11 Circumference, Area,

and Volume
11.1 Circumference and Arc Length
11.2 Areas of Circles and Sectors
11.3 Areas of Polygons
11.4 Three-Dimensional Figures
11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders
11.6 Volumes of Pyramids
11.7 Surface Areas and Volumes of Cones
11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres

Khafre's
Kh id (p.
f 's Pyramid
afre' P yramid (p. 63
637)
7)

Gold Density (p. 628)

SEE the Big Idea

Basaltic Columns (p. 615)

Population Density (p.

(p 603)

London
London
d Eye (p.
Eye (p. 599)
599)

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 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Finding Surface Area
6 in.
Example 1 Find the surface area of the prism.

S = 2 w + 2 h + 2wh Write formula for

surface area of a 4 in.
rectangular prism. 2 in.

= 2(2)(4) + 2(2)(6) + 2(4)(6) Substitute 2 for , 4 for w, and 6 for h.

= 16 + 24 + 48 Multiply.
= 88 Add.

The surface area is 88 square inches.

Find the surface area of the prism.

1. 2. 10 m 3.
3 ft 5 cm
4 cm
4m
8 ft 5 cm
10 cm
5 ft 6m 8m 6 cm

Finding a Missing Dimension

Example 2 A rectangle has a perimeter of 10 meters and a length of 3 meters. What is the
width of the rectangle?

P = 2 + 2w Write formula for perimeter of a rectangle.

10 = 2(3) + 2w Substitute 10 for P and 3 for .
10 = 6 + 2w Multiply 2 and 3.
4 = 2w Subtract 6 from each side.
2=w Divide each side by 2.

The width is 2 meters.

Find the missing dimension.

4. A rectangle has a perimeter of 28 inches and a width of 5 inches. What is the length of
the rectangle?
5. A triangle has an area of 12 square centimeters and a height of 12 centimeters. What is the
base of the triangle?
6. A rectangle has an area of 84 square feet and a width of 7 feet. What is the length of the
rectangle?
7. ABSTRACT REASONING Write an equation for the surface area of a prism with a length,
width, and height of x inches. What solid figure does the prism represent?

Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

591

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 Mathematical Mathematically proficient students create valid representations

Practices of problems.

Creating a Valid Representation

Core Concept
Nets for Three-Dimensional Figures
A net for a three-dimensional figure is a two-dimensional pattern that can be folded to
form the three-dimensional figure.

base w
w w
h
lateral lateral lateral lateral
h
face face face face
w
base

Drawing a Net for a Pyramid

Draw a net of the pyramid.

20 in.

19 in.
19 in.
SOLUTION
The pyramid has a square base.
Its four lateral faces are congruent
isosceles triangles.
19 in.
20 in.
19 in.

Monitoring Progress
Draw a net of the three-dimensional figure. Label the dimensions.
1. 2. 3.
5m 15 in.
4 ft

12 m
4 ft 10 in.
8m
2 ft 10 in.

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 11.1 Circumference and Arc Length
Essential Question How can you find the length of a circular arc?

Finding the Length of a Circular Arc

Work with a partner. Find the length of each red circular arc.
a. entire circle b. one-fourth of a circle
y y
5 5
C
3 3

1 1
A A B
−5 −3 −1 1 3 5x −5 −3 −1 1 3 5x

−3 −3

−5 −5

c. one-third of a circle d. five-eighths of a circle

y y
C
4 4

2 2

A B A B
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
−2 −2
C
−4 −4

Using Arc Length

Work with a partner. The rider is attempting to stop with
the front tire of the motorcycle in the painted rectangular
box for a skills test. The front tire makes exactly
one-half additional revolution before stopping.
LOOKING FOR The diameter of the tire is 25 inches. Is the
REGULARITY front tire still in contact with the
IN REPEATED painted box? Explain.
REASONING
To be proficient in math,
you need to notice if 3 ft
calculations are repeated
and look both for general
methods and for shortcuts. Communicate Your Answer
3. How can you find the length of a circular arc?
4. A motorcycle tire has a diameter of 24 inches. Approximately how many inches
does the motorcycle travel when its front tire makes three-fourths of a revolution?

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 11.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Use the formula for circumference.
Use arc lengths to find measures.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Solve real-life problems.
circumference, p. 594 Measure angles in radians.
arc length, p. 595
radian, p. 597
Using the Formula for Circumference
Previous
The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle. Consider a regular
circle
polygon inscribed in a circle. As the number of sides increases, the polygon
diameter
approximates the circle and the ratio of the perimeter of the polygon to the diameter
radius
of the circle approaches π ≈ 3.14159. . ..

For all circles, the ratio of the circumference C to the diameter d is the same. This
C
ratio is — = π. Solving for C yields the formula for the circumference of a circle,
d
C = πd. Because d = 2r, you can also write the formula as C = π(2r) = 2πr.

Core Concept
Circumference of a Circle
r
The circumference C of a circle is C = πd
or C = 2πr, where d is the diameter of the d
circle and r is the radius of the circle. C
C = π d = 2π r

Using the Formula for Circumference

ATTENDING TO Find each indicated measure.

PRECISION a. circumference of a circle with a radius of 9 centimeters
You have sometimes used b. radius of a circle with a circumference of 26 meters
3.14 to approximate the
value of π. Throughout this SOLUTION
chapter, you should use the a. C = 2πr b. C = 2πr
π key on a calculator, then
round to the hundredths ⋅ ⋅
=2 π 9 26 = 2πr
place unless instructed = 18π 26
otherwise. —=r
2π
≈ 56.55
4.14 ≈ r
The circumference is about
56.55 centimeters. The radius is about 4.14 meters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 5 inches.

2. Find the diameter of a circle with a circumference of 17 feet.

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 Using Arc Lengths to Find Measures
An arc length is a portion of the circumference of a circle. You can use the measure of
the arc (in degrees) to find its length (in linear units).

Core Concept
Arc Length
In a circle, the ratio of the length of a given arc to the A
circumference is equal to the ratio of the measure of the
arc to 360°.
P
Arc length of  m
r
AB AB B
—— = —, or
2πr 360°

=—m
Arc length of AB
AB
360°
2πr ⋅

Using Arc Lengths to Find Measures

Find each indicated measure.

a. arc length of 
AB b. circumference of ⊙Z c. m
RS

A X 15.28 m S
8 cm
60° 4.19 in. T
P Z
B 40° Y R
44 m

SOLUTION
a. Arc length of  ⋅
60°
AB = — 2π(8)
360°
≈ 8.38 cm
Arc length of 
XY m
XY Arc length of 
RS m
RS
b. —— = — c. —— = —
C 360° 2πr 360°
4.19 40° 44 m
RS
—=— —=—
C 360° 2π(15.28) 360°

360° — = m
⋅
4.19 1 44
—=— RS
C 9 2π(15.28)
37.71 in. = C 165° ≈ m
RS

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the indicated measure.

3. arc length of 
PQ 4. circumference of ⊙N 5. radius of ⊙G

61.26 m
Q E
9 yd 270° G
75° 150°
R N
S
P L M 10.5 ft F

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
Using Circumference to Find Distance Traveled

The dimensions of a car tire are shown. To the

nearest foot, how far does the tire travel when 5.5 in.
it makes 15 revolutions?

SOLUTION 15 in.

Step 1 Find the diameter of the tire.

d = 15 + 2(5.5) = 26 in.
5.5 in.
Step 2 Find the circumference of the tire.
⋅
C = π d = π 26 = 26π in.
Step 3 Find the distance the tire travels in 15 revolutions. In one revolution, the tire
travels a distance equal to its circumference. In 15 revolutions, the tire travels
a distance equal to 15 times its circumference.
COMMON ERROR
Always pay attention to
Distance
traveled
=
Number of
revolutions ⋅ Circumference
units. In Example 3, you
need to convert units to
get a correct answer.
⋅
= 15 26π ≈ 1225.2 in.
Step 4 Use unit analysis. Change 1225.2 inches to feet.

⋅1 ft
1225.2 in. — = 102.1 ft
12 in.
The tire travels approximately 102 feet.

Using Arc Length to Find Distances

The curves at the ends of the track shown are 180° arcs
of circles. The radius of the arc for a runner on the 44.02 m
red path shown is 36.8 meters. About how far does
this runner travel to go once around the track? Round
36.8 m
to the nearest tenth of a meter.

SOLUTION 84.39 m

The path of the runner on the red path is made of two straight sections and two
semicircles. To find the total distance, find the sum of the lengths of each part.

Distance = ⋅
2 Length of each
straight section
+ ⋅
2 Length of
each semicircle

(⋅ ⋅
= 2(84.39) + 2 —12 2π 36.8 )
≈ 400.0

The runner on the red path travels about 400.0 meters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

6. A car tire has a diameter of 28 inches. How many revolutions does the tire make
while traveling 500 feet?
7. In Example 4, the radius of the arc for a runner on the blue path is 44.02 meters,
as shown in the diagram. About how far does this runner travel to go once around
the track? Round to the nearest tenth of a meter.

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 Measuring Angles in Radians
Recall that in a circle, the ratio of the length of a given arc A
to the circumference is equal to the ratio of the measure of
the arc to 360°. To see why, consider the diagram. C
r
A circle of radius 1 has circumference 2π, so the arc
 is — m
length of CD
CD
360° ⋅ 2π. 1 D

B
Recall that all circles are similar and corresponding lengths
of similar figures are proportional. Because m AB = m CD ,
 
AB and CD are corresponding arcs. So, you can write the following proportion.
Arc length of 
AB r
—— = —
Arc length of 
CD 1

Arc length of 
AB = r ⋅ Arc length of 
CD

 m
⋅
CD
Arc length of AB = r — 2π
360° ⋅
This form of the equation shows that the arc length associated with a central angle
m
CD
is proportional to the radius of the circle. The constant of proportionality, — 2π,
360° ⋅
is defined to be the radian measure of the central angle associated with the arc.
In a circle of radius 1, the radian measure of a given central angle can be thought of
as the length of the arc associated with the angle. The radian measure of a complete
circle (360°) is exactly 2π radians, because the circumference of a circle of radius 1
is exactly 2π. You can use this fact to convert from degree measure to radian measure
and vice versa.

Core Concept
Converting between Degrees and Radians
Degrees to radians Radians to degrees
Multiply degree measure by Multiply radian measure by
2π radians π radians 360° 180°
—, or —. —, or —.
360° 180° 2π radians π radians

Converting between Degree and Radian Measure

3π
a. Convert 45° to radians. b. Convert — radians to degrees.
2

SOLUTION
π radians π 3π
⋅
a. 45° — = — radian
180° 4 ⋅
180°
b. — radians — = 270°
2 π radians
π 3π
So, 45° = — radian. So, — radians = 270°.
4 2

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4π
8. Convert 15° to radians. 9. Convert — radians to degrees.
3

Section 11.1 Circumference and Arc Length 597

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 11.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The circumference of a circle with diameter d is C = ______.

2. WRITING Describe the difference between an arc measure and an arc length.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–10, find the indicated measure. 13. PROBLEM SOLVING A measuring wheel is
(See Examples 1 and 2.) used to calculate the length of a path. The
diameter of the wheel is 8 inches.
3. circumference of a circle with a radius of 6 inches
The wheel makes 87 complete
revolutions along the length
4. diameter of a circle with a circumference of 63 feet
of the path. To the nearest
5. radius of a circle with a circumference of 28π foot, how long is the
path? (See Example 3.)
6. exact circumference of a circle with a diameter of
5 inches

7. arc length of 
AB 8. m
DE 14. PROBLEM SOLVING You ride your bicycle 40 meters.
How many complete revolutions does the front
C wheel make?
A D
P Q
45° 8.73 in.
8 ft
10 in.
B E

9. circumference of ⊙C 10. radius of ⊙R

L
F
C 260° R
7.5 m 76° 38.95 cm

G M

32.5 cm
11. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
finding the circumference of ⊙C. In Exercises 15–18, find the perimeter of the shaded

✗
region. (See Example 4.)
C = 2πr
9 in. 15.
= 2π(9)
C
=18π in. 6

12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 13

finding the length of 
GH .
16.

✗ Arc length of 
G 6 3
GH

= mGH ⋅ 2πr
75°
C 5 cm
H
⋅
= 75 2π(5) 3 6
= 750π cm

598 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 17. 2 18. In Exercises 25 and 26, find the circumference of the
circle with the given equation. Write the circumference
90° 90° 5 5
in terms of π.
6 25. x2 + y2 = 16
120°
90° 90°
5 26. (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 9
6
27. USING STRUCTURE A semicircle has endpoints
In Exercises 19–22, convert the angle measure. (−2, 5) and (2, 8). Find the arc length of the
(See Example 5.) semicircle.
19. Convert 70° to radians.  is an arc on a circle with radius r.
28. REASONING EF
Let x° be the measure of EF . Describe the effect on
20. Convert 300° to radians. the length of 
EF if you (a) double the radius of the
circle, and (b) double the measure of 
EF .
11π
21. Convert — radians to degrees.
12
29. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that it is
π possible for two arcs with the same measure to have
22. Convert — radian to degrees. different arc lengths. Is your friend correct? Explain
8
your reasoning.
23. PROBLEM SOLVING The London Eye is a Ferris
wheel in London, England, that travels at a speed of 30. PROBLEM SOLVING Over 2000 years ago, the Greek
0.26 meter per second. How many minutes does it scholar Eratosthenes estimated Earth’s circumference
take the London Eye to complete one full revolution? by assuming that the Sun’s rays were parallel. He
chose a day when the Sun shone straight down into
a well in the city of Syene. At noon, he measured the
angle the Sun’s rays made with a vertical stick in the
city of Alexandria. Eratosthenes assumed that the
distance from Syene to Alexandria was equal to about
67.5 m 575 miles. Explain how Eratosthenes was able to use
this information to estimate Earth’s circumference.
Then estimate Earth’s circumference.
t
ligh
sun 1
m∠2 = 7.2°
stick
Alexandria t
ligh
sun 2

well
24. PROBLEM SOLVING You are planning to plant a
Syene
circular garden adjacent to one of the corners of a 1
building, as shown. You can use up to 38 feet of fence center
of Earth
to make a border around the garden. What radius
Not drawn to scale
(in feet) can the garden have? Choose all that apply.
Explain your reasoning.
31. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In ⊙C, the ratio of the
PQ to the length of 
length of  RS is 2 to 1. What is the
ratio of m∠PCQ to m∠RCS?

