territory);
(c) exchange of information for–– 20

(i) the prevention of evasion or avoidance of income-tax

chargeable under this Act or under the corresponding law in force in that
country or specified territory, as the case may be; or
(ii) investigation of cases of such evasion or avoidance; or
(d) recovery of income-tax under this Act and under the corresponding 25
law in force in that country or specified territory, as the case may be.
(4) Where,––
(a) the Central Government has entered into an agreement with the
Government of any country or specified territory, as the case may be, under
sub-section (1); or 30

(b) a specified association in India has entered into an agreement with a

specified association of any specified territory under sub-section (2) and such
agreement has been notified under that sub-section,
for granting relief of tax, or avoidance of double taxation, then, in relation to the
assessee to whom such agreement applies, the provisions of this Act shall apply to 35
the extent they are more beneficial to that assessee.
(5) The charge of tax,––
(a) in respect of a foreign company at a rate higher than the rate at which
a domestic company is chargeable; or
(b) in respect of a company incorporated in the specified territory at a 40
rate higher than the rate at which a domestic company is chargeable,
shall not be regarded as less favourable charge or levy of tax in respect of such
foreign company or such company incorporated in the specified territory, as the case
may be.
(6) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (4), the provisions of 45
Chapter XI shall apply to the assessee, even if such provisions are not beneficial to
him.
 189

(7) Where, any––

(a) term used in an agreement entered into under sub-section (1) or (2),
is defined under the said agreement, the said term shall have the same meaning
as assigned to it in that agreement and where the term is not defined in that
5 agreement, but defined in this Act, it shall have the same meaning as assigned
to it in this Act and the explanation, if any, given to it by the Central
Government, and shall be deemed to have effect from the date on which that
agreement came into force; or

(b) term is used but not defined in this Act or in the agreement referred to in
10 sub-section (1) or (2), it shall, unless the context otherwise requires, and is not
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act or the said agreement, have the same
meaning as assigned to it in the notification issued by the Central Government in
this behalf, and the meaning assigned to such term shall be deemed to have effect
from the date on which that agreement came into force; or

15 (c) term is used in any agreement entered into under sub-section (1) or
(2), and not defined under the said agreement or this Act, or in any notification
issued under clause (b), then, unless the context otherwise requires, it shall
have the same meaning as assigned to it––
(i) in any Act of the Central Government related to taxes; and
20 (ii) in any other case, in any other law of the Central Government,
and shall be deemed to have effect from the date on which the said agreement came
into force.
(8) An assessee, not being a resident, shall be entitled to claim any relief under
an agreement mentioned in sub-section (1) or (2), only when––
25 (a) a certificate of his being a resident in any country or specified
territory, is obtained by him from the Government of that country or
Government of that specified territory, as the case may be, and

(b) he provides such other documents and information, as prescribed.

(9) In this section,––
30 (a) “specified associations” means any institution, association or body,
whether incorporated or not––

(A) functioning under any law for the time being in force in India
or the laws of the specified territory; and
(B) which may be notified as such by the Central Government; and
35 (b) “specified territory” means any area outside India which may be
notified as such by the Central Government.
160. (1) If any person who is resident in India in any tax year proves that, in respect Countries with
of his income which accrued or arose during that tax year outside India (and which is which no
agreement
not deemed to accrue or arise in India), he has paid in any country with which there is exists.
40 no agreement under section 159 for the relief or avoidance of double taxation,
income-tax, by deduction or otherwise, under the law in force in that country, he shall
be entitled to the deduction from the Indian income-tax payable by him of a sum
calculated on such doubly taxed income,––
 190

(a) at the Indian rate of tax or the rate of tax of the said country, whichever
is the lower; or
(b) at the Indian rate of tax, if both the rates are equal.
(2) If any non-resident person is assessed on his share in the income of a
registered firm assessed as resident in India in any tax year and such share includes 5
any income accruing or arising outside India during that tax year (and which is not
deemed to accrue or arise in India) in a country with which there is no agreement
under section 159 for the relief or avoidance of double taxation and he proves that
he has paid income-tax by deduction or otherwise under the law in force in that
country in respect of the income so included he shall be entitled to a deduction from 10
the Indian income-tax payable by him of a sum calculated on such doubly taxed
income so included,––
(a) at the Indian rate of tax or the rate of tax of the said country, whichever
is the lower; or

(b) at the Indian rate of tax, if both the rates are equal. 15

(3) In this section,—

(a) “income-tax” in relation to any country includes any excess profits tax
or business profits tax charged on the profits by the Government of any part of
that country or a local authority in that country;
(b) “Indian income-tax” means income-tax charged as per this Act; 20

(c) “Indian rate of tax” means the rate determined by dividing Indian
income-tax after deduction of any relief due under the provisions of this Act but
before deduction of any relief due under this section, by the total income; and
(d) “rate of tax of the said country” means income-tax and super-tax
actually paid in the said country as per the corresponding laws in force in the 25
said country after deduction of all relief due, but before deduction of any relief
due in the said country in respect of double taxation, divided by the whole
amount of the income as assessed in the said country.
CHAPTER X
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO AVOIDANCE OF TAX 30

Computation of 161. (1) Any income arising from an international transaction or a specified
income from domestic transaction shall be determined having regard to the arm’s length price.
international
transaction and
specified (2) Any allowance for any expense or interest arising from an international
domestic transaction or a specified domestic transaction shall also be determined having regard to
transaction the arm’s length price. 35
having regard to
arm’s length
price.
(3) If in an international transaction or specified domestic transaction, two or more
associated enterprises enter into a mutual agreement or arrangement for––
(a) allocation or apportionment of any cost or expense incurred or to be
incurred in connection with a benefit, service or facility provided or to be provided
40
to any one or more of such enterprises; or
(b) any contribution to any cost or expense incurred or to be incurred in
connection with a benefit, service or facility provided or to be provided to any one
or more of such enterprises,
 191

the cost or expense allocated or apportioned to, or, contributed by, any such
enterprise shall be determined having regard to the arm’s length price of such
benefit, service or facility.
(4) The provisions of this section shall not apply if the determination under
5 sub-section (1) or (2) or (3) has the effect of reducing the income chargeable to tax
or increasing the loss, computed on the basis of entries made in the books of account
in respect of the tax year in which the international transaction or specified domestic
transaction was entered.

162. (1) In this Chapter, “associated enterprise”, in relation to another Meaning of

10 enterprise, means an enterprise— associated
enterprise.
(a) which participates, directly or indirectly, or through one or more
intermediaries, in the management or control or capital of the other
enterprise; or
(b) in respect of which one or more persons who participate, directly or
15 indirectly, or through one or more intermediaries, in its management or control
or capital, are the same persons who participate, directly or indirectly, or
through one or more intermediaries, in the management or control or capital
of the other enterprise.
(2) Without affecting the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), two
20 enterprises shall be deemed to be associated enterprises if, at any time during the
tax year,—
(a) one enterprise holds, directly or indirectly, shares carrying
at least 26% of the voting power in the other enterprise; or
(b) any person or enterprise holds, directly or indirectly, shares carrying
25 at least 26% of the voting power in each of such enterprises; or
(c) a loan advanced by one enterprise to the other enterprise constitutes
at least 51% of the book value of the total assets of the other enterprise; or
(d) one enterprise guarantees at least 10% of the total borrowings of the
other enterprise; or

30 (e) more than half of the board of directors or members of the governing
board, or one or more executive directors or executive members of the
governing board of one enterprise, are appointed by the other enterprise; or
(f) more than half of the directors or members of the governing board, or
one or more of the executive directors or members of the governing board, of
35 each of the two enterprises are appointed by the same person or persons; or
(g) the manufacture or processing of goods or articles or business carried
out by one enterprise is wholly dependent on the use of know-how, patents,
copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises or any other business or
commercial rights of similar nature, or any data, documentation, drawing or
40 specification relating to any patent, invention, model, design, secret formula
or process, of which the other enterprise is the owner or in respect of which
the other enterprise has exclusive rights; or

(h) 90% or more of the raw materials and consumables required for the
manufacture or processing of goods or articles carried out by one enterprise,
45 are supplied by the other enterprise, or by persons specified by the other
enterprise, and the prices and other conditions relating to the supply are
influenced by such other enterprise; or
 192

(i) the goods or articles manufactured or processed by one enterprise, are

sold to the other enterprise or to persons specified by the other enterprise, and
the prices and other conditions relating thereto are influenced by such other
enterprise; or
(j) where one enterprise is controlled by an individual, the other 5
enterprise is also controlled by such individual or his relative or jointly by such
individual and relative of such individual; or
(k) where one enterprise is controlled by a Hindu undivided family, the
other enterprise is controlled by a member of such Hindu undivided family or
by a relative of a member of such Hindu undivided family or jointly by such 10
member and his relative; or
(l) where one enterprise is a firm, association of persons or body of
individuals, the other enterprise holds at least 10% interest in such firm,
association of persons or body of individuals; or
(m) there exists between the two enterprises, any relationship of mutual 15
interest, as prescribed.
(3) In relation to a specified domestic transaction entered into by an assessee,
associated enterprise shall also include—
(a) other units or undertakings or businesses of such assessee in respect
of a transaction referred to in section 122 or 140(9); 20

(b) any other person referred to in section 140(13) or 205(4) in respect

of a transaction referred to therein; and
(c) other units, undertakings, enterprises or business of such assessee, or
other person referred to in section 140(13) in respect of a transaction referred
to in section 144 or the transactions referred to in Chapter VIII to which the 25
provisions of section 140(9) or (13) are applicable.

Meaning of 163. (1) In this Chapter, “international transaction” means a transaction

international between two or more associated enterprises, one of which is necessarily a
transaction.
non-resident, and includes—
(a) the purchase, sale, transfer, lease or use of tangible property, 30
including building, transportation vehicle, machinery, equipment, tools, plant,
furniture, commodity or any other article, product or thing;
(b) the purchase, sale, transfer, lease or use of intangible property,
including the transfer of ownership or the provision of use of rights regarding
land use, copyrights, patents, trademarks, licences, franchises, customer list, 35
marketing channel, brand, commercial secret, know-how, industrial property
right, exterior design or practical and new design or any other business or
commercial rights of similar nature;
(c) capital financing, lending and borrowing of money, including,––

(i) any type of long-term or short-term borrowing, lending or 40

guarantee; or
(ii) purchase or sale of marketable securities; or
(iii) any type of advance, payments or deferred payment or
receivable or any other debt arising during the course of business;
 193

(d) provision of services, including provision of market research, market

development, marketing management, administration, technical service,
repairs, design, consultation, agency, scientific research, legal or accounting
service;
5 (e) a transaction of business restructuring or reorganisation, entered into
by an enterprise with an associated enterprise, irrespective of the fact that it
has any bearing on the profit, income, losses or assets of such enterprises at
the time of the transaction or at any future date;
(f) a mutual agreement or arrangement between two or more associated
10 enterprises for the allocation or apportionment of, or any contribution to, any
cost or expense incurred or to be incurred in connection with a benefit,
service or facility provided or to be provided to any one or more of such
enterprises; and
(g) any other transaction having a bearing on the profits, income, losses
15 or assets of such enterprises.
(2) A transaction entered into by an enterprise with a person other than an
associated enterprise (“other person”) shall, for sub-section (1), be deemed to be an
international transaction entered into between two associated enterprises, if—
(a) there exists a prior agreement in relation to the relevant transaction
20 between such other person and the associated enterprise; or
(b) the terms of the relevant transaction are determined, in substance,
between such other person and the associated enterprise,
and the enterprise or the associated enterprise or both of them are non-residents,
irrespective of whether the other person is a non-resident or not.
25 (3) The expression “intangible property” shall include the following,—
(a) marketing related intangible assets, such as, trademarks, trade names,
brand names, logos;
(b) technology related intangible assets, such as, process patents, patent
applications, technical documentation such as laboratory notebooks, technical
30 know-how;
(c) artistic related intangible assets, such as, literary works and
copyrights, musical compositions, copyrights, maps, engravings;
(d) data processing related intangible assets, such as, proprietary
computer software, software copyrights, automated databases, and integrated
35 circuit masks and masters;
(e) engineering related intangible assets, such as, industrial design,
product patents, trade secrets, engineering drawing and schematics, blueprints,
proprietary documentation;
(f) customer related intangible assets, such as, customer lists, customer
40 contracts, customer relationship, open purchase orders;
(g) contract related intangible assets, such as, favourable supplier,
contracts, licence agreements, franchise agreements, non-compete
agreements;
(h) human capital related intangible assets, such as, trained and
45 organised work force, employment agreements, union contracts;
 194

(i) location related intangible assets, such as, leasehold interest, mineral
exploitation rights, easements, air rights, water rights;
(j) goodwill related intangible assets, such as, institutional goodwill,
professional practice goodwill, personal goodwill of professional, celebrity
goodwill, general business going concern value; 5

(k) methods, programmes, systems, procedures, campaigns, surveys,

studies, forecasts, estimates, customer lists or technical data; and
(l) any other similar item that derives its value from its intellectual
content rather than its physical attributes.
Meaning of 164. In this Chapter, “specified domestic transaction” in case of an assessee 10
specified
domestic means any of the following transactions, not being an international transaction—
transaction.
(a) any transaction referred to in section 122;
(b) any transfer of goods or services referred to in section 140(9);
(c) any business transacted between the assessee and other person as
referred to in section 140(13); 15

(d) any transaction, referred to in any other section under Chapter VIII
or section 144, to which provisions of section 140(9) or (13) are applicable;
(e) any business transacted between the persons referred to in
section 205(4);
(f) any other transaction as prescribed, 20

and where the aggregate of such transactions entered into by the assessee in a tax
year exceeds a sum of twenty crore rupees.
Determination of 165. (1) The arm’s length price in relation to an international transaction or
arm's length specified domestic transaction shall be determined by any of the following methods,
price.
being the most appropriate method–– 25

(a) comparable uncontrolled price method;

(b) resale price method;
(c) cost plus method;
(d) profit split method;
(e) transactional net margin method; 30

(f) such other method as prescribed by the Board.

(2) The most appropriate method referred to in sub-section (1) shall be,––
(a) selected having regard to the nature of transaction or class of
transaction or class of associated enterprise or functions performed by such
enterprises or such other relevant factors as the Board may prescribe; 35

(b) applied for determination of arm’s length price in such manner as

prescribed.
(3) The arm’s length price shall be—
(a) in case, only one price is determined by the most appropriate
method,–– 40

(i) the price determined by that method; or

 195

(ii) the price at which the international transaction or specified

domestic transaction has actually been undertaken, if the variation
between the arm’s length price so determined and price at which the
international transaction or specified domestic transaction has actually
5 been undertaken does not exceed such percentage not exceeding 3% of
the latter, notified by the Central Government in this behalf; or
(b) in case, more than one price is determined by the most appropriate
method, the price determined in such manner as prescribed.
(4) The Assessing Officer, during the course of any proceeding for the
10 assessment of income, may proceed to determine the arm’s length price in relation
to an international transaction or specified domestic transaction as per
sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) if, on the basis of material or information or document
in his possession, he is of the opinion that—
(a) the price charged or paid in an international transaction or specified
15 domestic transaction has not been determined as per sub-sections (1), (2) and (3); or
(b) any information and document relating to an international transaction
or specified domestic transaction has not been kept and maintained by the
assessee as per section 168(1); or
(c) the information or data used in determination of the arm’s length
20 price by the assessee is not reliable or correct; or
(d) the assessee has failed to furnish, within the specified time, any
information or document which he was required to furnish by a notice issued
under section 171(2).
(5) The Assessing Officer, before determining the arm’s length price under
25 sub-section (4), shall give a notice calling upon the assessee to show cause, on the
date and time to be specified in the notice, why the arm’s length price should not be
determined on the basis of material or information or document in his possession.
(6) The Assessing Officer, on determination of arm’s length price under
sub-section (4), may compute the total income of the assessee having regard to the
30 arm’s length price so determined.
(7) No deduction shall be allowed under section 144 or under Chapter VIII in
respect of income by which the total income of the assessee is enhanced after
computation of income under sub-section (6).
(8) When the total income of an associated enterprise is computed under
35 sub-section (6) on determination of the arm’s length price paid to another associated
enterprise from which tax has been deducted or was deductible under the provisions of
Chapter XIX-B, the income of the other associated enterprise shall not be recomputed
by reason of such determination of arm’s length price in the case of the first mentioned
enterprise.
166. (1) Where,— Reference to
40
Transfer Pricing
(a) the assessee has entered into an international transaction or specified Officer.
domestic transaction in any tax year; and
(b) the Assessing Officer considers it necessary or expedient so to do,
he may refer the determination of the arm’s length price in relation to such
45 transaction to the Transfer Pricing Officer, with the previous approval of the
Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.
(2) No reference under sub-section (1) for computation of the arm's length price
in relation to an international transaction or a specified domestic transaction shall be
made, if the Transfer Pricing Officer has declared that option exercised by the assessee
50 in sub-section (9) in relation to such transaction is valid for such tax year.
 196

(3) If any reference for an international transaction or a specified domestic

transaction under sub-section (1), in respect of a tax year, for which the option is
declared valid under sub-section (9) is made before or after such declaration by the
Transfer Pricing Officer, the provisions of sub-section (1) shall have the effect as if
no reference is made for such transaction. 5
(4) Where a reference is made under sub-section (1), the Transfer Pricing
Officer shall serve a notice on the assessee requiring him to produce or cause to be
produced on a date specified therein, any evidence on which the assessee may rely
in support of the determination made by him of the arm’s length price in relation to
such transaction. 10

(5) Where,—
(a) any international transaction or specified domestic transaction, other
than an international transaction or a specified domestic transaction referred
under sub-section (1); or
(b) any international transaction or a specified domestic transaction that 15
the assessee has not included in the report under section 172,
comes to the notice of the Transfer Pricing Officer during the course of the
proceedings before him, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply as if such
transaction is a transaction referred to him under sub-section (1).
(6) On the date specified in the notice under sub-section (4), or as soon 20
thereafter as may be,––
(a) after hearing such evidence as the assessee may produce, including
any information or documents referred to in section 171(2);
(b) after considering such evidence as the Transfer Pricing Officer may
require on any specified points; and 25

(c) after taking into account all relevant materials which he has gathered,
the Transfer Pricing Officer shall, by order in writing, determine the arm’s length
price in relation to the international transaction or specified domestic transaction as
per section 165(4) and send a copy of his order to the Assessing Officer and to the
assessee. 30

(7) Where a reference was made under sub-section (1), an order under
sub-section (6) may be made at any time before sixty days before the expiry of
limitation period referred to in section 286, or 296, for making the order of assessment
or reassessment or recomputation or fresh assessment.
(8) If the period of limitation available to the Transfer Pricing Officer for 35
making an order under sub-section (6) is less than sixty days in the circumstances
referred to in section 286(3)(b) or (i) ,such remaining period shall be extended to
sixty days and the aforesaid period of limitation shall be deemed to have been
extended accordingly.
(9) The arm’s length price, being determined in relation to the international 40
transaction or the specified domestic transaction under sub-section (6) for any tax
year shall apply to similar international transaction or specified domestic transaction
for the two consecutive tax years immediately following such tax year, on fulfilment
of the following conditions:––
(a) the assessee exercises an option or options to the above effect for the 45
said two consecutive tax years;
(b) such option or options are exercised in such form, manner and within
such period as prescribed; and,
 197

(c) the Transfer Pricing Officer shall, within one month from the end of
the month in which such option or options are exercised, by an order in
writing, declare that such option or options are valid subject to the conditions,
as prescribed.
5 (10) The provisions of sub-section (9) shall not apply to any proceedings
under Chapter XVI-B.
(11) On receipt of the order under sub-section (6), the Assessing Officer shall
compute the total income of the assessee under section 165(6) in conformity with
the arm’s length price as so determined by the Transfer Pricing Officer.
10 (12) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (11), where the Transfer
Pricing Officer has declared an option exercised by the assessee as valid option
under sub-section (9), he shall examine and determine the arm’s length price in
relation to such similar transaction for two consecutive tax years immediately
following such tax year, in the order referred to in sub-section (4) and on receipt of
15 such order, the Assessing Officer shall proceed to recompute the total income of the
assessee for the said two consecutive tax years as per the provisions of section 288.
(13) For rectifying any mistake apparent from the record, the Transfer Pricing
Officer,––
(a) may amend any order passed by him under sub-section (6), and the
20 provisions of section 287 shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly; and
(b) shall send a copy of such order to the Assessing Officer who shall
thereafter amend the order of assessment in conformity with such order of the
Transfer Pricing Officer.
(14) The Transfer Pricing Officer may exercise all or any of the powers
25 specified in section 246(1)(a) to (d) or 252(1)(a) or 253 for the purposes of
determining the arm’s length price under this section.
(15) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of
sub-sections (9) and (12), the Board may, with the prior approval of the Central
Government, issue guidelines for the purpose of removing such difficulty.
30 (16) No guideline under sub-section (15) shall be issued after the expiration
of two years from the 1st April, 2026.
(17) Every guideline issued by the Board under sub-section (15) shall be laid
before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty
days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions,
35 and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the
successive session aforesaid, both houses agree in making any modification in such
guideline or both Houses agree that the guideline, should not be issued, the guideline
shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case
may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without
40 prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that guideline.
(18) In this section, “Transfer Pricing Officer” means a Joint Commissioner
or Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner authorised by the Board to
perform all or any of the functions of an Assessing Officer specified in sections 165
and 171 in respect of any person or class of persons.
Power of Board
45 167. (1) The determination of— to make safe
(a) income referred to in section 9(2); or harbour rules.

