Internet Architecture

Internet General Characteristics

Internet Architecture
BGP Protocol Peering Concept
Internet Architecture
BGP Protocol Overview
Internet Architecture
BGP Protocol External?
Internet Architecture
BGP Multi-Homing?
Internet Architecture
IP Address & AS Numbers provided by…..
Internet Architecture
ISPs Addressing Allocation
Functions of a Router
Routers are Computers
Routers are specialized computers containing
the following required components to operate:
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS
• Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash,
hard drive)
Functions of a Router
Routers Choose Best Paths

▪ Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols to learn

about remote networks and build their routing tables.
▪ Routers use routing tables to determine the best path to send
packets.
▪ Routers encapsulate the packet and forward it to the interface
indicated in routing table.
Functions of a Router
Packet Forwarding Methods
▪ Process switching – An older packet
forwarding mechanism still available
for Cisco routers.
▪ Fast switching – A common packet
forwarding mechanism which uses a
fast-switching cache to store next
hop information.
▪ Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) –
The most recent, fastest, and
preferred Cisco IOS packet-
forwarding mechanism. Table
entries are not packet-triggered like
fast switching but change-triggered.
Connect Devices
Default Gateways
To enable network access devices
must be configured with the following
IP address information
▪ IP address - Identifies a unique
host on a local network.
▪ Subnet mask - Identifies the
host’s network subnet.
▪ Default gateway - Identifies the
router a packet is sent to to when
the destination is not on the same
local network subnet.
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Host
Statically Assigned IP address – The host is manually assigned an IP address, subnet
mask and default gateway. A DNS server IP address can also be assigned.
• Used to identify specific network resources such as network servers and
printers.
• Can be used in very small networks with few hosts.

Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address information is dynamically assigned by

a server using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
• Most hosts acquire their IP address information through DHCP.
• DHCP services can be provided by Cisco routers.
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Switch
▪ Network infrastructure devices
require IP addresses to enable
remote management.
▪ On a switch, the management IP
address is assigned on a virtual
interface.
Basic Settings on a Router
Configure Basic Router Settings
Basics tasks that should be first configured
on a Cisco Router and Cisco Switch:
▪ Name the device – Distinguishes it from
other routers
▪ Secure management access – Secures
privileged EXEC, user EXEC, and Telnet
access, and encrypts passwords to their
highest level
▪ Configure a banner – Provides legal
notification of unauthorized access.
▪ Save the Configuration
Path Determination
Best Path
Best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the value or
metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a network:
▪ A metric is the value used to measure the distance to a given network.
▪ Best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.

Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics to build
and update routing tables:
▪ Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Hop count
▪ Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Cost based on cumulative bandwidth from source
to destination
▪ Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - Bandwidth, delay, load,
reliability
Path Determination
Load Balancing

When a router has two or more paths to a destination with equal cost
metrics, then the router forwards the packets using both paths equally:
• Equal cost load balancing can improve network performance.
• Equal cost load balancing can be configured to use both dynamic routing
protocols and static routes.
• RIP, OSPF and EIGRP support equal cost load balancing.
Path Determination of the route
Administrative Distance
If multiple paths to a destination are
configured on a router, the path installed in
the routing table is the one with the lowest
Administrative Distance (AD):
• A static route with an AD of 1 is more
reliable than an EIGRP-discovered route
with an AD of 90.
• A directly connected route with an AD of
0 is more reliable than a static route
with an AD of 1.
The Routing Table
The Routing Table
A routing table is a file stored in RAM
that contains information about:
▪ Directly connected routes
▪ Remote routes
▪ Network or next hop
associations
The Routing Table
Routing Table Sources
The show ip route command is used to display the contents of
the routing table:
▪ Local route interfaces - Added to the routing table when an
interface is configured. (displayed in IOS 15 or newer)
▪ Directly connected interfaces - Added to the routing table
when an interface is configured and active.
▪ Static routes - Added when a route is manually configured and
the exit interface is active.
▪ Dynamic routing protocol - Added when EIGRP or OSPF are
implemented and networks are identified.
Statically Learned Routes
Static Routes
Static routes and default static routes can be implemented after directly connected
interfaces are added to the routing table:
▪ Static routes are manually configured
▪ They define an explicit path between two networking devices.
▪ Static routes must be manually updated if the topology changes.
▪ Their benefits include improved security and control of resources.
▪ Configure a static route to a specific network using the ip route network mask {next-
hop-ip | exit-intf} command.
▪ A default static route is used when the routing table does not contain a path for a
destination network.
▪ Configure a default static route using the ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {exit-intf | next-hop-ip}
command.
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic Routing