A 4 to 1 B 2 to 1

C 1 to 4 D 1 to 2

32. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS A 45° arc in ⊙C and a

30° arc in ⊙P have the same length. What is the ratio
A 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 of the radius r1 of ⊙C to the radius r2 of ⊙P? Explain
your reasoning.

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 33. PROBLEM SOLVING How many revolutions does the 38. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS What is the
smaller gear complete during a single revolution of measure (in radians) of the angle formed by the hands
the larger gear? of a clock at each time? Explain your reasoning.
a. 1:30 p.m. b. 3:15 p.m.
3
7 39. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The sum of the
circumferences of circles A, B, and C is 63π. Find AC.

x B
3x
5x
34. USING STRUCTURE Find the circumference of each
circle. A
C
a. a circle circumscribed about a right triangle whose
legs are 12 inches and 16 inches long
b. a circle circumscribed about a square with a side
length of 6 centimeters
c. a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle with a
side length of 9 inches 40. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is π a rational number?
355
Compare the rational number — to π. Find a
35. REWRITING A FORMULA Write a formula in terms of 113
the measure θ (theta) of the central angle (in radians) different rational number that is even closer to π.
that can be used to find the length of an arc of a circle.
Then use this formula to find the length of an arc of a 41. PROOF The circles in the diagram are concentric
circle with a radius of 4 inches and a central angle of — ≅ GH
and FG —. Prove that 
JK and 
NG have the
3π
— radians. same length.
4
M
36. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? L N
Compare the circumference
of ⊙P to the length of 
F
DE . G
D E
Explain your reasoning. C P K H
J

—
42. REPEATED REASONING AB is divided into four
37. MAKING AN ARGUMENT In the diagram, the measure congruent segments, and semicircles with radius r
of the red shaded angle is 30°. The arc length a is 2. are drawn.
Your classmate claims that it is possible to find the
circumference of the blue circle without finding the
radius of either circle. Is your classmate correct?
Explain your reasoning. A r B

a. What is the sum of the four arc lengths?

2r
b. What would the sum of the arc lengths be if
r
a
— was divided into 8 congruent segments?
AB
16 congruent segments? n congruent segments?
Explain your reasoning.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Find the area of the polygon with the given vertices. (Section 1.4)
43. X(2, 4), Y(8, −1), Z(2, −1) 44. L(−3, 1), M(4, 1), N(4, −5), P(−3, −5)

600 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.2 Areas of Circles and Sectors
Essential Question How can you find the area of a sector of
a circle?

Finding the Area of a Sector of a Circle

Work with a partner. A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the
circle and their intercepted arc. Find the area of each shaded circle or sector of a circle.
a. entire circle b. one-fourth of a circle
y y
8 8

4 4

−8 −4 4 8x −8 −4 4 8x
−4 −4

−8 −8

c. seven-eighths of a circle d. two-thirds of a circle

y y
4

−4 4x −4 4 x
REASONING
ABSTRACTLY
−4
To be proficient in math,
you need to explain to
yourself the meaning of a
problem and look for entry Finding the Area of a Circular Sector
points to its solution.
Work with a partner. A center pivot irrigation system consists of 400 meters of
sprinkler equipment that rotates around a central pivot point at a rate of once every
3 days to irrigate a circular region with a diameter of 800 meters. Find the area of the
sector that is irrigated by this system in one day.

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you find the area of a sector of a circle?
4. In Exploration 2, find the area of the sector that is irrigated in 2 hours.

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 11.2 Lesson What You Will Learn
Use the formula for the area of a circle.
Use the formula for population density.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Find areas of sectors.
population density, p. 603 Use areas of sectors.
sector of a circle, p. 604
Previous Using the Formula for the Area of a Circle
circle
You can divide a circle into congruent sections and
radius
rearrange the sections to form a figure that approximates a r
diameter
parallelogram. Increasing the number of congruent sections
intercepted arc
increases the figure’s resemblance to a parallelogram.
The base of the parallelogram that the figure approaches C = 2π r
is half of the circumference, so b = —12 C = —12 (2πr) = πr. r
The height is the radius, so h = r. So, the area of the
parallelogram is A = bh = (πr)(r) = πr2.
1
2
C =πr

Core Concept
Area of a Circle
The area of a circle is
r
A = πr 2
where r is the radius of the circle.

Using the Formula for the Area of a Circle

Find each indicated measure.

a. area of a circle with a radius of 2.5 centimeters
b. diameter of a circle with an area of 113.1 square centimeters

SOLUTION
a. A = πr2 Formula for area of a circle
= π • (2.5)2 Substitute 2.5 for r.
= 6.25π Simplify.
≈ 19.63 Use a calculator.
The area of the circle is about 19.63 square centimeters.
b. A = πr2 Formula for area of a circle
113.1 = πr2 Substitute 113.1 for A.
113.1
— = r2 Divide each side by π.
π
6≈r Find the positive square root of each side.
The radius is about 6 centimeters, so the diameter is about 12 centimeters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Find the area of a circle with a radius of 4.5 meters.

2. Find the radius of a circle with an area of 176.7 square feet.

602 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Using the Formula for Population Density
The population density of a city, county, or state is a measure of how many people
live within a given area.
number of people
Population density = ——
area of land
Population density is usually given in terms of square miles but can be expressed using
other units, such as city blocks.

Using the Formula for Population Density

a. About 430,000 people live in a 5-mile radius of a city’s town hall. Find the
population density in people per square mile.
b. A region with a 3-mile radius has a population density of about 6195 people
per square mile. Find the number of people who live in the region.

SOLUTION
a. Step 1 Find the area of the region.

⋅
A = πr2 = π 52 = 25π
The area of the region is 25π ≈ 78.54 square miles.
Step 2 Find the population density.
number of people
Population density = —— Formula for population density
area of land
430,000
=— Substitute.
25π
≈ 5475 Use a calculator.

The population density is about 5475 people per square mile.

b. Step 1 Find the area of the region.

⋅
A = πr2 = π 32 = 9π
The area of the region is 9π ≈ 28.27 square miles.
Step 2 Let x represent the number of people who live in the region. Find the
value of x.
number of people
Population density = —— Formula for population density
area of land
x
6195 ≈ — Substitute.
9π
175,159 ≈ x Multiply and use a calculator.

The number of people who live in the region is about 175,159.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. About 58,000 people live in a region with a 2-mile radius. Find the population
density in people per square mile.
4. A region with a 3-mile radius has a population density of about 1000 people
per square mile. Find the number of people who live in the region.

Section 11.2 Areas of Circles and Sectors 603

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 Finding Areas of Sectors
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the circle and their
intercepted arc. In the diagram below, sector APB is bounded by AP—, BP—, and  AB .

ANALYZING Core Concept

RELATIONSHIPS Area of a Sector
The area of a sector is a The ratio of the area of a sector of a circle to the A
fractional part of the area area of the whole circle (πr2) is equal to the ratio
of a circle. The area of a of the measure of the intercepted arc to 360°. P
sector formed by a 45° arc
m
r
45° 1 Area of sector APB AB B
is —, or — of the area of —— = —, or
360° 8
2 πr 360°
the circle. m
AB
Area of sector APB = — πr2
360° ⋅

Finding Areas of Sectors

Find the areas of the sectors formed by ∠UTV. U

S

T 70°
8 in.
SOLUTION V

Step 1 Find the measures of the minor and major arcs.

UV = 70° and m
Because m∠UTV = 70°, m USV = 360° − 70° = 290°.

Step 2 Find the areas of the small and large sectors.

m
UV
Area of small sector = — πr2
360° ⋅ Formula for area of a sector

70°
= — π 82
360° ⋅ ⋅ Substitute.

≈ 39.10 Use a calculator.

mUSV
Area of large sector = — πr2
360° ⋅ Formula for area of a sector

290°
= — π 82
360° ⋅ ⋅ Substitute.

≈ 161.97 Use a calculator.

The areas of the small and large sectors are about 39.10 square inches and
about 161.97 square inches, respectively.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the indicated measure. F

14 ft
5. area of red sector
120° D G
6. area of blue sector

604 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Using Areas of Sectors

Using the Area of a Sector

Find the area of ⊙V.

T
V 40° A = 35 m2
U

SOLUTION
mTU
⋅
Area of sector TVU = — Area of ⊙V
360°
Formula for area of a sector

40°
⋅
35 = — Area of ⊙V
360°
Substitute.

315 = Area of ⊙V Solve for area of ⊙V.

The area of ⊙V is 315 square meters.

Finding the Area of a Region

A rectangular wall has an entrance cut into it. You

want to paint the wall. To the nearest square foot, 10 ft
what is the area of the region you need to paint? 16 ft
16 ft

36 ft
SOLUTION
COMMON ERROR The area you need to paint is the area of the rectangle minus the area of the entrance.
Use the radius (8 feet), The entrance can be divided into a semicircle and a square.
not the diameter (16 feet),
Area of wall = Area of rectangle − (Area of semicircle + Area of square)
when you calculate the area
of the semicircle.
[
180°
⋅ ⋅
= 36(26) − — (π 82) + 162
360° ]
= 936 − (32π + 256)
≈ 579.47

The area you need to paint is about 579 square feet.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. Find the area of ⊙H. 8. Find the area of the figure.

F 7m

A = 214.37 cm2 85° H

7m
G

9. If you know the area and radius of a sector of a circle, can you find the measure of
the intercepted arc? Explain.

Section 11.2 Areas of Circles and Sectors 605

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 11.2 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY A(n) __________ of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the circle and
their intercepted arc.

2. WRITING The arc measure of a sector in a given circle is doubled. Will the area of the sector
also be doubled? Explain your reasoning.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 –10, find the indicated measure. In Exercises 15–18, find the areas of the sectors formed
(See Example 1.) by ∠DFE. (See Example 3.)
3. area of ⊙C 4. area of ⊙C 15. E 16. E G
10 in.
60°
D F 256°
C G F
20 in. 14 cm
C D
0.4 cm
A
17. 18. G D
D E
5. area of a circle with a radius of 5 inches 137° F 75°
F 28 m
4 ft
6. area of a circle with a diameter of 16 feet E
G
7. radius of a circle with an area of 89 square feet

8. radius of a circle with an area of 380 square inches 19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
finding the area of the circle.

✗
9. diameter of a circle with an area of 12.6 square inches

10. diameter of a circle with an area of 676π square

centimeters A = π(12)2

12 ft = 144π
In Exercises 11–14, find the indicated measure. C
(See Example 2.) ≈ 452.39 ft2

11. About 210,000 people live in a region with a 12-mile

radius. Find the population density in people per
square mile. 20. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
finding the area of sector XZY when the area of ⊙Z
12. About 650,000 people live in a region with a 6-mile is 255 square feet.
radius. Find the population density in people per
square mile.

13. A region with a 4-mile radius has a population density

✗ W
X Let n be the area of
sector XZY.
of about 6366 people per square mile. Find the 115° n 115
number of people who live in the region. Z — =—
360 255
Y n ≈ 162.35 ft2
14. About 79,000 people live in a circular region with a
population density of about 513 people per square
mile. Find the radius of the region.

606 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 In Exercises 21 and 22, the area of the shaded sector is 30. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that if
shown. Find the indicated measure. (See Example 4.) the radius of a circle is doubled, then its area doubles.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
21. area of ⊙M
31. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The diagram shows
K A = 56.87 cm2 the area of a lawn covered by a water sprinkler.
50° M
J
L

22. radius of ⊙M
J
A = 12.36 m2 15 ft 145°
89°
M
L K

a. What is the area of the lawn that is covered by

In Exercises 23 –28, find the area of the shaded region. the sprinkler?
(See Example 5.)
b. The water pressure is weakened so that the radius
23. 24. is 12 feet. What is the area of the lawn that will
6m be covered?
20 in.
32. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The diagram shows
24 m a projected beam of light from a lighthouse.
20 in.

25. 26.
1 ft

180°
245°

8 cm 18 mi
lighthouse

27. 5 in. 28.

3m
a. What is the area of water that can be covered by
4m the light from the lighthouse?
b. What is the area of land that can be covered by the
light from the lighthouse?

29. PROBLEM SOLVING The diagram shows the shape of 33. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Look back at the
a putting green at a miniature golf course. One part of Perimeters of Similar Polygons Theorem (Theorem
the green is a sector of a circle. Find the area of the 8.1) and the Areas of Similar Polygons Theorem
putting green. (Theorem 8.2) in Section 8.1. How would you
rewrite these theorems to apply to circles? Explain
your reasoning.
(3x − 2) ft
5x ft 34. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS A square is inscribed in
a circle. The same square is also circumscribed about
(2x + 1) ft a smaller circle. Draw a diagram that represents this
situation. Then find the ratio of the area of the larger
circle to the area of the smaller circle.

Section 11.2 Areas of Circles and Sectors 607

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 35. CONSTRUCTION The table shows how students get 38. THOUGHT PROVOKING You know that the area of
to school. a circle is πr2. Find the formula for the area of an
ellipse, shown below.
Method Percent of students
bus 65% b
walk 25% a a
other 10% b

a. Explain why a circle graph is appropriate for

the data.
39. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider a circle with
b. You will represent each method by a sector of a a radius of 3 inches.
circle graph. Find the central angle to use for each
a. Complete the table, where x is the measure of the
sector. Then construct the graph using a radius of
arc and y is the area of the corresponding sector.
2 inches.
Round your answers to the nearest tenth.
c. Find the area of each sector in your graph.
x 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
36. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The outermost edges of y
the pattern shown form a square. If you know the
dimensions of the outer square, is it possible to b. Graph the data in the table.
compute the total colored area? Explain. c. Is the relationship between x and y linear? Explain.
d. If parts (a) –(c) were repeated using a circle with
a radius of 5 inches, would the areas in the table
change? Would your answer to part (c) change?
Explain your reasoning.