(b) arm’s length price under section 165 or 166,

shall be subject to safe harbour rules.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the Board may make rules for safe harbour.
50 (3) In this section, “safe harbour” means circumstances in which the income-
tax authorities shall accept,––
 198

(a) the transfer price; or

(b) the income, deemed to accrue or arise under section 9(2),
declared by the assessee.
Advance pricing
168. (1) The Board, with the approval of the Central Government, may enter
agreement. into an advance pricing agreement with any person, determining the— 5

(a) arm’s length price or specifying the manner in which the arm’s length
price is to be determined, in relation to an international transaction to be
entered into by that person;
(b) income referred to in section 9(2), or specifying the manner in which the
said income is to be determined, as is reasonably attributable to the operations 10
carried out in India by or on behalf of that person, being a non-resident.
(2) The manner of determination of the arm’s length price referred to in
sub-section (1)(a) or (b) may include, respectively,––
(a) the methods referred to in section 165(1); or
(b) the methods provided by rules made under this Act, 15
with such adjustments or variations, as may be necessary or expedient so to do.
(3) Irrespective of anything contained in section 165 or 166 or the methods
provided by rules made under this Act,––
(a) the arm’s length price of any international transaction; or
(b) the income referred to in sub-section (1)(b), 20
in respect of which the advance pricing agreement has been entered into, shall be
determined as per the advance pricing agreement so entered.
(4) The agreement referred to in sub-section (1) shall be valid for such period
not exceeding five consecutive tax years as specified in the agreement.
(5) The advance pricing agreement entered into shall be binding— 25
(a) on the person in whose case, and in respect of the transaction in
relation to which, the agreement has been entered into; and
(b) on the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, and the income-tax
authorities subordinate to him, in respect of the said person and the said transaction.
(6) The agreement referred to in sub-section (1) shall not be binding if there is 30
a change in law or facts having bearing on the agreement so entered.
(7) The Board may, with the approval of the Central Government, by an order,
declare an agreement to be void ab initio, if it finds that the agreement has been
obtained by the person by fraud or misrepresentation of facts.
(8) Upon declaring the agreement void ab initio,— 35
(a) all the provisions of the Act shall apply to the person as if such
agreement had never been entered into;
(b) irrespective of anything contained in the Act, the period beginning
with the date of such agreement and ending on the date of order under
sub-section (7) shall be excluded for the purpose of computing any period of 40
limitation under this Act; and
(c) if immediately after the exclusion of the aforesaid period, the period
of limitation, referred to in any provision of this Act, is less than sixty days,
such remaining period shall be extended to sixty days and the aforesaid period
of limitation shall be deemed to be extended accordingly. 45
(9) For the purposes of this section, the Board may prescribe a scheme
specifying therein the manner, form, procedure and any other matter in respect of
the advance pricing agreement.
 199

(10) The agreement referred to in sub-section (1), may, subject to such

conditions, procedure and manner as prescribed, provide for determining the––
(a) arm’s length price or specify the manner in which the arm’s length
price shall be determined in relation to the international transaction entered
5 into by the person;
(b) income referred to in section 9(2), or specifying the manner in which
the said income is to be determined, as is reasonably attributable to the
operations, transactions and activities carried out in India by or on behalf of
that non-resident person,
10 during any period not exceeding four tax years preceding the first of the tax
years referred to in sub-section (4).
(11) Where an application is made by a person for entering into an agreement
referred to in sub-section (1), the proceedings shall be deemed to be pending in the
case of the person for the purposes of this Act till such agreement is entered into, or
15 such proceedings are closed as per rules prescribed.
169. (1) If a return of income for any tax year covered by an advance pricing Effect to
agreement has been furnished by any person, before the date of entering into the advance pricing
agreement.
said agreement, he shall, irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in
section 263, furnish a modified return, in accordance with and limited to the
20 agreement, in respect of such tax years, within three months from the end of the
month in which the agreement was entered into.
(2) Except as provided in this section, all other provisions of this Act shall apply
accordingly as if the modified return is a return furnished under section 263.
(3) Where a modified return is furnished under sub-section (1), and assessment
25 or reassessment proceedings, in respect of a tax year to which the agreement applies,
were initiated before the filing of such return then,––
(a) if such proceedings have been completed, the Assessing Officer shall
pass an order modifying the total income of the relevant tax year; or
(b) if such proceedings are pending on the date of filing of modified
30 return, the Assessing Officer shall proceed to complete them,
as per the agreement after taking into consideration the modified return so furnished.
(4) Irrespective of anything contained in section 275 or 286 or 296,—
(a) the order in respect of a case falling under sub-section (3)(a) shall be
passed within one year from the end of the financial year in which the modified
35 return under sub-section (1) is furnished;
(b) in respect of a case falling under sub-section (3)(b), the period of limitation
as provided in section 275 or 286 or section 296 for completion of pending
assessment or reassessment proceedings shall be extended by twelve months.
(5) In this section,—
40 (a) “agreement” means an agreement referred to in section 168(1);
(b) the assessment or reassessment proceedings for a tax year shall be
deemed to have been completed where—
(i) an assessment or reassessment order has been passed; or
(ii) no notice has been issued under section 270(8) till the expiry
45 of the limitation period provided under the said section.
170. (1) An assessee shall make a secondary adjustment in every case where Secondary
primary adjustment of one crore rupees or more to transfer price— adjustment in
certain cases.
(a) has been made on his own in his return of income;
(b) made by the Assessing Officer has been accepted by him;
 200

(c) is determined by an advance pricing agreement entered into by him

under section 168;
(d) is made as per the safe harbour rules made under section 167; or
(e) is arising as a result of resolution of an assessment by way of the
mutual agreement procedure under an agreement entered into under 5
section 159 for avoidance of double taxation.
(2) The excess money or part thereof available with its associated enterprise shall
be deemed to be an advance made by the assessee to such associated enterprise if––
(a) as a result of primary adjustment to the transfer price, there is an
increase in the total income or reduction in the loss, as the case may be, of the 10
assessee; and
(b) such excess money or part thereof is not repatriated to India within
the time as prescribed.
(3) The excess money or part thereof referred to in sub-section (2) may be
repatriated from any of the associated enterprises of the assessee which is not a 15
resident in India.
(4) The interest on advance as referred to in sub-section (2) shall be computed
in such manner as prescribed.
(5) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (2), where the excess
money or part thereof has not been repatriated within the prescribed time, the 20
assessee may, at his option, pay additional income-tax at the rate of 18% on such
excess money or part thereof, as the case may be.
(6) The tax on the excess money or part thereof so paid by the assessee under
sub-section (5) shall be treated as the final payment of tax in respect of the excess
money or part thereof not repatriated and no further credit thereof shall be claimed 25
by the assessee or by any other person in respect of tax so paid.
(7) Deduction under any other provision of this Act shall not be allowed to the
assessee in respect of the amount on which tax has been paid as per sub-section (5).
(8) In a case where the additional income-tax referred to in sub-section (5) is paid by
the assessee, he shall not be required to make secondary adjustment under sub-section (1) 30
and compute interest under sub-section (4) from the date of payment of such tax.
(9) In this section,—
(a) “arm’s length price” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 173(a);
(b) “excess money” means the difference between the arm’s length price 35
determined in primary adjustment and the price at which the international
transaction has actually been undertaken;
(c) “primary adjustment” to a transfer price, means the determination of
transfer price as per the arm’s length principle resulting in an increase in the total
income or reduction in the loss, as the case may be, of the assessee; 40
(d) “secondary adjustment” means an adjustment in the books of account of
the assessee and its associated enterprise to reflect that the actual allocation of
profits between the assessee and its associated enterprise are consistent with the
transfer price determined as a result of primary adjustment, thereby removing the
imbalance between cash account and actual profit of the assessee. 45
Maintenance, 171. (1) Every person,––
keeping and
furnishing of (a) who has entered into an international transaction or specified
information and domestic transaction; or
document by
certain persons. (b) is a constituent entity of an international group,
 201

shall keep and maintain such information and document in respect thereof and for
such period and in such manner, as prescribed.
(2) The Assessing Officer or the Commissioner (Appeals) may, during any
proceeding under this Act, require any person referred to in sub-section (1)(a) to
5 furnish any information or document referred therein within ten days from the date
of receipt of a notice issued in this regard.
(3) The Assessing Officer or the Commissioner (Appeals) may, on an
application made by such person, extend the period of ten days by a further period
not exceeding thirty days.
10 (4) Every person referred to in sub-section (1)(b) shall furnish the information
and document referred to in sub-section (1) to the authority prescribed under
section 511(1), in such manner, on or before such date, as prescribed.
(5) In this section,—
(a) “constituent entity” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
15 section 511 (10)(d);
(b) “international group” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 511 (10)(g).
172. Every person who has entered into an international transaction or Report from an
specified domestic transaction during a tax year shall obtain a report from an accountant to be
furnished by
20 accountant and furnish such report on or before the specified date in the prescribed persons entering
form duly signed and verified in the manner as prescribed by such accountant and into international
setting forth such particulars as prescribed. transaction or
specified
domestic
transaction.

173 In this section and sections 161, 162, 163, 165, 171 and 172, unless the Definitions of
context otherwise requires,— certain terms
relevant to
25 (a) “arm’s length price” means a price which is applied or proposed to determination of
be applied in a transaction between persons other than associated enterprises, arm’s length
price, etc.
in uncontrolled conditions;
(b) “enterprise” means a person (including a permanent establishment of such
person) who is, or has been, or is proposed to be, engaged in any activity relating to––
30 (i) the production, storage, supply, distribution, acquisition or
control of articles or goods; or
(ii) know-how, patents, copyrights, trade-marks, licences, franchises
or any other business or commercial rights of similar nature; or
(iii) any data, documentation, drawing or specification relating to
35 any patent, invention, model, design, secret formula or process of which
the other enterprise is the owner or in respect of which the other
enterprise has exclusive rights; or
(iv) provision of services of any kind; or
(v) carrying out any work in pursuance of a contract; or
40 (vi) investment or providing loan; or
(vii) business of acquiring, holding, underwriting or dealing with
shares, debentures or other securities of any other body corporate,
whether such activity or business is carried on, directly or through one or more of
its units or divisions or subsidiaries, or whether such unit or division or subsidiary
45 is located at the same place where the enterprise is located or at a different place
or places;
(c) “permanent establishment”, referred to in clause (b), includes a fixed place
of business through which the business of the enterprise is wholly or partly carried on;
 202

(d) “specified date” means the date one month before the due date for
furnishing the return of income under section 263 (1) for the relevant tax year;
(e) “transaction” includes an arrangement, understanding or action in
concert,—
(i) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is formal 5
or in writing; or
(ii) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is
intended to be enforceable by legal proceeding.
Avoidance of 174. (1) Where there is a transfer of assets before and after the commencement
income-tax by of this Act, and by virtue or in consequence of it,–– 10
transactions
resulting in (a) either alone; or
transfer of
income to (b) in conjunction with associated operations,
non-residents.
any income becomes payable to a non-resident, the provisions of this section shall apply.
(2) If any person (“first mentioned person”), by means of any transfer referred
to in sub-section (1), either alone or in conjunction with associated operations, 15
acquires any rights,––
(a) by virtue of which he has, within the meaning of this section, power
to enjoy, whether forthwith or in the future, any income of a non-resident; and
(b) such income would have been chargeable to income-tax if it were
such first mentioned person’s income, 20

then, that income shall, whether or not it would have been chargeable to income-tax
under any other provisions of this Act, be deemed to be the income of such first
mentioned person for all the purposes of this Act.
(3) If any such first mentioned person receives or is entitled to receive any
25
capital sum,––
(a) the payment of which is in any way connected with the transfer or
any associated operations; and
(b) whether before or after any such transfer,
then any income, which has become the income of a non-resident by virtue or in
consequence of such transfer, either alone or in conjunction with associated 30
operations, shall be deemed to be the income of such first mentioned person for all
the purposes of this Act, whether or not it would have been chargeable to
income-tax under any other provisions of this Act.
(4) Where any person has been charged to income-tax on any income deemed
to be his under the provisions of this section and that income is subsequently 35
received by him, whether as income or in any other form, it shall not again be
deemed to form part of his income for the purposes of this Act.
(5) The provisions of this section shall not apply if the first mentioned person in
sub-section (2) or (3) shows to the satisfaction of the Assessing Officer that—
(a) neither the transfer nor any associated operation had for its purpose 40
or for one of its purposes the avoidance of liability to taxation; or
(b) the transfer and all associated operations were bona fide commercial
transactions and were not designed for the purpose of avoiding liability to taxation.
(6) In this section,—
(a) references to assets representing any assets, income or accumulations 45
of income include references to shares in or obligation of any company to
which, or obligation of any other person to whom, those assets, that income or
those accumulations are or have been transferred;
(b) any body corporate incorporated outside India shall be treated as if it
50
were a non-resident;
 203

(c) a person shall be deemed to have power to enjoy the income of a non-
resident if—
(i) the income is in fact so dealt with by any person as to be
calculated at some point of time and, whether in the form of income or
5 not, to ensure for the benefit of the first mentioned person in
sub-section (2) or (3); or
(ii) the receipt or accrual of the income operates to increase the
value to such first mentioned person of any assets held by him or for his
benefit; or
10 (iii) such first mentioned person receives or is entitled to receive at
any time any benefit provided or to be provided out of that income or
out of moneys which are or shall be available for the purpose by reason
of the effect or successive effects of the associated operations on that
income and assets which represent that income; or
15 (iv) such first mentioned person has power by means of the
exercise of any power of appointment or power of revocation or
otherwise to obtain for himself, whether with or without the consent of
any other person, the beneficial enjoyment of the income; or
(v) such first mentioned person is able, in any manner whatsoever and
20 whether directly or indirectly, to control the application of the income;
(d) in determining whether a person has power to enjoy income, regard
shall be had to the substantial result and effect of the transfer and any
associated operations, and all benefits which may at any time accrue to such
person as a result of the transfer and any associated operations shall be taken
25 into account irrespective of the nature or form of the benefits.
(7) In this section,—
(a) “assets” includes property or rights of any kind and “transfer” in
relation to rights includes the creation of those rights;
(b) “associated operation” in relation to any transfer, means an operation
30 of any kind effected by any person in relation to—
(i) any of the assets transferred; or
(ii) any assets representing, whether directly or indirectly, any of
the assets transferred; or
(iii) the income arising from any such assets; or
35 (iv) any assets representing, whether directly or indirectly, the
accumulations of income arising from any such assets;
(c) “benefit” includes a payment of any kind;
(d) “capital sum” means—
(i) any sum paid or payable by way of a loan or repayment of a
40 loan; and
(ii) any other sum paid or payable otherwise than as income, being
a sum, which is not paid or payable for full consideration in money or
money’s worth.
175 (1) Where the owner of any securities (hereinafter referred to as “the Avoidance of
tax by certain
45 owner”) sells or transfers such securities and buys back or reacquires them or buys transactions in
or acquires any similar securities, any interest that becomes payable in respect of securities.
such securities,––
(a) is receivable by a person other than the owner, shall be deemed, for
all purposes of this Act, to be the income of the owner; and
 204

(b) shall not be the income of the other person,

irrespective of whether it would have been chargeable to income-tax under any other
provision of this Act.
(2) Where similar securities as referred to in sub-section (1) are bought or
acquired, the owner shall not be under greater liability to income-tax than he would 5
if the original securities had been bought back or reacquired.
(3) If any person has had a beneficial interest in any securities at any time
during a tax year, and the result of any transaction relating to such securities or the
income from it is that, in respect of such securities within such year,––
(a) either no income is received by him; or 10

(b) the income received by him is less than what would have been if the
income from such securities had accrued from day to day and been
apportioned accordingly,
the income from such securities for such year shall be deemed to be the income of
15
such person.
(4) The provisions of sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) shall not apply if the owner,
or the person who has had a beneficial interest in the securities, proves to the
satisfaction of the Assessing Officer that—
(a) there has been no avoidance of income-tax; or
(b) the avoidance of income-tax was exceptional and not systematic and 20
also that in any of the three preceding years any avoidance of income-tax by a
transaction of the nature referred to in sub-sections (1), (2) or (3) was not there
in his case.
(5) If a person carrying on a business which consists wholly or partly in
dealing in securities, buys or acquires any securities and sells back or retransfers the 25
securities, then, if the result of the transaction is that interest in respect of the
securities receivable by him is not deemed to be his income by reason of the
provisions contained in sub-section (1), no account shall be taken of the transaction
in computing the profits arising from or loss sustained in the business for any of the
30
purposes of this Act.
(6) The provisions of sub-section (5) shall have effect, subject to any necessary
modifications, as if references to selling back or retransferring the securities
included references to selling or transferring similar securities.
(7) The Assessing Officer may, by notice in writing, require any person to
provide within specified time, which shall not be less than twenty-eight days, details 35
in respect of all securities of which such person was the owner or in which he had a
beneficial interest at any time during the period specified in the notice, for the
purposes of this section and for the purpose of discovering whether income-tax has
been borne in respect of the interest on all those securities.
40
(8) If—
(a) any person buys or acquires any securities or unit within three
months before the record date;
(b) such person sells or transfers—
(i) such securities within three months after such date; or
(ii) such unit within nine months after such date; 45

(c) the dividend or income on such securities or unit received or

receivable by such person is exempt,
then, the loss, if any, arising to him on account of such purchase and sale of
securities or unit, to the extent such loss does not exceed dividend or income
received or receivable on such securities or unit, shall be ignored for the purposes 50
of computing his income chargeable to tax.
 205

(9) If—
(a) any person buys or acquires any securities or unit within three
months before the record date;
(b) such person is allotted additional securities or unit without any
5 payment on the basis of holding of such securities or unit on such date;
(c) such person sells or transfers all or any of the securities or unit
referred to in clause (a) within nine months after such date, while continuing
to hold all or any of the additional securities or unit referred to in clause (b),
then, the loss, if any, arising to him on account of such purchase and sale of all or
10 any of such securities or unit shall be ignored for the purposes of computing his
income chargeable to tax.
(10) Irrespective of any other provision of this Act, loss ignored as per
sub-section (9) shall be deemed to be the cost of purchase or acquisition of such
additional securities or unit referred to in sub-section (9)(b) as are held by him on
15 the date of such sale or transfer.
(11) In this section,—
(a) “interest” includes a dividend;
(b) “record date” means such date as may be fixed by—
(i) a company;
20 (ii) a Mutual Fund or the Administrator of the specified
undertaking or the specified company referred to in the Explanation to
43 of 1961. section 10(35) of the Income-tax Act, 1961; or
(iii) a business trust defined in section 2(21); or
(iv) an Alternative Investment Fund defined in regulation 2(1)(b)
25 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Alternative Investment
Funds) Regulations, 2012, made under the Securities and Exchange
15 of 1992. Board of India Act, 1992,
for the purposes of entitlement of the holder of the securities or unit to receive
dividend, income, or additional securities or unit without any consideration;
30 (c) “securities” includes stocks and shares;
(d) securities shall be deemed to be similar if they entitle their holders to
the same rights against the same persons as to capital and interest and the same
remedies for the enforcement of those rights, irrespective of any difference in
the total nominal amounts of the respective securities or in the form in which
35 they are held or in the manner in which they can be transferred;
(e) “unit” shall mean,—
(i) a unit of a business trust defined in section 2(21);
(ii) a unit defined in section 208(3)(c); or
(iii) beneficial interest of an investor in an Alternative Investment
40 Fund, referred to in clause (b)(iv), and shall include shares or partnership
interests.
176. (1) The Central Government may, by notification specify any country or Special
territory outside India, as a notified jurisdictional area, having regard to the lack of measures in
respect of
effective exchange of information with such jurisdiction. transactions with
45 (2) Irrespective of anything contrary in this Act, if an assessee enters into a persons located
in notified
transaction where one of the parties to the transaction is a person located in a notified jurisdictional
jurisdictional area, then,— area.
(a) all the parties to the transaction shall be deemed to be associated
enterprises within the meaning of section 162;
 206

(b) any transaction of the nature described in section 163(1) and (2)
shall be deemed to be an international transaction within the meaning of
section 163,
and the provisions of sections161, 162, 163, 165 except the benefit of variation
specified in sections 165(3)(a)(ii), 166, 167, 171, 172 and 173 shall apply 5
accordingly.
(3) Irrespective of anything to the contrary in this Act, no deduction shall
be allowed—
(a) for any payment made to any financial institution located in a notified
jurisdictional area, unless the assessee furnishes an authorisation in the 10
prescribed form authorising the Board or any other income-tax authority
acting on its behalf to seek relevant information from the said financial
institution on behalf of such assessee; and
(b) for any other expenditure or allowance (including depreciation)
arising from the transaction with a person located in a notified jurisdictional 15
area, unless the assessee maintains such other documents and furnishes such
information as prescribed, in this behalf.
(4) Irrespective of anything to the contrary in this Act, if, in any tax year, the
assessee has received or credited any sum from any person located in a notified
20
jurisdictional area and—
(a) the assessee does not provide any explanation about the source of the
said sum in the hands of such person or in the hands of the beneficial owner
(if such person is not the beneficial owner of the said sum); or
(b) the explanation provided by the assessee, in the opinion of the 25
Assessing Officer, is not satisfactory,
then such sum shall be deemed to be the income of the assessee for that tax year.
(5) Irrespective of anything to the contrary in this Act, if any person located
in a notified jurisdictional area is entitled to receive any sum or income or amount
on which tax is deductible under Chapter XIX-B, the tax shall be deducted at the
30
highest of the following rates––
(a) at the rate or rates in force;
(b) at the rate specified in the relevant provisions of this Act;
(c) at the rate of 30%.
(6) In this section,—
(a) “person located in a notified jurisdictional area” shall include,— 35

(i) a person who is resident of the notified jurisdictional area;

(ii) a person, not being an individual, which is established in the
notified jurisdictional area; or
(iii) a permanent establishment of a person not falling in sub-clause (i)
40
or (ii), in the notified jurisdictional area;
(b) “permanent establishment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 173(c);
(c) “transaction” shall have meaning assigned to it in section 173(e).
Limitation on 177. (1) Irrespective of anything contrary in this Act, any expenditure by way
interest of interest or similar payment in respect of excess interest, as specified in 45
deduction in
certain cases. sub-section (4), shall not be deductible in computation of income chargeable under
the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”, if,—
 207

(a) it is paid or payable by an Indian company or a permanent

establishment of a foreign company in India, in respect of any debt issued by
an associated enterprise which is a non-resident; and
(b) the sum of such expenditure in a tax year exceeds one crore rupees.
5 (2) Where a lender, not being an associated enterprise, has issued a debt
referred to in sub-section (1), such debt shall be deemed to have been issued by an
associated enterprise if an associated enterprise has—
(a) provided an implicit or explicit guarantee to the lender in respect of
such debt; or
10 (b) deposited a corresponding and matching funds with such lender.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not apply to—
(a) interest paid in respect of a debt issued by a lender which is a permanent
establishment in India of a non-resident engaged in the business of banking;
(b) an Indian company or a permanent establishment of a foreign
15 company which is engaged in the business of banking or insurance or a
Finance Company located in any International Financial Services Centre, or
such class of non-banking financial companies as notified by the Central
Government in this behalf.
(4) In sub-section (1), the “excess interest” means––
20 (a) In total interest paid or payable in excess of 30% of earnings before
interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation of the borrower in the tax year; or
(b) interest paid or payable to associated enterprises for that tax year,
whichever is less.
(5) Interest expenditure not wholly deducted against income under the head
25 “Profits and gains of business or profession” for any tax year shall be—
(a) carried forward to the following tax year or years; and
(b) allowed as a deduction against the profits and gains, if any, of any
business or profession carried on by it and assessable for such tax year, to the
extent of maximum allowable interest expenditure as per sub-section (4).
30 (6) The interest expenditure referred to in sub-section (5) shall not be carried
forward for more than eight tax years immediately succeeding the tax year for which
the excess interest expenditure was first computed.
(7) In this section,—
(a) “debt” means any loan, financial instrument, finance lease, financial
35 derivative, or any arrangement that gives rise to interest, discounts or other
finance charges that are deductible in the computation of income chargeable
under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;
(b) “Finance Company” means a finance company as defined in
regulation 2(1)(e) of the International Financial Services Centres Authority
40 (Finance Company) Regulations, 2021 made under the International Financial
50 of 2019. Services Centres Authority Act, 2019 and which satisfies such conditions and
carries on such activities, as prescribed;
(c) “permanent establishment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 173(c).
 208

CHAPTER XI
GENERAL ANTI-AVOIDANCE RULE
Applicability of 178. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, an arrangement entered
General
Anti-Avoidance
into by an assessee may be declared to be an impermissible avoidance arrangement
Rule. and the consequence in relation to tax arising from it may be determined subject to 5
the provisions of this Chapter.
(2) The provisions of this Chapter may be applied to any step in, or a part of,
the arrangement as they are applicable to the arrangement.
Impermissible 179. (1) An impermissible avoidance arrangement means an arrangement, the
avoidance main purpose of which is to obtain a tax benefit, and it— 10
arrangement.
(a) creates rights, or obligations, which are not ordinarily created
between persons dealing at arm’s length;
(b) results, directly or indirectly, in the misuse, or abuse, of the
provisions of this Act;
(c) lacks commercial substance or is deemed to lack commercial 15
substance under section 180, in whole or in part; or
(d) is entered into, or carried out, by means, or in a manner, which are
not ordinarily employed for bona fide purposes.
(2) An arrangement shall be presumed, unless it is proved to the contrary by
the assessee, to have been entered into, or carried out, for the main purpose of 20
obtaining a tax benefit, if the main purpose of a step in, or a part of, the arrangement
is to obtain a tax benefit, irrespective of the fact that the main purpose of the whole
arrangement is not to obtain a tax benefit.
Arrangement to 180. (1) An arrangement shall be deemed to lack commercial
lack commercial 25
substance. substance, if––
(a) the substance or effect of the arrangement as a whole, is inconsistent
with, or differs significantly from, the form of its individual steps or a part; or
(b) it involves or includes—
(i) round trip financing; or
30
(ii) an accommodating party; or
(iii) elements that have effect of offsetting or cancelling each other; or
(iv) a transaction which is conducted through one or more persons
and disguises the value, location, source, ownership or control of funds
which is the subject matter of such transaction; or
(c) it involves the location of an asset or of a transaction or of the place 35
of residence of any party which is without any substantial commercial purpose
other than obtaining a tax benefit (but for the provisions of this Chapter) for a
party; or
(d) it does not have a significant effect upon the business risks or net
cash flows of any party to the arrangement apart from any effect attributable 40
to the tax benefit that would be obtained (but for the provisions of this
Chapter).
(2) In sub-section (1), round trip financing includes any arrangement in which,
through a series of transactions—
 209

(a) funds are transferred among the parties to the arrangement; and
(b) such transactions do not have any substantial commercial purpose
other than obtaining the tax benefit (but for the provisions of this Chapter),
without having any regard to—
5 (A) whether or not the funds involved in the round trip financing can be
traced to any funds transferred to, or received by, any party in connection with
the arrangement;
(B) the time, or sequence, in which the funds involved in the round trip
financing are transferred or received; or
10 (C) the means by, or manner in, or mode through, which funds involved
in the round trip financing are transferred or received.
(3) The following may be relevant but shall not be sufficient for determining
whether an arrangement lacks commercial substance or not:—
(a) the period of time for which the arrangement (including operations
15 therein) exists;
(b) the fact of payment of taxes, directly or indirectly, under the
arrangement;
(c) the fact that an exit route (including transfer of any activity or
business or operations) is provided by the arrangement.
20 181. (1) If an arrangement is declared to be an impermissible avoidance Consequences
arrangement, then, the consequences, in relation to tax, of the arrangement, of
impermissible
including denial of tax benefit or a benefit under a tax treaty, shall be determined, avoidance
in the manner as deemed appropriate. arrangement.

