American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems

2025, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-10

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20251401.11

Research Article

Reliability Assessment of Haramaya University Power

Distribution System
Abdulaziz Adem* , Ramesh Kumar , Wehib Abubeker
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia

Abstract
This study looks at how reliable Haramaya University's electricity distribution system is and offers ways to make it better. The
main causes of the current system's severe reliability problems are overload, tree contact, wind, aged poles and equipment,
cable failure, and poor maintenance and operation practices. In this study, six cases were simulated using ETAP 19.0.1
software to represent Haramaya University's current and future distribution systems. The reliability indicators of the current
system are under Ethiopian standards, according to the results. In Case 5 (underground ring distribution network), the
reliability indices improved significantly with shorter interruption durations, less interruptions per customer per year, and an
increased availability index. Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) lost an estimated 2,585,743.99 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) in revenue
as a result of power outages. In Case 5, Haramaya University (HU) could save 5,762,746.38 ETB annually and the utility could
save 2,239,549.9 ETB annually. To increase distribution system reliability, the study recommends converting an overhead
radial network to an underground ring network, integrating solar distributed generators, and placing fuses and reclosers in
distribution lines. Another way to increase reliability until the underground ring distribution system is finished is to replace
outdated equipment and cut trees.

Keywords
Reliability, Protection Device, Network Reconfiguration, Distributed Generation

1. Introduction
The electric power system consists of electrical constituents tribution systems as a result of the complexity of the networks
that are employed to supply, transmit, and use electric power. [2]. The utility must constantly develop and improve the
Providing a reliable and cost-effective network for the transfer system's reliability based on consumer needs in order to reach
of electricity from generating stations to consumer locations is an acceptable standard of quality, safety, and reliability at a
the primary goal of power systems [1]. Electricity is delivered reasonable cost. This can be achieved by assessing and eval-
to consumers by the distribution system from the substations. uating the reliability, performance, and quality of electric
Electric utilities' responsibility is to supply customers with power distribution networks [3].
uninterrupted and reliable electricity. However, it is the most An essential component of the distribution network opera-
challenging problem for electric power utilities. The reliabil- tion and planning is assessment of power supply reliability.
ity problems in electric power systems usually occur in dis- Reliability assessment methods allow the evaluation of the

*
Corresponding author:

Received: 21 December 2024; Accepted: 20 January 2025; Published: 10 February 2025

Copyright: © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group. This is an Open Access article, distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which
permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems http://www.sciencepg.com/journal/epes