40. CRITICAL THINKING Find

the area between the three C
congruent tangent circles.
The radius of each circle
is 6 inches.
37. ABSTRACT REASONING A circular pizza with a A B
12-inch diameter is enough for you and 2 friends. You
want to buy pizzas for yourself and 7 friends. A
10-inch diameter pizza with one topping costs $6.99 41. PROOF Semicircles with diameters equal to three
and a 14-inch diameter pizza with one topping costs sides of a right triangle are drawn, as shown. Prove
$12.99. How many 10-inch and 14-inch pizzas should that the sum of the areas of the two shaded crescents
you buy in each situation? Explain. equals the area of the triangle.
a. You want to spend as little money as possible.
b. You want to have three pizzas, each with a different
topping, and spend as little money as possible.
c. You want to have as much of the thick outer crust
as possible.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Find the area of the figure. (Skills Review Handbook)

42. 43. 4 ft 44. 13 in. 45.
6 in. 3 ft
7 ft 9 in.
18 in. 5 ft
10 ft

608 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.3 Areas of Polygons
Essential Question How can you find the area of a regular
polygon?
The center of a regular polygon is the center apothem CP
P
of its circumscribed circle.
The distance from the center to any side of a
regular polygon is called the apothem of a C center
regular polygon.

Finding the Area of a Regular Polygon

Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to construct each regular
polygon with side lengths of 4, as shown. Find the apothem and use it to find the
area of the polygon. Describe the steps that you used.
a. b. 7

4 D
6
C
5
3

E 4 C
2
3

2
1

1
A 0 B
A 0 B
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

c. 8 d. F 10 E
E 7
D 9

8
6
G 7 D
5 6

4 5
F C
4
3
H 3 C
2
2

1 1

A 0 B A 0 B
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Writing a Formula for Area

Work with a partner. Generalize the steps you used in Exploration 1 to develop a
REASONING formula for the area of a regular polygon.
ABSTRACTLY
To be proficient in math, Communicate Your Answer
you need to know and
flexibly use different 3. How can you find the area of a regular polygon?
properties of operations 4. Regular pentagon ABCDE has side lengths of 6 meters and an apothem of
and objects. approximately 4.13 meters. Find the area of ABCDE.

Section 11.3 Areas of Polygons 609

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 11.3 Lesson What You Will Learn
Find areas of rhombuses and kites.
Find angle measures in regular polygons.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Find areas of regular polygons.
center of a regular polygon,
p. 611
Finding Areas of Rhombuses and Kites
radius of a regular polygon,
p. 611 You can divide a rhombus or kite with diagonals d1 and d2 into two congruent triangles
apothem of a regular polygon, ( )
with base d1, height —12 d2, and area —12 d1 —12 d2 = —14 d1d2. So, the area of a rhombus or kite
p. 611 ( )
is 2 —14 d1d2 = —12 d1d2.
central angle of a regular
polygon, p. 611 1
A = 4 d1d2
1
A = 4 d1d2
Previous 1
d
1
d
2 2 2 2
rhombus d2 d2
kite

d1 d1

Core Concept
Area of a Rhombus or Kite
The area of a rhombus or kite with diagonals d1 and d2 is —12 d1d2.

d2 d2

d1 d1

Finding the Area of a Rhombus or Kite

Find the area of each rhombus or kite.

a. b.
8m 7 cm

6m 10 cm

SOLUTION
a. A = —12 d1d2 b. A = —12 d1d2

= —12(6)(8) = —12 (10)(7)

= 24 = 35

So, the area is 24 square meters. So, the area is

35 square centimeters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Find the area of a rhombus with diagonals d1 = 4 feet and d2 = 5 feet.

2. Find the area of a kite with diagonals d1 = 12 inches and d2 = 9 inches.

610 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Finding Angle Measures in Regular Polygons
The diagram shows a regular polygon inscribed in a circle. M
The center of a regular polygon and the radius of a apothem
regular polygon are the center and the radius of its Q PQ
center
circumscribed circle. P N
The distance from the center to any side of a regular radius
polygon is called the apothem of a regular polygon. PN
The apothem is the height to the base of an isosceles
triangle that has two radii as legs. The word “apothem” ∠MPN is a central angle.
refers to a segment as well as a length. For a given
regular polygon, think of an apothem as a segment
and the apothem as a length.
A central angle of a regular polygon is an angle formed by two radii drawn to
consecutive vertices of the polygon. To find the measure of each central angle,
divide 360° by the number of sides.

Finding Angle Measures in a Regular Polygon

In the diagram, ABCDE is a regular pentagon inscribed in ⊙F. Find each

angle measure.
C

B D
F
G

A E

a. m∠AFB b. m∠AFG c. m∠GAF

ANALYZING
RELATIONSHIPS SOLUTION
— is an altitude of an
FG 360°
isosceles triangle, so a. ∠AFB is a central angle, so m∠AFB = — = 72°.
5
it is also a median and
— is an apothem, which makes it an altitude of isosceles △AFB.
b. FG
angle bisector of the
isosceles triangle.
— bisects ∠AFB and m∠AFG = —1m∠AFB = 36°.
So, FG
2
c. By the Triangle Sum Theorem (Theorem 5.1), the sum of the angle measures of
right △GAF is 180°.
m∠GAF = 180° − 90° − 36°
= 54°
So, m∠GAF = 54°.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

In the diagram, WXYZ is a square inscribed in ⊙P. X Y

Q
3. Identify the center, a radius, an apothem,
and a central angle of the polygon. P
4. Find m∠XPY, m∠XPQ, and m∠PXQ. W Z

Section 11.3 Areas of Polygons 611

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 Finding Areas of Regular Polygons
You can find the area of any regular n-gon by dividing it into congruent triangles.

⋅
A = Area of one triangle Number of triangles
READING
DIAGRAMS ( ⋅ ⋅ ) ⋅n
= —12 s a
Base of triangle is s and height of
triangle is a. Number of triangles is n.
In this book, a point
shown inside a regular ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= —12 a (n s) Commutative and Associative
Properties of Multiplication a s
polygon marks the center
= —a ⋅ P
1 There are n congruent sides of
of the circle that can be
circumscribed about
2 length s, so perimeter P is n s. ⋅
the polygon.

Core Concept
Area of a Regular Polygon
The area of a regular n-gon with side length s is one-half
the product of the apothem a and the perimeter P.

⋅
A = —12 aP, or A = —12 a ns a s

Finding the Area of a Regular Polygon

A regular nonagon is inscribed in a circle with a radius of 4 units. Find the area of
the nonagon.

K
4
L M
4 J

SOLUTION
360°
The measure of central ∠JLK is — — bisects the central angle,
, or 40°. Apothem LM
9
so m∠KLM is 20°. To find the lengths of the legs, use trigonometric ratios for
right △KLM.
L
20°
4 4

J M K

MK LM
sin 20° = — cos 20° = —
LK LK
MK LM
sin 20° = — cos 20° = —
4 4
4 sin 20° = MK 4 cos 20° = LM
The regular nonagon has side length s = 2(MK) = 2(4 sin 20°) = 8 sin 20°, and
apothem a = LM = 4 cos 20°.

⋅ ⋅
So, the area is A = —12 a ns = —12 (4 cos 20°) (9)(8 sin 20°) ≈ 46.3 square units.

612 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Finding the Area of a Regular Polygon

You are decorating the top of a table by covering it with small ceramic tiles. The
tabletop is a regular octagon with 15-inch sides and a radius of about 19.6 inches.
What is the area you are covering?

R 15 in.
19.6 in.

P Q

SOLUTION
Step 1 Find the perimeter P of the tabletop.
An octagon has 8 sides, so P = 8(15) = 120 inches.
Step 2 Find the apothem a. The apothem is height RS of △PQR.
— bisects QP
Because △PQR is isosceles, altitude RS —.
So, QS = —12 (QP) = —12 (15) = 7.5 inches.

19.6 in.

P S Q
7.5 in.

To find RS, use the Pythagorean Theorem (Theorem 9.1) for △RQS.
—— —
a = RS = √ 19.62 − 7.52 = √ 327.91 ≈ 18.108
Step 3 Find the area A of the tabletop.

A = —12 aP Formula for area of a regular polygon

—
= —12 ( √327.91 )(120) Substitute.

≈ 1086.5 Simplify.

The area you are covering with tiles is about 1086.5 square inches.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the area of the regular polygon.

5. 6.
7

8
6.5

Section 11.3 Areas of Polygons 613

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 11.3 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Explain how to find the measure of a central angle of a regular polygon.

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers. B

A 8
Find the radius of ⊙F. Find the apothem of polygon ABCDE. 5.5
G C
F
6.8
Find AF. Find the radius of polygon ABCDE. E
D

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, find the area of the kite or rhombus. In Exercises 15–18, find the given A B
(See Example 1.) angle measure for regular octagon
ABCDEFGH. (See Example 2.) H C
3. 4. J
6 15. m∠GJH 16. m∠GJK K
19
G D
2 10
38 6 17. m∠KGJ 18. m∠EJH
F E

5. 6. In Exercises 19–24, find the area of the regular polygon.

5 (See Examples 3 and 4.)
5
7 7 6 19. 20.
5
12
6.84
10
In Exercises 7–10, use the diagram. 2 3
J
7. Identify the center of N 5.88
polygon JKLMN. 21. 22.
4.05 7
Q K
8. Identify a central angle P 2.77
5
of polygon JKLMN. 2.5
M
L
9. What is the radius of
polygon JKLMN?
23. an octagon with a radius of 11 units
10. What is the apothem of polygon JKLMN?
24. a pentagon with an apothem of 5 units
In Exercises 11–14, find the measure of a central angle
25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
of a regular polygon with the given number of sides.
finding the area of the kite.
Round answers to the nearest tenth of a degree,

✗
if necessary.
3.6 5.4 A = —12(3.6)(5.4)
11. 10 sides 12. 18 sides 2
3 2 5 = 9.72
13. 24 sides 14. 7 sides
So, the area of the kite is 9.72 square units.

614 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 26. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in CRITICAL THINKING In Exercises 33–35, tell whether the
finding the area of the regular hexagon. statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

✗
— 33. The area of a regular n-gon of a fixed radius r
s = √152 − 132 ≈ 7.5 increases as n increases.
⋅
A = —12a ns
34. The apothem of a regular polygon is always less than
13
15 ≈ —12(13)(6)(7.5) the radius.
= 292.5
35. The radius of a regular polygon is always less than the
So, the area of the hexagon is about
292.5 square units. side length.

36. REASONING Predict which figure has the greatest

In Exercises 27–30, find the area of the shaded region. area and which has the least area. Explain your
reasoning. Check by finding the area of each figure.
27. 28.
A B
14
13 in.
12

9 in.
29. 30.
C
2 3
15 in.
8 60°

18 in.

31. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Basaltic columns 37. USING EQUATIONS Find the area of a regular
are geological formations that result from rapidly pentagon inscribed in a circle whose equation is given
cooling lava. Giant’s Causeway in Ireland contains by (x − 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25.
many hexagonal basaltic columns. Suppose the top
of one of the columns is in the shape of a regular 38. REASONING What happens to the area of a kite if
hexagon with a radius of 8 inches. Find the area of the you double the length of one of the diagonals?
top of the column to the nearest square inch. if you double the length of both diagonals? Justify
your answer.

MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 39 and 40,

write and solve an equation to find the indicated
lengths. Round decimal answers to the nearest tenth.
39. The area of a kite is 324 square inches. One diagonal
is twice as long as the other diagonal. Find the length
of each diagonal.

40. One diagonal of a rhombus is four times the length

32. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A watch has a of the other diagonal. The area of the rhombus is
circular surface on a background that is a regular 98 square feet. Find the length of each diagonal.
octagon. Find the area of the octagon. Then find the
area of the silver border around the circular face. 41. REASONING The perimeter of a regular nonagon,
1 cm
or 9-gon, is 18 inches. Is this enough information to
0.2 cm find the area? If so, find the area and explain your
reasoning. If not, explain why not.

Section 11.3 Areas of Polygons 615

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 42. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that it is 49. USING STRUCTURE In the figure, an equilateral
possible to find the area of any rhombus if you only triangle lies inside a square inside a regular pentagon
know the perimeter of the rhombus. Is your friend inside a regular hexagon. Find the approximate area of
correct? Explain your reasoning. the entire shaded region to the nearest whole number.

43. PROOF Prove that the area of any quadrilateral with

perpendicular diagonals is A = —12 d1d2, where d1 and d2
are the lengths of the diagonals.
Q
8
P R
T d1
50. THOUGHT PROVOKING The area of a regular n-gon is
S given by A = —12 aP. As n approaches infinity, what does
d2 the n-gon approach? What does P approach? What
does a approach? What can you conclude from your
three answers? Explain your reasoning.
44. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Explain how to find the area
of the regular hexagon by dividing the hexagon into
equilateral triangles.
U V

Z W

Y X 51. COMPARING METHODS Find the area of regular

pentagon ABCDE by using the formula A = —12 aP, or
A = —12 a • ns. Then find the area by adding the areas
45. REWRITING A FORMULA Rewrite the formula for of smaller polygons. Check that both methods yield
the area of a rhombus for the special case of a square the same area. Which method do you prefer? Explain
with side length s. Show that this is the same as the your reasoning.
formula for the area of a square, A = s2. A
5
46. REWRITING A FORMULA Use the formula for the E B
area of a regular polygon to show that the area of an P
equilateral
—
triangle can be found by using the formula
A= —14 s2√ 3 , where s is the side length. D C

47. CRITICAL THINKING The area of a regular pentagon

52. USING STRUCTURE Two regular polygons both have
is 72 square centimeters. Find the length of one side.
n sides. One of the polygons is inscribed in, and the
other is circumscribed about, a circle of radius r. Find
48. CRITICAL THINKING The area of a dodecagon, or
the area between the two polygons in terms of n and r.
12-gon, is 140 square inches. Find the apothem of
the polygon.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Determine whether the figure has line symmetry, rotational symmetry, both, or neither. If the
figure has line symmetry, determine the number of lines of symmetry. If the figure has rotational
symmetry, describe any rotations that map the figure onto itself. (Section 4.2 and Section 4.3)
53. 54. 55. 56.

616 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.4 Three-Dimensional Figures
Essential Question What is the relationship between the numbers
of vertices V, edges E, and faces F of a polyhedron?
A polyhedron is a solid that is bounded edge
by polygons, called faces.