Dynamic routing is used by

routers to share information
about the reachability and
status of remote networks. It
performs network discovery
and maintains routing
tables.
Dynamic Routing Protocols
IPv4 Routing Protocols

Cisco ISR routers can support a variety of dynamic IPv4 routing

protocols including:
▪ EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
▪ OSPF – Open Shortest Path First
▪ IS-IS – Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
▪ RIP – Routing Information Protocol
SDWAN
Top 5 Drivers for SDWAN
▪ Faster Service Provisioning
▪ Ability to scale the network on-demand
▪ Business agility to adjust to market dynamics
▪ Ability to dynamically tailor to application needs
▪ Lower network connectivity service costs
SDWAN
Underlay Routing (Traditional) vs Overlay Routing (SDWAN)
▪ Underlay Network is the physical network infrastructure which connects network
devices such as routers and switches together using traditional routing protocols
(VPN 0)
▪ Overlay Network is based on IPSec tunnels which traverse from site to site using
the underlay network help to form the SDWAN network
▪ The Overlay Management Protocol (OMP), a TCP-based protocol similar to BGP,
provides the routing for the overlay network
▪ The OMP runs between Controllers and Routers. The Controller acts like a route-
reflector, it receives routes from WAN Routers, process and applies any policy to
them, and then advertises the routes to other WAN Routers in the overlay network
SDWAN
SDWAN Cisco Architecture (Viptela)
Static Routing
Reach Remote Networks

A router can learn about remote networks in one

of two ways:
• Manually - Remote networks are manually
entered into the route table using static routes.
• Dynamically - Remote routes are
automatically learned using a dynamic routing
protocol.
Static Routing
Why Use Static Routing?

Static routing provides some advantages over

dynamic routing, including:
▪ Static routes are not advertised over the
network, resulting in better security.
▪ Static routes use less bandwidth than dynamic
routing protocols, no CPU cycles are used to
calculate and communicate routes.
▪ The path a static route uses to send data is
known.
Static Routing
Why Use Static Routing? (cont.)
Static routing has the following disadvantages:
▪ Initial configuration and maintenance is time-consuming.
▪ Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks.
▪ Administrator intervention is required to maintain changing
route information.
▪ Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance
becomes cumbersome.
▪ Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for
proper implementation.
Static Routing
When to Use Static Routes
Static routing has three primary uses:
▪ Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller
networks that are not expected to grow significantly.
▪ Routing to and from stub networks. A stub network is a
network accessed by a single route, and the router has
no other neighbors.
▪ Using a single default route to represent a path to any
network that does not have a more specific match with
another route in the routing table. Default routes are
used to send traffic to any destination beyond the next
upstream router.
Types of Static Routes
Static Route Applications

Static Routes are often used to:

▪ Connect to a specific network.
▪ Provide a Gateway of Last Resort for a stub network.
▪ Reduce the number of routes advertised by
summarizing several contiguous networks as one
static route.
▪ Create a backup route in case a primary route link
fails.
Types of Static Routes
Default Static Route