(2) The consequences of an arrangement declared to be an impermissible

25 avoidance arrangement as referred to in sub-section (1) shall include but shall not
be limited to the following:—
(a) disregarding, combining or recharacterising any step in, or a part or
whole of, the impermissible avoidance arrangement;
(b) treating the impermissible avoidance arrangement as if it had not
30 been entered into or carried out;
(c) disregarding any accommodating party or treating any
accommodating party and any other party as one and the same person;
(d) deeming persons who are connected persons in relation to each other
to be one and the same person for the purposes of determining tax treatment
35 of any amount;
(e) reallocating amongst the parties to the arrangement—
(i) any accrual, or receipt, of a capital nature or revenue nature; or
(ii) any expenditure, deduction, relief or rebate;
(f) treating—
40
(i) the place of residence of any party to the arrangement; or
(ii) the situs of an asset or of a transaction,
at a place other than the place of residence, location of the asset or location of the
transaction as provided under the arrangement; or
(g) considering or looking through any arrangement by disregarding any
45 corporate structure.
 210

(3) In this section,—

(a) any equity may be treated as debt or vice versa;
(b) any accrual, or receipt, of a capital nature may be treated as of
revenue nature or vice versa; or
(c) any expenditure, deduction, relief or rebate may be recharacterised. 5

Treatment of 182. In this Chapter, in determining whether a tax benefit exists,—

connected
person and (a) the parties who are connected persons in relation to each other may
accommodating
party. be treated as one and the same person;
(b) any accommodating party may be disregarded;
(c) the accommodating party and any other party may be treated as one 10
and the same person;
(d) the arrangement may be considered or looked through by
disregarding any corporate structure.
Application of 183. The provisions of this Chapter––
this Chapter.
(a) in addition to, or in lieu of, any other basis for determination of tax 15
liability;
(b) as per such guidelines and subject to such conditions, as prescribed.
I io . 184. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(1) “accommodating party” means a party to an arrangment, if the main
purpose of the direct or indirect participation of that party in the arrangement, 20
in whole or in part, is to obtain, directly or indirectly, a tax benefit (but for the
provisions of this Chapter) for the assessee whether or not the party is a
connected person in relation to any party to the arrangement;
(2) “arrangement” means any step in, or a part or whole of, any
transaction, operation, scheme, agreement or understanding, whether 25
enforceable or not, and includes the alienation of any property in such
transaction, operation, scheme, agreement or understanding;
(3) “asset” includes property, or right, of any kind;
(4) “benefit” includes a payment of any kind whether in tangible or
30
intangible form;
(5) “connected person” means any person who is connected directly or
indirectly to another person and includes,—
(a) any relative of the person, if such person is an individual;
(b) any director of the company or any relative of such director, if 35
the person is a company;
(c) any partner or member of a firm or association of persons or
body of individuals or any relative of such partner or member, if the
person is a firm or association of persons or body of individuals;
(d) any member of the Hindu undivided family or any relative of
40
such member, if the person is a Hindu undivided family;
(e) any individual who has a substantial interest in the business of
the person or any relative of such individual;
 211

(f) a company, firm or an association of persons or a body of

individuals, whether incorporated or not, or a Hindu undivided family
having a substantial interest in the business of the person or any director,
partner, or member of the company, firm or association of persons or
5 body of individuals or family, or any relative of such director, partner or
member;
(g) a company, firm or association of persons or body of individuals,
whether incorporated or not, or a Hindu undivided family, whose director,
partner, or member has a substantial interest in the business of the person,
10 or family or any relative of such director, partner or member;
(h) any other person who carries on a business, if—
(i) the person being an individual, or any relative of such
person, has a substantial interest in the business of that other
person; or
15 (ii) the person being a company, firm, association of persons,
body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, or a Hindu
undivided family, or any director, partner or member of such
company, firm or association of persons or body of individuals or
family, or any relative of such director, partner or member, has a
20 substantial interest in the business of that other person;
(6) “fund” includes—
(a) any cash;
(b) cash equivalents; and
(c) any right, or obligation, to receive or pay, the cash or cash equivalent;
25 (7) “party” includes a person or a permanent establishment which participates
or takes part in an arrangement;
(8) “relative” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 92(5)(g);
(9) a person shall be deemed to have a substantial interest in the business, if,—
(a) in a case where the business is carried on by a company, such person
30 is, at any time during the financial year, the beneficial owner of equity shares
carrying at least 20% of the voting power; or
(b) in any other case, such person is, at any time during the financial
year, beneficially entitled to at least 20% of the profits of such business;
(10) “step” includes a measure or an action, particularly one of a series taken
35 in order to deal with or achieve a particular thing or object in the arrangement;
(11) “tax benefit” includes,—
(a) a reduction or avoidance or deferral of tax or other amount payable
under this Act; or
(b) an increase in a refund of tax or other amount under this Act; or
40 (c) a reduction or avoidance or deferral of tax or other amount that would
be payable under this Act, as a result of a tax treaty; or
(d) an increase in a refund of tax or other amount under this Act as a
result of a tax treaty; or
(e) a reduction in total income; or
45 (f) an increase in loss,
in the relevant tax year or any other tax year;
 212

(12) “tax treaty” means an agreement referred to in section 159(1) or (2).

CHAPTER XII
MODE OF PAYMENT IN CERTAIN CASES ETC.
Mode of taking 185.(1) No person shall take or accept from another person any loan or deposit
or accepting 5
certain loans,
or specified sum, except through—
deposits and (a) an account payee cheque;
specified sum.
(b) account payee bank draft;
(c) electronic clearing system through a bank account; or
(d) any other prescribed electronic mode,
if,–– 10

(i) the amount or the aggregate amount of such loan, deposit, or specified
sum; or
(ii) the amount or the aggregate amount of any previously taken or
accepted loan or deposit or specified sum by such person from such
another person, which is remaining unpaid, whether due for repayment 15
or not, as on the date of taking or accepting such amount as referred to in
clause (i); or
(iii) the aggregate of the amounts referred to in of clauses (i) and (ii),
is twenty thousand rupees or more.
(2) Sub-section (1) shall not apply to loans or deposits or specified sums taken 20
or accepted from or by,––
(a) the Government;
(b) any banking company, post office savings bank, or co-operative
bank;
(c) any corporation established by a Central, State or Provincial Act; 25

(d) any Government company as defined under section 2(45) of the

18 of 2013.
Companies Act, 2013;
(e) any institution, association, or body or class of institutions,
associations or bodies notified by the Central Government.
(3) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to any loan or deposit or 30
specified sum where, the person taking or accepting such loan or deposit or specified
sum and person from whom such loan or deposit or specified sum is taken or
accepted, both, have agricultural income and neither has any income chargeable to
tax under this Act.
(4) In sub-section (1), “two lakh rupees” shall be substituted for “twenty 35
thousand rupees” in the case of any deposit or loan, where—
(a) such deposit is accepted by a primary agricultural credit society or a
primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank from its
member; or
(b) such loan is taken from a primary agricultural credit society or 40
primary co-operative agricultural and development bank by its member.
(5) In this section, “loan or deposit” means loan or deposit of money.
 213

186. (1) No person shall receive two lakh rupees or more–– Mode of
undertaking
(a) in aggregate from a person in a day; or transactions.

(b) in respect of a single transaction; or

(c) in respect of transactions relating to one event or occasion from a person,
5 except through—
(i) an account payee cheque;
(ii) account payee bank draft;
(iii) electronic clearing system through a bank account; or
(iv) any other electronic mode, as prescribed.
10 (2) Sub-section (1) shall not apply to—
(a) any receipt by Government, any banking company, post office
savings bank, or co-operative bank;
(b) transactions of the nature referred to in section 185;
(c) such other persons or class of persons or receipts, as notified by the
15 Central Government.
187.Every person shall provide facility for accepting payment, through Acceptance of
payment through
electronic modes as prescribed, in addition to other electronic modes, if any, being prescribed
provided by him, where–– electronic
modes.
(a) such person is carrying on business; and
20 (b) total sales, turnover, or gross receipts in such business exceeds
fifty crore rupees during the immediately preceding tax year.
188. (1) No branch of a banking company or co-operative bank and no other Mode of
repayment of
company or co-operative society and no firm or other person shall repay— certain loans or
deposits.
(a) any loan or deposit made with it; or
25 (b) any specified advance received by it,
except through––
(i) an account payee cheque; or
(ii) account payee bank draft drawn in the name of the person who has
made the loan or deposit or paid the specified advance; or
30 (iii) by use of electronic clearing system through a bank account, or any
other prescribed electronic mode,
if,––
(A) loan or deposit or specified advance, together with the interest, if
any, payable thereon; or
35 (B) the aggregate amount of the loans or deposits held by such person
with the branch of the banking company or co-operative bank or, as the case
may be, the other company or co-operative society or the firm or other person
(either individually or jointly) on the date of such repayment together with
interest, if any, payable thereon; or
40 (C) the aggregate amount of the specified advances received by such
person (either individually or jointly) on the date of such repayment together
with the interest, if any, payable thereon,
is twenty thousand rupees or more.
 214

(2) Irrespective of the provision in sub-section (1), a branch of a banking

company or co-operative bank, may also make the repayment by crediting such loan
or deposit to the savings bank account or current account, if any, with such branch
of the person to whom such loan or deposit has to be repaid.
(3) Sub-section (1) shall not apply to repayment of any loan, deposit, or 5
specified advance taken or accepted from—
(a) Government;
(b) any banking company, post office savings bank, or co-operative bank;
(c) any corporation established by a Central, State, or Provincial Act;
(d) any Government company as defined in section 2 (45) of the 10 18 of 2013.
Companies Act, 2013;
(e) any institution, association, or body or class of institutions,
associations or bodies notified by the Central Government.
(4) In sub-section (1), “two lakh rupees” shall be substituted for “twenty
thousand rupees” in the case of any deposit or loan where— 15

(a) such deposit is paid to a member by a primary agricultural credit

society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank; or
(b) such loan is repaid by a member to a primary agricultural credit
society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank.
(5) In this section, “loan or deposit” means any loan or deposit of money which 20
is repayable after notice or repayable after a period and, in the case of a person other
than a company, includes loan or deposit of any nature.
I io . 189. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “banking company” means a company to which the provisions of the
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 applies and includes any bank or banking 25 10 of 1949.
institution referred to in section 51 of that Act;
(b) “primary agricultural credit society”, and “primary co-operative
agricultural and rural development bank” shall have the meanings respectively
assigned to them in section 149(6);
(c) “specified sum” means any sum of money receivable, whether as 30
advance or otherwise, in relation to transfer of an immovable property,
whether or not the transfer takes place;
(d) “specified advance” means any sum of money in the nature of
advance, by whatever name called, in relation to transfer of an immovable
property, whether or not the transfer takes place. 35

CHAPTER XIII
DETERMINATION OF TAX IN SPECIAL CASES
A.—Determination of tax in certain special cases
Determination 190. Where there is included in the total income of an assessee any income on
of tax where which no income-tax is payable under the provisions of this Act, the assessee shall 40
total income
includes be entitled to a deduction, from income-tax with which he is chargeable on his total
income on income, of an amount equal to the income-tax calculated at the average rate of
which no tax is income-tax on the amount on which no income-tax is payable.
payable.
Tax on 191. Where the accumulated balance due to an employee participating in a
accumulated recognised provident fund is included in his total income, owing to the provisions 45
balance of of paragraph 8 of Part A of Schedule XI not being applicable, the Assessing Officer
recognised
provident fund. shall calculate the total of the various sums of tax as per the provisions of
paragraph 9 thereof.
 215

192. (1) The total income of the block period, determined under section 294 Tax in case of
block
shall be chargeable to tax at the rate of 60%. assessment of
search cases.
(2) The tax chargeable under sub-section (1) shall be increased by a surcharge,
if any, levied by any Central Act.
5 193. (1) Where the total income of an assessee, being an individual, who is a Tax on income
resident and an employee of an Indian company engaged in specified knowledge from Global
Depository
based industry or service, or an employee of its subsidiary engaged in specified Receipts
knowledge based industry or service (hereafter in this section referred to as the purchased in
resident employee), includes income specified in column B of the Table below, the foreign currency
or capital gains
10 income-tax payable shall be the aggregate of income-tax specified in the column C arising from
thereof. their transfer.

Table
Sl. Income Income-tax payable
No.
15 A B C
1. Dividend on Global Depository Receipts of an 10%
Indian company engaged in specified knowledge
based industry or service, issued as per such
Employees’ Stock Option Scheme as the Central
20 Government may, by notification, specify in this
behalf and purchased by him in foreign currency.
2. Income from long-term capital gains arising 12.5%
from the transfer of Global Depository Receipts
referred to in serial number 1.
25 3. Total income as reduced by income referred to Income-tax
in serial numbers 1 and 2. chargeable on such
income
(2) Where the gross total income of the resident employee—
(a) consists only of income by way of dividends in respect of Global
30 Depository Receipts referred to in sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 1), no
deduction shall be allowed to him under any other provision of this Act;
(b) includes any income referred to in sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 1)
and (Table: Sl. No. 2),––
(i) the gross total income shall be reduced by such income; and
35 (ii) the deduction under any provision of this Act shall be allowed
as if the gross total income as so reduced were the gross total income of
the assessee.
(3) The section 72(6) shall not apply for computation of long-term capital
gains arising out of the transfer of long-term capital asset, being Global Depository
40 Receipts referred to in sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 2).
(4) In this section,—
(a) “Global Depository Receipts” means any instrument in the form of a
depository receipt or certificate (by whatever name called) created by the
Overseas Depository Bank outside India or in an International Financial
45 Services Centre and issued to investors against the issue of,—
 216

(i) ordinary shares of issuing company, being a company listed on

a recognised stock exchange in India; or

(ii) foreign currency convertible bonds of issuing company;

(iii) ordinary shares of issuing company, being a company

incorporated outside India, if such depository receipt or certificate is 5
listed and traded on any International Financial Services Centre;

(b) “information technology service” means any service which results

from the use of any information technology software over a system of
information technology products for realising value addition;

(c) “information technology software” means any representation of 10

instructions, data, sound or image, including source code and object code,
recorded in a machine readable form and capable of being manipulated or
providing inter-activity to a user, by means of an automatic data processing
machine falling under heading information technology products but does not
include non-information technology products; 15

(d) “Overseas Depository Bank” means a bank authorised by the

issuing company to issue Global Depository Receipts against issue of
Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds or ordinary shares of the issuing
company;

(e) “specified knowledge based industry or service” means— 20

(i) information technology software;

(ii) information technology service;

(iii) entertainment service;

(iv) pharmaceutical industry;

(v) bio-technology industry; and 25

(vi) any other industry or service, as specified by the Central

Government, by notification; and

(f) “subsidiary” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in

section 2(87) of the Companies Act, 2013 and includes subsidiary 18 of 2013.
30
incorporated outside India.
Tax on certain 194. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this
incomes.
Act, where the total income of an assessee as mentioned in column B of the
Table below, includes income of the nature specified in column C of the said
Table, the income-tax payable by such assessee, for a tax year, shall be the
35
aggregate of––

(a) income-tax calculated on income mentioned in column C, at the rate

mentioned in column D, subject to the conditions specified in the Notes
relating to the respective serial number; and

(b) income-tax with which the assessee would have been chargeable
had his total income been reduced by income mentioned in column C 40
thereof.
 217

Table
Sl.No. Assessee Income Rate Conditions
of tax
A B C D E
5 1. Any Winnings (other 30% Nil.
person. than from any online
game) from––
(a) lottery; or
(b) crossword
10 puzzle; or
(c) race including
horse race (not
being income from
the activity of
15 owning and
maintaining race
horses); or
(d) card game
and other game of
20 any sort; or
(e) gambling or
betting of any form
or nature.
2. A person, Royalty in respect 10% (a) No deduction
25 resident in of a patent developed in respect of any
India and and registered in India. expenditure or
who is a allowance shall be
patentee allowed to the
(herein eligible assessee
30 referred to as under any provision
an eligible of this Act in
assessee). computing his
income referred to in
column C;
35
(b) an option for
taxation of income
by way of royalty in
respect of a patent
developed and
40 registered in India is
exercised in the
prescribed manner,
on or before the due
date specified under
45 section 263(1) for
furnishing the return
of income for the
relevant tax year;
(c) where an
50 option is exercised
under clause (b) and
the eligible assessee
 218

A B C D E
does not offer its
income for taxation
as per the provisions
of columns C and D 5
for any of the five tax
years, succeeding
such tax year, then
such assessee shall
not be eligible to 10
claim the benefit of
the provisions of
columns C and D for
five tax years
subsequent to the tax 15
year in which such
income has not been
offered to tax as per
such provisions.
3. Any Income by way of 10% No deduction in 20
person. transfer of carbon respect of any
credits. expenditure or
allowance shall be
allowed to the
assessee under any 25
provision of this Act
in computing his
income referred to
column C.
4. Any Any income from 30% (a) No deduction 30
person. the transfer of any in respect of any
virtual digital asset. expenditure (other
than cost of
acquisition, if any) or
allowance or set off 35
of any loss shall be
allowed to the
assessee under any
provision of this Act
in computing the 40
income referred to in
column C; and
(b) no set off of
loss from transfer
of the virtual digital 45
asset computed
herein shall be
allowed against
income computed
under any provision 50
of this Act to the
assessee and such
loss shall not be
allowed to be carried
forward to 55
succeeding tax years.
 219

A B C D E
5. Any person. Any income by way 30% Nil.
of net winnings from
any online game,
5 computed in the
manner, as prescribed.
6. Any person. Any profits and 12.5% Nil.
gains from life
insurance business.
10 (2) In this section,––
(a) “carbon credit”, in respect of one unit, means reduction of one tonne
of carbon dioxide emissions or emission of its equivalent gases which is
validated by the United Nations Framework on Climate Change and which
can be traded in market at its prevailing market price;
15 (b) “computer resource” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it
21 of 2000. in section 2(1)(k) of the Information Technology Act, 2000;
(c) “developed” means at least 75% of the expenditure incurred in India
by the eligible assessee for any invention in respect of which patent is granted
39 of 1970. under the Patents Act, 1970 (herein referred to as the Patents Act);
20 (d) “horse race” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 115;
(e) “internet” means the combination of computer facilities and
electromagnetic transmission media including related equipment and
software, comprising the interconnected worldwide network of computer
networks that transmits information based on a protocol for controlling such
25 transmission;
(f) “invention” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 2(1)(j) of the Patents Act;
(g) “lump sum” includes an advance payment on account of such
royalties which is not returnable;
30 (h) “online game” means a game that is offered on the internet and is
accessible by a user through a computer resource including any
telecommunication device;
(i) “patent” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 2(1)(m) of
the Patents Act;
35
(j) “patented article” and “patented process” shall have the meanings as
respectively assigned to them in section 2(1)(o) of the Patents Act;
(k) “patentee” means the person, being the true and first inventor of the
invention, whose name is entered on the patent register as the patentee, as per
the Patents Act, and includes every such person, being the true and first
40 inventor of the invention, where more than one person is registered as patentee
under that Act in respect of that patent;
(l) “royalty”, in respect of a patent, means consideration (including any
lump sum consideration but excluding any consideration which would be the
income of the recipient chargeable under the head “Capital gains” or
45
consideration for sale of product manufactured with the use of patented
process or the patented article for commercial use) for the—
 220

(i) transfer of all or any rights (including the granting of a licence)

in respect of a patent; or

(ii) imparting of any information concerning the working of, or the

use of, a patent; or 5

(iii) use of any patent; or

(iv) rendering of any services in connection with the activities

referred to in sub-clauses (i) to (iii);

(m) “true and first inventor” shall have the same meaning as assigned to 10
it in section 2(1)(y) of the Patents Act; and

(n) for the purposes of sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 4), the term
“transfer” as defined in section 2(109), shall apply to any virtual digital asset,
whether capital asset or not.
Tax on income 195. (1) Where the total income of an assessee— 15
referred to in
section 102 or
103 or 104 or (a) includes any income referred to in section 102 or 103 or 104 or
105. 105 or 106 and reflected in the return of income furnished under
section 263; or

(b) determined by the Assessing Officer includes any income 20

referred to in any of the said sections, if such income is not covered
under clause (a),

the income-tax payable shall be the aggregate of—

(i) income-tax calculated on the income referred to in clauses (a)

25
and (b), at the rate of 60%; and

(ii) income-tax with which the assessee would have been

chargeable had his total income been reduced by income referred to in
clause (i).

(2) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, no deduction in respect of 30

any expenditure or allowance or set off of any loss shall be allowed to the assessee
under any provision of this Act in computing his income referred to in
sub-section (1)(a) and (b).

B.—Special provisions relating to tax on capital gains

35
Tax on short- 196. (1) Where the total income of an assessee includes any income chargeable
term capital
gains in certain
under the head “Capital gains”, arising from the transfer of a short-term capital
cases. asset––

(a) being an equity share in a company or a unit of an equity oriented

fund or a unit of a business trust; and
40
(b) the transaction of sale of such equity share or unit is chargeable
to securities transaction tax under Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) 23 of 2004.
Act, 2004, then,

the tax payable by the assessee on the total income, subject to the provisions of
sub-section (2), shall be the aggregate of— 45

(i) income-tax calculated on such short-term capital gains at the

rate of 20%;
 221

(ii) income-tax payable on the balance amount of the total income as if

such balance amount were the total income of the assessee.
(2) In the case of an individual or a Hindu undivided family, being a resident,
where the total income, as reduced by short-term capital gains computed under
5 sub-section (1), is below the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-
tax, then,—
(a) such short-term capital gains shall be reduced by the amount by
which the total income as so reduced falls short of the maximum amount
which is not chargeable to income-tax; and
10 (b) the tax on the balance of such short-term capital gains shall be
computed at the rate as applicable in sub-section (1)(i).
(3) The provisions of sub-section (1)(b) shall not apply to a transaction
undertaken on a recognised stock exchange located in any International Financial
Services Centre and where the consideration for such transaction is paid or payable
15 in foreign currency.
(4) Where the gross total income of an assessee includes any short-term capital
gains referred to in sub-section (1), the deduction under Chapter VIII shall be
allowed from the gross total income as reduced by such capital gains.
(5) In this section, “equity oriented fund” shall have the meaning assigned to
20 it in section 198.
197. (1) Where the total income of an assessee includes any income arising Tax on long-term
from the transfer of a long-term capital asset which is chargeable under the head capital gains.
“Capital gains”, the tax payable by the assessee on the total income, subject to
sub-sections (2) and (3), shall be the aggregate of—

25 (a) income-tax payable on the total income as reduced by such long-term

capital gains, had the total income, as so reduced, been his total income; and
(b) income-tax calculated on such long-term capital gains at the
rate of 12.5%.
(2) In the case of an individual or a Hindu undivided family, being a resident,
30 where the total income as reduced by long-term capital gains computed under
sub-section (1) is below the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-
tax, then,—
(a) such long-term capital gains shall be reduced by the amount by which
the total income as so reduced falls short of the maximum amount which is
35 not chargeable to income-tax; and
(b) the tax on the balance of such long-term capital gains shall be
computed at the rate as referred in sub-section (1).
(3) In the case of an individual or a Hindu undivided family, being a resident,
in the case of transfer of a long-term capital asset, being land or building, or both,
40 which is acquired before the 23rd July, 2024, the excess income-tax computed as
per the following formula shall be ignored:––
E=A–B
where––
E = excess income-tax to be ignored;
45 A = income-tax computed under clause (b) of sub-section (1);
 222

B = income-tax computed under clause (b) of sub-section (1) taking the

rate as 20% and the capital gains is computed by taking the cost of acquisition
as indexed cost of acquisition and the cost of improvement as indexed cost of
improvement.
(4) Where the gross total income of an assessee includes any income arising 5
from the transfer of a long-term capital asset, the gross total income shall be reduced
by such income and the deduction under Chapter VIII shall be allowed as if the gross
total income as so reduced were the gross total income of the assessee.
(5) In this section,—
(a) “securities” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in 10
section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; 42 of 1956.

(b) “listed securities” means the securities which are listed on any
recognised stock exchange in India;
(c) “unlisted securities” means securities other than listed securities;
(d) “indexed cost of acquisition” and “indexed cost of improvement” 15
shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in section 72.
Tax on long- 198. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 197, the tax payable by
term capital
gains in certain an assessee on his total income shall be determined as per the provisions of
cases. sub-section (2), if—
(a) the total income includes any income chargeable under the head 20
“Capital gains”;
(b) the capital gains arise from the transfer of a long-term capital asset
being an equity share in a company or a unit of an equity oriented fund or a
unit of a business trust;
(c) securities transaction tax under Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) 25
23 of 2004.
Act, 2004 has—
(i) in a case where the long-term capital asset is in the nature of an
equity share in a company, been paid on acquisition and transfer of such
capital asset; or
(ii) in a case where the long-term capital asset is in the nature of a 30
unit of an equity oriented fund or a unit of a business trust, been paid on
transfer of such capital asset.
(2) The tax payable by the assessee on the total income referred to in
sub-section (1) shall be the aggregate of—
(a) income-tax calculated on such long-term capital gains exceeding one 35
lakh twenty five thousand rupees on long-term capital gains at the
rate of 12.5%; and
(b) income-tax payable on the total income as reduced by long-term
capital gains referred to in sub-section (1) as if the total income so reduced
were the total income of the assessee. 40

(3) In the case of an individual or a Hindu undivided family, being a resident,

where the total income as reduced by long-term capital gains computed under
sub-section (1) is below the maximum amount which is not chargeable to
income-tax, then,—
 223

(a) such long-term capital gains shall be reduced by the amount by which
the total income as so reduced falls short of the maximum amount which is
not chargeable to income-tax; and

(b) the tax on the balance of such long-term capital gains shall be
5 computed at the rate as referred to in sub-section (2).

(4) The condition specified in sub-section (1)(c) shall not apply to a transfer
undertaken on a recognised stock exchange located in any International Financial
Services Centre and where the consideration for such transfer is received or
receivable in foreign currency.

10 (5) The Central Government may, by notification, specify the nature of

acquisition in respect of which the provisions of sub-section (1)(c)(i) shall not
apply.