• Each vertex is a point.

face
• Each edge is a segment of a line.
• Each face is a portion of a plane. vertex

Analyzing a Property of Polyhedra

Work with a partner. The five Platonic solids are shown below. Each of these solids
has congruent regular polygons as faces. Complete the table by listing the numbers of
vertices, edges, and faces of each Platonic solid.

tetrahedron cube octahedron

dodecahedron icosahedron

Solid Vertices, V Edges, E Faces, F

tetrahedron

cube

octahedron

dodecahedron
CONSTRUCTING icosahedron
VIABLE ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math,
you need to reason
inductively about data.
Communicate Your Answer
2. What is the relationship between the numbers of vertices V, edges E, and
faces F of a polyhedron? (Note: Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler
(1707–1783) discovered a formula that relates these quantities.)
3. Draw three polyhedra that are different from the Platonic solids given in
Exploration 1. Count the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of each
polyhedron. Then verify that the relationship you found in Question 2 is
valid for each polyhedron.

Section 11.4 Three-Dimensional Figures 617

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 11.4 Lesson What You Will Learn
Classify solids.
Describe cross sections.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Sketch and describe solids of revolution.
polyhedron, p. 618
face, p. 618
Classifying Solids
edge, p. 618
vertex, p. 618 A three-dimensional figure, or solid, is bounded by
face
flat or curved surfaces that enclose a single region
cross section, p. 619
of space. A polyhedron is a solid that is bounded by
solid of revolution, p. 620
polygons, called faces. An edge of a polyhedron is a
axis of revolution, p. 620
line segment formed by the intersection of two faces.
Previous A vertex of a polyhedron is a point where three or more vertex
solid edge
edges meet. The plural of polyhedron is polyhedra
prism or polyhedrons.
pyramid
cylinder
cone Core Concept
sphere Types of Solids
base Polyhedra Not Polyhedra

prism cylinder cone

pyramid sphere

Pentagonal prism To name a prism or a pyramid, use the shape of the base. The two bases of a prism
are congruent polygons in parallel planes. For example, the bases of a pentagonal
Bases are prism are pentagons. The base of a pyramid is a polygon. For example, the base of a
pentagons. triangular pyramid is a triangle.

Classifying Solids
Triangular pyramid
Tell whether each solid is a polyhedron. If it is, name the polyhedron.
a. b. c.
Base is a
triangle.

SOLUTION
a. The solid is formed by polygons, so it is a polyhedron. The two bases are congruent
rectangles, so it is a rectangular prism.
b. The solid is formed by polygons, so it is a polyhedron. The base is a hexagon, so it
is a hexagonal pyramid.
c. The cone has a curved surface, so it is not a polyhedron.

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 Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Tell whether the solid is a polyhedron. If it is, name the polyhedron.

1. 2. 3.

Describing Cross Sections

Imagine a plane slicing through a solid. The intersection of the plane and the solid
is called a cross section. For example, three different cross sections of a cube are
shown below.

square rectangle triangle

Describing Cross Sections

Describe the shape formed by the intersection of the plane and the solid.
a. b. c.

d. e. f.

SOLUTION
a. The cross section is a hexagon. b. The cross section is a triangle.
c. The cross section is a rectangle. d. The cross section is a circle.
e. The cross section is a circle. f. The cross section is a trapezoid.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Describe the shape formed by the intersection of the plane and the solid.

4. 5. 6.

Section 11.4 Three-Dimensional Figures 619

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 Sketching and Describing Solids of Revolution
A solid of revolution is a three-dimensional figure that is formed by rotating a
two-dimensional shape around an axis. The line around which the shape is rotated is
called the axis of revolution.
For example, when you rotate a rectangle around a line that contains one of its sides,
the solid of revolution that is produced is a cylinder.

Sketching and Describing Solids of Revolution

Sketch the solid produced by rotating the figure around the given axis. Then identify
and describe the solid.
a. 9 b.
4 4

9 5

SOLUTION
a. 9 b.
4

2
The solid is a cylinder with
a height of 9 and a base
The solid is a cone with
radius of 4.
a height of 5 and a base
radius of 2.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Sketch the solid produced by rotating the figure around the given axis. Then
identify and describe the solid.
7. 8. 6 9.
7
3
7
8 8
4

620 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.4 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY A(n) __________ is a solid that is bounded by polygons.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which solid does not belong with the other three? Explain
your reasoning.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 –6, match the polyhedron with its name. In Exercises 11−14, describe the cross section formed
by the intersection of the plane and the solid.
3. 4.
(See Example 2.)
11. 12.

5. 6.

13. 14.

A. triangular prism B. rectangular pyramid

C. hexagonal pyramid D. pentagonal prism

In Exercises 7–10, tell whether the solid is a polyhedron.

If it is, name the polyhedron. (See Example 1.)
In Exercises 15 –18, sketch the solid produced by
7. 8. rotating the figure around the given axis. Then identify
and describe the solid. (See Example 3.)
15. 8 16.

8 8 6
9. 10.
8 6

17. 18. 5
3
2 2
3
5

Section 11.4 Three-Dimensional Figures 621

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 19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 28. ATTENDING TO PRECISION The figure shows a plane
identifying the solid. intersecting a cube through four of its vertices. The
edge length of the cube is 6 inches.

✗ The solid is a
rectangular pyramid.

a. Describe the shape of the cross section.

20. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Is the swimming pool shown
b. What is the perimeter of the cross section?
a polyhedron? If it is, name the polyhedron. If not,
explain why not. c. What is the area of the cross section?

REASONING In Exercises 29–34, tell whether it is

possible for a cross section of a cube to have the given
shape. If it is, describe or sketch how the plane could
intersect the cube.
29. circle 30. pentagon

31. rhombus 32. isosceles triangle

33. hexagon 34. scalene triangle

35. REASONING Sketch the composite solid produced

In Exercises 21–26, sketch the polyhedron. by rotating the figure around the given axis. Then
21. triangular prism 22. rectangular prism identify and describe the composite solid.
a.
23. pentagonal prism 24. hexagonal prism 2
3 3
25. square pyramid 26. pentagonal pyramid
b. 8
27. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that the
polyhedron shown is a triangular prism. Your cousin 5 4 4
says that it is a triangular pyramid. Who is correct?
Explain your reasoning. 11

36. THOUGHT PROVOKING Describe how Plato might

have argued that there are precisely five Platonic
Solids (see page 617). (Hint: Consider the angles
that meet at a vertex.)

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Decide whether enough information is given to prove that the triangles are congruent.
If so, state the theorem you would use. (Sections 5.3, 5.5, and 5.6)
37. △ABD, △CDB 38. △JLK, △JLM 39. △RQP, △RTS
A B J S
Q
R

D C T
K L M P

622 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.1–11.4 What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
circumference, p. 594 radius of a regular polygon, p. 611 face, p. 618
arc length, p. 595 apothem of a regular polygon, edge, p. 618
radian, p. 597 p. 611 vertex, p. 618
population density, p. 603 central angle of a regular polygon, cross section, p. 619
sector of a circle, p. 604 p. 611 solid of revolution, p. 620
center of a regular polygon, p. 611 polyhedron, p. 618 axis of revolution, p. 620

Core Concepts
Section 11.1
Circumference of a Circle, p. 594 Arc Length, p. 595 Converting between Degrees and
Radians, p. 597

Section 11.2
Area of a Circle, p. 602 Population Density, p. 603 Area of a Sector, p. 604

Section 11.3
Area of a Rhombus or Kite, p. 610 Area of a Regular Polygon, p. 612

Section 11.4
Types of Solids, p. 618 Cross Section of a Solid, p. 619 Solids of Revolution, p. 620

Mathematical Practices
1. In Exercise 13 on page 598, why does it matter how many revolutions the wheel makes?
2. Your friend is confused with Exercise 19 on page 606. What question(s) could you ask
your friend to help them figure it out?
3. In Exercise 38 on page 615, write a proof to support your answer.

Study Skills

Kinesthetic Learners
Incorporate physical activity.
• Act out a word problem as much as possible. Use props
when you can.
• Solve a word problem on a large whiteboard. The physical
action of writing is more kinesthetic when the writing is
larger and you can move around while doing it.
• Make a review card.

623

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 11.1–11.4 Quiz

Find the indicated measure. (Section 11.1)

1. m
EF 2. arc length of 
QS 3. circumference of ⊙N

13.7 m Q L 8 in.
E S M
F 48°
7m 4 cm 83°
G R N

5π
4. Convert 26° to radians and — radians to degrees. (Section 11.1)
9

Use the figure to find the indicated measure. (Section 11.2) H

5. area of red sector
100° K
6. area of blue sector J 12 yd
L

In the diagram, RSTUVWXY is a regular octagon inscribed in ⊙C. (Section 11.3) S T

7. Identify the center, a radius, an apothem, and a central angle of the polygon. R U
Z C
8. Find m∠RCY, m∠RCZ, and m∠ZRC.
Y V
9. The radius of the circle is 8 units. Find the area of the octagon. X W

Tell whether the solid is a polyhedron. If it is, name the polyhedron. (Section 11.4)
10. 11. 12.

13. Sketch the composite solid produced by rotating

6 the figure around the given axis. Then identify
3 and describe the composite solid. (Section 11.4)
3m
10

14. The two white congruent circles just fit into the blue circle. What is the area of the
blue region? (Section 11.2)

15. Find the area of each rhombus tile. Then find the area of the pattern. (Section 11.3)

15.7 mm 18.5 mm

11.4 mm 6 mm

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 11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders
Essential Question How can you find the volume of a prism or
cylinder that is not a right prism or right cylinder?

Recall that the volume V of a right prisms right cylinder

right prism or a right cylinder
is equal to the product of the
area of a base B and the
height h.
V = Bh

Finding Volume
Work with a partner. Consider a
stack of square papers that is in the
form of a right prism.
ATTENDING TO a. What is the volume of the prism?
PRECISION b. When you twist the stack of papers,
To be proficient in math, as shown at the right, do you change 8 in.
you need to communicate the volume? Explain your reasoning.
precisely to others.
c. Write a carefully worded conjecture
that describes the conclusion you
reached in part (b).
d. Use your conjecture to find the 2 in. 2 in.
volume of the twisted stack
of papers.

Finding Volume
Work with a partner. Use the conjecture you wrote in Exploration 1 to find the
volume of the cylinder.
a. 2 in. b. 5 cm

3 in.
15 cm

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you find the volume of a prism or cylinder that is not a right prism
or right cylinder?
4. In Exploration 1, would the conjecture you wrote change if the papers in each
stack were not squares? Explain your reasoning.

Section 11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 625

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 11.5 Lesson What You Will Learn
Find volumes of prisms and cylinders.
Use the formula for density.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Use volumes of prisms and cylinders.
volume, p. 626
Cavalieri’s Principle, p. 626
Finding Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders
density, p. 628
similar solids, p. 630 The volume of a solid is the number of cubic units contained in its interior. Volume
is measured in cubic units, such as cubic centimeters (cm3). Cavalieri’s Principle,
Previous named after Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598–1647), states that if two solids have the
prism same height and the same cross-sectional area at every level, then they have the same
cylinder volume. The prisms below have equal heights h and equal cross-sectional areas B at
composite solid every level. By Cavalieri’s Principle, the prisms have the same volume.

B B h

Core Concept
Volume of a Prism
The volume V of a prism is
V = Bh h h
where B is the area of a base and
h is the height.
B B

Finding Volumes of Prisms

Find the volume of each prism.

a. 3 cm 4 cm b. 3 cm 14 cm

5 cm
2 cm

6 cm

SOLUTION
a. The area of a base is B = —12 (3)(4) = 6 cm2 and the height is h = 2 cm.
V = Bh Formula for volume of a prism
= 6(2) Substitute.
= 12 Simplify.
The volume is 12 cubic centimeters.

b. The area of a base is B = —12 (3)(6 + 14) = 30 cm2 and the height is h = 5 cm.
V = Bh Formula for volume of a prism
= 30(5) Substitute.
= 150 Simplify.
The volume is 150 cubic centimeters.

626 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Consider a cylinder with height h and base radius r and a rectangular prism with the
—
same height that has a square base with sides of length r√ π .

B B h

r π r
r π

The cylinder and the prism have the same cross-sectional area, πr 2, at every level and
the same height. By Cavalieri’s Principle, the prism and the cylinder have the same
volume. The volume of the prism is V = Bh = πr 2h, so the volume of the cylinder is
also V = Bh = πr 2h.

Core Concept
Volume of a Cylinder r r
The volume V of a cylinder is
V = Bh = πr 2h h h
where B is the area of a base, h is the
B B
height, and r is the radius of a base.

Finding Volumes of Cylinders

Find the volume of each cylinder.

a. b. 4 cm
9 ft
6 ft
7 cm

SOLUTION
a. The dimensions of the cylinder are r = 9 ft and h = 6 ft.
V = πr 2h = π (9)2(6) = 486π ≈ 1526.81

The volume is 486π, or about 1526.81 cubic feet.

b. The dimensions of the cylinder are r = 4 cm and h = 7 cm.

V = πr 2h = π(4)2(7) = 112π ≈ 351.86

The volume is 112π, or about 351.86 cubic centimeters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the volume of the solid.

1. 2. 8 ft
8m
14 ft
9m 5m

Section 11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 627

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 Using the Formula for Density
Density is the amount of matter that an object has in a given unit of volume. The
density of an object is calculated by dividing its mass by its volume.
Mass
Density = —
Volume
Different materials have different densities, so density can be used to distinguish
between materials that look similar. For example, table salt and sugar look alike.
However, table salt has a density of 2.16 grams per cubic centimeter, while sugar
has a density of 1.58 grams per cubic centimeter.

Using the Formula for Density

The diagram shows the dimensions of a

standard gold bar at Fort Knox. Gold has a
density of 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter.
1.75 in.
Find the mass of a standard gold bar to the
nearest gram. 7 in.
3.625 in.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Convert the dimensions to centimeters using 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters.

⋅
2.54 cm
Length 7 in. — = 17.78 cm
1 in.

⋅
2.54 cm
Width 3.625 in. — = 9.2075 cm
1 in.