reliability of systems. Two popular techniques for assessing a ramaya University distribution system using reliability
distribution system's reliability are historical and predictive indices.
assessment. The techniques offer crucial details on how to 4. To propose the improvement technique.
enhance a system's lifespan in order minimize safety hazards 5. To perform cost analysis.
and risks [3]. Historical reliability assessment is used to The purposes of this study are to:
evaluate the past performance of the system based on past real 1. Find the causes of power outage in Haramaya University
data. System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), power distribution system,
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), Cus- 2. Show the impact of power outages on consumers' and
tomer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), and utilities' economies.
Average Service Availability Index (ASAI), are commonly 3. Monitor and maintain DS performance within the
used reliability indices to measure performance of the distri- standards of the country,
bution system. Most electric power utilities gather past system 4. Provide information to utilities and customers for relia-
data and display the performance of system operation [4]. bility improvement options.
Based on system topology and component reliability data, a 5. Allow customers to get quality and reliable electric
predictive reliability assessment may forecast a distribution power supply.
system's interruption profile. It can also be used to determine
the appropriate improvement strategies to increase system
dependability [5]. The two fundamental techniques for eval- 2. Reliability of Power System
uating predictive reliability are analytical and simulation.
Reliability is the probability that a system or its parts will
Analytical methods use a mathematical model to represent
carry out their designated function for a predetermined
the system and use direct numerical solutions to assess the
amount of time. Continuously providing customers with
model's reliability indices. Additionally, two categories of
high-quality electricity is referred to as the power system's
analytical techniques can be distinguished: Markov modeling
reliability [3]. The security and adequacy of a power system
and network modeling [4].
can be used to indicate its reliability. The power system's
The Monte-Carlo simulation technique simulates the real
ability to react to disruptions and instabilities that occur
process and the random behavior of the system and its com-
within the system is known as system security. When there are
ponents in order to evaluate the reliability index. The relia-
sufficient facilities in the power system to meet the demands
bility indices' probability distributions and average values can
of the consumer load, the system is said to be adequate. These
both be obtained using this technique [6]. Nodaway, with the
include the facilities associated with the generation stations,
development of computers, the analytical graph method be-
transmission and distribution systems which are required to
comes the main method of calculating reliability in power
generate and deliver sufficient electric power to the load
system computing software; ETAP, PSS-Adept, and
points [8]. The reliability assessment can be conducted at
CYMDIST-Reliability Assessment [7]. The common reliabil-
generation, composite generation and transmission, distribu-
ity indicators are used in both analytical and simulation
tion system, and substations [1].
methods to assess a distribution network's reliability.
The following is a discussion of the fundamental parame-
Since electricity is essential to the political, technological,
ters used in the distribution system reliability analysis [8].
and economic development of any nation, demand for it has
The failure rate (λ): is the chance of a part or system expe-
risen. Power outages are a major issue in Ethiopia, where the
riencing a malfunction at time (t).
Ethiopian Electric Utility is responsible for providing cus-
Mean Time to Repair (MTTR): is calculated by dividing the
tomers with reliable electric power [3]. Specifically, Ha-
total number of repairs by the total time spent on all corrective
ramaya university distribution usually experiencing power
or preventive maintenance repairs. It is the amount of time (in
interruptions due to short circuit, earth fault and operational.
hours) needed to fix a malfunctioning component and/or get
This may cause reliability problems of distribution system.
the system back to normal operation.
These problems have to be solved to satisfy customers’ de-
mand and utilities’ benefits. total repair time
This study's primary goal is to assess the Haramaya Uni- MTTR = (1)
total number of interruptions
versity power distribution system's reliability using reliability
indices and suggest ways to make it more reliable. Expected Repair Rate (µ): is the frequency of repair (oc-
The specific objectives of the study are: currence per year).
1. To find the major causes of power outage of the existing
8760
Haramaya University power distribution system. µ= (2)
MTTR
2. To model and simulate the existing and under construc-
tion Haramaya University distribution system reliability Mean Time to Failure (MTTF): It is the estimated time that
in ETAP software. the component will be in failure state and can be calculated as
3. To compare the existing and under construction Ha- the inverse of the failure rate (λ) for constant fail systems.

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MTTF = (3) equivalent to the typical outage duration per year.
λ

MTTR
Mean Time between Failures (MTBF): is the expected FOR = (5)
MTTF×8760
amount of years between failures of component, which is a
fundamental indicator of reliability for repairable equipment. Many researches were conducted on the reliability as-
When a failure rate is constant, MTBF is the amount of time sessment of distribution network using either analytical or
that passes before a part or system assembly malfunctions. simulation methods. All studies indicate that reliability as-
sessment is very essential for the design and operation of
MTTF+MTTR
MTBF = (4) electrical power systems. In this paper, some selected papers,
8760
which are conducted as reliability assessment of distribution
Forced Outage Rate (FOR): is the chance of discovering a system, were reviewed as shown in Table 1 below. The review
forced outage component at a future point in time. It is in this paper is concentrated on the techniques/methods used,
work explanation, and research gaps.

Table 1. Review of Related Works.

Authors Method Work explanation Research gaps

It was discovered that the active distribution system's This work is only limited to the effect of DG
Monte-Carlo
[9] low and high DG penetration levels presented a penetration on reliability indices (SAIDI and
Simulation
reliability assessment challenge. EENS).
analytical method The effect of inadequate generation and the
The system reliability indices were calculated from the
[1] and network reduc- impact of transmission subsystem failure were
substation interruption data.
tion technique, not considered.
Monte-Carlo Sim- Reliability indices were evaluated for feeders and their ASAI, ASUI, EENS, and cost worth were not
[10]
ulation load points. calculated
Reliability indices EENS, SAIFI, and SAIDI were This work is only focused on the placement of
Grey Wolf optimi-
[5] solved by strategically placing distributed generators in DG unit, the major causes of power outages and
zation technique
radial feeders for improving reliability of the system. other improvement techniques were not studied
System reliability indices, load point and cost worth The study was limited to analyzing current reli-
[11] Analytical
indices were evaluated in ETAP software ability performance.
Reliability indices were evaluated for feeders and their The causes of power outage and other possible
Analytical and
[12] load points. Static VAR Compensator was integrated to reliability improvement techniques were not
simulation
the distribution system to increase its reliability. included in the study.
Maintenance strat- Availability, reliability and maintainability were evalu- The root causes of outage, mitigation technique
[13]
egies ated using outage data were not studied
The results of the simulation using ETAP show the The distribution system should be reconfigured
[14] Analytical
efficacy and usefulness of reliability evaluation. to get improved reliability performance
The optimum placement of automatic switches was
The reliability indices other than SAIFI and
[15] Analytical (FMEA) determined by economic analysis to see the impacts on
SAIDI were not calculated
reliability enhancement
Improvement solution and interruption cost
[3] Analytical System reliability indices were evaluated
were not studied
The distribution system should be reconfigured;
The distribution system's reliability indices were com-
[2] Analytical but the authors did not include the improvement
puted and compared to international standards.
solution