(6) Where the gross total income of an assessee includes any long-term capital
gains referred to in sub-section (1), the deduction under Chapter VIII shall be
15 allowed from the gross total income as reduced by such capital gains.

(7) Where the total income of an assessee includes any long-term capital
gains referred to in sub-section (1), the rebate under section 156 shall be allowed
from the income-tax on the total income as reduced by tax payable on such capital
gains.

20 (8) In this section, “equity oriented fund” means a fund set up under a
scheme of a mutual fund specified in Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21) or
under a scheme of an insurance company comprising unit linked insurance
policies to which exemption in Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 2) does not apply
and—
25 (i) in a case where the fund invests in the units of another fund which is
traded on a recognised stock exchange,—

(A) a minimum of 90% of the total proceeds of such fund is

invested in the units of such other fund; and

(B) such other fund also invests a minimum of 90% of its total
30 proceeds in the equity shares of domestic companies listed on a
recognised stock exchange; and

(ii) in any other case, a minimum of 65% of the total proceeds of such
fund is invested in the equity shares of domestic companies listed on a
recognised stock exchange,
35 and, for the purposes of this clause,––

(I) the percentage of equity shareholding or unit held in respect of the

fund, shall be computed with reference to the annual average of the monthly
averages of the opening and closing figures;

(II) in case of a scheme of an insurance company comprising unit linked

40 insurance policies to which exemption in Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 2) does
not apply, the minimum requirement of 90% or 65%, as the case may be, is
required to be satisfied throughout the term of such insurance policy.
 224

C.—New tax regime

Tax on income 199. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, but subject to the
of certain
manufacturing
provisions of Parts A, B and this Part other than sections 200 and 201, the
domestic income-tax payable in respect of the total income of a person, being a domestic
companies. company, for any tax year, shall, at the option of such person, be computed at the 5
rate of 25% subject to the following conditions:––
(a) the company has been set-up and registered on or after the
1st March, 2016;
(b) the company is not engaged in any business other than the business
of manufacture or production of any article or thing and research in relation 10
to, or distribution of, such article or thing manufactured or produced by it; and
(c) the total income of the company has been computed,—
(i) without any deduction under––
(A) sections 45(2)(c) and 47(1)(b);
(B) Chapter VIII-C, other than the provisions of section 146; or 15

(C) sections specified in section 205(1)(a) to (g);

(ii) without set off of any loss carried forward from any earlier tax
year, if such loss is attributable to any of the deductions referred to in
sub-clause (i).
(2) The loss referred to in sub-section (1)(c)(ii) shall be deemed to have been 20
given full effect to and no further deduction for such loss shall be allowed for any
subsequent year.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not apply unless an option is exercised
by the person in the manner as prescribed on or before the due date specified under
section 263(1) for furnishing the first of the returns of income which such person is 25
required to furnish and such option once exercised, shall apply to subsequent
tax years.
(4) Once the option under sub-section (3) has been exercised for any tax year,
it cannot be subsequently withdrawn for the same or any other tax year, except
where the person exercises option under section section 200. 30

Tax on income
of certain 200. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act but subject to the
domestic provisions of Parts A, B and this Part, other than sections 199 and 201, the
companies. income-tax payable for a tax year shall be at the rate of 22%, at the option of a
person being a domestic company, in respect of the total income of such person
computed in the following manner:–– 35

(a) without any deduction under––

(i) sections 45(2)(c) and 47(1)(b); or
(ii) Chapter VIII other than the provisions of section 146; or
(iii) sections specified in section 205(1)(a) to (g);
(b) without set off of any loss carried forward or depreciation from any 40
earlier tax year, if such loss or depreciation is attributable to any of the
deductions referred to in clause (a);
 225

(c) without set off of any loss or allowance for unabsorbed depreciation
deemed so under section 116(1), if such loss or depreciation is attributable to
any of the deductions referred to in clause (a).
(2) Where the person fails to satisfy the requirements contained in
5 sub-section (1) in any tax year, the option shall become invalid in respect of the said
tax year and subsequent years and other provisions of the Act shall apply, as if the
option had not been exercised for such tax year and for subsequent years.
(3) The loss and depreciation referred to in sub-section (1)(b) and (c) shall be
deemed to have been given full effect to and no further deduction for such loss or
10 depreciation shall be allowed for any subsequent year.
(4) In case of a person, having a Unit in the International Financial Services
Centre, which has exercised option under sub-section (5), the requirements
contained in sub-section (1) shall be modified to the extent that the deduction under
the said section shall be available to such Unit subject to fulfilment of the conditions
15 contained in that section.
(5) The provisions of this section shall not apply unless the option is exercised
by the person in the such manner as prescribed on or before the due date specified
under section 263(1) for furnishing the return of income and such option once
exercised, shall apply to subsequent tax years.
20 (6) Once the option under this section has been exercised for any tax year, it
shall not be subsequently withdrawn for the same or any other tax year.
(7) In case of a person, being a domestic company, where the option exercised by it
under section 201, has been rendered invalid due to violation of the conditions contained
in section 205(2)(b) or (c) or (d), such person may exercise the option under this section.
25 201. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, but subject to the Tax on income of
provisions of Parts A, B and this Part other than sections 199 and 200, the new
manufacturing
income-tax payable in respect of the total income of an assessee, being a domestic domestic
company, specified in column B of the Table below, shall, at the option of such companies.
assessee, be computed at the rates specified in column C, if the conditions contained
30 in column D thereof are fulfilled.
Table
Sl. Assessee Total income and rate of Conditions
No. tax
A B C D
35 1. A (a) 15% on the total Such domestic company––
domestic income other than the
(a) exercises the option in
company income mentioned in
the manner provided in sub-
engaged in clauses (b), (c) and (d);
section (2);
business of
40 (b) 22% (without any
manufacture (b) has been set-up and
deduction or allowance in
or registered on or after the 1st
respect of any expenditure
production October, 2019;
or allowance) on such
of any article
income,–– (c) has commenced
or thing.
45 manufacturing or production
(i) which has neither
of an article or thing on or
been derived from nor
before the 31st March, 2024;
is incidental to
manufacturing or
production of an article
50 or thing; and
 226

A B C D
(ii) in respect of (d) the total income of
which no specific rate which is computed as per the
of tax has been provisions of
provided separately sub-section (3); and 5
under this Part; (e) fulfils all the
(c) 22% on short-term conditions provided in
capital gains derived from sub-section (5) of this
transfer of a capital asset on section and section 205(2).
10
which no depreciation is
allowable under this Act;
(d) 30% on the income
deemed so under
section 205(4).
(2) The option under this section shall be exercised by the assessee in the 15
manner prescribed subject to the following conditions:––
(a) it shall be exercised on or before the due date specified under
section 263(1) for furnishing first of the returns of income for any tax year;
(b) such option, once exercised, shall apply to subsequent tax years;
(c) once the option has been exercised for any tax year, it shall not be 20
subsequently withdrawn for the same or any other tax year; and
(d) where the assessee fails to fulfil the conditions contained in
sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 1.D) in any tax year,––
(i) the option shall become invalid in respect of such tax year and
25
subsequent tax years; and
(ii) the other provisions of this Act shall apply, as if the option had
not been exercised for that tax year and subsequent tax years.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the total income of the assessee shall
be computed,—
30
(a) without any deduction under—
(i) sections 45(2)(c) and 47(1)(b);
(ii) Chapter VIII other than sections 146 and 148; or
(iii) section 205(1)(a) to (g);
(b) without set off of any loss or allowance for unabsorbed depreciation
deemed so under section 116(1), if such loss or depreciation is attributable to any 35
of the deductions referred to in clause (a).
(4) While computing the income of the assessee, the loss and depreciation, or
both, as specified in sub-section (3)(b) shall be deemed to have been given full effect
to and no further deduction for such loss or depreciation, or both, shall be allowed
for any subsequent year. 40

(5) In case of an amalgamation, option under this section shall remain valid in case
of the amalgamated company only and if the conditions contained in sub-section (1)
(Table: Sl. No. 1.D) are continued to be fulfilled by such company.
New tax regime 202. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act but subject to the
for individuals, provisions of Parts A, B and this Part the income-tax payable by a person, being— 45
Hindu undivided
family and (a) an individual; or
others.
(b) a Hindu undivided family; or
 227

(c) an association of persons (other than a co-operative society); or

(d) a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not; or
(e) an artificial juridical person referred to in section 2(77)(g),
in respect of the total income for a tax year, shall, unless the person exercises the
5 option in the manner provided under sub-section (4), be computed at the rate of tax
given in the following Table:—
Table
Sl.No. Total income Rate of tax
A B C
10 1. Upto ₹4,00,000 Nil
2. From ₹4,00,001 to ₹8,00,000 5%
3. From ₹8,00,001 to ₹12,00,000 10%
4. From ₹12,00,001 to ₹16,00,000 15%
5. From ₹16,00,001 to ₹20,00,000 20%
15 6. From ₹20,00,001 to ₹24,00,000 25%.
7. Above ₹24,00,000 30%
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the total income of the assessee shall
be computed—
(a) without any exemption or deduction under the provisions of or in––
20 (i) Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 11 or 17);
(ii) Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 12 or 13) (other than those as
prescribed for this purpose);
(iii) section 144;
(iv) section 19(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1);
25 (v) section 22(1)(b), in respect of properties referred to in
section 21(6);
(vi) section 33(8);
(vii) section 48;
(viii) section 49;
30 (ix) section 45(3)(a) or (b) or (c);
(x) section 46;
(xi) section 47(1)(a);
(xii) of Chapter VIII other than the provisions of sections 124(1),
125(3) and 146; and
35 (b) without set off of—
(i) any loss carried forward or depreciation from any earlier tax
year, if such loss or depreciation is attributable to any of the
deductions referred to in clause (a); or
(ii) any loss under the head “Income from house property” with
40 any other head of income; and
 228

(c) without any exemption or deduction for allowances or perquisite,

called by any name, provided under any other law in force.
(3) The loss and depreciation referred to in sub-section (2)(b) shall be deemed
to have been given full effect to and no further deduction for such loss or
depreciation shall be allowed for any subsequent year. 5

(4) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to a person, where an

option is exercised by such person under this section, in such manner as prescribed,
for any tax year, and such option is exercised,––
(a) in case of a person having income from business or profession,––
(i) on or before the due date specified under section 263(1) for 10
furnishing the returns of income for such tax year;
(ii) such option, once exercised, shall apply to subsequent tax
years;
(iii) such option, once exercised, may be withdrawn only once for
a tax year other than the tax year for which it was exercised; and 15

(iv) after such withdrawal, the person shall never be eligible to

exercise the option under this sub-section, except where such person
ceases to have any income from business or profession, and in such a
case the option under clause (b) shall be available;
(b) in case of a person not having income from business or profession, 20
along with the return of income to be furnished under section 263(1) for the
tax year.
(5) In case of a person, having a Unit in the International Financial Services
Centre, who has exercised the option under sub-section (4) for any tax year from
2020-21 to 2023-24, the provisions of sub-section (2) shall be modified to the extent 25
that deduction under the said section shall be available to such Unit subject to
fulfilment of the conditions contained in that section.
Tax on income 203. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act but subject to the
of certain
resident co- provisions of Part A, B and this Part, other than section 204, the income-tax payable
operative for a tax year shall be at the rate of 22%, at the option of a person being a 30
societies. co-operative society resident in India, in respect of the total income of such person
computed in the following manner:––
(a) without any deduction under—
(i) Chapter VIII other than the provisions of section 146; or
(ii) sections specified in section 205(1)(a) to (g); 35

(b) without set off of any loss carried forward or depreciation from any
earlier tax year, if such loss or depreciation is attributable to any of the
deductions referred to in clause (a).
(2) Where a person fails to satisfy the requirements contained in sub-section (1)
in any tax year, the option shall become invalid in respect of the said tax year and 40
subsequent tax years and other provisions of the Act shall apply, as if the option had
not been exercised for such tax year and for subsequent tax years.
(3) The loss and depreciation referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) shall
be deemed to have been given full effect to and no further deduction for such loss
or depreciation shall be allowed for any subsequent tax year. 45
 229

(4) In case of a person, having a Unit in the International Financial Services

Centre, which has exercised option under this section, the requirements contained
in sub-section (1) shall be modified to the extent that the deduction under
section 147 shall be available to such Unit subject to fulfilment of the conditions
5 contained in the said section.
(5) The provisions of this section shall not apply unless the option is exercised
by the person in the prescribed manner on or before the due date specified under
section 263(1) for furnishing the return of income and such option once exercised
shall apply to subsequent tax years.
10 (6) Once the option under this section has been exercised for any tax year, it
shall not be subsequently withdrawn for the same or any other tax year.
204. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act but subject to the Tax on income
of certain new
provisions of Part A, B and this Part other than section 203, the income-tax payable manufacturing
in respect of the total income of an assessee, being a co-operative society, resident co-operative
15 in India, engaged in the business of manufacture or production of any article or societies.
thing, shall at the option of such assessee, be computed at the rates specified in
column A of the said Table, if the conditions contained in column B thereof are
fulfilled.
Table
20 Total income and rate Conditions
of tax
A B
(a) 15% on the total Such co-operative society––
income other than the income
25 mentioned in clauses (b), (c) (a) exercises the option in the manner
and (d); provided in sub-section (2);

(b) 22% (without any (b) has been set-up and registered on or
deduction or allowance in after the 1st April, 2023; and
respect of any expenditure or (c) has commenced manufacturing or
30 allowance) on such income,— production of an article or thing on or before the
(i) which has 31st March, 2024; and
neither been derived (d) the total income of which is computed
from nor is incidental to as per the provisions of sub-section (3); and
manufacturing or
35 production of an article (e) fulfils all the conditions provided in
or thing; and section 205(2).
(ii) in respect of
which no specific rate of
tax has been provided
40 separately under this
Part;
(c) 22% on short-term
capital gains derived from
transfer of a capital asset on
45 which no depreciation is
allowable under this Act;
(d) 30% on the income
deemed so under section 205 (4).
 230

(2) The option under this section shall be exercised by the assessee in the
manner as prescribed subject to the following conditions:––
(a) it shall be exercised on or before the due date specified under
section 263(1) for furnishing the first of the returns of income for any tax year;
and 5

(b) such option, once exercised, shall apply to subsequent tax years;
(c) once the option has been exercised for any tax year, it shall not be
subsequently withdrawn for the same or any other tax year;
(d) where the assessee fails to fulfil the conditions contained in
10
sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No. 1. B) in any tax year,––
(i) the option shall become invalid in respect of the tax year and
subsequent tax years; and
(ii) the other provisions of this Act shall apply, as if the option had
not been exercised for that tax year and subsequent tax years.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the total income of the assessee shall 15
be computed,—
(a) without any deduction under––
(i) Chapter VIII other than the provisions of section 146; or
(ii) sections specified in 205(1)(a) to (g);
(b) without set off of any loss carried forward or depreciation from 20
earlier tax year, if such loss or depreciation is attributable to any of the
deductions referred to in clause (a).
(4) While computing the income of the assessee, the loss and depreciation, or
both, as specified in sub-section (3)(b) be shall be deemed to have been given full
effect to and no further deduction for such loss or depreciation, or both, shall be 25
allowed for any subsequent year.
Conditions for 205. (1) For the purposes of sections 199(1)(c)(i)(C), 200(1)(a)(iii),
tax on income of 201(3)(a)(iii), 203(1)(a)(ii) and 204(3)(a)(ii), the total income shall be computed
certain
companies and
without any deduction or exemption, under the following provisions:––
co-operative
societies.
(a) section 33(8), determined in such manner, as prescribed; 30

(b) section 45(3)(a) or (b) or (c);

(c) section 46;
(d) section 47(1)(a).;
(e) section 48;
(f) section 49; and 35

(g) section 144.

(2) For the purposes of section 201 or 204, the following conditions shall apply
to the assessee:—
(a) its business is not formed by splitting up, or the reconstruction, of a
business already in existence, unless it is formed as a result of the 40
re-establishment, reconstruction or revival of the business of any such
undertaking as is referred to in section 140(4) in the circumstances and within
the period specified in the said section;
 231

(b) it does not use any machinery or plant, previously used for any
purpose, other than—
(i) permitted machinery or plant used outside India;
(ii) machinery or plant or any part thereof previously used for any
5 purpose and the total value of such machinery or plant or any part thereof
put to use by the assessee does not exceed 20% of the total value of the
machinery or plant used by such assessee;
(c) in case of a domestic company, it does not use any building previously
used as a hotel or a convention centre, in respect of which deduction under section
43 of 1961. 10 80-ID of the Income Tax Act, 1961 has been claimed and allowed;
(d) it is not engaged in any business other than the business of
manufacture or production of any article or thing and research in relation to,
or distribution of, such article or thing manufactured or produced by it,
and, if any difficulty arises in fulfilling any of the conditions contained in clause (b)
15 or (c) or (d), the Board may, with the previous approval of the Central Government,
issue guidelines for the purpose of removing the difficulty and to promote
manufacturing or production of article or thing using new plant and machinery.
(3) No guideline under sub-section (2) shall be issued after the expiration of
two years from the 1st April, 2026.
20 (4) Every guideline issued by the Board under sub-section (2) shall be laid
before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty
days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions,
and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the
successive session aforesaid, both houses agree in making any modification in such
25 guideline or both Houses agree that the guideline, should not be issued, the guideline
shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case
may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without
prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that guideline.
(5) For the purposes of section 201,––
30 (a) where it appears to the Assessing Officer that, owing to the close
connection between the person to which the said section applies and any other
person, or for any other reason, the course of business between them is so
arranged that the business transacted between them produces to the assessee
more than the ordinary profits which might be expected to arise in such
35 business, then the Assessing Officer shall, in computing the profits and gains
of such business for the purposes of this section, take profits as may be
reasonably deemed to have been derived therefrom, and where the said
arrangement involves a specified domestic transaction referred to in
section 164, profits from such transaction shall be determined having regard
40 to the arm’s length price as defined in section 173(a); and
(b) the amount, being profits in excess of the profits determined by the
Assessing Officer under clause (a), shall be deemed to be the income of the
person and shall be chargeable at the rates specified in section 201(1)
[Table: Sl. No. 1.B(d)] or 204 (1)[Table: Sl. No. 1.A(d)], as the case may be.
45 (6) For the purposes of this Part,––
(a) the business of manufacture or production of any article or thing shall
include the business of generation of electricity but shall not include business of—
(i) development of computer software in any form or in any media; or
 232

(ii) mining; or
(iii) conversion of marble blocks or similar items into slabs;
or
(iv) bottling of gas into cylinder; or
(v) printing of books or production of cinematograph film; or 5

(vi) any other business as may be notified by the Central

Government in this behalf; and
(b) the expressions,––
(i) “hotel” and “convention centre” shall have the meanings
respectively assigned to them in clause (b) and clause (a) of section 10
43 of 1961.
80-ID(6) of the Income Tax Act, 1961;
(ii) “permitted machinery and plant used outside India”
means the machinery or plant, which was previously used outside
India by any other person, if the following conditions are
15
fulfilled:—
(A) such machinery or plant was not, at any time
previous to the date of the installation, used in India;
(B) such machinery or plant is imported into India from
any country outside India; and
(C) no deduction on account of depreciation in 20
respect of such machinery or plant has been allowed or
is allowable under the provisions of this Act in
computing the total income of any person for any period
before the date of installation of machinery or plant by
the person; 25

(iii) “unabsorbed depreciation” shall have the meaning

assigned to it in section 116(13)(e); and
(iv) “Unit” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 2(zc) of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005. 28 of 2005.

D.—Special provisions relating to minimum alternate tax and alternate 30

minimum tax
Special 206. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of
provision for
minimum this Act, where in the case of an assessee, referred to in column B of Table,
alternate tax and the income-tax payable on the total income as computed under this Act in
alternate respect of a tax year is less than the percentage referred to in column C of 35
minimum tax.
the said Table of book profit in the case of a company or of adjusted total
income in any other case, computed as per the provisions of Note to the said
Table, then––
(a) such book profit in the case of a company or such adjusted total
income in any other case shall be deemed to be the total income of that 40
assessee for such tax year; and
(b) the tax payable on such total income shall be at the rate
provided in column C of the said Table.
 233

Table

Sl. Assessee Percentage of book profit or

No. adjusted total income
A B C
5 1. A company, other than a unit 15% of book profit.
as referred to against serial
number 2.

2. A unit, being a company 9% of book profit.

located in an International
10 Financial Services Centre and
derives its income solely in
convertible foreign exchange.
3. A person, other than–– 18.5% of adjusted total
income.
(a) a company;
15 (b) a co-operative society;
(c) a unit as referred to
against serial number 4.
4. A unit, being a person other 9% of adjusted total
than a company located in an income.
20 International Financial Services
Centre and derives its income
solely in convertible foreign
exchange.
5. A co-operative society. 15% of adjusted total
25 income.

Note 1:—Adjusted total income, for the purposes of Sl. Nos. 3, 4 and 5 shall
be the total income before giving effect to this section, as increased by deductions
claimed, if any, under—
(a) any section (other than section 149) included in Chapter VIII-C;

30 (b) section 144; and

(c) section 46 as reduced by depreciation allowable as per the provisions
of section 33, as if no deduction was allowed in respect of the assets on which
the deduction under that section is claimed.
(2) The book profit under this section shall be computed in the following
35 manner:––
B = P + (I-R)
where,––
B = book profit for the purposes of this section;
P = profit, as shown in the statement of profit and loss for the
40 relevant tax year prepared as per sub-section (3);
I = amounts mentioned in column B of Table below;
R = amounts mentioned in column C of said Table.
 234

Table
Sl. Amounts (to be increased) Amounts (to be reduced)
No.
A B C
1. (a) Income-tax paid or payable (a) The amount withdrawn from 5
and the provision therefor, if any any reserve or provision, where,––
such amount is debited to the (i) any such amount is credited
statement of profit and loss, where to the statement of profit and loss
income-tax shall include— (excluding a reserve created
(i) any interest charged under before the 1st April, 1997 10
this Act; otherwise than by way of a debit
(ii) surcharge, if any, as to the statement of profit and
levied under the Central Acts; loss); and
(iii) Education Cess on (ii) the book profit of such
income-tax, if any, as levied year has been increased by those 15
under the Central Acts; and reserves or provisions out of
which the said amount was
(iv) Secondary and Higher
withdrawn;
Education Cess on income-tax,
if any, as levied under the (b) income to which any of the
Central Acts; provisions of section 11 apply or 20
any regular income of a registered
(b) the amounts carried to any
non-profit organisation referred in
reserves, called by any name, if
section 335, if any such amount is
any such amount is debited to the
credited to the statement of profit
statement of profit and loss; 25
and loss;
(c) the amount or amounts set
(c) depreciation debited to the
aside for meeting liabilities, other
statement of profit and loss
than ascertained liabilities, if any
excluding the depreciation on
such amount is debited to the
account of revaluation of assets;
statement of profit and loss;
(d) the amount withdrawn from 30
(d) the amount by way of
revaluation reserve and credited to
provision for losses of subsidiary
the statement of profit and loss, to
companies, if any such amount is
the extent it does not exceed
debited to the statement of profit
depreciation on account of
and loss;
revaluation of assets referred to in 35
(e) dividends paid or proposed, clause (c);
if any such amount is debited to the
(e) deferred tax, if any such
statement of profit and loss;
amount is credited to the statement
(f) expenditure relatable to any of profit and loss;
income to which provisions of 40
(f) loss brought forward
section 11 apply or any expenditure
(excluding depreciation) or
out of regular income of a registered
unabsorbed depreciation, whichever
non-profit organisation referred in
is less, as per books of account,
section 335, if any such amount is
except, where either of such amount
debited to the statement of profit and
is nil, in case of a company other 45
loss;
than the company referred to in
(g) depreciation, if any such sub-section (4) (Table: Sl. No. 6 or
amount is debited to the statement 7); and
of profit and loss;
(g) such amounts mentioned in
(h) deferred tax and the column D of the Table in 50
provision therefor, if any such sub-section (4), in case of an
amount is debited to the statement assessee mentioned in column B of
of profit and loss; the said Table.
 235

A B C
(i) the amount or amounts set
aside as provision for diminution in
the value of any asset, if any such
5 amount is debited to the statement
of profit and loss;
(j) the amount standing in
revaluation reserve relating to
revalued asset on the retirement or
10 disposal of such asset, if any such
amount is not credited to the
statement of profit and loss; and
(k) such amounts mentioned in
column C of the Table under
15 sub-section (4), in case of an
assessee mentioned in column B of
the said Table.
(3) For the purposes of this section, every company shall prepare its statement
of profit and loss for the relevant tax year in the following manner:––
20 (a) if it is an insurance or banking company, or a company engaged in
the generation or supply of electricity, or any other class of company for which
a form of financial statement has been specified under the enactment
governing such class of company, as per the provisions of such enactment;
(b) in all other cases, as per the provisions of Schedule III to the
18 of 2013. 25 Companies Act, 2013.
(4) While computing the book profit under sub-section (2), the following
amounts shall be further adjusted:––
Table
S. No. Assessee Amounts Amount
30 (to be increased) (to be decreased)
A B C D
1. A company The amount or Income referred to in
being a member amounts of Note if any such amount
of association of expenditure relatable is credited to the
35 persons or body to income referred to in statement of profit and
of individuals Note if any such loss.
amount is debited to
the statement of profit
and loss
40 Note : Income, being share of the assessee in the income of an association of
persons or body of individuals, on which no income-tax is payable as per the
provisions of section 310.
2. A foreign The amount or Income referred to in
45 company amounts of expenditure Note , if such income is
relatable to income credited to the
referred to in Note ,if statement of profit and
any such amount is loss.
debited to the statement
50 of profit and loss.
 236

A B C D

Note: Income, accruing or arising to an assessee from—

(a) the capital gains arising on transactions in securities; or

(b) the interest, dividend, royalty or fees for technical services
chargeable to tax at the rate or rates specified in Chapter XIII, 5

if the income-tax payable thereon as per the provisions of this Act, other than the
provisions of this Part, is at a rate less than the rate specified in sub-section (1).