According to the U.S. Mint,

Fort Knox houses about
⋅
2.54 cm
Height 1.75 in. — = 4.445 cm
1 in.
9.2 million pounds of gold. Step 2 Find the volume.
The area of a base is B = 17.78(9.2075) = 163.70935 cm2 and the height
is h = 4.445 cm.
V = Bh = 163.70935(4.445) ≈ 727.69 cm3
Step 3 Let x represent the mass in grams. Substitute the values for the volume and
the density in the formula for density and solve for x.
Mass
Density = — Formula for density
Volume
x
19.3 ≈ — Substitute.
727.69
14,044 ≈ x Multiply each side by 727.69.

The mass of a standard gold bar is about 14,044 grams.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. The diagram shows the dimensions of a concrete 32 in.

cylinder. Concrete has a density of 2.3 grams per
cubic centimeter. Find the mass of the concrete
cylinder to the nearest gram.

24 in.

628 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Using Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders

Modeling with Mathematics

You are building a rectangular chest.

You want the length to be 6 feet, the
width to be 4 feet, and the volume to V = 72 ft3
be 72 cubic feet. What should the
height be? h

6 ft
4 ft
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the dimensions of the base of a rectangular
prism and the volume. You are asked to find the height.
2. Make a Plan Write the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism, substitute
known values, and solve for the height h.
3. Solve the Problem The area of a base is B = 6(4) = 24 ft2 and the volume
is V = 72 ft3.
V = Bh Formula for volume of a prism

72 = 24h Substitute.
3=h Divide each side by 24.
The height of the chest should be 3 feet.

4. Look Back Check your answer.

V = Bh = 24(3) = 72 ✓

Solving a Real-Life Problem

You are building a 6-foot-tall dresser. You want the volume to be 36 cubic feet. What
should the area of the base be? Give a possible length and width.

SOLUTION
V = Bh Formula for volume of a prism

⋅
6 ft
36 = B 6 Substitute.
6=B Divide each side by 6.
The area of the base should be 6 square feet. The length could be 3 feet and the
width could be 2 feet.
B

V = 36 ft3
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you want the length to be 5 meters, the width to be
3 meters, and the volume to be 60 cubic meters. What should the height be?
5. WHAT IF? In Example 5, you want the height to be 5 meters and the volume to
be 75 cubic meters. What should the area of the base be? Give a possible length
and width.

Section 11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 629

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 Core Concept
Similar Solids
Two solids of the same type with equal ratios of corresponding linear measures,
such as heights or radii, are called similar solids. The ratio of the corresponding
linear measures of two similar solids is called the scale factor. If two similar
solids have a scale factor of k, then the ratio of their volumes is equal to k3.

Finding the Volume of a Similar Solid

Cylinder A and cylinder B are similar. Cylinder B

Find the volume of cylinder B. Cylinder A 6 cm
3 cm
SOLUTION
Radius of cylinder B
The scale factor is k = ——
COMMON ERROR Radius of cylinder A
V = 45π cm3
6
Be sure to write the ratio = — = 2.
of the volumes in the same 3
order you wrote the ratio Use the scale factor to find the volume of cylinder B.
of the radii.
Volume of cylinder B
—— = k 3 The ratio of the volumes is k3.
Volume of cylinder A
Prism C
Volume of cylinder B
—— = 23 Substitute.
45π
Volume of cylinder B = 360π Solve for volume of cylinder B.
The volume of cylinder B is 360π cubic centimeters.
12 m

V = 1536 m3
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

6. Prism C and prism D are similar. Find the volume of prism D.

Prism D

3m Finding the Volume of a Composite Solid

0.39 ft 0.33 ft
Find the volume of the concrete block. 0.33 ft

0.66 ft
SOLUTION
To find the area of the base, subtract two times the 0.66 ft
area of the small rectangle from the large rectangle. 1.31 ft

B= Area of large rectangle −2 ⋅ Area of small rectangle

= 1.31(0.66) − 2(0.33)(0.39)
= 0.6072
Using the formula for the volume of a prism, the volume is
V = Bh = 0.6072(0.66) ≈ 0.40.
The volume is about 0.40 cubic foot.
3 ft

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

6 ft
10 ft 7. Find the volume of the composite solid.

630 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.5 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY In what type of units is the volume of a solid measured?

2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Density is the amount of ______ that an object has in a given unit
of _________.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, find the volume of the prism. 12. A pentagonal prism has a height of 9 feet and each
(See Example 1.) base edge is 3 feet.
3. 1.2 cm 4.
13. PROBLEM SOLVING A piece of copper with a volume
1.5 m of 8.25 cubic centimeters has a mass of 73.92 grams.
1.8 cm A piece of iron with a volume of 5 cubic centimeters
2 cm 2m has a mass of 39.35 grams. Which metal has the
2.3 cm 4m greater density?
5. 7 in. 10 in. 6.

copper
5 in. 14 m

iron

11 m
6m
14. PROBLEM SOLVING The United States has minted
one-dollar silver coins called the American Eagle
In Exercises 7–10, find the volume of the cylinder. Silver Bullion Coin since 1986. Each coin has a
(See Example 2.) diameter of 40.6 millimeters and is 2.98 millimeters
7. 3 ft 8. 26.8 cm thick. The density of silver is 10.5 grams per cubic
centimeter. What is the mass of an American Eagle
Silver Bullion Coin to the nearest gram? (See
10.2 ft 9.8 cm Example 3.)

9. 5 ft 10. 12 m

8 ft 18 m
15. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
60° finding the volume of the cylinder.

In Exercises 11 and 12, make a sketch of the solid

and find its volume. Round your answer to the
✗ 4 ft
3 ft
V = 2πrh
= 2π (4)(3)
nearest hundredth.
= 24π
11. A prism has a height of 11.2 centimeters and an
equilateral triangle for a base, where each base edge So, the volume of the cylinder is
is 8 centimeters. 24π cubic feet.

Section 11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 631

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 16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 26. Cylinder B
finding the density of an object that has a mass of Cylinder A
15 in.
24 grams and a volume of 28.3 cubic centimeters. 12 in.

✗ 28.3
density = — ≈ 1.18
24
So, the density is about
1.18 cubic centimeters per gram. V = 4608π in.3

In Exercises 17–22, find the missing dimension of the In Exercises 27 and 28, the solids are similar. Find the
prism or cylinder. (See Example 4.) indicated measure.

17. Volume = 560 ft3 18. Volume = 2700 yd3 27. height x of the base of prism A

Prism A Prism B 3 cm
u v
x

8 ft 15 yd
7 ft 12 yd

19. Volume = 80 cm3 20. Volume = 72.66 in.3

V = 12 cm3
8 cm
x V = 40.5 cm3
w
5 cm 2 in. 28. height h of cylinder B
21. Volume = 3000 ft3 22. Volume = 1696.5 m3 Cylinder A Cylinder B
z
9.3 ft
h
y 15 m
5 ft

V = 7π ft3 V = 56π ft3

In Exercises 23 and 24, find the area of the base of the In Exercises 29–32, find the volume of the composite
rectangular prism with the given volume and height. solid. (See Example 7.)
Then give a possible length and width. (See Example 5.)
29. 5 ft 30.
23. V = 154 in.3, h = 11 in. 2 ft 3 ft
2 ft
24. V = 27 m3, h = 3 m 4 in.
6 ft
In Exercises 25 and 26, the solids are similar. Find the 10 ft
volume of solid B. (See Example 6.) 4 in.
4 in.
25.
Prism A 31. 3 in. 32. 1 ft
8 in.
9 cm

5 ft
11 in.
V = 2673 cm3

Prism B 3 cm 2 ft
4 ft

632 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 33. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The Great Blue 39. WRITING Both of the figures shown are made up of
Hole is a cylindrical trench located off the coast the same number of congruent rectangles. Explain
of Belize. It is approximately 1000 feet wide and how Cavalieri’s Principle can be adapted to compare
400 feet deep. About how many gallons of water does the areas of these figures.
the Great Blue Hole contain? (1 ft3 ≈ 7.48 gallons)

40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Each stack of memo papers

contains 500 equally-sized sheets of paper. Compare
their volumes. Explain your reasoning.
34. COMPARING METHODS The Volume Addition
Postulate states that the volume of a solid is the
sum of the volumes of all its nonoverlapping parts.
Use this postulate to find the volume of the block
of concrete in Example 7 by subtracting the volume
of each hole from the volume of the large rectangular
prism. Which method do you prefer? Explain your
reasoning.

REASONING In Exercises 35 and 36, you are melting a 41. USING STRUCTURE 4
rectangular block of wax to make candles. How many Sketch the solid
candles of the given shape can be made using a block formed by the 2.5
that measures 10 centimeters by 9 centimeters by net. Then find 1.5
20 centimeters? the volume
of the solid.
35. 36. 6 cm
8 cm

12 cm
10 cm 42. USING STRUCTURE Sketch the solid with the given
views. Then find the volume of the solid.
9 cm
6 3.5

37. PROBLEM SOLVING An aquarium shaped like a 2.5

rectangular prism has a length of 30 inches, a width top front side
of 10 inches, and a height of 20 inches. You fill the
aquarium —34 full with water. When you submerge a 43. OPEN-ENDED Sketch two rectangular prisms that
rock in the aquarium, the water level rises 0.25 inch. have volumes of 100 cubic inches but different surface
a. Find the volume of the rock. areas. Include dimensions in your sketches.

b. How many rocks of this size can you place in the 44. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Which box gives
aquarium before water spills out? you more cereal for your money? Explain.

38. PROBLEM SOLVING You drop an irregular piece of

metal into a container partially filled with water and
measure that the water level rises 4.8 centimeters.
The square base of the container has a side length of
8 centimeters. You measure the mass of the metal to 16 in. 10 in.
be 450 grams. What is the density of the metal?
2 in.

4 in. 10 in. 8 in.

Section 11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 633

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 45. CRITICAL THINKING A 3-inch by 5-inch index card 51. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You have two objects of
is rotated around a horizontal line and a vertical line equal volume. Your friend says you can compare the
to produce two different solids. Which solid has a densities of the objects by comparing their mass,
greater volume? Explain your reasoning. because the heavier object will have a greater density.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
5 in.

3 in.
3 in. 52. THOUGHT PROVOKING Cavalieri’s Principle states
that the two solids shown below have the same
5 in. volume. Do they also have the same surface area?
Explain your reasoning.

46. CRITICAL THINKING The height of cylinder X is twice

the height of cylinder Y. The radius of cylinder X is
half the radius of cylinder Y. Compare the volumes of B B h
cylinder X and cylinder Y. Justify your answer.

47. USING STRUCTURE Find the volume of the solid

shown. The bases of the solid are sectors of circles.
53. PROBLEM SOLVING A barn is in the shape of a
2
60° π in. pentagonal prism with the dimensions shown. The
3
volume of the barn is 9072 cubic feet. Find the
dimensions of each half of the roof.

3.5 in.
Not drawn to scale

x ft

48. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS You drill a circular 8 ft 8 ft

hole of radius r through the base of a cylinder of 18 ft 36 ft
radius R. Assume the hole is drilled completely
through to the other base. You want the volume of the
hole to be half the volume of the cylinder. Express r 54. PROBLEM SOLVING A wooden box is in the shape of
as a function of R. a regular pentagonal prism. The sides, top, and bottom
of the box are 1 centimeter thick. Approximate the
49. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS How can you change volume of wood used to construct the box. Round
the height of a cylinder so that the volume is increased your answer to the nearest tenth.
by 25% but the radius remains the same?

50. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS How can you change 4 cm

the edge length of a cube so that the volume is
reduced by 40%? 6 cm

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Find the surface area of the regular pyramid. (Skills Review Handbook)
55. 56. 57.
10 cm
20 in.
3m

8 cm Area of base 18 in.

is 166.3 cm2. 15.6 in.
2m

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 11.6 Volumes of Pyramids
Essential Question How can you find the volume of a pyramid?

Finding the Volume of a Pyramid

Work with a partner. The pyramid and the prism have the same height and the
same square base.

When the pyramid is filled with sand and poured into the prism, it takes three
pyramids to fill the prism.

LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE
To be proficient in math,
you need to look closely
to discern a pattern
or structure.
Use this information to write a formula for the volume V of a pyramid.

Finding the Volume of a Pyramid

Work with a partner. Use the formula you wrote in Exploration 1 to find the
volume of the hexagonal pyramid.

3 in.

2 in.

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you find the volume of a pyramid?
4. In Section 11.7, you will study volumes of cones. How do you think you could
use a method similar to the one presented in Exploration 1 to write a formula
for the volume of a cone? Explain your reasoning.

Section 11.6 Volumes of Pyramids 635

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 11.6 Lesson What You Will Learn
Find volumes of pyramids.
Use volumes of pyramids.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
Previous Finding Volumes of Pyramids
pyramid
Consider a triangular prism with parallel, congruent bases △JKL and △MNP. You can
composite solid
divide this triangular prism into three triangular pyramids.
P
L
M P
N M N M
L L
N M
K J K K J L
Triangular Triangular Triangular Triangular
prism pyramid 1 pyramid 2 pyramid 3

L You can combine triangular pyramids 1 and 2 to form a pyramid with a base that is a
parallelogram, as shown at the left. Name this pyramid Q. Similarly, you can combine
triangular pyramids 1 and 3 to form pyramid R with a base that is a parallelogram.
— divides ▱JKNM into two congruent triangles, so the
In pyramid Q, diagonal KM
K J bases of triangular pyramids 1 and 2 are congruent. Similarly, you can divide any cross
N M section parallel to ▱JKNM into two congruent triangles that are the cross sections of
triangular pyramids 1 and 2.
Pyramid Q
By Cavalieri’s Principle, triangular pyramids 1 and 2 have the same volume. Similarly,
M using pyramid R, you can show that triangular pyramids 1 and 3 have the same
volume. By the Transitive Property of Equality, triangular pyramids 2 and 3 have
P
the same volume.
L
The volume of each pyramid must be one-third the volume of the prism, or V = —13 Bh.
You can generalize this formula to say that the volume of any pyramid with any base is
N K
Pyramid R equal to —13 the volume of a prism with the same base and height because you can divide
any polygon into triangles and any pyramid into triangular pyramids.

Core Concept
Volume of a Pyramid
The volume V of a pyramid is
h h
V = —13 Bh
where B is the area of the base B B
and h is the height.