Generally, all authors indicate that reliability assessment is ity evaluation have been carried out using simulation or ana-
very essential for the planning and operation of electrical lytical techniques. But there is a gap in studying the main
systems. Numerous studies on distribution networks reliabil- causes of poor reliability. And, nobody conducts the reliability

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assessment of Haramaya University’s distribution system. So, station III and supplies the electricity to Haramaya city, Ha-
considering these gaps, this paper work conducts the reliabil- ramaya University, and the neighboring areas. The distribu-
ity assessment of Haramaya University’s power distribution tion substation has six outgoing feeders. These feeders are
network using analytical method in ETAP software and pro- Bate-finkile (L1), Haramaya University (L2), Haramaya city
poses an appropriate solution. (L3), Haqa (L4), Grawa (L5) and Harar water (L6).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Description of Study Location

Haramaya University is found in Eastern Hararghe Zone of
the Oromia Region about 500.2 km from Addis Ababa and 10
km west of Harar city on the road to Dire Dawa. Haramaya
University has a latitude and longitude of 9°24’N 42°01’E’
with an altitude of 2047 m above sea level.

3.2. Haramaya Substation

Figure 1. Single-line diagram of Haramaya Distribution Substation.
Haramaya substation is receiving 66 kv from Harar sub-

Figure 2. Single-line diagram of Haramaya University power distribution system.

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3.3. Reliability Indices

total number of customer interruptions ∑i Ni
CAIFI = = (12)
Usually, common reliability indices are used to evaluate a total number of customers interrupted Cn

distribution system's reliability. The following equations are

used to calculate the load point indices, and they provide the Where, Cn represents all of the consumers that were inter-
system's average failure rate, outage duration, and yearly rupted.
outage duration. 5. Average Service Availability Index (ASAI): It shows the
proportion of a year or the specified reporting period that an
λs = ∑ni λi (6) end user has electricity supplied. Higher reliability is shown in
higher ASAI values.
Us = ∑ni λi ri (7)
Customer hours service availability
ASAI =
Customer hours service demand
Us
rs = (8)
λs
(Nt ∗8760)−∑i Ui Ni
= (Nt ∗8760)
(13)
Customer-centered and load or energy-centered indices are
among the indices used in reliability analysis of distribution Where 8760 is the total number of hours in a year.
system [16]. 6. Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI): It repre-
A. Customer-centered indices sents the average service availability index's (ASAI) com-
1. System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI): plementing value.
This measure shows how many customers experienced sus-
tained interruptions over a predetermined period of time, ASUI = 1 − ASAI (14)
usually one year, or it shows the average amount of sustained
interruptions experienced by a customer in a particular period B. Load or energy-orientated indices
of time. 1. Expected Energy Not Supplied Index (EENS): It stands
for the entire amount of energy that the system is unable to
total number of customers interruptions ∑i λ𝑖 Ni
SAIFI = = 𝑁𝑡
(9) provide. and expressed in either watt-hours or KWh.
total customers served

EENS = ∑i La (i)Ui (15)

Where Ni is the number of interrupted customers at load
point i, Nt is the total number of customers supplied in the 𝐸𝑑(𝑖)
region, and λi is the failure rate. 𝐿𝑎 (𝑖) = 𝐿𝑝 (𝑖)𝐿𝐹 (𝑖) = (16)
𝑡
2. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI): it
measures the average amount of time of interruptions for each Where, Ed(i) represents the total energy demanded during
client. It shows how frequently a client has an interruption on the time of interest t, Lf(i) represents the load factor, and Lp (i)
average during a one-year period. Customer minutes or cus- represents the peak load demand.
tomer hours of interruption per year are typically used to 2. Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS): It represents the
describe it. average energy not supplied by the system.