3. A company, Amount referred to in Amount referred to

which has Note, if any such in Note,
transferred any amount is debited to
capital asset, the statement of profit if any such amount is 10

being share of a and loss. credited to the

special purpose statement of profit and
vehicle to a loss.
business trust
Note: The amount representing–– 15

(a) the notional loss on transfer of such capital asset, to a business trust
in exchange of units allotted by the trust referred to in section 70(1)(zi); or
(b) the notional loss resulting from any change in carrying amount of
the said units; or
(c) the loss on transfer of units referred to in section 70(1)(zi). 20

4. A company, Gain on transfer of Loss on transfer of

which has units referred to in units referred to in
transferred any Note Note.
capital asset, as
25
referred to
against serial
number 3
Note: Units referred to in section 70(1)(zi), computed by taking into account
the cost of the shares exchanged with units referred to in the said clause, or the
carrying amount of the shares at the time of exchange, where such shares are 30
carried at a value other than the cost through statement of profit and loss, as the
case may be.

5. Where total The amount or Income by way of

income amounts of such royalty.
35
includes expenditure relatable
income by way to such royalty income,
of royalty in if any such amount is
respect of a debited to the
patent which is statement of profit and
chargeable to loss 40
tax under
section
194(1)(Table:
Sl. No. 2).
 237

A B C D
6. A company, Nil The aggregate of
and its unabsorbed
subsidiary and depreciation and loss
5 the subsidiary of (excluding
such subsidiary, depreciation) brought
where, the forward.
Tribunal, on an
application
10 moved by the
Central
Government
under section
241 of the
15 Companies Act,
2013 has after
suspension of
the Board of
Directors of
such company
20
has nominated
new directors
under section
242 of the said
25 Act
7. A company Nil The aggregate of
against whom unabsorbed depreciation
corporate and loss (excluding
insolvency depreciation) brought
30 resolution forward.
process has
been admitted
by the .
Adjudicating
35
Authority under
section 7 or 9 or
10 of the
Insolvency and
Bankruptcy
40 Code, 2016
8. A sick Nil. Profits for the tax year
industrial in which the such
company under company has become a
section 17(1) of sick industrial company
45 the Sick and ending with the tax
Industrial year during which the
Companies entire net worth of such
(Special company becomes
Provisions) Act, equal to or exceeds the
50 1985, as it stood accumulated losses.
immediately
before its repeal
by the Sick
Industrial
55 Companies
(Special
Provisions)
Repeal Act, 2003
 238

A B C D
9. A company (a) All amounts (a) All amounts
whose financial credited to the debited to the statement
statements are statement of profit and of profit and loss as
drawn up in loss as referred in Note referred in Note 1; 5
compliance 1; (b) the amounts or
with the Indian aggregate of the
(c) the amounts or
Accounting amounts credited to the
aggregate of the
Standards, statement of profit and
amounts debited to the
specified in loss on distribution as 10
statement of profit and
Annexure to the referred in Note 2;
loss on distribution as
Companies (c) one-fifth of the
referred in Note 2;
(Indian transition amount, in the
Accounting (c) one-fifth of the year of convergence
Standards) transition amount, in and each of the 15
Rules, 2015 the year of following four tax
made under the convergence and each years, if such amount is
Companies Act, of the following four not increased;
2013. tax years, if such (d) the amount or the
amount is not aggregate of the 20
decreased; amounts referred to in
Note 3, if such amount
(d) the amount or
is not increased;
the aggregate of the
(f) the amount or
amounts referred to in 25
the aggregate of the
Note 3, if such amount
amounts referred to
is not decreased;
in Note 4, if such
(e) the amount or amount is not
the aggregate of the increased.
30
amounts referred to in
Note 4, if such amount
is not decreased.
Note 1: Other comprehensive income in the statement of profit and loss under
the head “Items that will not be re-classified to profit or loss”, excluding—
(i) revaluation surplus for assets as per the Indian Accounting Standards 35
16 and Indian Accounting Standards 38; or
(ii) gains or losses from investments in equity instruments designated at
fair value through other comprehensive income as per the Indian Accounting
Standards 109; and
the amount or the aggregate of the amounts referred to in clause (a) (i) and 40
(ii) for the tax year or any of the preceding tax years, and relatable to such asset or
investment, in the tax year in which the said asset or investment referred to in
clause (a) is retired, disposed, realised or otherwise transferred.
Note 2: on distribution of non-cash assets to shareholders in a demerger as 45
per Appendix A of the Indian Accounting Standards 10.
Note 3: sub-section (19)(f)(ii) to (v) relatable to such asset or investment, in
the tax year in which the asset or investment referred to in such sub-clauses is
retired, disposed, realised or otherwise transferred.
Note 4: sub-section (19)(f)(ii) to (v) relatable to such foreign operations, in
the tax year in which the foreign operation referred to in such sub-clause is disposed 50
or otherwise transferred.
 239

(5) In case of a person, being a company, while preparing the annual accounts
including statement of profit and loss,—
(a) the accounting policies;
(b) the accounting standards adopted for preparing such accounts
5 including statement of profit and loss; and
(c) the method and rates adopted for calculating the depreciation,
shall be the same as have been adopted for the purpose of preparing such accounts
including statement of profit and loss and laid before the company at its annual
general meeting as per the provisions of section 129 of the Companies Act, 2013,
10 or correspond to the accounting policies, accounting standards and the method and
rates for calculating the depreciation which have been adopted for preparing such
accounts including statement of profit and loss for, such financial year or part of
such financial year falling within the relevant tax year, where the company has
adopted or adopts the financial year under the which is different from the tax year
15 under this Act.
(6) The provisions of this section shall not be applicable to any assessee, being
a foreign company, where––
(a) the assessee is a resident of a country or a specified territory with
which India has an agreement referred to in section 159(1) or the Central
20
Government has adopted any agreement under section 159(2) and the assessee
does not have a permanent establishment in India as per the provisions of such
agreement; or
(b) the assessee is a resident of a country with which India does not have
an agreement of the nature referred to in clause (a) and the assessee is not
25 required to seek registration under any law in force relating to companies; or
(c) its total income comprises solely of profits and gains from business
referred to in section 61(2)(Table: Sl. Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 5), and such income has
been offered to tax at the rates specified in the respective sections.
(7) In the case of a resulting company, where the property and the liabilities
30 of the undertaking or undertakings being received by it are recorded at values
different from the values appearing in the books of account of the demerged
company immediately before the demerger, any change in such value shall be
ignored for the purpose of computation of book profit of the resulting company
under this section.
35 (8) In the case of an assessee being a company, where––
(a) there is an increase in book profit of the tax year due to income of past
year or years included in the book profit on account of––
(i) an advance pricing agreement entered into by the assessee under section
168; or
40 (ii) a secondary adjustment required to be made under section 170; and
(b) the assessee has not utilised the credit of tax paid under this section in
any subsequent tax year under sub-section (13),
the Assessing Officer shall, on an application made to him in this behalf
by the assessee,––
45 (i) recompute the book profit of the past year or years and tax payable, if
any, by the assessee during the tax year under sub-section (1) in such manner,
as prescribed; and
 240

(ii) the provisions of section 287 shall, so far as may be, apply and the
period of four years specified in sub-sections (7) and (8) of that section shall
be reckoned from the end of the tax year in which the said application is
received by the Assessing Officer.
(9) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provisions of this Act, no 5
interest shall be payable to an assessee on the refund arising on account of the
provisions of sub-section (8).
(10) In the case of an assessee being a company, nothing contained in
sub-section (1) shall affect the determination of the amounts in relation to the
relevant tax year to be carried forward to the subsequent year or years under the 10
provisions of––
(a) section 33(11); or
(b) section 111; or
(c) section 112(1); or
(d) section 113; or 15
(e) section 115.
(11) Every assessee to which this section applies, shall furnish a report in the
prescribed form from an accountant, certifying that the book profit in the case of a
company, or adjusted total income in any other case, has been computed as per the
provisions of this section–– 20

(a) before the specified date referred to in section 63; or

(b) along with the return of income furnished in response to a notice
under section 268(1) in the case of an assessee being a company.
(12) Save as otherwise provided in this section, all other provisions of this Act
25
shall apply to every assessee mentioned in this section.
(13) Where any tax is paid under sub-section (1) by an assessee, then, credit
shall be allowed to him of an amount which shall be the difference of the tax paid
for any tax year under sub-section (1) and tax payable by the assessee on his total
income computed as per the other provisions of this Act.
30
(14) While allowing credit under sub-section (13),––
(a) no interest shall be payable on the tax credit so allowed; and
(b) where tax credit in respect of any income-tax paid in any country or
specified territory outside India, under section 159(1) or (2), allowed against
the tax payable under the provisions of sub-section (1) exceeds such tax credit
admissible against the tax payable by the assessee on its income as per the 35
other provisions of this Act, then, while computing the credit under
sub-section (13), such excess amount shall be ignored.
(15) Tax credit determined under sub-section (13) shall be carried forward and––
(a) set off in a year, when tax becomes payable on the total income
computed as per the provisions of this Act exceeds tax determined under 40
sub-section (1); and
(b) such set off in respect of brought forward tax credit shall be allowed
for any tax year to the extent of the difference between the tax on his total
income and the tax which would have been payable under the provisions of
45
sub-section (1) for that tax year,
and such carry forward shall not be allowed beyond the fifteenth tax year
immediately succeeding the tax year in which the tax credit becomes allowable
under sub-section (13).
 241

(16) Where as a result of any order passed under this Act, tax payable under
this Act is reduced or increased, tax credit allowed under sub-section (13) shall also
be increased or reduced accordingly.
(17) In case of conversion of a private company or unlisted public company into
6 of 2009. 5 a limited liability partnership under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008, the
provisions of this section shall not apply to the successor limited liability partnership.
(18) The provisions of this section shall not apply to––
(a) a person, being a company having income accruing or arising from
life insurance business referred to in section 194(1)(Table: Sl. No. 6); or
10 (b) a person, who has exercised the option under––
(i) section 200(5); or
(ii) section 201(2); or
(iii) section 203(5); or
(iv) section 204(2); or
15 (c) a person, whose income-tax payable in respect of the total income of
such person is computed under section 202(1); or
(d) an individual or a Hindu undivided family or an association of
persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, or an artificial
juridical person referred to in section 2(77)(g), if the adjusted total income of
20 such person does not exceed twenty lakh rupees; or
(e) any specified fund referred to in Schedule VI (Note 1).
(19) In this section,—
(a) “Adjudicating Authority” shall have the same meaning as
31 of 2016. assigned to it in section 5(1) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016;
25 (b) “convergence date” means the first day of the first Indian Accounting
Standards reporting period as defined in the Indian Accounting Standards 101;
(c) “net worth” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 3(1)(ga)
1 of 1986. of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, as it stood
immediately before its repeal by the Sick Industrial Companies (Special
1 of 2004. 30 Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003;
(d) “private company” and “unlisted public company” shall have the
meanings respectively assigned to them in the Limited Liability Partnership
6 of 2009. Act, 2008;
(e) “securities” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
42 of 1956. 35 section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956;
(f) “transition amount” means the amount or the aggregate of the
amounts adjusted in the other equity (excluding capital reserve and
securities premium reserve) on the convergence date, but not including the
following:—
40 (i) amount or aggregate of the amounts adjusted in the other
comprehensive income on the convergence date which shall be
subsequently re-classified to the profit or loss;
(ii) revaluation surplus for assets as per the Indian Accounting
Standards 16 and Indian Accounting Standards 38 adjusted on the
45 convergence date;
(iii) gains or losses from investments in equity instruments
designated at fair value through other comprehensive income as per the
Indian Accounting Standards 109 adjusted on the convergence date;
(iv) adjustments relating to items of property, plant and equipment
50 and intangible assets recorded at fair value as deemed cost as per
paragraphs D5 and D7 of the Indian Accounting Standards 101 on the
convergence date;
 242

(v) adjustments relating to investments in subsidiaries, joint

ventures and associates recorded at fair value as deemed cost as per
paragraph D15 of the Indian Accounting Standards 101 on the
convergence date; and
(vi) adjustments relating to cumulative translation differences of a 5
foreign operation as per paragraph D13 of the Indian Accounting
Standards 101 on the convergence date.
(g) “Tribunal” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
18 of 2013.
section 2(90) of the Companies Act, 2013;
(h) “Unit” means a unit established in an International Financial Services 10
Centre;
(i) “year of convergence” means the tax year within which the
convergence date falls; and
(j) a company shall be a subsidiary of another company, if such other
company holds more than half in the nominal value of equity share capital of 15
the company.
E.—Special provisions relating to non-residents and foreign companies
Tax on
dividends,
207. (1) The income-tax payable on the total income of a non-resident (not
royalty and being a company) or a foreign company, which includes any income specified in the
technical service column B of the Table below, shall be the aggregate of income-tax specified in the 20
fees in case of column C thereof.
foreign
companies. Table
Sl. Income Income-tax
No. payable
A B C 25

1. Dividend [other than dividends specified against 20%

serial number 2.
2. Dividend received from a unit in an International 10%
Financial Services Centre.
3. Interest received from Government or an Indian 20% 30
concern on monies borrowed or debt incurred by
Government or the Indian concern in foreign currency
not being interest referred to against serial numbers 4
and 5.
4. Interest received from an infrastructure debt fund 5% 35
referred to in Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 46).
5. Interest of the nature and extent referred to in section Rates
393(2) (Table: Sl. No. 2), (Table: Sl. No. 3 and 4). specified in
section 393(2)
(Table: Sl. No. 2, 40
3 and 4).
6. Distributed income being interest referred to in Rate specified
section 393(2) (Table: Sl. No. 6). in section 393(2)
(Table: Sl.
No. 6). 45

7. Income received in respect of units, purchased in 20 %

foreign currency, of a Mutual Fund specified in
Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21) or of the Unit
Trust of India.
 243

A B C
8. Total income as reduced by income referred to Income-tax
against serial numbers 1 to 7. chargeable on
such income.
(2) Where the total income of a non-resident (not being a company) or of a
5 foreign company, includes any income by way of royalty or fees for technical
services received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an
agreement made after the 31st March,1976, other than income referred to in section
59(1), and—
(a) the agreement is approved by the Central Government where such
10 agreement is with an Indian concern; or
(b) where the agreement relates to a matter included in the industrial
policy, for the time being in force, of the Government of India, it is as per that
policy,
then, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), the income-tax payable shall be
15 the aggregate of income-tax specified in column C of the Table below:––
Table
Sl. Income Income-tax payable
No.
A B C
20 1. Royalty [other than income referred to in 20%
section 59(1)].
2. Fees for technical services [other than 20%
income referred to in section 59(1)].
3. Total income as reduced by income Income-tax chargeable on
25 referred to against serial numbers 1 and 2. such income.
(3) Where the royalty referred to in sub-section (2) is in consideration for the
transfer or grant of all or any rights (including the granting of a licence)––
(a) in respect of copyright in any book to an Indian concern; or
(b) in respect of any computer software to a person resident in India,
30 then the provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply in relation to such royalty without
application of provisions of clause (a) or (b) of that sub-section.
(4) In this section,––
(a) “computer software” means any computer programme recorded on
any disc, tape, perforated media or other information storage device; or any
35 customised electronic data or any product or service of similar nature as
notified by the Board, which is transmitted or exported from India to a place
outside India by any means;
(b) “fees for technical services” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 9;
40 (c) “royalty” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 9.
(5) No deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance shall be allowed
under sections 28 to 61 and section 93 for computing income referred to in
sub-sections (1) and (2).
(6) Where the gross total income of an assessee––
45 (a) consists only of the income referred to in sub-section (1)(Table: Sl. No.
1 to 7), no deduction shall be allowed under Chapter VIII;
(b) includes any income referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1
to 7), the gross total income shall be reduced by such income and the deduction
under Chapter VIII shall be allowed as if such reduced amount were the gross
50 total income of the assessee;
 244

(7) the provisions of sub-section (6) shall not apply to a deduction allowed to
Unit of an International Financial Services Centre under section 147.
(8) It shall not be necessary for an assessee to furnish a return of income under
section 263(1), if—
(a) the total income during the tax year consisted only of income referred 5
to in sub-sections (1)(Table: Sl. No. 1 to 7) and sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No.
1 and 2); and
(b) the tax deductible at source under the provisions of Chapter XIX-B
has been deducted from such income at a rate not less than the rate specified
10
in sub-sections (1) and (2).
Tax on income
from units 208. (1) The income-tax payable on the total income of an assessee, being an
purchased in overseas financial organisation (herein referred to as Offshore Fund), which
foreign includes income specified in column B of the Table below, shall be the aggregate of
currency or
capital gains the amount specified in column C thereof.
arising from 15
their transfer. Table
Sl. Income Income-tax payable
No.
A B C
1. Income received in respect of units purchased in 10 %
foreign currency. 20

2. Long-term capital gains arising from the transfer 12.5%

of units purchased in foreign currency.
3. Total income as reduced by income referred to in Income-tax
against serial numbers 1 and 2. chargeable on such
income. 25

(2) Where the gross total income of the Offshore Fund—

(a) consists only of income from units or income by way of long-term
capital gains arising from the transfer of units, or both, no deduction shall be
allowed to the assessee under sections 26 to 61 or section 93(1)(a) and (e) or
30
under Chapter VIII;
(b) includes any income referred to in clause (a),––
(i) the gross total income shall be reduced by such income; and
(ii) the deduction under Chapter VIII shall be allowed as if the
gross total income so reduced were the gross total income of the
35
assessee.
(3) In this section,––
(a) “overseas financial organisation” means any fund,
institution, association or body, whether incorporated or not,
established under the laws of a country outside India,––
(i) which has entered into an arrangement for 40
investment in India with any public sector bank or public
financial institution or a mutual fund specified in
Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21); and
 245

(ii) such arrangement is approved by the Securities and Exchange

Board of India, established under the Securities and Exchange Board of
15 of 1992. India Act, 1992, for this purpose;
(b) “public financial institution” shall have the same meaning as
18 of 2013.
5 assigned to it in section 2(72) of the Companies Act, 2013;
(c) “unit” means unit of,––
(i) a mutual fund specified in Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20) or
(Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21); or
(ii) the Unit Trust of India.
10 209. (1) The income -tax payable, on the total income of an assessee, being a Tax on income
non- resident, which includes income specified in column B of the Table below, from bonds or
Global
shall be the aggregate of the amounts mentioned in column C thereof. Depository
Receipts
Table purchased in
foreign
Sl. Income Income-tax currency or
15 No. payable capital gains
arising from
A B C their transfer.

1. From interest on–– 10 %

(a) bonds of an Indian company issued in
accordance with such scheme as notified by the
20 Central Government; or
(b) bonds of a public sector company sold by the
Government,
and purchased in foreign currency.

2. From dividends on Global Depository Receipts— 10 %

25 (a) issued as per such scheme as the Central
Government may, notified, against the initial issue
of shares of an Indian company and purchased in
foreign currency through an approved intermediary;
or
30 (b) issued against the shares of a public sector
company sold by the Government and purchased by
him in foreign currency through an approved
intermediary; or
(c) issued or re-issued in accordance with a
35 scheme notified by the Central Government, against
the existing shares of an Indian company purchased
in foreign currency through an approved
intermediary.
3. Long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of 12. 5%
40 bonds referred to against serial number 1 or Global
Depository Receipts referred to against serial number 2.
4. Total income as reduced by income referred to against Income-
serial numbers 1 to 3. tax chargeable
on such
45 income.
 246

(2) Where the gross total income of the non-resident—

(a) consists only of income by way of interest or dividends in respect

of––

(i) bonds referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1); or

sub-section (1); or 5

(ii) Global Depository Receipts referred to in sub-section (1)

(Table: Sl. No. 2), no deduction shall be allowed under sections 26 to 61
or section 93(1)(a) or 93(1)(e) or under Chapter VIII;

(b) includes any income referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1)
10
to (Table: Sl. No. 3),––

(i) the gross total income shall be reduced by the such income;
and

(ii) the deduction under Chapter VIII shall be allowed as if the

gross total income so reduced, were the gross total income of the
15
assessee.

(3) The provisions of section 72(6) shall not apply for computation of long-term
capital gains arising out of the transfer of long-term capital asset being bonds or Global
Depository Receipts referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3).

(4) It shall not be necessary for a non-resident to furnish a return of his income
20
under section 263(1), if—

(a) his total income during the tax year consisted only of income referred
to in sub-sections (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1) and (Table: Sl. No. 2); and

(b) the tax deductible at source under the provisions of Chapter XIX-B
has been deducted from such income.

(5) Where the assessee acquired Global Depository Receipts or bonds in an 25

amalgamated or resulting company by virtue of his holding Global Depository
Receipts or bonds in the amalgamating or demerged company, as the case may be,
as per the provisions of sub-section (1), the provisions of that sub-section shall apply
to such Global Depository Receipts or bonds.

(6) In this section,–– 30

(a) “approved intermediary” means an intermediary which is approved

as per a scheme notified by the Central Government; and

(b) “Global Depository Receipts” shall have the meaning assigned to it

in section 190(4)(a).

Tax on income of 210. (1) The income-tax payable on total income of an assessee, being a 35
Foreign specified fund or Foreign Institutional Investor, which includes the income referred
Institutional
Investors from to in column B of the Table below, shall be the aggregate of the amounts mentioned
securities or in column C thereof.
capital gains
arising from their
transfer.
 247

Table

Sl. Income Income-tax

No. payable

A B C

5 1. Securities other than units referred to in section (a) 20 % in

208. case of Foreign
Institutional
Investor;

(b) 10 % in case
10 of specified fund.

2. Short-term capital gains (not being short-term 30 %

capital gains referred to in section 196) arising from
the transfer of such securities.

3. Short-term capital gains referred to in section 196 20 %

15 arising from the transfer of such securities

4. Long-term capital gains (not being long-term 12.5 %

capital gains referred to in section 198 arising from
the transfer of such securities

5. Long-term capital gains referred to in section 198 12.5 %

20 arising from the transfer of such securities which
exceeds ₹ 1,25,000.

6. Total income as reduced by income referred to Income-tax

against serial numbers 1 to 5. chargeable on such
income.

25 (2) In case of specified fund, provisions of this section shall apply only to the
extent of income that is attributable to units held by non-resident (not being a
permanent establishment of such non-resident in India) calculated in the manner as
prescribed, irrespective of the provisions of sub-section (1).

(3) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), where the

30 specified fund––

(a) is investment division of an offshore banking unit as specified against

serial number 1 of the Table in Schedule III.6; and

(b) fulfills the conditions referred to in clause (g)D(ii) of cell E1 of the

Table in Schedule VI (Note 1),

35 the provisions of this section shall apply to the extent of income that is attributable
to such investment division, calculated in the manner, as prescribed.

(4) Where the gross total income of the specified fund or Foreign
Institutional Investor—

(a) consists only of income in respect of securities referred in

45
sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1), no deduction shall be allowed to it under
sections 26 to 61 or section 93(1)(a) or (e) or under Chapter VIII;
(b) includes any income referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1)
to (Table: Sl. No. 5),––
 248

(i) the gross total income shall be reduced by the amount of such
income; and
(ii) the deduction under Chapter VIII shall be allowed as if the
gross total income as so reduced, were the gross total income of the
specified fund or Foreign Institutional Investor. 5

(5) The provisions of section 72(6) shall not apply for the computation of
capital gains arising out of the transfer of securities referred to in sub-section (1)
(Table: Sl. No. 2) to (Table: Sl. No. 5).
(6) In this section,––
(a) “Foreign Institutional Investor” means an investor so specified in a 10
notification by the Central Government;
(b) “permanent establishment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 173(c);
(c) “securities” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; 15 42 of 1956.