Finding the Volume of a Pyramid

Find the volume of the pyramid.

SOLUTION
9m
V = —13 Bh Formula for volume of a pyramid

(⋅ ⋅)
= —13 —12 4 6 (9) Substitute.
6m
= 36 Simplify. 4m

The volume is 36 cubic meters.

636 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the volume of the pyramid.

1. 2.
12 cm
20 cm

10 cm
12 cm

Using Volumes of Pyramids

Using the Volume of a Pyramid

O
Originally, Khafre’s Pyramid had a height of about 144 meters and a volume of about
22,218,800 cubic meters. Find the side length of the square base.

SOLUTION
S
V = —13 Bh Formula for volume of a pyramid
1
2,218,800 ≈ —3 x2(144) Substitute.

6,656,400 ≈ 144x2 Multiply each side by 3.

46,225 ≈ x2 Divide each side by 144.
215 ≈ x Find the positive square root.
Khafre’s Pyramid, Egypt
Originally, the side length of the square base was about 215 meters.

Using the Volume of a Pyramid

Find the height of the triangular pyramid.

V = 14 ft3

3 ft
SOLUTION 4 ft
1
The area of the base is B = —2 (3)(4) = 6 ft2 and the volume is V = 14 ft3.

V = —13 Bh Formula for volume of a pyramid

1
14 = —3 (6)h Substitute.

7=h Solve for h.

The height is 7 feet.
V = 24 m3

h Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. The volume of a square pyramid is 75 cubic meters and the height is 9 meters.
Find the side length of the square base.
3m
4. Find the height of the triangular pyramid at the left.
6m

Section 11.6 Volumes of Pyramids 637

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 Finding the Volume of a Similar Solid
Pyramid A Pyramid B
Pyramid A and pyramid B are similar.
Find the volume of pyramid B.
6m
8m

V = 96 m3
SOLUTION
Height of pyramid B 6 3
The scale factor is k = —— = — = —.
Height of pyramid A 8 4
Use the scale factor to find the volume of pyramid B.
Volume of pyramid B
—— = k3 The ratio of the volumes is k3.
Volume of pyramid A
3
Volume of pyramid B
—— = —
96 ()
3
4
Substitute.

Volume of pyramid B = 40.5 Solve for volume of pyramid B.

The volume of pyramid B is 40.5 cubic meters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

5. Pyramid C and pyramid D are similar. Find the volume of pyramid D.

Pyramid C Pyramid D

V = 324 m3

3m
9m

Finding the Volume of a Composite Solid

Find the volume of the composite solid.

6m
SOLUTION
Volume of Volume of Volume of
= + 6m
solid cube pyramid

= s3 + —13 Bh Write formulas.

6m
= 63 + 1
—3 (6)2 ⋅6 Substitute. 6m

= 216 + 72 Simplify.
= 288 Add.
3 ft
The volume is 288 cubic meters.

5 ft
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4 ft 8 ft 6. Find the volume of the composite solid.

638 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.6 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Explain the difference between a triangular prism and a triangular pyramid.

2. REASONING A square pyramid and a cube have the same base and height. Compare the volume
of the square pyramid to the volume of the cube.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 and 4, find the volume of the pyramid. 10. OPEN-ENDED Give an example of a pyramid and a
(See Example 1.) prism that have the same base and the same volume.
Explain your reasoning.
3. 4.
7m
3 in. In Exercises 11–14, find the height of the pyramid.
16 m (See Example 3.)
12 m 4 in. 11. Volume = 15 ft3 12. Volume = 224 in.3
3 in.

In Exercises 5–8, find the indicated measure.

(See Example 2.)
12 in.
5. A pyramid with a square base has a volume of 3 ft
3 ft 8 in.
120 cubic meters and a height of 10 meters. Find the
side length of the square base. 13. Volume = 198 yd3 14. Volume = 392 cm3

6. A pyramid with a square base has a volume of

912 cubic feet and a height of 19 feet. Find the side
length of the square base.
9 yd 14 cm
7. A pyramid with a rectangular base has a volume of 11 yd 7 cm
480 cubic inches and a height of 10 inches. The width
of the rectangular base is 9 inches. Find the length of
In Exercises 15 and 16, the pyramids are similar. Find
the rectangular base.
the volume of pyramid B. (See Example 4.)
8. A pyramid with a rectangular base has a volume of 15. Pyramid A Pyramid B
105 cubic centimeters and a height of 15 centimeters.
The length of the rectangular base is 7 centimeters.
Find the width of the rectangular base. 3 ft
12 ft

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

finding the volume of the pyramid.
V = 256 ft 3

✗ 5 ft V = —13(6)(5)
16. Pyramid A Pyramid B

= —13(30)

6 ft
= 10 ft3
3 in.
V = 10 in.3
6 in.

Section 11.6 Volumes of Pyramids 639

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 In Exercises 17–20, find the volume of the composite 23. CRITICAL THINKING Find the volume of the regular
solid. (See Example 5.) pentagonal pyramid. Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth. In the diagram, m∠ABC = 35°.
17. 18.
7 cm
3 in. A

10 cm
C
3 ft
2 in. 6 in. B
9 cm
4 in. 12 cm
24. THOUGHT PROVOKING A frustum of a pyramid is the
19. 20. part of the pyramid that lies between the base and a
plane parallel to the base, as shown. Write a formula
5 cm
12 in. for the volume of the frustum of a square pyramid in
terms of a, b, and h. (Hint: Consider the “missing” top
5 cm of the pyramid and use similar triangles.)
8 cm 12 in. b
12 in. b

21. ABSTRACT REASONING A pyramid has a height of

h
8 feet and a square base with a side length of 6 feet.
a. How does the volume of the pyramid change when a
the base stays the same and the height is doubled?
a
b. How does the volume of the pyramid change when
the height stays the same and the side length of the
base is doubled? 25. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Nautical deck
prisms were used as a safe way to illuminate decks
c. Are your answers to parts (a) and (b) true for any on ships. The deck prism shown here is composed of
square pyramid? Explain your reasoning. the following three solids: a regular hexagonal prism
with an edge length of 3.5 inches and a height of
22. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The cube shown is formed by 1.5 inches, a regular hexagonal prism with an edge
three pyramids, each with the same square base and length of 3.25 inches and a height of 0.25 inch, and
the same height. How could you use this to verify a regular hexagonal pyramid with an edge length of
the formula for the volume of a pyramid? 3 inches and a height of 3 inches. Find the volume
of the deck prism.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Find the value of x. Round your answer to the nearest tenth. (Section 9.4 and Section 9.5)
26. 27. 28. 29.
57° x 64°
15 7
9 x

35° 30°
x x 10

640 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.7 Surface Areas and Volumes of Cones
Essential Question How can you find the surface area and the
volume of a cone?

Finding the Surface Area of a Cone

Work with a partner. Construct a circle with a radius of 3 inches. Mark the
circumference of the circle into six equal parts, and label the length of each part.
Then cut out one sector of the circle and make a cone.
π π π
3 in.
π π π π

π π π π

a. Explain why the base of the cone is a circle. What are the circumference and radius
of the base?
b. What is the area of the original circle? What is the area with one sector missing?
c. Describe the surface area of the cone, including the base. Use your description to
find the surface area.

Finding the Volume of a Cone

Work with a partner. The cone
and the cylinder have the same
height and the same circular base.
h
When the cone is filled with
sand and poured into the
cylinder, it takes three cones
to fill the cylinder.

CONSTRUCTING
VIABLE ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math,
you need to understand
and use stated assumptions,
definitions, and previously
established results in
constructing arguments.
Use this information to write a formula for the volume V of a cone.

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you find the surface area and the volume of a cone?
4. In Exploration 1, cut another sector from the circle and make a cone. Find the
radius of the base and the surface area of the cone. Repeat this three times,
recording your results in a table. Describe the pattern.

Section 11.7 Surface Areas and Volumes of Cones 641

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 11.7 Lesson What You Will Learn
Find surface areas of right cones.
Find volumes of cones.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Use volumes of cones.
lateral surface of a cone,
p. 642
Finding Surface Areas of Right Cones
Previous Recall that a circular cone, or cone, has a circular base
vertex
cone and a vertex that is not in the same plane as the base. The slant height
net altitude, or height, is the perpendicular distance between height
composite solid the vertex and the base. In a right cone, the height meets
lateral
the base at its center and the slant height is the distance surface
between the vertex and a point on the base edge. r
base
The lateral surface of a cone consists of all segments that connect the vertex with
points on the base edge. When you cut along the slant height and lay the right cone
flat, you get the net shown at the left. In the net, the circular base has an area of πr 2
r
slant and the lateral surface is a sector of a circle. You can find the area of this sector by
height using a proportion, as shown below.
2π r Area of sector Arc length
—— = —— Set up proportion.
Area of circle Circumference of circle
Area of sector 2π r
—— =— Substitute.
2 π 2π
2π r
Area of sector = π 2
⋅—
2π
Multiply each side by π 2.

Area of sector = π r Simplify.

The surface area of a right cone is the sum of the base area and the lateral area, πr .

Core Concept
Surface Area of a Right Cone
The surface area S of a right cone is
S = πr2 + πr
where r is the radius of the base and is the slant height.
r

Finding Surface Areas of Right Cones

Find the surface area of the right cone.

6 in. SOLUTION
4 in. S = πr 2 + πr ⋅
= π 42 + π(4)(6) = 40π ≈ 125.66

The surface area is 40π, or about 125.66 square inches.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Find the surface area of the right cone.

10 m

7.8 m

642 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Finding Volumes of Cones
Consider a cone with a regular polygon inscribed in the base. The pyramid with the
same vertex as the cone has volume V = —13 Bh. As you increase the number of sides of
the polygon, it approaches the base of the cone and the pyramid approaches the cone.
The volume approaches —13 π r 2h as the base area B approaches π r 2.

Core Concept
Volume of a Cone
The volume V of a cone is
V = —13 Bh = —13 πr 2h h h

where B is the area of the base, h is the B r B r

height, and r is the radius of the base.

Finding the Volume of a Cone

Find the volume of the cone.

4.5 cm

2.2 cm
SOLUTION
V = —13 π r 2h Formula for volume of a cone

⋅ ⋅
= —13 π (2.2)2 4.5 Substitute.

= 7.26π Simplify.
≈ 22.81 Use a calculator.
The volume is 7.26π, or about 22.81 cubic centimeters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the volume of the cone.

2. 3.
5m

13 in.

8m
7 in.

Section 11.7 Surface Areas and Volumes of Cones 643

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 Using Volumes of Cones

Finding the Volume of a Similar Solid

Cone A and cone B are similar. Cone A Cone B

Find the volume of cone B.

3 ft

V = 15π ft3 9 ft
SOLUTION
Radius of cone B 9
The scale factor is k = —— = — = 3.
Radius of cone A 3
Use the scale factor to find the volume of cone B.

Cone C Volume of cone B

—— = k3 The ratio of the volumes is k3.
Volume of cone A
Volume of cone B
8 cm —— = 33 Substitute.
15π
Volume of cone B = 405π Solve for volume of cone B.

The volume of cone B is 405π cubic feet.

V = 384π cm3

Cone D Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

2 cm
4. Cone C and cone D are similar. Find the volume of cone D.

Finding the Volume of a Composite Solid

Find the volume of the composite solid.

4m

SOLUTION 5m

Let h1 be the height of the cylinder and 6m

let h2 be the height of the cone.

Volume of Volume of Volume

= +
solid cylinder of cone

= πr 2h1 + —13 π r 2h2 Write formulas.

⋅ ⋅
= π 62 5 + —13 π 62 4 ⋅ ⋅ Substitute.
= 180π + 48π Simplify.
= 228π Add.
5 cm
≈ 716.28 Use a calculator.

The volume is 228π, or about 716.28 cubic meters.

10 cm
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
3 cm
5. Find the volume of the composite solid.

644 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.7 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Describe the differences between pyramids and cones. Describe their similarities.

1
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The volume of a cone with radius r and height h is —3 the volume of
a(n) ________ with radius r and height h.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, find the surface area of the right cone. In Exercises 13 and 14, the cones are similar. Find the
(See Example 1.) volume of cone B. (See Example 3.)
3. 4. 13. Cone A Cone B
7.2 cm
16 in.
8 ft
11 cm
8 in.
V = 32π ft3 16 ft
5. A right cone has a radius of 9 inches and a height of
12 inches. 14. Cone A Cone B

6. A right cone has a diameter of 11.2 feet and a height

of 9.2 feet. 10 m 4m
In Exercises 7–10, find the volume of the cone.
(See Example 2.)
V = 120π m3
7. 8.
13 mm 1m
2m In Exercises 15 and 16, find the volume of the composite
10 mm
solid. (See Example 4.)
15. 3 cm 16.
3 cm
9. A cone has a diameter of 11.5 inches and a height of 5.1 m
15.2 inches. 10 cm

10. A right cone has a radius of 3 feet and a slant height 5.1 m
of 6 feet. 5.1 m

In Exercises 11 and 12, find the missing dimension(s).

17. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS A cone has height h
11. Surface area = 75.4 cm2 12. Volume = 216π in.3
and a base with radius r. You want to change the cone
so its volume is doubled. What is the new height if
you change only the height? What is the new radius
h 18 in. if you change only the radius? Explain.
r
3 cm

Section 11.7 Surface Areas and Volumes of Cones 645

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 18. HOW DO YOU SEE IT A snack stand serves a small 23. REASONING To make a paper drinking cup, start with
order of popcorn in a cone-shaped container and a a circular piece of paper that has a 3-inch radius, then
large order of popcorn in a cylindrical container. follow the given steps. How does the surface area of
Do not perform any calculations. the cup compare to the original paper circle? Find
m∠ABC.
3 in. 3 in.
A C
3 in.
8 in. 8 in.
B
fold fold open
$1.25
$2.50 cup

a. How many small containers of popcorn do you

have to buy to equal the amount of popcorn in a 24. THOUGHT PROVOKING A frustum of a cone is the
large container? Explain. part of the cone that lies between the base and a plane
parallel to the base, as shown. Write a formula for
b. Which container gives you more popcorn for your
the volume of the frustum of a cone in terms of a, b,
money? Explain.
and h. (Hint: Consider the “missing” top of the cone
and use similar triangles.)
In Exercises 19 and 20, find the volume of the right cone. a

19. 20. h
32°
22 ft
60° 14 yd b

25. MAKING AN ARGUMENT In the figure, the two

21. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS cylinders are congruent. The combined height of
2.5 in.
A cat eats half a cup of food, the two smaller cones equals the height of the larger
twice per day. Will the cone. Your friend claims that this means the total
automatic pet feeder hold volume of the two smaller cones is equal to the
enough food for 10 days? 7.5 in. volume of the larger cone. Is your friend correct?
Explain your reasoning. Justify your answer.
(1 cup ≈ 14.4 in.3)

4 in.