total customer interruption durations ∑i ri Ni total energy not supplied ∑i La (i)Ui

SAIDI = = (10) AENS = = ∑i Nt
(17)
total customers connected or served 𝑁𝑡 total customers served

Where ri represents each interruption's restoring period. 3. Average Customer Curtailment Index (ACCI): It stands
3. Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI): for the total amount of energy that the system is unable to
This measure, which indicates the amount of time needed to supply to each impacted customer by the system.
resume the system interruption, is the average interruption
total energy not supplied ∑i La (i)Ui
duration for those customers who had an interruption over a ACCI = = ∑i No
(18)
total number of customers affected
period of a year. It shows how long it typically takes to get
customers' service back after a prolonged outage.
3.4. Reliability Assessment in ETAP
total customer interruption durations SAIDI
CAIDI = = (11) For the design, modeling, analysis, and real-time operation
total number of customer interruptions SAIFI
of electrical power systems, electrical engineers utilize the
4. Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), a fully
(CAIFI): For consumers who experience interruptions, it graphical electrical power system analysis tool. For radial and
provides the average frequency of prolonged interruptions. looping systems, the reliability analysis employing ETAP
provides an effective analytical technique to support the dis-

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tribution reliability level. Each component's failure rate and University distribution system in different case studies and
mean time to repair must be determined in order to assess economic analysis of proposed cases were presented.
reliability using ETAP [17].
4.1. Base Case: Existing Distribution System
In this case, both ETAP software and manual methods were
used to assess the reliability indices of Haramaya University's
current grid power distribution system.

Table 2. Comparison between ETAP and manual reliability indices

calculation results.

Reliability indices ETAP Manual

SAIFI (f / customer.yr) 196.38 198.15

SAIDI (hr / customer.yr) 277.78 275.39
CAIDI (hr / customer.int) 1.41 1.4
ASAI (%) 96.83 96.86
ASUI (%) 3.17 3.14
EENS (MWh)/yr 2186.57 2167.43
AENS (MWh/customer.yr) 104.12 103.21

The above results show that ETAP Software calculation

results are almost similar to the manual calculation results.
The values of reliability indices are too far from Ethiopia's
standards as well as international countries' standards. This
shows that the existing HU power distribution system has
Figure 3. ETAP algorithm for reliability indices calculation. serious reliability problems.

4.2. Case 1: Existing Distribution System with

3.5. Power Interruption Cost Evaluation Backup Generators
Customers and the utility may suffer financial losses as a In this case, the diesel generators have been connected to
result of power interruptions. The number of consumers that sensitive loads in the university.
encounter interruptions has a significant impact on the amount
of money lost as a result. Customers' information, interruption
statistics, and electricity tariffs are used by the company to Table 3. Simulation results for Case 1.
estimate the costs of power interruptions [18]. In this research
paper both utility and customer’s interruption cost have been Reliability indices Values
estimated. The amount of loss experienced by the end user
during power interruption is known as the customer cost of SAIFI (f / customer.yr) 196.5030
reliability. These costs might be classified as either intangible
SAIDI (hr / customer.yr) 191.9782
or tangible. Because of intangible costs, it is challenging to
estimate the cost of interruption from the customer's perspec- CAIDI (hr / customer.int) 0.977
tive [19]. However, in this paper, the cost of alternative supply ASAI (%) 97.81
during grid power interruption has been used to estimate the
ASUI (%) 2.19
customer cost of interruption.
EENS (MWh)/yr 1509.20
AENS (MWh/customer.yr) 71.87
4. Results and Discussions
Under this section the reliability indices of Haramaya