(d) “specified fund” shall have the meaning assigned to it in Schedule VI

[Note 1]
Tax on non- 211. (1) Where the total income of an assessee,––
resident
sportsmen or (a) being a sportsman (including an athlete), who is not a citizen of
sports India and is a non-resident, includes any income received or receivable by 20
associations.
way of––
(i) participation in India in any game [other than a game the
winnings from which are taxable as specified in section 194(1) (Table:
Sl. No. 1)] or sport; or
(ii) advertisement; or 25

(iii) contribution of articles relating to any game or sport in India

in newspapers, magazines or journals; or
(b) being a non-resident sports association or institution, includes any
amount guaranteed to be paid or payable to such association or institution
in relation to any game, other than a game the winnings from which are 30
taxable as specified in section 194(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1) or sport played in
India; or
(c) being an entertainer, who is not a citizen of India and is a
non-resident, includes any income received or receivable from his
35
performance in India,
then, the income-tax payable by the assessee shall be the aggregate of amounts
mentioned in column C of the Table below:––
Table

Sl. No. Income Income-tax payable

A B C 40

1. Income referred to in clause (a) or (b) 20 %

or (c).
2. Total income as reduced by income Income-tax chargeable
referred to in clause (a) or (b) or (c). on such income.
 249

(2) No deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance shall be allowed

under any provision of this Act in computing the income referred to in
sub-section (1).
(3) It shall not be necessary for the assessee to furnish a return of his income
5 under section 263(1), if—
(a) his total income during the tax year consisted only of income referred
to in sub-section (1); and
(b) the tax deductible at source under the provisions of Chapter XIX-B
has been deducted from such income.
10 212 In sections 213 to 218,— Interpretation

(a) “foreign exchange asset” means any specified asset which the
assessee has acquired or purchased with, or subscribed to in, convertible
foreign exchange;
(b) “investment income” means any income derived from a foreign
15
exchange asset;
(c) “long-term capital gains” means income chargeable under the head
“Capital gains” relating to a capital asset, being a foreign exchange asset
which is not a short-term capital asset;
(d) “non-resident Indian” means an individual, who is not a resident
20 and is—
(i) a citizen of India; or
(ii) a person of Indian origin;
(e) “specified asset” means any of the following assets:—
(i) shares in an Indian company; or
25 (ii) debentures issued by an Indian company which is not a private
18 of 2013. company as defined in the Companies Act, 2013; or

18 of 2013.
(iii) deposits with an Indian company which is not a private
company as defined in the Companies Act, 2013; or
(iv) any security of the Central Government as defined in
18 of 1944. 30 section 2(c) of the Public Debt Act, 1944; or
(v) such other assets as the Central Government may specify in this
behalf by notification.
213. (1) No deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance shall be Special
provision for
allowed under any provision of this Act in computing the investment income of a computation of
35 non-resident Indian. total income of
non-residents.
(2) In the case of an assessee, being a non-resident Indian, where––

(a) the gross total income consists only of investment income or income
by way of long-term capital gains or both then no deduction shall be allowed
under Chapter VIII;
40 (b) the gross total income includes any income referred to in clause (a),––
 250

(i) the gross total income shall be reduced by such income; and

(ii) the deductions under Chapter VIII shall be allowed as if the

gross total income as so reduced was the gross total income of the
assessee.

Tax on 214. The Income-tax payable, on the total income of an assessee, being 5
investment a non-resident Indian, which includes income specified in column B of the
income and Table below, shall be the aggregate of the amounts mentioned in column C
long-term capital
gains. thereof.

Table

Sl. Income Income-tax payable 10

No.

A B C

1. Income from investment or income 20 %

from long-term capital gains of an asset
other than a specified asset. 15

2. Income from long-term capital gains 12.5%

on specified asset.

3. Total income as reduced by income Income-tax chargeable on

referred to against serial numbers 1 such income.
and 2. 20

Capital gains on 215. (1) Where, in case of an assessee, being a non-resident Indian,––
transfer of
foreign (a) any long-term capital gains arises from the transfer of a foreign
exchange assets
not to be exchange asset (herein referred as original asset); and
charged in
certain cases. (b) within six months after the date of such transfer, he has invested the
whole or any part of the net consideration in any specified asset (herein 25
referred as new asset),

then the capital gains shall be dealt with in the following manner:—

(i) if the cost of the new asset is not less than the net consideration in
respect of the original asset, the whole of such capital gain shall not be charged
30
under section 67;

(ii) if the cost of the new asset is less than the net consideration in respect
of the original asset, then the capital gain computed by the following formula
shall not be charged under section 67:––
A=B×C
D 35

Where,
A = the capital gains not to be charges being computed;
B = whole of the capital gain;
 251

C = cost of acquisition of the new asset;

D = net consideration in respect of the original asset.
(2) For the In sub-section (1),––
(a) “cost”, in relation to any new asset, being a deposit referred to in
5 section 212(e)(iii)(v), means the amount of such deposit;
(b) “net consideration” in relation to the transfer of the original asset,
means the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result
of the transfer of such asset as reduced by any expenditure incurred wholly
and exclusively in connection with such transfer.
10
(3) Where the new asset is transferred or converted (otherwise than by
transfer) into money, within three years from date of its acquisition, the capital
gain arising from transfer of original asset not so charged under section 67 shall
be deemed to be income by way of capital gains of the tax year in which such
transfer or conversion takes place relating to capital assets other than short-term
15 capital assets of the tax year in which the new asset is transferred or converted
(otherwise than by transfer) into money.
216. It shall not be necessary for a non-resident Indian to furnish a return Return of
income not to
of his income under section 263(1), if— be furnished in
certain cases.
(a) his total income during the tax year consisted only of investment
20 income or income by way of long-term capital gains or both; and
(b) the tax deductible at source under the provisions of
Chapter XIX-B has been deducted from such income.
217. (1) Where a non-resident Indian in any tax year,–– Benefit
available in
(a) becomes assessable as a resident in India in a subsequent tax year; certain cases
even after
25 and assessee
becomes
(b) furnishes a declaration in writing to the Assessing Officer along resident.
with his return of income under section 263for the tax year for which he is
so assessable,to the effect that provisions of sections 212 to 218 shall
continue to apply to him in relation to the investment income derived from
30 any foreign exchange asset referred to in section 212(e) other than a share
in an Indian company,
then the provisions of this Chapter shall continue to apply in relation to such
income until the transfer or conversion (otherwise than by transfer) of such
assets into money.
35 218. (1) A non-resident Indian may choose not to be governed by the not to
apply if the
provisions of sections 212 to 217 for any tax year by declaring it in his return of assessee so
income under section 263 for such tax year. and if he does so,— chooses.

(a) the provisions of sections 212 to 217 shall not apply to him for
that tax year, and
40 (b) his total income for that tax year shall be computed and charged
to tax according to the other provisions of this Act.
 252

Conversion of an 219. (1) Where a foreign company is engaged in the business of banking in
Indian branch of India through its branch situated in India and such branch is converted into a
foreign company
into subsidiary subsidiary Indian company as per the scheme framed by the Reserve Bank of India,
Indian company. then, irrespective of anything contained in this Act and subject to the conditions as
notified by the Central Government,— 5

(a) the capital gains arising from such conversion shall not be chargeable
to tax in the tax year in which such conversion takes place; and
(b) the provisions of this Act relating to––
(i) treatment of unabsorbed depreciation, set off or carry forward
and set off of losses; 10

(ii) tax credit in respect of tax paid on deemed income relating to

certain companies; and
(iii) computation of income of the foreign company and subsidiary
Indian company,
shall apply with such exceptions, modifications and adaptations as specified in that 15
notification.
(2) In case of failure to comply with any of the conditions specified in the
scheme or in the notification issued under sub-section (1), all the provisions of this
Act shall apply to the foreign company and the said subsidiary Indian company
without any benefit, exemption or relief under the said sub-section. 20

(3) Where, in a tax year, any benefit, exemption or relief has been claimed and
granted as per the provisions of sub-section (1) and, subsequently, there is failure to
comply with any of the conditions specified in the scheme or in the notification
issued under the said sub-section then,—
(a) such benefit, exemption or relief shall be deemed to have been 25
wrongly allowed;
(b) the Assessing Officer may, irrespective of anything in this Act,
re-compute the total income of the assessee for the said tax year and make the
necessary amendment; and
(c) the provisions of section 287 shall, so far as may be, apply thereto 30
and the period of four years specified in sub-section (8) of that section being
reckoned from the end of the tax year in which the failure to comply with the
condition referred to in sub-section (1) takes place.
(4) Every notification issued under this section shall be laid before each House
35
of Parliament.

Foreign 220. (1) Where a foreign company is said to be a resident in India in any tax
company said to year and such company has not been a resident in India in earlier tax years, then,
be resident in
India.
irrespective of anything in this Act and subject to the conditions as notified by the
Central Government in this behalf, the provisions of this Act relating to—
40
(a) the computation of total income;
(b) treatment of unabsorbed depreciation;

(c) set off or carry forward and set off of losses;

(d) collection and recovery; and
 253

(e) special provisions relating to avoidance of tax,

shall apply with such exceptions, modifications and adaptations as specified in
that notification for such tax years;
(2) Where the determination regarding foreign company to be resident in
5 India has been made in the assessment proceedings for any tax year, then, the
provisions of sub-section (1) shall also apply to any other tax year succeeding
such tax year, which ends on or before the date of completion of such assessment
proceeding.
(3) Where, in a tax year, any benefit, exemption or relief has been claimed
10 and granted to the foreign company as per the provisions of sub-section (1), and,
subsequently, there is failure to comply with any of the conditions specified in
the notification issued under the said sub-section, then,—

(a) such benefit, exemption or relief shall be deemed to have been

wrongly allowed;
15 (b) the Assessing Officer may, irrespective of anything in this Act,
re-compute the total income of the assessee for the said tax year and make
the necessary amendment as if the exceptions, modifications and
adaptation referred to in sub-section (1) did not apply; and
(c) the provisions of section 287 shall, so far as may be, apply thereto
20 and the period of four years specified in sub-section (8) of that section
being reckoned from the end of the tax year in which the failure to comply
with the condition referred to in sub-section (1) takes place.
(4) Every notification issued under this section shall be laid before each
House of Parliament.
25 F.—Special provisions relating to pass-through entities

221. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, where a person Tax on income
being an investor of a securitisation trust, receives any income or any income from
securitisation
accrues or arises to him, out of investments made in the securitisation trust, such trusts.
income shall be chargeable to income-tax in the same manner as if, it were the
30 income accruing or arising to, or received by, such person, had the investments
by the securitisation trust been made directly by him.
(2) The income paid or credited by the securitisation trust shall be deemed
to be of the same nature and in the same proportion in the hands of the person
referred to in sub-section (1), as if it had been received by, or had accrued or
35 arisen to, the securitisation trust during the tax year.
(3) The income accruing or arising to, or received by, the securitisation
trust during a tax year, if not paid or credited to the person referred to in
sub-section (1), shall be deemed to have been credited to the account of the said
person––
40 (a) on the last day of the tax year; and
(b) in the same proportion in which such person would have been
entitled to receive the income had it been paid in the tax year.
 254

(4) The person responsible for crediting or making payment of the income on
behalf of securitisation trust, and the securitisation trust, shall furnish, within such
period, as prescribed, to the person who is liable to tax in respect of such income
and to the prescribed income-tax authority, a statement in such form and verified in
such manner, giving details of the nature of the income paid or credited during the 5
tax year and such other relevant details, as prescribed.
(5) Any income which has been included in the total income of the person
referred to in sub-section (1) in a tax year, on account of it having accrued or arisen
in the said tax year, shall not be included in the total income of such person in the
tax year in which such income is actually paid to him by the securitisation trust. 10

(6) In this section,—

(a) “investor” means a person who is holder of any securitised debt
instrument or securities or security receipt issued by the securitisation trust;
(b) “securities” means debt securities issued by a Special Purpose
Vehicle as referred to in the guidelines on securitisation of standard assets 15
issued by the Reserve Bank of India;
(c) “securitised debt instrument” shall have the same meaning as
assigned to it in regulation 2(1)(s) of the Securities and Exchange Board of
India (Public Offer and Listing of Securitised Debt Instruments) Regulations,
2008 made under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 and 20 15 of 1992.
the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; 42 of 1956.

(d) “securitisation trust” means a trust, being a—

(i) “special purpose distinct entity” as defined in regulation 2(1)(u)
of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Public Offer and Listing
of Securitised Debt Instruments) Regulations, 2008 made under the 25
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 and the Securities 15 of 1992.
Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and regulated under the said 42 of 1956.
regulations; or
(ii) “Special Purpose Vehicle” as defined in, and regulated by, the
guidelines on securitisation of standard assets issued by the Reserve 30
Bank of India; or
(iii) trust set-up by a securitisation company or a reconstruction
company formed, for the purposes of the Securitisation and
Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest
Act, 2002, or in pursuance of any guidelines or directions issued for the 35 54 of 2002.
said purposes by the Reserve Bank of India,
which fulfils such conditions, as prescribed;
(e) “security receipt” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
section 2(1)(zg) of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets
and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002. 40 54 of 2002.

Tax on income 222. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act,
in case of
venture capital
where a person, out of investments made in a venture capital company or venture
undertakings. capital fund, receives any income, or any income accrues or arises to him, such
income shall be chargeable to income-tax in the same manner as if, it were the
income accruing or arising to, or received by, such person, had he made investments 45
directly in the venture capital undertaking.
 255

(2) The person responsible for crediting or making payment of the income on
behalf of a venture capital company or a venture capital fund and the venture capital
company or venture capital fund shall furnish, within such time, as prescribed, to
the person who is liable to tax in respect of such income and to the prescribed
5 income-tax authority, a statement in the prescribed form and verified in the
prescribed manner, giving details of the nature of the income paid or credited during
the tax year and such other relevant details, as prescribed.
(3) The income paid or credited by the venture capital company and the
venture capital fund shall be deemed to be of the same nature and in the same
10 proportion in the hands of the person referred to in sub-section (1) as it had been
received by, or had accrued or arisen to, the venture capital company or the venture
capital fund, as the case may be, during the tax year.
(4) The provisions of Chapter XIX-B shall not apply to the income paid by a
venture capital company or venture capital fund under this Chapter.
15 (5) The income accruing or arising to or received by the venture capital
company or venture capital fund during a tax year from investments made in venture
capital undertaking, if not paid or credited to the person referred to in sub-section (1),
shall be deemed to have been credited to the account of the said person––
(a) on the last day of the tax year; and
20 (b) in the same proportion in which such person would have been
entitled to receive the income had it been paid in the tax year.
(6) Any income which has been included in total income of the person referred
to in sub-section (1) in a tax year, on account of it having accrued or arisen in the
said tax year, shall not be included in the total income of such person in the tax year
25 in which such income is actually paid to him by the venture capital company or the
venture capital fund.
(7) Nothing contained in this section shall apply in respect of any income
accruing or arising to, or received by, a person from investments made in a venture
capital company or venture capital fund, being an investment fund specified in
30 section 224(10)(a).
(8) For the purposes of this section, “venture capital company”, “venture capital
fund” and “venture capital undertaking” shall have the meanings respectively assigned
to them in Schedule V (Note 4).
223. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provisions of this Act, Tax on income
of unit holder
35 any income distributed by a business trust to its unit holders shall be deemed to be and business
of the same nature and in the same proportion in the hands of the unit holder as it trust.
had been received by, or accrued to, the business trust.
(2) Subject to the provisions of sections 196 and 197, the total income of a
business trust shall be charged to tax at the maximum marginal rate.
40 (3) If in any tax year, the distributed income or any part thereof, received by a
unit holder from the business trust is of the nature as referred to in Schedule V
(Table: Sl. No. 3) or (Table: Sl. No. 4), then, such distributed income or part thereof
shall be deemed to be income of such unit holder and shall be charged to tax as
income of the tax year.
45 (4) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply in respect of any sum
referred to in section 92(2)(k) received by a unit holder from a business trust.
(5) Any person responsible for making payment of the income distributed on
behalf of a business trust to a unit holder, shall furnish a statement to the unit holder
and the prescribed authority, within such time and in such form and manner, as
 256

prescribed, giving the details of the nature of the income paid during the tax year
and such other details, as prescribed.
Tax on income 224. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act
of investment and subject to the provisions of this section, where a person, being a unit holder of
fund and its unit
holders. an investment fund, out of investments made in the investment fund, receives any 5
income or any income accrues or arises to him, such income shall be chargeable to
income-tax in the same manner as if, it were the income accruing or arising to, or
received by, such person, had the investments made by the investment fund been
made directly by him.
(2) Where in any tax year, the net result of computation of total income of 10
the investment fund, without giving effect to the provisions of Schedule V
(Table: Sl. No. 1), is a loss under any head of income and such loss cannot be or
is not wholly set off against income under any other head of income of the said
tax year, then out of such loss,––
(a) the loss arising to the investment fund as a result of the computation 15
under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”, if any, shall be—
(i) allowed to be carried forward and it shall be set off by the
investment fund as per the provisions of Chapter VII; and
(ii) ignored for the purposes of sub-section (1);
(b) the loss other than the loss referred to in clause (a), if any, shall also 20
be ignored for the purposes of sub-section (1), if such loss has arisen in respect
of a unit which has not been held by the unit holder for at least twelve months.
(3) The loss other than the loss under the head “Profits and gains of business
or profession”, if any, accumulated at the level of investment fund as on the
31st March, 2019, shall be— 25

(a) deemed to be the loss of a unit holder who held the unit on the 31st
March, 2019 in respect of the investments made by him in the investment fund,
in the same manner as provided in sub-section (1); and
(b) allowed to be carried forward by such unit holder for the remaining
period calculated from the year in which the loss had occurred for the first 30
time taking that year as the first year and shall be set off by him in as per the
provisions of Chapter VII.
(4) The loss so deemed under sub-section (3) shall not be available to the
investment fund on or after the 1st April, 2019.
(5) The income paid or credited by the investment fund shall be deemed to be 35
of the same nature and in the same proportion in the hands of the person referred to
in sub-section (1), as if it had been received by, or had accrued or arisen to, the
investment fund during the tax year subject to the provisions of sub-section (2).
(6) The total income of the investment fund shall be charged to tax—
(a) at the rate or rates as specified in the Finance Act of the relevant year, 40
where such fund is a company or a firm; or
(b) at maximum marginal rate, in any other case.
(7) The income accruing or arising to, or received by, the investment fund,
during a tax year, if not paid or credited to the person referred to in sub-section (1),
shall subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), be deemed to have been credited 45
to the account of the said person on the last day of the tax year in the same proportion
in which such person would have been entitled to receive the income had it been
paid in the tax year.
 257

(8) Any income, which has been included in total income of the person
referred to in sub-section (1) in a tax year, on account of it having accrued or arisen
in the said tax year, shall not be included in the total income of such person in the
tax year in which such income is actually paid to him by the investment fund.
5 (9) The person responsible for crediting or making payment of the income on
behalf of an investment fund and the investment fund shall furnish, within such time,
as prescribed, to the person who is liable to tax in respect of such income and to the
prescribed income-tax authority, a statement in the prescribed form and verified in
such manner, giving details of the nature of the income paid or credited during the
10 tax year and such other relevant details, as prescribed.
(10) In this section,—
(a) “investment fund” means any fund established or incorporated in
India in the form of a trust or a company or a limited liability partnership or a
body corporate which has been––
15 (i) granted a certificate of registration as a Category I or a
Category II Alternative Investment Fund and is regulated under the
Securities and Exchange Board of India (Alternative Investment Funds)
Regulations, 2012 made under the Securities and Exchange Board of
15 of 1992. India Act, 1992; or
20 (ii) regulated under the International Financial Services Centres
Authority (Fund Management) Regulations, 2022 made under the
50 of 2019. International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019;
2 of 1882. (b) “trust” means a trust established under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 or under
any other law in force; and
25 (c) “unit” means beneficial interest of an investor in the investment fund or a
scheme of the investment fund and shall include shares or partnership interests.
G.—Special provisions relating to income of shipping companies
225. Irrespective of anything contained in sections 26 to 54, in the case of a Income from
business of
company, the income from the business of operating qualifying ships–– operating
qualifying ships.
30 (a) may, at its option, be computed as per provisions of this Part; and
(b) such income shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such
business chargeable to tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or
profession”.
226.(1) In this Part, a company shall— Tonnage tax
scheme.
35 (a) be regarded as operating a ship or inland vessel, as the case may be,
if it operates any ship whether owned or chartered by it and includes a case
where even a part of the ship or inland vessel, as the case may be, has been
chartered in by it in an arrangement such as slot charter, space charter or joint
charter; and
40 (b) not be regarded as operating a ship or inland vessel, as the case may
be, which has been chartered out by it on bareboat charter-cum-demise terms
or on bareboat charter terms for a period exceeding three years.
(2) A tonnage tax company engaged in the business of operating qualifying
ships shall compute the profits from such business under the tonnage tax scheme.
45 (3) The tonnage tax business shall be considered as a separate business distinct
from all other activities or business carried on by the company.
 258

(4) The profits referred to in sub-section (2) shall be computed separately from
the profits and gains from any other business.
(5) The tonnage tax scheme shall apply only if an option to that effect is made
as per section 231.
(6) Where a company engaged in the business of operating qualifying ships,–– 5

(a) is not covered under the tonnage tax scheme; or

(b) has not made an option in respect of the tonnage tax scheme as per
section 231,
the profits and gains of such company from such business shall be computed as per
10
other provisions of this Act.
(7) Subject to the other provisions of this Part,––
(a) the tonnage income, shall be––
(i) computed as per section 227; and
(ii) deemed to be the profits chargeable under the head “Profits and
gains of business or profession”; and 15

(b) the relevant shipping income referred to in section 228(1) shall not
be chargeable to tax.
Computation of 227. (1) The tonnage income of a tonnage tax company for a tax year shall be
tonnage income. the aggregate of the tonnage income of each qualifying ship computed as per
sub-sections (2) and (3). 20

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the tonnage income of each qualifying
ship shall be computed as per the following formula:––
TI= DTI x N
where,—
TI = the tonnage income of each qualifying ship; 25

DTI = the daily tonnage income of each qualifying ship;

N = the number of days, in the tax year, or in part of the tax year in
case the ship is operated by the company as a qualifying ship for only part
of the tax year.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2), the daily tonnage income of a 30
qualifying ship having tonnage referred to in column A of the Table below shall be
the amount specified in the corresponding entry in column B thereof.
Table
Sl. No. Qualifying ship having net tonnage Amount of daily tonnage
income 35

A B C
1. Up to 1,000. ₹ 70 for each 100 tons.
2. Exceeding 1,000 but not more than ₹ 700 plus ₹ 53 for each
10,000. 100 tons exceeding 1,000
tons. 40

3. Exceeding 10,000 but not more than ₹ 5,470 plus ₹ 42 for each
25,000. 100 tons exceeding 10,000
tons.
4. Exceeding 25,000. ₹ 11,770 plus ₹ 29 for
each 100 tons exceeding 45
25,000 tons.
 259

(4) In this Part, the tonnage shall—

(a) mean the tonnage of a ship or inland vessel, as the case may be,
indicated in the certificate referred to in sub-section (9); and
(b) include the deemed tonnage, being the tonnage in respect of an
5 arrangement of purchase of slots, slot charter and an arrangement of sharing
of break-bulk vessel, computed in the manner, as prescribed.
(5) The tonnage shall be rounded off to the nearest multiple of hundred tons
and for this purpose any tonnage consisting of kilograms shall be ignored and if the
tonnage so rounded off, as per clause (a), is not a multiple of hundred, then, if the
10 last figure in that amount is,—
(a) fifty tons or more, the tonnage shall be increased to the next higher
tonnage;
(b) less than fifty tons, the tonnage shall be reduced to the next lower
tonnage,
15 which is a multiple of hundred and the tonnage so rounded off shall be the tonnage
of the ship for the purposes of this section.
(6) No deduction or set off shall be allowed in computing the tonnage income
under this Part, irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act.
(7) Where a qualifying ship is operated by two or more companies by way of––
20 (a) joint interest in the ship; or
(b) an agreement for the use of the ship,
and their respective shares are definite and ascertainable, the tonnage income of
each such company shall be an amount equal to a share of income proportionate to
its share of that interest.
25 (8) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (7), where two or more companies
are operators of a qualifying ship, the tonnage income of each company shall be
computed as if each had been the only operator.
(9) In this Part,––
(a) the tonnage of a ship or inland vessel, as the case may be, shall be
30 determined as per the valid certificate indicating its tonnage;
(b) “valid certificate” means,—
(i) in case of ships registered in India,—
(A) having a length of less than twenty-four metres, a certificate
issued under the Merchant Shipping (Tonnage Measurement of Ship)
44 of 1958. 35 Rules, 1987 made under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958;
(B) having a length of twenty-four metres or more, an
international tonnage certificate issued under the provisions of the
Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969, as specified
in the Merchant Shipping (Tonnage Measurement of Ship) Rules,
40 1987 made under the said Act;
(ii) in case of ships registered outside India, a licence issued by the
Director-General of Shipping under section 406 or 407 of the Merchant
44 of 1958. Shipping Act, 1958 specifying the net tonnage on the basis of Tonnage
Certificate issued by the Flag State Administration, where the ship is
45
registered or any other evidence acceptable to the Director-General of
Shipping produced by the ship owner while seeking permission for
chartering in the ship;
(iii) in case of inland vessel registered in India, a certificate issued
24 of 2021. under the Inland Vessels Act, 2021.
 260