▪ A default static route is a route that matches all

packets.
▪ A default route identifies the gateway IP address
to which the router sends all IP packets that it
does not have a learned or static route.
▪ A default static route is simply a static route with
0.0.0.0/0 as the destination IPv4 address.
Types of Static Routes
Floating Static Route
▪ Floating static routes are static routes that are used
to provide a backup path to a primary static or
dynamic route, in the event of a link failure.
▪ The floating static route is only used when the
primary route is not available.
▪ To accomplish
this, the floating static
route is configured with
a higher administrative
distance than the primary
route.
Configure IPv4 Static Routes
Next-Hop Options

The next hop can be identified by an IP address, exit

interface, or both. How the destination is specified
creates one of the three following route types:
▪ Next-hop route - Only the next-hop IP address is
specified.
▪ Directly connected static route - Only the router exit
interface is specified.
▪ Fully specified static route - The next-hop IP address
and exit interface are specified.
Configure Floating Static Routes
Floating Static Routes
Floating static routes are static routes that have an
administrative distance greater than the administrative distance
of another static route or dynamic routes:
▪ The administrative distance of a static route can be increased
to make the route less desirable than that of another static
route or a route learned through a dynamic routing protocol.
▪ In this way, the static route “floats” and is not used when the
route with the better administrative distance is active.
▪ However, if the preferred route is lost, the floating static route
can take over, and traffic can be sent through this alternate
route.
Types of Routing Protocols
Classifying Routing Protocols
▪ The purpose of dynamic routing
protocols includes:
• Discovery of remote networks.
• Maintaining up-to-date routing
information.
• Choosing the best path to
destination networks.
• Ability to find a new best path if
current path is no longer available.
Types of Routing Protocols
IGP and EGP Routing Protocols
▪ Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) -
Used for routing within an
Autonomous System (AS).
• RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
▪ Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) -
Used for routing between
Autonomous Systems.
• BGP
Types of Routing Protocols
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
▪ Distance vector means that routes
are advertised by providing two
characteristics:
• Distance - Identifies how far it is to
the destination network based on a
metric such as hop count, cost,
bandwidth, delay.
• Vector - Specifies the direction of
the next-hop router or exit interface
to reach the destination.
▪ RIPv1 (legacy), RIPv2, IGRP Cisco
proprietary (obsolete), EIGRP.
Types of Routing Protocols
Link-State Routing Protocols
▪ A link-State router uses the link-
state information received from
other routers:
• to create a topology map.
• to select the best path to all
destination networks in the
topology.
▪ Link-state routing protocols do not
use periodic updates.
• updates are only sent when there
is a change in the topology
▪ OSPF and IS-IS
Types of Routing Protocols
Classful Routing Protocols
▪ Classless routing protocols include
subnet mask information in the
routing updates.
▪ Classful routing protocols do not
send subnet mask information in
routing updates.
▪ Classful routing protocols cannot
support variable-length subnet
masks (VLSMs) and classless
interdomain routing (CIDR).
▪ Classful routing protocols also
create problems in discontiguous
networks.
Types of Routing Protocols
Classless Routing Protocols
▪ Classless IPv4 routing protocols
(RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS) all
include the subnet mask
information in routing updates.
▪ Classless routing protocols
support VLSM and CIDR.
▪ IPv6 routing protocols are classless.
Types of Routing Protocols
Routing Protocol Characteristics
▪ Routing protocols can be compared based on the characteristics in the chart.
Types of Routing Protocols
Routing Protocol Metrics ▪ A metric is a measurable value that is
assigned by the routing protocol to different
routes based on the usefulness of that route.
▪ Routing metrics are used to determine the
overall “cost” of a path from source to
destination.
▪ Best path is route with the lowest cost.
▪ Metrics used by various dynamic protocols:
• RIP – Hop count
• OSPF – Cost based on cumulative bandwidth
• EIGRP - Bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability.
Distance Vector Fundamentals
Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation
▪ Operation of a dynamic routing protocol can be described as follows:
• The router sends and receives routing messages on its interfaces.
• The router shares routing messages and routing information with other routers
using the same routing protocol.
• Routers exchange routing information to learn about remote networks.
• When a router detects a topology change, the routing protocol can advertise this
change to other routers.
Distance Vector Fundamentals
Cold Start
▪ After a router boots successfully it applies the saved configuration, then the router initially
discovers its own directly connected networks.
• It adds those directly connected interface IP addresses to its routing table
Distance Vector Fundamentals
Network Discovery
▪ If a routing protocol is
configured, the router
exchanges routing updates to
learn about any remote routes.
• The router sends an
update packet with its
routing table information
out all interfaces.
• The router also receives
updates from directly
connected routers and
adds new information to
its routing table.
Distance Vector Fundamentals
Exchanging the Routing Information
▪ Working toward
convergence, the routers
exchange the next round of
periodic updates.
▪ Distance vector routing
protocols use split horizon
to avoid loops.
▪ Split horizon prevents
information from being sent
out the same interface from
which it was received.
Distance Vector Fundamentals
Achieving Convergence
▪ The network has converged
when all routers have complete
and accurate information about
the entire network
▪ Convergence time is the time it
takes routers to share
information, calculate best
paths, and update routing tables.
▪ Routing protocols can be rated
based on the speed to
convergence; the faster the
convergence, the better the
routing protocol.
Distance Vector Routing Protocol Operation
Distance Vector Technologies ▪ Distance vector routing protocols
share updates between neighbors.
▪ Routers using distance vector routing
are not aware of the network topology.
▪ Some distance vector routing
protocols send periodic updates.
• RIPv1 sends updates as broadcasts
255.255.255.255.
• RIPv2 and EIGRP can use multicast
addresses to reach only specific
neighbor routers.
• EIGRP can use a unicast message to
reach a specific neighbor router.
• EIGRP only sends updates when needed,
not periodically.
Distance Vector Routing Protocol Operation
Distance Vector Algorithm
▪ The distance vector algorithm
defines the following processes:
• Mechanism for sending and receiving
routing information
• Mechanism for calculating the best
paths and installing routes in the
routing table
• Mechanism for detecting and reacting
to topology changes
▪ RIP uses the Bellman-Ford
algorithm as its routing algorithm.
▪ IGRP and EIGRP use the Diffusing
Update Algorithm (DUAL) routing
algorithm.
Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Routing Information Protocol
▪ The Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Easy to confgure
• Routing updates broadcasted
(255.255.255.255) every 30 seconds
• Metric is hop count
• 15 hop limit
▪ RIPv2
• Classless routing protocol - supports
VLSM and CIDR
▪ RIPng
• Increased efficiency – sends updates to
multicast address 224.0.0.9 • IPv6 enabled version of RIP
• Reduced routing entries - supports • 15 hop limit and administrative distance is 120
manual route summarization
• Secure - supports authentication
Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Enhanced Interior-Gateway Routing Protocol

▪ EIGRP replaced IGRP in 1992. It includes the following features:

• Bounded triggered updates – sends updates only to routers that need it.
• Hello keepalive mechanism - Hello messages are periodically exchanged to maintain
adjacencies.
• Maintains a topology table - maintains all the routes received from neighbors (not only
the best paths) in a topology table.
• Rapid convergence – because it maintains alternate routes.
• Multiple network layer protocol support – uses Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM) to
support layer 3 protocols.
Link-State Updates
Link-State Routing Process

Note: This process is the same for both OSPF for IPv4 and OSPF for IPv6.
SDWAN
Underlay Routing (Traditional) vs Overlay Routing (SDWAN)
▪ Underlay Network is the physical network infrastructure which connects network
devices such as routers and switches together using traditional routing protocols
(VPN 0)
▪ Overlay Network is based on IPSec tunnels which traverse from site to site using
the underlay network help to form the SDWAN network
▪ The Overlay Management Protocol (OMP), a TCP-based protocol similar to BGP,
provides the routing for the overlay network
▪ The OMP runs between Controllers and Routers. The Controller acts like a route-
reflector, it receives routes from WAN Routers, process and applies any policy to
them, and then advertises the routes to other WAN Routers in the overlay network