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The above results show that the impact of diesel generators Table 5. Simulation results for Case 3.
on system’s reliability. Backup generators have no effect on
the frequency of interruptions, but other reliability indices Reliability indices Values
were changed. ASAI (%) increased from 96.83% to 97.81%,
while EENS decreased from 2186.572 MWhr/yr to 1509.199 SAIFI (f / customer.yr) 168.53
MWhr/yr. The estimated cost of unsupplied energy of SAIDI (hr / customer.yr) 118.64
2,585,743.99ETB/year has been lost by Ethiopian Electric
CAIDI (hr / customer.int) 0.704
Utility and 1,688,046.05ETB to 5,961837.61 ETB (Ethiopian
birr) per year has been lost by Haramaya University from two ASAI (%) 98.65
years data. ASUI (%) 1.35
EENS (MWh)/yr 958.81
4.3. Case 2: Reconfiguration of Existing System
AENS (MWh/customer.yr) 45.66
with Dropout Fuses and One Recloser
In this study case, the fuses have been installed between the
primary feeder and each transformer, and a single recloser has The results in Table 5 illustrate the impact of placing the
been placed on the line by considering a line with sensitive fuses and two reclosers into the existing HU power distribu-
loads, like classrooms, library, laboratories, cafeteria, and tion system on the values of reliability indices. As shown from
offices, are supplied through this line. the table, the two reclosers and dropout fuses together on the
lines enhance existing system’s reliability to some extent. In
this case, the system average interruption frequency index per
Table 4. Simulation results for Case 2. year per customer (SAIFI) was reduced from 196.383 f/ cus-
tomer.yr to 168.5336 f/customer.yr (16% reduction in inter-
Reliability indices Values
ruption frequency); the system average interruption duration
index per year per customer has been reduced from 277.776
SAIFI (f / customer.yr) 176.79
hr/customer.yr to 118.6362 hr/customer.yr (57.5% reduction
SAIDI (hr / customer.yr) 123.57 in interruption duration); and EENS was reduced from
CAIDI (hr / customer.int) 0.70 2186.572 MWhr/yr to 958.813 MWhr/yr (56.2% reduction in
expected energy not supplied due to outage).
ASAI (%) 98.59
ASUI (%) 1.41 4.5. Case 4: Integrating Solar DG with Existing
EENS (MWh)/yr 981.42 Distribution System
AENS (MWh/customer.yr) 46.73 In this case, the impact of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant
with protection devices on reliability improvement has been
presented. The Solar DG was connected to the current dis-
Results in Table 4 show the impact of inserting fuses and tribution system by considering the number of customers and
one recloser in the existing HU distribution system on sys- keeping the fuses and reclosers as in Case 3 modeled system.
tem’s reliability. As it is seen from the results, a recloser on a
line with dropout fuses improves the reliability of the existing
system. In this case, SAIFI is reduced by 10% and SAIDI is Table 6. Simulation results for Case 4.
reduced by 41%. EENS is reduced by 40.4% and ASAI (%) is
increased from 96.83% to 98.59%. These results are also not Reliability indices Values
close to Ethiopia's benchmark standard, so it needs more
reliability improvement. SAIFI (f / customer.yr) 80.57
SAIDI (hr / customer.yr) 78.44
4.4. Case 3: Reconfiguration of Existing System CAIDI (hr / customer.int) 0.974
with Fuses and Two Reclosers ASAI (%) 99.10
In this case, a single recloser has been placed into Case 2's ASUI (%) 0.90
modeled distribution system by taking into account the feed-
EENS (MWh)/yr 671.33
er's length, customers number, and load sensitivity.
AENS (MWh/customer.yr) 31.97

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The results in Table 6 demonstrate how DG affects the re-

liability of the current HU distribution system when combined
with protective devices (fuses and reclosers). SAIFI is re-
duced by 60%, SAIDI is reduced by 72%, EENS is reduced by
70%, and ASAI (%) is increased from 96.83% to 99.1% in this
case. The results show that the integration of DG incorporat-
ing protection devices into the existing network can greatly
increase HU distribution system’s reliability.

4.6. Case 5: Underground Ring Power

Distribution System Figure 4. Comparison between Cases instead of SAIFI, SAIDI, and
CAIDI.
In this case, the underground ring HU DS, which is under
construction, was simulated. For simulation, the default val-
ues of active failure rate and mean time to repair of the
components were inserted in the modeled one-line diagram.

Table 7. Simulation results for Case 5.

Reliability indices Values

SAIFI (f / customer.yr) 1.18 Figure 5. Comparison between Cases instead of ASAI.