Relevant 228. (1) In this Part, the relevant shipping income of a tonnage tax
shipping income
and exclusion company means—
from book
profit.
(a) its profits from core activities referred to in sub-section (3); and
(b) its profits from incidental activities referred to in sub-section (7).
(2) Where the aggregate of all such incomes specified in sub-section (1)(b) 5
exceeds 0.25% of the turnover from core activities referred to in sub-section (3),
such excess shall not form part of the relevant shipping income for the purposes of
this Part and shall be taxable under the other provisions of this Act.
(3) The core activities of a tonnage tax company shall be—
(a) its activities from operating qualifying ships; and 10

(b) other ship-related or inland vessel related activities, as the case may
be, as follows:—
(i) shipping contracts in respect of—
(A) earning from pooling arrangements;
(B) contracts of affreightment; 15

(ii) specific shipping trades, being—

(A) on-board or on-shore activities of passenger ships
comprising of fares and food and beverages consumed on-board;
(B) slot charters, space charters, joint charters, feeder
services and container box leasing of container shipping. 20

(4) In sub-section (3)(b)(i),––

(a) “pooling arrangement” means an agreement between two or more
persons for providing services through a pool or operating one or more ships or
inland vessels as the case may be, and sharing earnings or operating profits on
the basis of mutually agreed terms; and 25

(b) “contract of affreightment” means a service contract under which a

tonnage tax company agrees to transport a specified quantity of specified
products at a specified rate, between designated loading and discharging ports
over a specified period.
(5) The Central Government, if it considers necessary or expedient so to do, 30
may, by notification, exclude any activity referred to in sub-section 3(b) or prescribe
the limit up to which such activities shall be included in the core activities for the
purposes of this section.
(6) Every notification issued under this Part shall be laid, as soon as may be
after it is issued, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session for a total 35
period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more
successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following
the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any
modification in the notification, or both Houses agree that the notification should
not be issued, the notification shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form 40
or be of no effect; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be
without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that notification.
(7) The incidental activities shall be the activities which are incidental to the
core activities and as prescribed for the purpose.
(8) Where a tonnage tax company operates any ship or inland vessels as the 45
case may be, which is not a qualifying ship, the income attributable to operating
such non-qualifying ship shall be computed under other provisions of this Act.
(9) Where any goods or services held for the purposes of—
 261

(a) tonnage tax business are transferred to any other business carried on
by a tonnage tax company; or
(b) any other business carried on by such tonnage tax company are
transferred to the tonnage tax business,
5 and, in either case, the consideration, if any, for such transfer as recorded in the
accounts of the tonnage tax business does not correspond to the market value of
such goods or services as on the date of the transfer, then, the relevant shipping
income under this section shall be computed as if the transfer, in either case, had
been made at the market value of such goods or services as on that date.
10 (10) In sub-section (9), “market value”, in relation to any goods or services,
means the price that such goods or services would ordinarily fetch on sale in the
open market.
(11) Where, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, the computation of the
relevant shipping income in the manner specified in sub-section (9) presents
15 exceptional difficulties, he may compute such income on such reasonable basis as
he considers fit.
(12) Where it appears to the Assessing Officer that, owing to the close
connection between the tonnage tax company and any other person, or for any other
reason, the course of business between them is so arranged that the business
20 transacted between them produces to the tonnage tax company more than the
ordinary profits which might be expected to arise in the tonnage tax business, the
Assessing Officer shall, in computing the relevant shipping income of the tonnage
tax company for the purposes of this Part, take income as may reasonably be deemed
to have been derived therefrom.
25 (13) In this Part, in case the relevant shipping income of a tonnage tax
company is a loss, then, such loss shall be ignored for the purposes of computing
tonnage income.
(14) Where a tonnage tax company also carries on any business or activity
other than the tonnage tax business, common costs attributable to the tonnage tax
30 business shall be determined on a reasonable basis.
(15) Where any asset, other than a qualifying ship, is not exclusively used for
the tonnage tax business by the tonnage tax company, depreciation on such asset
shall be allocated between its tonnage tax business and other business on a fair
proportion to be determined by the Assessing Officer, having regard to the use of
35 such asset for the purposes of the tonnage tax business and for the other business.
(16) The book profit or loss derived from the activities of a tonnage tax
company, referred to in sub-section (1), shall be excluded from the book profit of
the company for the purposes of section 206.
229. (1) For the purposes of computing depreciation under section 230(1)(d), Depreciation and
gains relating to
40 the depreciation for the first tax year of the tonnage tax scheme (herein referred to tonnage tax
as the first tax year) shall be computed on the written down value of the qualifying assets.
ships as specified under sub-section (2).
(2) The written down value of the block of assets, being ships or inland vessels
as the case may be, as on the first day of the first tax year, shall be divided in the
45 ratio of the book written down value of the qualifying ships (herein referred to as
the qualifying assets) and the book written down value of the non-qualifying ships
(herein referred to as the other assets), as per the following formula:––
D=AxB
B+C
50 E=AxC
B+C
 262

where,—
D = the written down value of the block of qualifying assets as on the
first day of the tax year;
E = the written down value of the block of other assets as on the first day
of the tax year; 5

A = the written down value of the existing block of assets, being ships
as on the last day of the immediately preceding tax year;
B = the aggregate of book written down value of qualifying assets as on
the last day of the preceding tax year; and
C = the aggregate of the book written down value of other assets as on 10
the last day of the preceding tax year.
(3) The block of qualifying assets as determined under sub-section (2) shall
constitute a separate block of assets for the purposes of this Part.
(4) Where an asset forming part of a block of,—
(a) qualifying assets begins to be used for purposes other than the tonnage 15
tax business, an appropriate portion of the written down value allocable to such
asset shall be reduced from the written down value of that block and shall be added
to the block of other assets as per the following formula:—
A=BxC
20
D
where,––
A = the appropriate portion to be added to the block of the
other assets;
B = the written down value of block of qualifying assets as
on the first day of the tax year; 25

C = the book written down value of qualifying asset which

begins to be used for purpose other than the tonnage tax business; and
D = the aggregate of book written down value of all the assets
forming the block of qualifying assets;
(b) other assets, begins to be used for tonnage tax business, an 30
appropriate portion of the written down value allocable to such asset shall be
reduced from the written down value of the block of other assets and shall be
added to the block of qualifying asset as per the following formula:—
E= F x G
35
I
where,—
E = the appropriate proportion to be added to the block of qualifying
asset;
F = the written down value of block of other assets as on the first
day of the tax year; 40

G = book written down value of the other asset which begins to be

used for tonnage tax business; and
I = the aggregate of book written down value of all the assets
forming the block of other assets.
(5) For the purposes of computing depreciation under section 230(1)(d) in 45
respect of an asset mentioned in sub-sections (4)(a) and (b), the depreciation
computed for the tax year shall be allocated in the ratio of the number of days for
which the asset was used for the tonnage tax business and for purposes other than
tonnage tax business.
 263

(6) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that for the purposes of
this Act, the depreciation on the block of qualifying assets and block of other assets
so created shall be allowed as if such written down value referred to in
sub-section (2) had been brought forward from the preceding tax year.
5 (7) In this section,—
(a) “book written down value” means the written down value as per
books of accounts; and
(b) “written down value” means the written down value as calculated for
purposes of income-tax.
10 (8) Any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset being an
asset forming part of the block of qualifying assets shall be chargeable to
income-tax as per sections 67 and 74, and the capital gains so arising shall be
computed as per sections 67 to 81.
(9) For the purposes of computing such profits or gains, as referred to in
15 sub-section (8), the provisions of section 74 shall have effect as if for the words
“written down value of the block of assets”, the words “written down value of the
block of qualifying assets” had been substituted.
(10) In this section, “written down value of the block of qualifying assets”
means the written down value computed as per sub-section (2).
20 230. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Exclusion of
deduction, loss,
Act, in computing the tonnage income of a tonnage tax company for any tax year set off etc.,
(herein referred to as the “relevant tax year”) in which it is chargeable to tax as
per this Part—
(a) sections 28 to 52 shall apply as if every loss, allowance or deduction
25 referred to therein and relating to or allowable for any of the relevant tax years,
had been given full effect to for that tax year itself;
(b) no loss referred to in section 108(1) or (2)(a) or 109 or 112(1) or
116(1), in so far as such loss relates to the business of operating qualifying
ships of the company, shall be carried forward or set off where such loss
30 relates to any of the tax years when the company is under the tonnage tax
scheme;
(c) no deduction shall be allowed under Chapter VIII in relation to the
profits and gains from the business of operating qualifying ships; and
(d) in computing the depreciation allowance under section 33, the
35 written down value of any asset used for the purposes of the tonnage tax
business shall be computed as if the company has claimed and has been
actually allowed the deduction in respect of depreciation for the relevant
tax years.
(2) Section 112 shall apply in respect of any losses that have accrued to a
40 company before its option for tonnage tax scheme and which are attributable to its
tonnage tax business, as if such losses had been set off against the relevant shipping
income in any of the tax years when the company is under the tonnage tax scheme.
(3) The losses referred to in sub-section (2) shall not be available for set off
against any income other than relevant shipping income in any tax year beginning
45 on or after the company exercises its option under section 231.
 264

(4) Any apportionment necessary to determine the losses referred to in

sub-section (2) shall be made on a reasonable basis.
Method of 231. (1) A qualifying company may opt for the tonnage tax scheme by making
opting of an application to the Joint Commissioner having jurisdiction over the company in
tonnage tax 5
scheme and the form and manner, as prescribed, for such scheme.
validity.
(2) A qualifying company may make an application within three months, of
the date of its incorporation, or of the date on which it becomes a qualifying
company for the first time.
(3) A Unit of an International Financial Services Centre which has availed of
deduction under section 147 may make an application within three months from the 10
date on which such deduction ceases.
(4) On receipt of an application for option for tonnage tax scheme under
sub-section (1), the Joint Commissioner may call for such information or documents
from the company as he thinks necessary in order to satisfy himself about the
eligibility of the company and after satisfying himself about such eligibility of the 15
company to make such option for tonnage tax scheme, he shall pass an order in
writing––
(a) approving the option for tonnage tax scheme; or
(b) refusing to approve the option for tonnage tax scheme, if he is not so
satisfied, 20

and a copy of such order shall be sent to the applicant.

(5) No order under sub-section 4(b) shall be passed unless the applicant has
been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
(6) Every order under sub-section (4) shall be passed before the expiry of three
months from the end of the quarter in which the application under sub-section (1) 25
was received.
(7) Where an order granting approval is passed under sub-section (4), the
provisions of this Part shall apply from the tax year in which the option for tonnage
tax scheme is exercised.
(8) An option for tonnage tax scheme, after it has been approved under 30
sub-section (4), shall remain in force for ten years from the date on which such
option has been exercised and shall be taken into account from the tax year in which
such option is exercised.
(9) An option for tonnage tax scheme shall cease to have effect from the tax
year, in which— 35

(a) the qualifying company ceases to be a qualifying company;

(b) a default is made in complying with the provisions contained in
section 232(1) to (20);
(c) the tonnage tax company is excluded from the tonnage tax scheme
under section 234; 40

(d) the qualifying company furnishes to the Assessing Officer, a

declaration in writing to the effect that the provisions of this Part may not be
made applicable to it,
and the profits and gains of the company from the business of operating qualifying
ships shall be computed as per other provisions of this Act. 45

(10) An option for tonnage tax scheme approved under sub-section (4) may be
renewed within one year from the end of the tax year in which the option ceases to
have effect.
 265

(11) The provisions of sub-sections (1) to (10) shall apply in relation to a

renewal of the option for tonnage tax scheme in the same manner as they apply in
relation to the approval of option for tonnage tax scheme.
(12) A qualifying company,––
5 (a) which on its own, opts out of the tonnage tax scheme; or
(b) which makes a default in complying with the provisions contained in
sections 232(1) to (20); or
(c) whose option has been excluded from tonnage tax scheme in
pursuance of an order made under section 234(4),
10 shall not be eligible to opt for tonnage tax scheme for ten years from the date of
opting out or default or order.
232. (1) A tonnage tax company shall, subject to and as per the provisions of Certain
conditions for
this section, be required to credit to a reserve account (herein referred to as the applicability of
Tonnage Tax Reserve Account) an amount, being 20% or more of the book profit tonnage tax
15 derived from the activities referred to in section 228(1)(a) and (b) in each tax year scheme.
to be utilised in the manner laid down in sub-section (6).
(2) In this section, “book profit” shall have the meaning assigned to it in
section 206(2) so far as it relates to the income derived from the activities referred
to in section 228(1)(a) and (b).
20 (3) Where the company has––
(a) book profit from the business of operating qualifying ships; and
(b) book loss from any other sources,
and consequently, the company is not in a position to create the full or any part of
the reserves under sub-section (1), the company shall create the reserves to the
25 extent possible in that tax year and the shortfall, if any, shall be added to the reserves
required to be created for the following tax year and such shortfall shall be deemed
to be part of the reserve requirement of that following tax year.
(4) For the purposes of sub-section (3), to the extent the shortfall in creation
of reserves during a particular tax year is carried forward to the following tax year
30 under the said sub-section, the company shall be considered as having created
sufficient reserves for the first mentioned tax year.
(5) Nothing contained in sub-section (4) shall apply in respect of the second
year in case the shortfall in creation of reserves continues for two consecutive tax
years.
35 (6) The amount credited to the Tonnage Tax Reserve Account under
sub-section (1) shall be utilised by the company before the expiry of eight years
following the tax year in which the amount was credited—
(a) for acquiring a new ship or new inland vessel, as the case may be,
for the purposes of the business of the company; and
40 (b) until the acquisition of a new ship or new inland vessel, as the case
may be, for the purposes of the business of operating qualifying ships other
than for distribution by way of dividends or profits or for remittance outside
India as profits or for the creation of any asset outside India.
 266

(7) Where any amount credited to the Tonnage Tax Reserve Account under
sub-section (1),—
(a) has been utilised for any purpose other than that referred to in
sub-section (6); or
(b) has not been utilised for the purpose specified in sub-section (6)(a); or 5

(c) has been utilised for the purpose of acquiring a new ship or new
inland vessel, as the case may be, as specified in sub-section (6)(a), but such
ship or new inland vessel, as the case may be, is sold or otherwise transferred,
other than in any scheme of demerger by the company to any person at any
time before the expiry of three years from the end of the tax year in which it 10
was acquired,
an amount which bears the same proportion to the total relevant shipping income of
the year in which such reserve was created, as the amount out of such reserve so
utilised or not utilised bears to the total reserve created during that year under
sub-section (1) shall be taxable under the other provisions of this Act— 15

(i) in a case referred to in clause (a), in the year in which the amount was
so utilised; or
(ii) in a case referred to in clause (b), in the year immediately following
eight years specified in sub-section (6); or
(iii) in a case referred to in clause (c), in the year in which the sale or 20
transfer took place.
(8) The income so taxable under the other provisions of this Act, referred to
in sub-section (7), shall be reduced by the proportionate tonnage income charged to
tax in the year of creation of such reserves.
(9) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Part, 25
where the amount credited to the Tonnage Tax Reserve Account as per
sub-section (1) is less than the minimum amount required to be credited under
sub-section (1), an amount which bears the same proportion to the total relevant
shipping income, as the shortfall in credit to the reserves bears to the minimum
reserve required to be credited under sub-section (1), shall not be taxable under the 30
tonnage tax scheme and shall be taxable under the other provisions of this Act.
(10) If the reserve required to be created under sub-section (1) is not created
for any two consecutive tax years, the option of the company for tonnage tax scheme
shall cease to have effect from the beginning of the tax year following the second
consecutive tax year in which the failure to create the reserve under sub-section (1) 35
had occurred.
(11) In this section, “new ship” or “new inland vessel”, as the case may be,
includes a qualifying ship which, before the date of acquisition by the qualifying
company was used by any other person, if it was not at any time previous to the date
40
of such acquisition owned by any person resident in India.
(12) A tonnage tax company, after its option has been approved under
section 231(4), shall comply with the minimum training requirement in respect of
trainee officers as per the guidelines made by the Director-General of Shipping and
notified by the Central Government.
(13) The tonnage tax company shall be required to furnish a copy of the 45
certificate issued by the Director-General of Shipping in the form and manner as
prescribed, along with the return of income under section 263 to the effect that such
company has complied with the minimum training requirement as per the guidelines
referred to in sub-section (12) for the tax year.
 267

(14) If the minimum training requirement is not complied with for any five
consecutive tax years, the option of the company for tonnage tax scheme shall cease
to have effect from the beginning of the tax year following the fifth consecutive tax
year in which the failure to comply with the minimum training requirement as per
5 sub-section (12) had occurred.
(15) In the case of every company which has opted for tonnage tax scheme,
not more than 49% of the net tonnage of the qualifying ships operated by it during
any tax year shall be chartered in.
(16) The proportion of net tonnage referred to in sub-section (15) in respect of a
10 tax year shall be calculated based on the average of net tonnage during that tax year.
(17) For the purposes of sub-section (16), the average of net tonnage shall be
computed in such manner, as prescribed, in consultation with the Director-General
of Shipping.
(18) Where the net tonnage of ships or new inland vessel, as the case may be,
15 chartered in exceeds the limit under sub-section (15) during any tax year, the total
income of such company in relation to that tax year shall be computed as if the
option for tonnage tax scheme does not have effect for that tax year.
(19) Where the limit under sub-section (15) had exceeded in any two
consecutive tax years, the option for tonnage tax scheme shall cease to have effect
20 from the beginning of the tax year following the second consecutive tax year in
which the limit had exceeded.
(20) In this section, the term “chartered in” shall exclude a ship or new inland
vessel, as the case may be, chartered in by the company on bareboat charter-cum-
demise terms.
25 (21) An option for tonnage tax scheme by a tonnage tax company shall not
have effect in relation to a tax year unless such company—
(a) maintains separate books of account in respect of the business of
operating qualifying ships; and
(b) furnishes, before the specified date referred to in sections 63, the report
30 of an accountant, in the prescribed form, duly signed and verified by such
accountant.
(22) A temporary cessation (as against permanent cessation) of operating any
qualifying ship by a company shall not be considered as a cessation of operating of
such qualifying ship and the company shall be deemed to be operating such
35 qualifying ship for the purposes of this Part.
(23) Where a qualifying company continues to operate a ship or new inland
vessel, as the case may be, which temporarily ceases to be a qualifying ship, such
ship or inland vessel, as the care may be shall not be deemed as a qualifying ship
for the purposes of this Part.
40 233. (1) Where there has been an amalgamation of a company with another Amalgamation
and demerger.
company or companies, then, subject to the other provisions of this section, the
provisions relating to the tonnage tax scheme shall, as far as may be, apply to the
amalgamated company, if it is a qualifying company.
(2) Where the amalgamated company is not a tonnage tax company, it shall
45 exercise an option for tonnage tax scheme under section 231(1) within three months
from the date of the approval of the scheme of amalgamation.
(3) Where the amalgamating companies are tonnage tax companies, the
provisions of this Part shall, as far as may be, apply to the amalgamated company
for such period as the option for tonnage tax scheme which has the longest unexpired
50 period continues to be in force.
 268

(4) Where one of the amalgamating companies is a qualifying company as on

the 1st October, 2004 and which has not exercised the option for tonnage tax scheme
before the 1st January, 2005, the provisions of this Part shall not apply to the
amalgamated company and the income of the amalgamated company from the
business of operating qualifying ships shall be computed as per the other provisions 5
of this Act.
(5) Where in a scheme of demerger, the demerged company transfers its
business to the resulting company before the expiry of the option for tonnage tax
scheme, then, subject to the other provisions of this Part, the tonnage tax scheme
shall, as far as may be, apply to the resulting company for the unexpired period, if 10
it is a qualifying company.
(6) The option for tonnage tax scheme in respect of the demerged company
shall remain in force for the unexpired period of the tonnage tax scheme if it
continues to be a qualifying company.
Avoidance of tax 234. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the tonnage tax scheme shall not 15
and exclusion apply where a tonnage tax company is a party to any transaction or arrangement
from tonnage tax
scheme.
which amounts to an abuse of the tonnage tax scheme.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), a transaction or arrangement shall be
considered an abuse, if the entering into or the application of such transaction or
arrangement results, or would but for this section have resulted, in a tax advantage 20
being obtained for—
(a) a person other than a tonnage tax company; or
(b) a tonnage tax company in respect of its non-tonnage tax activities.
(3) In this section, “tax advantage” includes—
25
(a) the determination of—
(i) the allowance for any expense or interest; or
(ii) any cost or expense allocated or apportioned,
which has the effect of reducing the income or increasing the loss, from
activities other than tonnage tax activities chargeable to tax, computed on the
basis of entries made in the books of account in respect of the tax year in which 30
the transaction was entered into; or
(b) a transaction or arrangement which produces to the tonnage tax
company more than ordinary profits which might be expected to arise from
tonnage tax activities.
(4) Where a tonnage tax company is a party to any transaction or arrangement 35
referred to in sub-section (1), the Assessing Officer shall, by an order in writing,
exclude such company from the tonnage tax scheme.
(5) The Assessing Officer shall pass an order under sub-section (4), after––
(a) giving an opportunity to the company by serving a notice calling
upon such company to show cause, on a date and time to be specified in the 40
notice, why it should not be excluded from the tonnage tax scheme; and
(b) obtaining prior approval of the Principal Chief Commissioner or
Chief Commissioner.
(6) The provisions of this section shall not apply where the company satisfies
the Assessing Officer that the transaction or arrangement was a bona fide 45
commercial transaction and had not been entered into for the purpose of obtaining
tax advantage under this Part.
 269

(7) Where an order has been passed under sub-section (4) by the Assessing
Officer excluding the tonnage tax company from the tonnage tax scheme, the option
for tonnage tax scheme shall cease to be in force from the first day of the tax year
in which the transaction or arrangement was entered into.
5 235. In this Part,— Interpretation.

(a) “bareboat charter” means hiring of a ship or inland vessel, as the case
may be, for a stipulated period on terms which give the charterer possession
and control of the ship or new inland vessel, as the case may be, including the
right to appoint the master and crew;
10 (b) “bareboat charter-cum-demise” means a bareboat charter where the
ownership of the ship or inland vessel, as the case may be, is intended to be
transferred after a specified period to the company to whom it has been chartered;
(c) “Director-General of Shipping” means the Director-General of
Shipping appointed by the Central Government under section 7(1) of the
44 of 1958. 15 Merchant Shipping Act, 1958;
(d) “factory ship” includes a vessel providing processing services in
respect of processing of the fishing produce;
(e) “fishing vessel” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 3(12)
44 of 1958. of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958;
20 (f) “inland vessel” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 3(q)
24 of 2021. of the Inland Vessels Act, 2021;
(g) “pleasure craft” means a ship or inland vessel, as the case may be, of
a kind whose primary use is for the purposes of sport or recreation;
(h) “qualifying company” means a company, if—
25 (i) it is an Indian company;
(ii) the place of effective management of the company is in India;
(iii) it owns at least one qualifying ship; and
(iv) the main object of the company is to carry on the business of
operating ships,
30 and for the purposes of sub-clause (ii), “place of effective management of the
company” means—
(A) the place where the board of directors of the company or its
executive directors, make their decisions; or
(B) in a case where the board of directors routinely approve the
35 commercial and strategic decisions made by the executive directors or
officers of the company, the place where such executive directors or
officers of the company perform their functions.
(i) “qualifying ship” means a ship or inland vessel, as the case may be, if—
(i) it is a seagoing ship or vessel or inland vessel, as the case may
40 be, of fifteen net tonnage or more;
44 of 1958. (ii) it is a ship registered under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958,
or a ship registered outside India in respect of which a licence has been
issued by the Director-General of Shipping under section 406 or 407 of
said Act or an inland vessel registered under the Inland Vessels Act,
24 of 2021. 45 2021, as the case may be; and
(iii) a valid certificate in respect of such ship or inland vessel, as the
case may be, indicating its net tonnage is in force,
 270

but does not include—

(A) a seagoing ship or vessel or inland vessel, as the case may be,
if the main purpose for which it is used is the provision of goods or
services of a kind normally provided on land;
(B) fishing vessels; 5

(C) factory ships;

(D) pleasure crafts;
(E) harbour and river ferries;
(F) offshore installations; and
(G) a qualifying ship which is used as a fishing vessel for more 10
than thirty days during a tax year;
(j) “seagoing ship” means a ship, if it is certified as such by the
competent authority of any country;
(k) “tonnage income” means the income of a tonnage tax company
computed as per the provisions of this Part; 15

(l) “tonnage tax activities” means the activities referred to in section 228(3)
and (7);
(m) “tonnage tax business” means the business of operating qualifying
ships giving rise to relevant shipping income as referred to in section 228(1);
(n) “tonnage tax company” means a qualifying company in relation to 20
which tonnage tax option is in force;
(o) “tonnage tax scheme” means a scheme for computation of profits and
gains of business of operating qualifying ships under the provisions of this Part
CHAPTER XIV
TAX ADMINISTRATION 25

A.—Authorities, jurisdiction and functions

Income-tax 236. For the purposes of this Act, there shall be the following classes of
authorities. income-tax authorities:—
(a) the Central Board of Direct Taxes constituted under the Central
30 54 of 1963.
Boards of Revenue Act, 1963;
(b) Principal Directors General of Income-tax or Principal Chief
Commissioners of Income-tax;
(c) Directors General of Income-tax or Chief Commissioners of
Income-tax;
(d) Principal Directors of Income-tax or Principal Commissioners of 35
Income-tax;
(e) Directors of Income-tax or Commissioners of Income-tax or
Commissioners of Income-tax (Appeals);
(f) Additional Directors of Income-tax or Additional Commissioners of
Income-tax or Additional Commissioners of Income-tax (Appeals); 40

(g) Joint Directors of Income-tax or Joint Commissioners of Income-tax

or Joint Commissioners of Income-tax (Appeals);
(h) Deputy Directors of Income-tax or Deputy Commissioners of
Income-tax;
 271

(i) Assistant Directors of Income-tax or Assistant Commissioners of

Income-tax;
(j) Income-tax Officers;
(k) Tax Recovery Officers; and
5 (l) Inspectors of Income-tax.
237. (1) The Central Government may appoint such persons as it thinks fit to Appointment of
income-tax
be income-tax authorities. authorities.
(2) The Central Government may, subject to the rules and its orders regulating
the conditions of service of persons in public services and posts, authorise the Board,
10 or a Principal Director General or Director General, or a Principal Chief
Commissioner or Chief Commissioner, or a Principal Director or Director, or a
Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, to appoint income-tax authorities below
the rank of a Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner.
(3) Subject to the rules and orders of the Central Government regulating the
15 conditions of service of persons in public services and posts, an income-tax
authority authorised in this behalf by the Board, may appoint such executive or
ministerial staff as may be necessary to assist it in the execution of its functions.
238. The Board may, by notification, direct that any income-tax authority or Control of
income-tax
authorities specified in the notification shall be subordinate to such other authorities.
20 income-tax authority or authorities as specified in such notification.
239. (1) The Board may issue such orders, instructions and directions to other Instructions to
subordinate
income-tax authorities as it considers fit for the proper administration of this Act, authorities.
and such authorities and all other persons employed in the execution of this Act shall
observe and follow such orders, instructions and directions.