26. CRITICAL THINKING When the given triangle is

rotated around each of its sides, solids of revolution
22. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS During a chemistry are formed. Describe the three solids and find their
lab, you use a funnel to pour a solvent into a flask. volumes. Give your answers in terms of π.
The radius of the funnel is 5 centimeters and its height
is 10 centimeters. You pour the solvent into the funnel 20
15
at a rate of 80 milliliters per second and the solvent
flows out of the funnel at a rate of 65 milliliters
per second. How long will it be before the funnel 25
overflows? (1 mL = 1 cm3)

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Find the indicated measure. (Section 11.2)

27. area of a circle with a radius of 7 feet 28. area of a circle with a diameter of 22 centimeters
29. diameter of a circle with an area of 30. radius of a circle with an area of
256π square meters 529π square inches

646 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes
of Spheres
Essential Question How can you find the surface area and the
volume of a sphere?

Finding the Surface Area of a Sphere

Work with a partner. Remove the covering from a baseball or softball.

r
USING TOOLS
STRATEGICALLY
To be proficient in math,
you need to identify You will end up with two “figure 8” pieces of material, as shown above. From the
relevant external amount of material it takes to cover the ball, what would you estimate the surface area
mathematical resources, S of the ball to be? Express your answer in terms of the radius r of the ball.
such as content located
on a website. S= Surface area of a sphere
Use the Internet or some other resource to confirm that the formula you wrote for the
surface area of a sphere is correct.

Finding the Volume of a Sphere

Work with a partner. A cylinder is circumscribed about a r
sphere, as shown. Write a formula for the volume V of the
cylinder in terms of the radius r.
r 2r
V= Volume of cylinder

When half of the sphere (a hemisphere) is filled with sand and

poured into the cylinder, it takes three hemispheres to fill the
cylinder. Use this information to write a formula for the volume V
of a sphere in terms of the radius r.

V= Volume of a sphere

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you find the surface area and the volume of a sphere?
4. Use the results of Explorations 1 and 2 to find the surface area and the volume of
a sphere with a radius of (a) 3 inches and (b) 2 centimeters.

Section 11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres 647

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 11.8 Lesson What You Will Learn
Find surface areas of spheres.
Find volumes of spheres.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
chord of a sphere, p. 648 Finding Surface Areas of Spheres
great circle, p. 648
A sphere is the set of all points in space equidistant from a given point. This point is
Previous called the center of the sphere. A radius of a sphere is a segment from the center to
sphere a point on the sphere. A chord of a sphere is a segment whose endpoints are on the
center of a sphere sphere. A diameter of a sphere is a chord that contains the center.
radius of a sphere
diameter of a sphere chord
hemisphere C
C radius diameter
center

As with circles, the terms radius and diameter also represent distances, and the
diameter is twice the radius.
If a plane intersects a sphere, then the
intersection is either a single point or a circle.
If the plane contains the center of the sphere, hemispheres
then the intersection is a great circle of the
great
sphere. The circumference of a great circle circle
is the circumference of the sphere. Every
great circle of a sphere separates the sphere
into two congruent halves called hemispheres.

Core Concept
Surface Area of a Sphere
The surface area S of a sphere is
r
S = 4πr 2
where r is the radius of the sphere. S = 4πr 2

To understand the formula for the surface

area of a sphere, think of a baseball. The
surface area of a baseball is sewn from
two congruent shapes, each of which
resembles two joined circles.
r
So, the entire covering of the baseball
consists of four circles, each with
radius r. The area A of a circle with
radius r is A = πr 2. So, the area of the leather covering
covering can be approximated by 4πr 2.
This is the formula for the surface area
of a sphere.

648 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Finding the Surface Areas of Spheres

Find the surface area of each sphere.

a. b.
8 in. C = 12π ft

SOLUTION
a. S = 4πr2 Formula for surface area of a sphere
= 4π(8)2 Substitute 8 for r.
= 256π Simplify.
≈ 804.25 Use a calculator.
The surface area is 256π, or about 804.25 square inches.
12π
b. The circumference of the sphere is 12π, so the radius of the sphere is — = 6 feet.
2π
S = 4πr2 Formula for surface area of a sphere
= 4π(6)2 Substitute 6 for r.
= 144π Simplify.
≈ 452.39 Use a calculator.
The surface area is 144π, or about 452.39 square feet.

Finding the Diameter of a Sphere

Find the diameter of the sphere.

SOLUTION
S = 4πr2 Formula for surface area of a sphere
S = 20.25π cm2
20.25π = 4πr2 Substitute 20.25π for S.
COMMON ERROR
Be sure to multiply the 5.0625 = r2 Divide each side by 4π.
value of r by 2 to find 2.25 = r Find the positive square root.
the diameter.
The diameter is 2r = 2 • 2.25 = 4.5 centimeters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Find the surface area of the sphere.

1. 40 ft 2.
C = 6π ft

3. Find the radius of the sphere.

S = 30π m2

Section 11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres 649

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 Finding Volumes of Spheres
The figure shows a hemisphere and a cylinder with a cone removed. A plane parallel to
their bases intersects the solids z units above their bases.

r 2 − z2

r
z
r
r

Using the AA Similarity Theorem (Theorem 8.3), you can show that the radius of
the cross section of the cone at height z is z. The area of the cross section formed
by the plane is π(r 2 − z2) for both solids. Because the solids have the same height
and the same cross-sectional area at every level, they have the same volume by
Cavalieri’s Principle.

Vhemisphere = Vcylinder − Vcone

= πr 2(r) − —13 πr 2(r)

= —23 πr 3

So, the volume of a sphere of radius r is

⋅ ⋅
2 Vhemisphere = 2 —23 πr 3 = —43 πr 3.

Core Concept
Volume of a Sphere
The volume V of a sphere is
r
4
V = —π r 3
3
4
where r is the radius of the sphere. V = 3π r 3

Finding the Volume of a Sphere

Find the volume of the soccer ball. 4.5 in.

SOLUTION
V = —43 π r 3 Formula for volume of a sphere

= —43 π (4.5)3 Substitute 4.5 for r.

= 121.5π Simplify.
≈ 381.70 Use a calculator.

The volume of the soccer ball is 121.5π, or about 381.70 cubic inches.

650 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 Finding the Volume of a Sphere

The surface area of a sphere is 324π square centimeters. Find the volume of the sphere.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Use the surface area to find the radius.
S = 4πr2 Formula for surface area of a sphere
324π = 4πr2 Substitute 324π for S.
81 = r2 Divide each side by 4π.
9=r Find the positive square root.
The radius is 9 centimeters.
Step 2 Use the radius to find the volume.

V = —43 πr3 Formula for volume of a sphere

= —43 π (9)3 Substitute 9 for r.

= 972π Simplify.
≈ 3053.63 Use a calculator.

The volume is 972π, or about 3053.63 cubic centimeters.

Finding the Volume of a Composite Solid

Find the volume of the composite solid.

SOLUTION 2 in.

Volume Volume of Volume of 2 in.

= −
of solid cylinder hemisphere

(
= πr2h − —12 —43 πr3 ) Write formulas.

= π(2)2(2) − —23 π (2)3 Substitute.

16
= 8π − —3
π Multiply.
24
=— 16
π−— π Rewrite fractions using least
3 3 common denominator.
= —83π Subtract.
≈ 8.38 Use a calculator.

The volume is —83 π, or about 8.38 cubic inches.

1m Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4. The radius of a sphere is 5 yards. Find the volume of the sphere.

5. The diameter of a sphere is 36 inches. Find the volume of the sphere.
5m
6. The surface area of a sphere is 576π square centimeters. Find the volume of
the sphere.
7. Find the volume of the composite solid at the left.

Section 11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres 651

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 11.8 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY When a plane intersects a sphere, what must be true for the intersection to be a
great circle?

2. WRITING Explain the difference between a sphere and a hemisphere.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, find the surface area of the sphere. In Exercises 13–18, find the volume of the sphere.
(See Example 1.) (See Example 3.)
3. 4. 13. 14.
7.5 cm
4 ft 8m 4 ft

5. 6. 15. 16.

22 yd 14 ft
18.3 m C = 4π ft

17. C = 20π cm 18. C = 7π in.

In Exercises 7–10, find the indicated measure.
(See Example 2.)
7. Find the radius of a sphere with a surface area of
4π square feet.

8. Find the radius of a sphere with a surface area of

1024π square inches. In Exercises 19 and 20, find the volume of the sphere
with the given surface area. (See Example 4.)
9. Find the diameter of a sphere with a surface area of
19. Surface area = 16π ft2
900π square meters.
20. Surface area = 484π cm2
10. Find the diameter of a sphere with a surface area of
196π square centimeters.
21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
finding the volume of the sphere.
In Exercises 11 and 12, find the surface area of the

✗
hemisphere.
11. 12. V = —43π (6)2
6 ft
5m 12 in. = 48π
≈ 150.80 ft3

652 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 33. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You friend claims that if
finding the volume of the sphere. the radius of a sphere is doubled, then the surface
area of the sphere will also be doubled. Is your friend

✗ 3 in.
V = —43 π (3)3
= 36π
correct? Explain your reasoning.

34. REASONING A semicircle with a diameter of

18 inches is rotated about its diameter. Find the
≈ 113.10 in.3 surface area and the volume of the solid formed.

35. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A silo has

the dimensions shown. The top of the silo is a
In Exercises 23–26, find the volume of the composite hemispherical shape. Find the volume of the silo.
solid. (See Example 5.)
23. 24.
6 ft

9 in.
60 ft
5 in. 12 ft

20 ft
25. 18 cm 26. 14 m
10 cm 6m
36. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Three tennis balls
are stored in a cylindrical container
with a height of 8 inches and a radius
of 1.43 inches. The circumference
In Exercises 27–32, find the surface area and volume of of a tennis ball is 8 inches.
the ball.
a. Find the volume of a tennis ball.
27. bowling ball 28. basketball
b. Find the amount of space within
the cylinder not taken up by the
tennis balls.

37. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Use the table shown

for a sphere.

d = 8.5 in. C = 29.5 in. Radius Surface area Volume

3 in. 36π in.2 36π in.3
29. softball 30. golf ball 6 in.
9 in.
12 in.

C = 12 in. d = 1.7 in. a. Copy and complete the table. Leave your answers
in terms of π.
31. volleyball 32. baseball b. What happens to the surface area of the sphere
when the radius is doubled? tripled? quadrupled?
c. What happens to the volume of the sphere when
the radius is doubled? tripled? quadrupled?

38. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS A sphere has a

C = 26 in. C = 9 in. diameter of 4(x + 3) centimeters and a surface area
of 784π square centimeters. Find the value of x.

Section 11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres 653

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 39. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The radius of Earth 43. CRITICAL THINKING Let V be the volume of a sphere,
is about 3960 miles. The radius of the moon is about S be the surface area of the sphere, and r be the radius
1080 miles. of the sphere. Write an equation for V in terms of r
a. Find the surface area of Earth and the moon. ( V
and S. Hint: Start with the ratio —.
S )
b. Compare the surface areas of Earth and the moon.
c. About 70% of the surface of Earth is water. How 44. THOUGHT PROVOKING A spherical lune is the
many square miles of water are on Earth’s surface? region between two great circles of a sphere. Find
the formula for the area of a lune.
40. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The Torrid Zone
on Earth is the area between the Tropic of Cancer and
the Tropic of Capricorn. The distance between these
two tropics is about 3250 miles. You can estimate the
distance as the height of a cylindrical belt around the r
Earth at the equator. θ

Tropic of Cancer

Torrid
3250 mi
equator Zone 45. CRITICAL THINKING The volume of a right cylinder
is the same as the volume of a sphere. The radius of
the sphere is 1 inch. Give three possibilities for the
Tropic of
Capricorn dimensions of the cylinder.

a. Estimate the surface area of the Torrid Zone. 46. PROBLEM SOLVING A spherical cap is a portion of a
(The radius of Earth is about 3960 miles.) sphere cut off by a plane. The formula for the volume
πh
b. A meteorite is equally likely to hit anywhere on of a spherical cap is V = — (3a2 + h2), where a is
6
Earth. Estimate the probability that a meteorite the radius of the base of the cap and h is the height
will land in the Torrid Zone. of the cap. Use the diagram and given information to
find the volume of each spherical cap.
41. ABSTRACT REASONING A sphere is inscribed in a
a. r = 5 ft, a = 4 ft
cube with a volume of 64 cubic inches. What is the h
surface area of the sphere? Explain your reasoning. b. r = 34 cm, a = 30 cm a
r
c. r = 13 m, h = 8 m
42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The formula for the volume d. r = 75 in., h = 54 in.
of a hemisphere and a cone are shown. If each solid
has the same radius and r = h, which solid will have
a greater volume? Explain your reasoning.
47. CRITICAL THINKING A sphere with a radius of
r r 2 inches is inscribed in a right cone with a height
of 6 inches. Find the surface area and the volume
h of the cone.

