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Abm11-E Elsc Week 15

The document discusses the process of evolution, highlighting key figures such as Charles Darwin, who proposed natural selection, and Carolus Linnaeus, who developed a classification system for species. It explains mechanisms of evolution, including microevolution, genetic drift, and the effects of natural selection on allele frequencies. Evidence for evolution is presented through fossils, homology, biogeography, and convergent evolution.

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Anghelita Apuhin Bucad
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21 views13 pages

Abm11-E Elsc Week 15

The document discusses the process of evolution, highlighting key figures such as Charles Darwin, who proposed natural selection, and Carolus Linnaeus, who developed a classification system for species. It explains mechanisms of evolution, including microevolution, genetic drift, and the effects of natural selection on allele frequencies. Evidence for evolution is presented through fossils, homology, biogeography, and convergent evolution.

Uploaded by

Anghelita Apuhin Bucad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week 15

 he Process of Evolution
T

Presented by Group 2
ABM11-E

The Darwinian Concept of Evolution

Charles Darwin
-proposed that species can change over time, that new
species come from pre-existing species, and that all
species share a common ancestor. Each species has its
own unique set of heritable (genetic) differences from
the common ancestor, which have accumulated
gradually over very long time periods.
Carolus Linnaeus

- developed the binomial system of naming


species. For instance, humans are designated as
homo sapiens. In contrast to the linear
hierarchy of scala naturae, Linnaeus developed
a nested classification system, which was used
to group organisms into specific categories.
George Cuvier

-largely developed paleontology, which is


the study of fossils. Cuvier observed that
there were species that were present in one
layer of rock, but then disappeared in later
layers. He then inferred that extinctions
must have been a common occurrence in the
history of life.
Lamarck's Hypothesis of Evolution
-A French biologist, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
proposed a mechanism for evolution, which was
later found to be incorrect. Lamarck published
his hypothesis in 1809, the year that Darwin was
born. By the comparison of living things and
fossils, he found what appeared to be several
lines of descent.
Natural selection was proposed by Darwin as a mechanism to
explain the observable patterns of evolution. He observed that
humans have modified species over time through selective
breeding to produce desired traits. He called this artificial
selection. As a result of artificial selection, animals and crops
bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors.

Natural selection is the process by which organisms that


have certain heritable characteristics survive and
reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals.
Evidence for Evolution:
Fossils
-show that present-day organisms differ significantly from organisms
that existed before. Many species have also become extinct. Fossils
show the evolutionary changes that have occurred over time in various
groups of organisms
Homology
-is the analysis of similarities between organisms. As a remodeling
process, evolution would predict that similar species would share
similar features.
Biogeography
- is the geographic distribution of species. The geographic
distribution of organisms is influences by many factors. One of
these is continental drift, which is the slow movement of the earth's
continents over time.

Convergent Evolution
-is when distantly related organisms resemble one another for a
different reason. Convergent evolution is the independent
evolution of similar features in different lineages
The Evolution of Population
The smallest scale of evolution is called microevolution.
These are changes in allele frequencies in specific
populations over generations.

There are three main mechanisms that cause allele


frequencies to change: natural selection, genetic drift,
and gene flow. However, only natural selection is
consistent in improving the match between the
organisms and their environment.
Genetic drip
-Chance events can cause allele frequencies to
fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to
the next, especially in small populations. Certain
circumstances can result in genetic drift having
significant effects on a population. Two
examples are the founder effect and the
bottleneck effect.
The Founder Effect
-When a small group from a population becomes separated from
the main population, they may establish a new population
whose gene pool differs from the main population.

The Bottleneck Effect


-A sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or a flood,
may drastically reduce the size of the population. A drastic drop
in the population can cause the bottleneck effect, which is
termed that way because the population has gone through a
restrictive event.
Effects of Genetic drift :

1. Genetic drift is significant in small populations.

2. Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at


random.

3. Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within


populations.

4. Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed.


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