SAIDI (hr / customer.yr) 20.77

CAIDI (hr / customer.int) 17.597 As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, there are serious relia-
ASAI (%) 99.76 bility problems with electric power in the existing Haramaya
University distribution network, and the reliability indices
ASUI (%) 0.24 have been considerably raised in Case 5 out of all the sug-
EENS (MWh)/yr 290.19 gested cases (options) for reliability improvement.
AENS (MWh/customer.yr) 13.82
4.7. Economic Analysis of Proposed Cases
Raising the investment cost of a system can improve its
Table 7 shows that the modeled one-line diagram of HU's reliability.
new underground ring power distribution system has given
improved reliability indices values. It can be seen that SAIFI Investment Cost
Payback Period = (19)
is reduced from 196.38f/customer.yr to 1.18f/customer.yr; Annual Revenue Saved

SAIDI is reduced from 277.78hr/customer.yr 20.77

Utility side
hr/customer, ASAI increased from 96.83% to 99.76%, and
EENS decreased from 2186.572MWhr/yr to 290.19MWhr/yr.
Revenue loss = EENS cost (20)
Because these values are acceptable by Ethiopian standards, it
is possible to increase the system's reliability by converting
from the current HU overhead radial DS to underground ring
DS.

Revenue saved = Cost of EENS in base case − Cost of EENS in proposed case (21)

Haramaya University side

Money loss = Fuel cost – EENS cost (22)

𝑀oney saved = Money loss in base case – Money loss in proposed case (23)

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Table 8. Summary of cost analysis of proposed cases.

Utility side HU side

Case number Revenue saved (ETB/yr) Payback period (yr) Money saved (ETB/yr) Payback period (yr)

2 1414909.9 1.11 3297306 0.48

3 1141883.7 2.05 3423349.3 0.7
4 1784847.3 34.38 4328113.6 14.17
5 2239549.9 77.7 5762746.4 30.2

The results in above Table 8 have been interpreted as fol- CENS Cost of Expected Energy Not Supplied
lows. Case (2) and (3) are profitable for both utility and DG Distribution Generation
University. Case 4 and 5 are profitable only for HU. Therefore DS Distribution System
to get enhanced reliability indices of distribution network in ECOST Expected Interruption Cost
study area case 4 and 5 are the best options. EENS Expected Energy Not Supplied
EEA Ethiopian Electric Agency
EELPA Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority
5. Conclusions EEP Ethiopian Electric Power
ETAP Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
A reliability assessment of Haramaya University's power
ETB Ethiopian Birr
distribution system was conducted. The existing system re-
FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
vealed several power interruptions due to factors such as
HU Haramaya University
overload, tree contact, wind, pole aging, and equipment fail-
IEC International Electro-technical Commission
ure. The system does not meet the Ethiopian Electric Agency's
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics
standards, resulting in an estimated revenue loss of
Engineering
2,585,743.99 ETB per year. The university has lost
KV Kilo Volt
1,688,046.05 to 5,961837.61 ETB/year due to power inter-
KVA Kilo Volt Ampere
ruptions in the last two years. Five reliability improvement
KVAR Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive
cases were simulated using ETAP 19.0.1 software, with the
KW Kilo Watt
fifth case significantly improving the reliability indices to the
KWh Kilowatt Hour
standard range. Haramaya University can save 5,762,746.38
ETB per year by constructing an underground ring power
distribution network. Therefore, Haramaya University is on Acknowledgments
the right path to improving the reliability of its power distri-
bution system. Future research will focus on power quality This research is supported by the Ministry of Science and
issues and mitigation techniques when the DG is connected to Higher Education (MoSHE) and Haramaya University. The
the grid. Regular preventive maintenance of distribution lines, authors would also like to thank the technical operators of
including replacing old equipment, installing reclosers, Haramaya distribution substation and electric utility for
changing overloaded transformers, and trimming trees, is providing the required data to conduct this research
crucial for improving the existing radial distribution system's throughout the process.
reliability.

Author Contributions
Abbreviations
Abdulaziz Adem: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Meth-
AAL All Aluminum Conductor odology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review
ACCI Average Customer Curtailment Index & editing
AENS Average Energy Not Supplied Ramesh Kumar: Formal Analysis, Supervision
ASAI Average Service Availability Index Wehib Abubeker: Project administration, Resources, Su-
ASUI Average Service Unavailability Index pervision
CAIDI Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
CAIFI Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index

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[9] Shaoyun Ge, Li Xu, Hong Liu, Mingxin Zhao, "Reliability

Data Availability Statement Assessment of Active Distribution System Using Monte Carlo
The data used to support the findings of this study are Simulation Method", Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol.
2014, Article ID 421347, 10 pages, 2014.
available from the corresponding author upon request.
[10] Khaidir A, Rama O, and Ramadoni S, “Reliability Analysis of
Power Distribution System”, Journal of Electrical Technology
Conflicts of Interest UMY (JET-UMY), 1(2), 2017.

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