2 1
V = 3π r 3 V = 3π r 2h

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Solve the triangle. Round decimal answers to the nearest tenth. (Section 9.7)
48. A = 26°, C = 35°, b = 13 49. B = 102°, C = 43°, b = 21
50. a = 23, b = 24, c = 20 51. A = 103°, b = 15, c = 24

654 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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 11.5–11.8 What Did You Learn?
Dynamic Teaching Tools

Core Vocabulary Dynamic Assessment & Progress Monitoring Tool

Interactive Whiteboard Lesson Library
volume, p. 626 similar solids, p. 630 chord of a sphere, p. 648
Cavalieri’s Principle, p. 626 lateral surface of a cone, p. 642 great circle, p. 648 Dynamic Classroom with Dynamic Investigations
density, p. 628

ANSWERS
1. Sample answer: yes; The larger
Core Concepts container usually has a lesser
Section 11.5 unit cost.
Cavalieri’s Principle, p. 626 Density, p. 628 2. Sample answer: The scale factor is —14
Volume of a Prism, p. 626 Similar Solids, p. 630 and the ratio of the volumes is the
Volume of a Cylinder, p. 627
scale factor cubed.
Section 11.6 3. Sample answer: Substitute
Volume of a Pyramid, p. 636 r = 2x + 6 into the surface area
Section 11.7 formula and set equal to 784π, then
Surface Area of a Right Cone, p. 642 Volume of a Cone, p. 643 solve for x.
Section 11.8
Surface Area of a Sphere, p. 648 Volume of a Sphere, p. 650

Mathematical Practices
1. Search online for advertisements for products that come in different sizes. Then
compare the unit prices, as done in Exercise 44 on page 633. Do you get results
similar to Exercise 44? Explain.
1
2. In Exercise 15 on page 639, explain why the volume changed by a factor of —
64
.

3. In Exercise 38 on page 653, explain the steps you used to find the value of x.

Performance
e Task
k

Water Park
Renovation
The city council will consider reopening the closed water park
if your team can come up with a cost analysis for painting some
of the structures, filling the pool water reservoirs, and resurfacing
urfacing
some of the surfaces. What is your plan to convince the city ty
council to open the water park?

To explore the answers to these questions and more, go to

o
BigIdeasMath.com.

655
655

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Chapter 11 655

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 ANSWERS
1.
2.
about 30.00 ft
about 56.57 cm
11 Chapter Review Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

3. about 26.09 in. 11.1 Circumference and Arc Length (pp. 593–600)

4. 218 ft The arc length of 

QR is 6.54 feet. Find the radius of ⊙P.
Q
5. about 169.65 in.2 Arc length of 
QR 
mQR
—— = — Formula for arc length
2πr 360° 75° 6.54 ft
6. about 17.72 in.2 P
6.54 75°
7. 173.166 ft2 —=— Substitute. R
2πr 360°
6.54(360) = 75(2πr) Cross Products Property
5.00 ≈ r Solve for r.

The radius of ⊙P is about 5 feet.

Find the indicated measure.

1. diameter of ⊙P 2. circumference of ⊙F 3. arc length of 

AB
C = 94.24 ft A B
115°
G 13 in.
P F 35° C
5.5 cm
H

4. A mountain bike tire has a diameter of 26 inches. To the nearest foot, how far does the
tire travel when it makes 32 revolutions?

11.2 Areas of Circles and Sectors (pp. 601–608)

Find the area of sector ADB.

A
m 10 m
AB
Area of sector ADB = — πr2
360° ⋅ Formula for area of a sector
80°
D
80°
= — π 102
360° ⋅ ⋅ Substitute.
B
≈ 69.81 Use a calculator.

The area of sector ADB is about 69.81 square meters.

Find the area of the blue shaded region.

5. W
T 6. 7.
R
9 in. 4 in. A = 27.93 ft2
S 50°
240° V
Q
6 in. T
U

656 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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656 Chapter 11

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 ANSWERS
8. 130 square units
9. 96 square units
11.3 Areas of Polygons (pp. 609–616)
10. 105 square units
A regular hexagon is inscribed in ⊙H. Find A B 11. about 201.20 square units
(a) m∠EHG, and (b) the area of the hexagon.
12. about 167.11 square units
360°
a. ∠FHE is a central angle, so m∠FHE = — = 60°. F
H
C 13. about 37.30 square units
6
—
Apothem GH bisects ∠FHE. 14. about 119.29 in.2
G 16
So, m∠EHG = 30°.
E D
1
⋅
b. Because △EHG is a 30°-60°-90° triangle, GE = — HE = 8
2
⋅
— — —
and GH = √ 3 GE = 8√3 . So, s = 2(GE) = 16 and a = GH = 8√ 3 .

⋅
1 1 —
The area is A = — a ns = — ( 8√3 )(6)(16) ≈ 665.1 square units.
2 2

Find the area of the kite or rhombus.

8. 9. 10.
6 7
13 8 8 3 12

6 7
20

Find the area of the regular polygon.

11. 12. 13.
8.8

5.2
7.6 3.3 4

14. A platter is in the shape of a regular octagon with an apothem of 6 inches. Find the area of
the platter.

11.4 Three-Dimensional Figures (pp. 617–622)

Sketch the solid produced by rotating the figure around

8
the given axis. Then identify and describe the solid.
3 3
8
8
3
The solid is a cylinder with a height of 8 and
a radius of 3.

Chapter 11 Chapter Review 657

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Chapter 11 657

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 ANSWERS
15.

Sketch the solid produced by rotating the figure around the given axis. Then identify
and describe the solid.
15. 16. 17.
9
8
7
6
9 7
5

cone with height 9 and base radius 5

16. Describe the cross section formed by the intersection of the plane and the solid.
18. 19. 20.

11.5 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders (pp. 625–634)

sphere with radius 7
Find the volume of the triangular prism.
17.
The area of a base is B = —12 (6)(8) = 24 in.2 and the height 6 in. 8 in.
is h = 5 in.
6 V = Bh Formula for volume of a prism
8 = 24(5) Substitute. 5 in.

= 120 Simplify.
cone with height 6 and base radius 8
The volume is 120 cubic inches.
and hemisphere with radius 8
18. rectangle Find the volume of the solid.
19. square 21. 22. 23.
20. triangle
21. 11.34 m3 3.6 m
8 mm
22. about 100.53 mm3
23. about 27.53 yd3
4 yd
2.1 m 2 mm
1.5 m 2 yd

658 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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658 Chapter 11

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 ANSWERS
24. 189 ft3
25. 400 yd3
11.6 Volumes of Pyramids (pp. 635–640)
26. 300 m3
Find the volume of the pyramid. 27. about 3.46 in.
V = —13 Bh Formula for volume of a pyramid 28. 12 in.
= ( ⋅ 5 ⋅ 8 )(12)
1 1
—3 —2 Substitute.
12 m

= 80 Simplify.
8m
The volume is 80 cubic meters. 5m

Find the volume of the pyramid.

24. 25. 26.
5m
7 ft 20 yd
18 m

9 ft 10 m
8 yd
9 ft 15 yd

27. The volume of a square pyramid is 60 cubic inches and the height is 15 inches. Find the side
length of the square base.
28. The volume of a square pyramid is 1024 cubic inches. The base has a side length of 16 inches.
Find the height of the pyramid.

11.7 Surface Areas and Volumes of Cones (pp. 641–646)

Find the (a) surface area and (b) volume of the cone.
a. S = πr2 + πr Formula for surface area of a cone
13 cm 12 cm
=π ⋅ 52 + π (5)(13) Substitute.
= 90π Simplify. 5 cm
≈ 282.74 Use a calculator.

The surface area is 90π, or about 282.74 square centimeters.

b. V = —13 πr2h Formula for volume of a cone

⋅ ⋅
= —13 π 52 12 Substitute.

= 100π Simplify.
≈ 314.16 Use a calculator.

The volume is 100π, or about 314.16 cubic centimeters.

Chapter 11 Chapter Review 659

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Chapter 11 659

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 ANSWERS
29. S ≈ 678.58 cm2; V ≈ 1017.88 cm3
30. S ≈ 2513.27 cm2; V ≈ 8042.48 cm3
Find the surface area and the volume of the cone.
31. S ≈ 439.82 m2; V ≈ 562.10 m3
29. 30. 31.
32. 15 cm 12 cm
7m
15 cm
33. S ≈ 615.75 in.2; V ≈ 1436.76 in.3 34 cm 30 cm

34. S ≈ 907.92 ft2; V ≈ 2572.44 ft3 16 cm

13 m

35. S ≈ 2827.43 ft2; V ≈ 14,137.17 ft3 9 cm

36. S ≈ 74.8 million km2;

V ≈ 60.8 billion km3 32. A cone with a diameter of 16 centimeters has a volume of 320π cubic centimeters. Find the
height of the cone.
37. about 272.55 m3

11.8 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres (pp. 647–654)

Find the (a) surface area and (b) volume of the sphere.
a. S = 4πr2 Formula for surface area of a sphere
= 4π(18)2 Substitute 18 for r. 18 in.

= 1296π Simplify.
≈ 4071.50 Use a calculator.

The surface area is 1296π, or about 4071.50 square inches.

b. V = —43 πr 3 Formula for volume of a sphere

4
= —3 π (18)3 Substitute 18 for r.

= 7776π Simplify.
≈ 24,429.02 Use a calculator.

The volume is 7776π, or about 24,429.02 cubic inches.

Find the surface area and the volume of the sphere.

33. 34. 35.

7 in. 17 ft C = 30π ft

36. The shape of Mercury can be approximated by a sphere with a diameter of 4880 kilometers.
Find the surface area and the volume of Mercury.
37. A solid is composed of a cube with a side length of 6 meters and a hemisphere with a diameter
of 6 meters. Find the volume of the composite solid.

660 Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume

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660 Chapter 11

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 11 Chapter Test
Find the volume of the solid.
ANSWERS
1.
2.
about 2577.29 m3
about 17.16 ft3
1. 2. 3. 4m 4.
3. about 402.12 m3
3m 4 ft
4. 93—13 ft3
3.2 ft
6m
5. about 109.71 in.
15.5 m
8 ft
6. about 74.27°
8m
4m 7. about 142.42 in.2
3m 2 ft
5 ft
8.
Find the indicated measure. 3
6
5. circumference of ⊙F 6. m
GH 7. area of shaded sector
64 in. Q
G T

210° D
S cylinder with height 6 and base radius
J 35 ft 105°
F
27 ft 8 in. 3, and hemisphere with radius 3
H
E R 9. 90π ft2 or about 282.74 ft2
10. a. about 376.99 cm3
8. Sketch the composite solid produced by rotating the figure around 6
the given axis. Then identify and describe the composite solid. b. about 8.38 sec
3 3 c. about 13.96 sec
9 d. Sample answer: Changing the
radius has a greater effect than
9. Find the surface area of a right cone with a diameter of 10 feet and a height of 12 feet. changing the height.
10. You have a funnel with the dimensions shown. 11. about 11.32 cm; Sample answer:
6 cm
a. Find the approximate volume of the funnel. 500 = π (3.75)3h, so h ≈ 11.32.
b. You use the funnel to put oil in a car. Oil flows out of the funnel at a rate of 12. about 906.89 in.2
45 milliliters per second. How long will it take to empty the funnel when it is full 10 cm 13. the fan shown
of oil? (1 mL = 1 cm3)
c. How long would it take to empty a funnel with a radius of 10 centimeters and a height
of 6 centimeters if oil flows out of the funnel at a rate of 45 milliliters per second?
d. Explain why you can claim that the time calculated in part (c) is greater than the
time calculated in part (b) without doing any calculations.

11. A water bottle in the shape of a cylinder has a volume of 500 cubic centimeters.
The diameter of a base is 7.5 centimeters. What is the height of the bottle? Justify
your answer.

12. Find the area of a dodecagon (12 sides) with a side length of 9 inches.

13. In general, a cardboard fan with a greater area does a better job of moving air
and cooling you. The fan shown is a sector of a cardboard circle. Another fan
has a radius of 6 centimeters and an intercepted arc of 150°. Which fan does a
better job of cooling you?

9 cm
120°

Chapter 11 Chapter Test 661

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If students need help... If students got it...

Lesson Tutorials Resources by Chapter

• Enrichment and Extension
• Cumulative Review

Skills Review Handbook Performance Task

BigIdeasMath.com Start the next Section

Chapter 11 661

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 ANSWERS
1. a. trapezoid
b. pentagon
11 Cumulative Assessment

c. rectangle 1. Identify the shape of the cross section formed by the intersection of the plane and the
— ⊥ ⃖RS⃗
2. PQ solid.
3. a. about 4650 mm3 a. b. c.
b. about 75,267 mm3
4. A

—
2. In the diagram, ⃖RS⃗ is tangent to ⊙P at Q and PQ is a radius of ⊙P. What must be true
—? Select all that apply.
about ⃖RS⃗ and PQ

P
S

1
PQ = —RS PQ = RS — is tangent to ⊙P.
PQ — ⊥ ⃖RS⃗
PQ
2

3. A crayon can be approximated by a composite solid made from a cylinder and a cone.
A crayon box is a rectangular prism. The dimensions of a crayon and a crayon box
containing 24 crayons are shown.
a. Find the volume of a crayon.
b. Find the amount of space within the
crayon box not taken up by the crayons.

d = 8.5 mm
d = 6.5 mm 94 mm

80 mm

10 mm 28 mm
71 mm

4. What is the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 5) that is parallel to the
1
line x + —y = −1?
2

A y = −2x + 9 B y = 2x + 1

1 1
C y = —x + 4 D y = − —x + 6
2 2

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662 Chapter 11

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 ANSWERS
5. A
6. Sample answer: The radius of the
circle is 2.
5. The top of the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., is a square pyramid, ——
d = √ (0 − 1)2 + ( 0 − √ 3 )2 = 2,
—
called a pyramidion. What is the volume of the pyramidion?

—
A 22,019.63 ft3
so ( 1, √ 3 ) is on the circle.
B 172,006.91 ft3 7. yes; Sample answer: The bottom part
55.5 ft of the house has parallel rectangular
C 66,058.88 ft3
bases at the bottom and top, and the
D 207,530.08 ft3 top part of the house has parallel
34.5 ft triangular bases on two of the sides.
—
8. r √π
9. about 247 people/mi2

—
( )
6. Prove or disprove that the point 1, √ 3 lies on the circle centered at the origin and
containing the point (0, 2).

7. Your friend claims that the house shown can be described as a composite solid made
from a rectangular prism and a triangular prism. Do you support your friend’s claim?
Explain your reasoning.

8. The diagram shows a square pyramid and a cone. Both solids have the same height, h,
and the base of the cone has radius r. According to Cavalieri’s Principle, the solids will
have the same volume if the square base has sides of length ____.

B B h

9. About 19,400 people live in a region with a 5-mile radius.

Find the population density in people per square mile.

Chapter 11 Cumulative Assessment 663

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Chapter 11 663

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