25 (2) No orders, instructions or directions under sub-section (1) shall be

issued to—
(a) require any income-tax authority to make a particular assessment or
to dispose of a particular case in a particular manner; or
(b) interfere with the discretion of the Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or
30 Commissioner (Appeals) in the exercise of his appellate functions.
(3) Without prejudice to the foregoing power, the Board may,—
(a) if it considers necessary or expedient so to do for the proper and
efficient management of the work of assessment and collection of revenue,
issue, from time to time (whether by way of relaxation of any of the provisions
35 of section 263, 270, 271, 279, 280, 287, 298, 398(3), 406, 407, 423, 424, 425,
427, 428, 439, 448, 449 or otherwise), general or special orders in respect of
any class of incomes or class of cases,––
(i) setting forth directions or instructions (not being prejudicial to
assessees) as to the guidelines, principles or procedures to be followed
40 by other income-tax authorities in the work relating to assessment or
collection of revenue or the initiation of proceedings for the imposition
of penalties; and
(ii) any such order may, if the Board is of the opinion that it is
necessary in the public interest so to do, be published and circulated in
45 the prescribed manner for general information;
 272

(b) if it considers desirable or expedient so to do for avoiding genuine

hardship in any case or class of cases, by general or special order, authorise
any income-tax authority, not being a Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or a
Commissioner (Appeals) to admit an application or claim for any exemption,
deduction, refund or any other relief under this Act after the expiry of the 5
period specified in this Act for making such application or claim and deal with
the same on merits as per law;
(c) if it considers desirable or expedient so to do for avoiding genuine
hardship in any case or class of cases, by general or special order for reasons
to be specified therein, relax any requirement contained in any of the 10
provisions of Chapter IV or VIII, where the assessee has failed to comply with
any requirement specified in such provision for claiming deduction
thereunder, subject to the following conditions:—
(i) the default in complying with such requirement was due to
circumstances beyond the control of the assessee; and 15

(ii) the assessee has complied with such requirement before the
completion of assessment in relation to the tax year in which such
deduction is claimed.
(4) The Central Government shall cause every order issued under
sub-section (3)(c) to be laid before each House of Parliament. 20

Taxpayer’s 240. The Board shall adopt and declare a Charter for Taxpayers and issue such
Charter. orders, instructions, directions or guidelines to other income-tax authorities as it
considers fit for the administration of such Charter.
Jurisdiction of 241. (1) The income-tax authorities shall exercise all or any of the powers and
income-tax perform all or any of the functions conferred on, or assigned to, such authorities 25
authorities.
under this Act as per such directions as the Board may issue for the exercise of the
powers and performance of the functions by all or any of those authorities.
(2) Any income-tax authority, being an authority higher in rank, may, if so
directed by the Board, exercise the powers and perform the functions of an
income-tax authority lower in rank and any such direction issued by the Board shall 30
be deemed to be a direction issued under sub-section (1).
(3) The directions of the Board under sub-section (1) may authorise any other
income-tax authority to issue orders in writing for the exercise of the powers and
performance of the functions by all or any of the other income-tax authorities who
are subordinate to it. 35

(4) In issuing the directions or orders referred to in sub-sections (1), (2) and (3),
the Board or other income-tax authority authorised by it may have regard to any one
or more of the following criteria:—
(a) territorial area;
40
(b) persons or classes of persons;
(c) incomes or classes of income; and
(d) cases or classes of cases.
(5) Without prejudice to sub-sections (1), (2) and (3), the Board may, by
general or special order, subject to such conditions, restrictions or limitations as
specified therein–– 45

(a) authorise any Principal Director General or Director General or

Principal Director or Director to perform such functions of any other
income-tax authority as may be assigned to him by the Board;
 273

(b) empower the specified income-tax authority to issue orders in writing

that the powers and functions assigned to the Assessing Officer under this Act
in respect of any specified area, or persons or classes of persons, or incomes
or classes of income, or cases or classes of cases, shall be exercised or
5 performed by an Additional Commissioner or an Additional Director or a Joint
Commissioner or a Joint Director.
(6) Where any order is made under sub-section (5)(b), references in any other
provision of this Act or in any rule made thereunder, to the Assessing Officer shall
be deemed to be references to such Additional Commissioner or Additional Director
10 or Joint Commissioner or Joint Director by whom the powers and functions are to
be exercised or performed under such order, and any provision of this Act requiring
approval or sanction of the Joint Commissioner shall not apply.
(7) The directions and orders referred to in sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) may,
wherever considered necessary or appropriate for the proper management of work,
15 require two or more Assessing Officers (whether or not of the same class) to exercise
and perform, concurrently, the powers and functions in respect of any area, or
persons or classes of persons, or incomes or classes of income, or cases or classes
of cases, and––
(a) where such powers and functions are exercised and performed
20 concurrently by the Assessing Officers of different classes, any authority
lower in rank amongst them shall exercise the powers and perform the
functions as any higher authority amongst them may direct; and
(b) references in any other provision of this Act or in any rule made
thereunder to the Assessing Officer shall be deemed to be references to such
25 higher authority and any provision of this Act requiring approval or sanction
of any such authority shall not apply.
(8) Irrespective of anything contained in any direction or order issued under
this section, or in section 242, the Board may, by notification, issue any direction
for the purposes of furnishing of the return of income or the doing of any other act
30 or thing under this Act or any rule made thereunder by any person or class of
persons.
(9) The income-tax authority exercising and performing the powers and
functions in relation to the person or class of persons referred to in sub-section
(8) shall be such authority as specified in the notification issued under that
35 sub-section.
242. (1) Where an Assessing Officer has been vested with jurisdiction over Jurisdiction of
Assessing
any area by virtue of any direction or order issued under section 241(1) or (2) or (3), Officers.
he shall have jurisdiction within the limits of such area,—
(a) in respect of any person carrying on a business or profession, if the
40 place at which he carries on his business or profession is situated within the
area, or where his business or profession is carried on in more places than one,
if the principal place of his business or profession is situated within the
area; and
(b) in respect of any other person residing within the area.
45 (2) Where a question arises under this section as to whether an Assessing
Officer has jurisdiction to assess any person, the question shall be determined by the
specified income-tax authority.
 274

(3) Where under this section, a question arises relating to areas within the
jurisdiction of different specified income-tax authorities, the question shall be
determined––
(a) by the concerned specified income-tax authority concerned; or
(b) if they are not in agreement, by the Board or by such specified 5
income-tax authority as the Board may, by notification, specify.
(4) No person shall call in question the jurisdiction of an Assessing Officer,––
(a) where he has made a return under section 263(1), after the expiry of
one month from the date on which he was served with a notice under
section 268(1) or 270(8) or after the completion of the assessment, whichever 10
is earlier;
(b) where he has made no such return, after the expiry of the time
allowed by the notice under section 268(1) or 280(2) for the making of the
return or by the notice under section 271(2) to show cause why the assessment
should not be completed to the best of the judgment of the Assessing Officer, 15
whichever is earlier;
(c) where an action has been taken under section 247 or 248, after the
expiry of one month from the date on which he was served with a notice under
section 153C(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 or section 294(1)(a) or after the
completion of the assessment, whichever is earlier. 20

(5) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (4), where an assessee calls in

question the jurisdiction of an Assessing Officer, then the Assessing Officer shall,
if not satisfied with the correctness of the claim, refer the matter for determination
under sub-section (2) or (3) before the assessment is made.
(6) Irrespective of anything contained in this section or in any direction or 25
order issued under section 241, every Assessing Officer shall have all the powers
conferred under this Act on an Assessing Officer in respect of the income accruing
or arising or received within the area, if any, over which he has been vested with
jurisdiction by virtue of the directions or orders issued under section 241(1) or.
(2) or (3) or section (4). 30

Power to transfer 243. (1) The specified income-tax authority may transfer any case from one or
cases. more Assessing Officers subordinate to him (whether with or without concurrent
jurisdiction) to any other Assessing Officer or Assessing Officers (whether with or
without concurrent jurisdiction) subordinate to him.
(2) If the Assessing Officer or Assessing Officers, from whom the case is to 35
be transferred and the Assessing Officer or Assessing Officers, to whom the case is
to be transferred are not subordinate to the same specified income-tax authority, and
the concerned specified income-tax authorities––
(a) are in agreement, then the specified income-tax authority from whose
jurisdiction the case is to be transferred may pass the order; 40

(b) are not in agreement, the order transferring the case may be passed
by the Board or any such specified income-tax authority as the Board may, by
notification, specify.
(3) The order of transfer under sub-section (1) or (2) may be passed by the
specified income-tax authority after giving the assessee a reasonable opportunity of 45
being heard wherever it is possible to do so and after recording his reasons therefor.
 275

(4) Nothing in sub-section (1) or (2) or (3) shall be considered to require any
opportunity of being heard to be given, where the transfer is from any Assessing
Officer or Assessing Officers (whether with or without concurrent jurisdiction) to
any other Assessing Officer or Assessing Officers (whether with or without
5 concurrent jurisdiction) and the offices of all such officers are situated in the same
city, locality or place.
(5) The transfer of a case under sub-section (1) or (2) may be made at any
stage of the proceedings, and it shall not be necessary to re-issue any notice already
issued by the Assessing Officer or Assessing Officers from whom the case is
10 transferred.
(6) For the purposes of section 241 and this section, “case”, in relation to any
person whose name is specified in any order or direction issued thereunder, means
all proceedings under this Act in respect of any year, which may—
(a) be pending on the date of that order or direction; or
15 (b) have been completed on or before such date; or
(c) be commenced after the date of such order or direction in respect of
any year.
(7) For the purposes of sections 241, 242 and this section, “specified income-
tax authority” means the Principal Director General or Director General or Principal
20 Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or
Commissioner.
244. (1) Whenever, in respect of any proceeding under this Act, an Change of
incumbent of an
income-tax authority ceases to exercise jurisdiction and is succeeded by another office.
who has and exercises jurisdiction, the income-tax authority so succeeding may
25 continue the proceeding from the stage at which the proceeding was left by his
predecessor.
(2) Before the proceeding referred to in sub-section (1) is so continued, the
assessee concerned may demand that––
(a) the previous proceeding or any part thereof be reopened; or
30 (b) he be reheard before any order of assessment is passed against him.
245. (1) The exercise of following powers for the purposes mentioned in Faceless
jurisdiction of
sub-section (2) shall be as per a Scheme made by the Central Government:–– income-tax
authorities.
(a) all or any of the powers and performance of all or any of the functions
conferred on, or, assigned to, income-tax authorities under this Act referred to
35 in section 241; or
(b) vesting the jurisdiction with the Assessing Officer under
section 242; or
(c) power to transfer cases under section 243; or
(d) exercise of jurisdiction in case of change of incumbency under
40 section 244.
(2) The purposes of the Scheme referred to in sub-section (1) shall be to impart
greater efficiency, transparency and accountability by—
(a) eliminating the interface between the income-tax authority and the
assessee or any other person, to the extent technologically feasible;
45 (b) optimising utilisation of the resources through economies of scale
and functional specialisation;
 276

(c) introducing a team-based exercise of powers and performance of

functions by two or more income-tax authorities, concurrently, in respect of
any area, or persons or classes of persons, or incomes or classes of income, or
cases or classes of cases, with dynamic jurisdiction.
(3) The Central Government may, for the purpose of giving effect to the 5
Scheme made under sub-section (1), by notification, direct that any of the provisions
of this Act shall not apply or shall apply with such exceptions, modifications and
adaptations as specified in such notification.

(4) Every notification issued under sub-sections (1) and (3) shall, as soon as
may be after the notification is issued, be laid before each House of Parliament. 10

B.—Powers

Power regarding 246. (1) The Assessing Officer, Joint Commissioner, Joint Commissioner
discovery, (Appeals), Commissioner (Appeals), Commissioner or Principal Commissioner, or
production of
evidence, etc. Chief Commissioner or Principal Chief Commissioner and the Dispute Resolution
Panel referred to in section 275(17)(a), shall, for the purposes of this Act, have the 15
same powers as are vested in a court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, when 5 of 1908.
trying a suit in respect of the following matters:––
(a) discovery and inspection;
(b) enforcing the attendance of any person, including any officer of a
banking company and examining him on oath; 20

(c) compelling the production of books of account and other

documents; and

(d) issuing commissions.

(2) The powers conferred under sub-section (1) may also be exercised, in
respect of any person or class of persons, even when there are no proceedings 25
pending with respect to such person or class of persons, by the following
income-tax authorities:––
(a) any income-tax authority (not below the rank of Assistant
Commissioner of Income-tax) notified by the Board, for the purposes of
making any inquiry or investigation in relation to an agreement referred to in 30
section 159;

(b) the Principal Director General or Director General or Principal

Director or Director or Joint Director or Assistant Director for the purposes of
making any inquiry or investigation, if he has the reason to suspect that any
income has been concealed, or is likely to be concealed; and 35

(c) the authorised officer referred to in section 247(1), before taking

action under section 247(1)(b)(i) to (viii), or during the course of such action.
(3) Any income-tax authority exercising the powers referred to in
sub-sections (1) and (2) may, subject to the rules made in this behalf, impound any
books of account or other documents produced before it in any proceeding under 40
this Act.
(4) The Assessing Officer or the Assistant Director shall record the reasons
for impounding any books of account or other documents under sub-section (3) and
may retain such impounded books of account or other documents up to fifteen days
(exclusive of holidays), or for such further period, with the prior sanction of the 45
approving authority.
 277

247. (1) Where the competent authority, in consequence of information in his Search and
seizure.
possession, has reason to believe that—
(a) any person to whom a summons under section 246(1) or a notice
under section 268(1),––
5 (i) was issued to produce, or cause to be produced, any books of
account or other documents or any information stored in any electronic
media or a computer system, has omitted or failed to produce, or cause
to be produced, such books of account or other documents or such
information as required by such summons or notice; or
10 (ii) has been issued or might be issued, will not, or would not,
produce or cause to be produced, any books of account or other
documents or any information stored in an electronic media or a
computer system which will be useful for, or relevant to, any
proceedings under this Act; or
15 (b) any person is in possession of any asset or information in relation to
any asset and such asset represents either wholly or partly, income or property
which has not been, or would not be, disclosed, for the purposes of this Act,
or the Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition
22 of 2015. of Tax Act, 2015, (herein referred to as the undisclosed income or property in
20 this section),
then the approving authority may authorise any Joint Director or Joint
Commissioner or Assistant Director or Assistant Commissioner or Income-tax
Officer, or any Joint Director or Joint Commissioner, so authorised, may authorise
any Assistant Director or Assistant Commissioner or Income-tax Officer,
25 hereinafter referred to as the authorised officer to––
(i) enter and search any building, place, vessel, vehicle, aircraft where
he has reason to suspect that such assets, books of account, other documents,
or any information stored in an electronic media or computer systems are kept;
(ii) require any person, who is found to be in possession or control of
30 any books of account or other documents maintained in the form of electronic
record [as defined in section 2(1)(ha), (i), (j), (k), (l), (r), and (t) of the
21 of 2000. Information Technology Act, 2000], on computer systems, any information
stored in an electronic media or computer systems, to afford the authorised
officer with such reasonable technical and other assistance (including access
35 code, by whatever name called) as may be necessary to enable the authorised
officer to inspect any information, electronic records and communication or
data contained in or available on such computer systems;
(iii) break open the lock of any door, box, locker, safe, almirah, or other
receptacle for exercising the powers conferred by clause (i), to enter and
40 search any building, place, etc., where the keys thereof or the access to such
building, place, etc., is not available, or gain access by overriding the access
code to any said computer system, or virtual digital space, where the access
code thereof is not available;
(iv) search any person who has got out of, or is about to get into, or is in,
45 the building, place, vessel, vehicle or aircraft, if the authorised officer has
reason to suspect that such person has secreted about his person any such
books of account, other documents, computer systems or asset;
(v) place marks of identification on any books of account or other
documents or make or cause to be made extracts or copies therefrom and also
50 from computer systems;
(vi) make a note or an inventory of any such asset, and stock-in-trade of
the business, found as a result of such search;
 278

(vii) seize any such books of account, other documents, computer

systems, or asset (other than stock-in-trade of the business), found as a result
of such search;
(viii) serve an order of deemed seizure, on the owner or the person who
is in immediate possession or control thereof, of any valuable article or thing, 5
which is not stock-in-trade, not to remove, part with or otherwise deal with it,
except with the previous permission of the authorised officer, if it is not
possible or practicable to take physical possession or removal to a safe place
of such article or thing, due to its volume, weight, or other physical
characteristics or it being of a dangerous nature. 10

(2) If any building, place, vessel, vehicle or aircraft referred to in sub-section (1)(i)
is within the area of jurisdiction of any Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief
Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, but such income-tax
authority has no jurisdiction over the person referred to in sub-section (1)(a) or(b), then,
irrespective of the fact that he has no jurisdiction, it shall be competent for him to 15
exercise the powers under sub-section (1), where he has reason to believe that any delay
in getting the authorisation from the income-tax authority having jurisdiction over such
person may be prejudicial to the interests of the revenue.
(3) If any Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal
Commissioner or Commissioner, in consequence of information in his possession, 20
has reason to suspect that any books of account, other documents, or any
information stored in an electronic media or computer systems, or asset in respect
of which an officer has been authorised by the competent authority to take action
under sub-section (1)(i) to (viii) are or is kept in any building, place, vessel, vehicle
or aircraft not mentioned in the authorisation under sub-section (1), then such 25
Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner
or Commissioner may, irrespective of anything contained in section 241, authorise
the said officer to take action under any of the clauses aforesaid in respect of such
building, place, vessel, vehicle or aircraft.
(4) The authorised officer may, where it is not practicable to seize, any such books 30
of account, other documents, computer systems, asset, bank locker, bank account, for
reasons other than deemed seizure under of sub-section (1) (viii),––
(a) serve an order on the owner or the person who is in immediate
possession or control thereof, not to remove, part with or otherwise deal with
it except with the previous permission of such officer and take such steps as 35
may be necessary for ensuring compliance with the order; and
(b) such order shall not remain in force for a period exceeding sixty days
from the date of the order and serving of such order shall not be deemed to be
seizure of such books of account, other documents or assets under
sub-section (1)(vii), 40

(5) The authorised officer may requisition the services of—

(a) any police officer or any officer of the Central Government, or of
both; or
(b) any person or entity as may be approved by the Principal Chief
Commissioner or the Chief Commissioner or the Principal Director General 45
or the Director General, as per with such procedure, as prescribed,
to assist him for all or any of the purposes specified in sub-sections (1) and (3) and
it shall be the duty of every such officer or person or entity to comply with such
requisition.
 279

(6) The authorised officer may, during the course of any search or seizure,
examine on oath any person who is found to be in possession or control or access
holder of any computer systems, books of account, other documents or asset, or any
other person who is present in the premises or is being searched, and––
5 (a) any statement made by the such person, during such examination
may thereafter be used in evidence in any proceeding under this Act; and
(b) the examination of any such person may be not merely in respect of
any books of account, other documents or assets found as a result of the search,
but also in respect of all matters relevant for the purposes of any investigation
10 connected with any proceeding under this Act.
(7) Where any books of account (in physical form or electronic form), other
documents or asset, is found in the possession or control of any person in the course
of a search, it may be presumed—
(a) that such books of account, computer systems, virtual digital space,
15 other documents or asset, belong or belongs to such person;
(b) that the contents of such books of account, other documents,
electronic content, records or communication found on such computer systems
or virtual digital space, are true;
(c) that the signature and every other part of such books of account and
20 other documents which purport to be in the handwriting of any particular
person or which may reasonably be assumed to have been signed by, or to be
in the handwriting of, any particular person, are in the handwriting of that
person; and
(d) in the case of a document stamped, executed or attested, that it was
25 duly stamped and executed or attested by the person by whom it purports to
have been so executed or attested, and that the electronic records, data,
communication, and information exchange carried out using such electronic
devices is presumed to be exchanged between the parties thereto.
(8) The authorised officer may, by order in writing, provisionally attach any
30 property belonging to the assessee, during the course of the search or seizure, or
within sixty days from the date of execution of the last of the authorisations for the
search and such provisional attachment shall––
(a) be made, if the authorised officer is satisfied, after recording the
reasons in writing, that it is necessary to do so in the interest of the revenue,
35 with the prior approval of Principal Director General or Director General or
the Principal Director or Director;
(b) be valid for six months from the end of the month in which the order
of provisional attachment is made, and the rules prescribed as referred to in
section 413 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to such provisional attachment.
40 (9) The authorised officer may, during the course of the search or seizure, or
within sixty days from the date on which the last of the authorisations for search was
executed, make a reference to a Valuation Officer, or any person registered as a value
under section 514, or any person or entity registered by or under any law enforce,
requiring him to––
45 (a) estimate the fair market value of the property in the manner, as
prescribed; and
(b) submit a report of the estimate to the authorised officer or the
Assessing Officer, within sixty days from the date of receipt of such
reference.
 280

(10) The provisions of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 relating 46 of 2023.
to searches and seizure shall apply, so far as may be, to search and seizure under
this section.
(11) The Board may make rules in relation to any search or seizure under this
section including providing for the procedure to be followed by the authorised 5
officer—
(a) for obtaining ingress into any building, place, vessel, vehicle or
aircraft to be searched where free ingress thereto is not available; and
(b) for ensuring safe custody of any books of account or other documents
10
or assets seized.
Powers to 248. (1) Where the approving authority, in consequence of information in his
requisition. possession, has reason to believe that—
(a) any person to whom a summons under section 246(1), or notice under
section 268(1) was issued to produce, or cause to be produced, any books of
account or other documents or any information stored in an electronic media 15
or a computer systems has omitted or failed to produce, or cause to be
produced, such books of account or other documents, or any information
stored in an electronic media or a computer systems as required by such
summons or notice and the said books of account or other documents or such
electronic media or computer systems have been taken into custody by any 20
officer or authority under any other law in force; or
(b) any books of account or other documents or any information stored
in an electronic media or a computer systems will be useful for, or relevant to,
any proceeding under this Act and any person to whom a summons or notice
as aforesaid has been or might be issued will not, or would not, produce or 25
cause to be produced, such books of account or other documents or any
information stored in an electronic media or a computer system on the return
of such books of account or other documents or such electronic media or
computer system by any officer or authority by whom or which such books of
account or other documents or such electronic media or computer system have 30
been taken into custody under any other law in force; or
(c) any assets represent either wholly or partly income or property which
has not been, or would not have been, disclosed for the purposes of this Act
by any person from whose possession or control such assets have been taken
into custody by any officer or authority under any other law in force, 35

then, the approving authority may authorise any, Joint Director or Joint
Commissioner or Assistant Director or Assistant Commissioner or Income-tax
Officer (hereinafter in this section and in section 489(2) referred to as the
requisitioning officer) to require the officer or authority referred to in clause (a) or
(b) or (c), to deliver such assets or books of account, other documents or such 40
electronic media or computer system to the requisitioning officer.
(2) On a requisition being made under sub-section (1), the officer or authority
referred to in clause (a) or (b) or (c), of that sub-section, shall deliver such assets or
books of account or other documents or electronic media or computer system to the
requisitioning officer either forthwith or when such officer or authority is of the 45
opinion that it is no longer necessary to retain the same in his or its custody.
(3) Where any assets or books of account or other documents or electronic
media or computer system have been delivered to the requisitioning officer, the
provisions of sections 247(7) to (11), 250 and 251shall, so far as may be, apply as