CHAPTER 1

1. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration and rejects 1,000 kW of heat at 340 K while
receiving heat at 250 K. Determine (a) the COP, (b) the power required, and (c) the refrigerating
effect.
Solution:

Th = 340 K , Tc = 250 K
Q& R = 1000 kW
Tc 250
(a) COP = = = 2.778
Th − Tc 340 − 250
Q& T  250 
(b) W& = Q& R − Q& A = Q& R − R c = (1,000)1 −  = 264.7 kW
Th  340 
(c) Q& A = Q& R − W& = 1000 − 264.7 = 735.3 kW

2. A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigerating COP of 4. (a) What is the ratio Tmax Tmin ? (b) If the work
input is 6 kW, what will be the maximum refrigerating effect, kJ/min and tons.
Solution:

Tmin
(a) COP =
Tmax − Tmin

1
 CHAPTER 1

1 T −T T
= max min = max − 1
COP Tmin Tmin
Tmax 1 1
= + 1 = + 1 = 1.25
Tmin COP 4
(b) QA = W (COP ) = (6 )(4) = 24 kW
in kJ/min,
QA = (24)(60) = 1440 kJ min
in Tons
24
QA = = 6.826 TR
3.516

3. A reversed Carnot engine removes 40,000 kW from a heat sink. The temperature of the heat sink is
260 K and the temperature of the heat reservoir is 320 K. Determine the power required of the
engine.
Solution:

QA = 40,000 kW
Tmin = 260 K
Tmax = 320 K
Q (T − T )Q (320 − 260)(40,000)
W = A = max min A = = 9230.8 kW
COP Tmin 260

- end -

2
 CHAPTER 2

1. An ammonia vapor refrigeration cycle operates at an evaporator temperature of –16 C and a

condensing temperature of 32 C. Determine the coefficient of performance (a) for an ideal
saturation cycle, (b) for wet compression with saturated vapor leaving the compressor, and (c) if the
vapor at suction to the compressor is superheated 6 degrees.
Solution:
(a) Ideal saturation cycle

State points t ,C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -16 227.04 1442.60
2 105 1239.60 1690.00
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47
h1 − h4 1442.6 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.41
h2 − h1 1690 − 1442.6
(b) Wet compression cycle

1
 CHAPTER 2

State points t ,C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -16 227.04 1288.0
2 32 1239.60 1487.18
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1288 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.70
h2 − h1 1487.18 − 1442.6

(c) With superheat

State points t,C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -10 227.04 1456
2 113 1239.60 1713
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1456 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.29
h 2 − h1 1713 − 1442.6

2. A standard vapor compression system produces 20 tons of refrigeration using R-12 as a refrigerant
while operating between a condenser temperature of 42 C and an evaporator temperature of –25 C.
Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in kJ/kg, (b) the circulating rate in kg/s, (c) the power
supplied, (d) the COP, (e) the heat rejected in kW, and (f) the volume flow rate in L/s.

2
 CHAPTER 2

Solution:

Table of important properties:

State points t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 -25 340.4 131.3
2 42 377
3 42 240.6
4 -25 240.6

(a) Refrigerating Effect:

Q A = h1 − h4 = 340.4 − 240.6 = 99.8 kJ kg

20 tons (20)(3.516)
&=
(b) m = = 0.7046 kg s
QA 99.8

& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.7046)(377 − 340.4) = 25.79 kW

(c) W& = m

Q& A (20 )(3.516)

(d) COP = = = 2.73
W& 25.79

& (h2 − h4 ) = (0.7046)(377 − 240.6) = 96.10 kW

(e) Q& R = m

& v1 = (0.7046)(131.3) = 92.5 L s

(f) V& = m

3
 CHAPTER 2

3. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and condenser temperatures of
–20 C and 35 C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000 kg of ice at –12 C from
water at 29 C in 20 hrs. Assuming losses to be 20 percent of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected in the condenser, and (c) the power required
by the compression.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points t,C h , kJ/kg

1 -20 1437.2
2 1735
3 35 366.1
4 -20 366.1

4
 CHAPTER 2

With losses
Q& A = [m& w c w (t1 − 0) + m & w (0 − t 2 )](1.2 )
& wL + m
where
L = 335 kJ kg , t1 = 29 C , t 2 = −12 C
 5000 
Q& A =  [(4.187 )(29) + 335 + (2.093)(12)](1.2 )
 20 
Q& A = (120,385 kJ hr )(1 hr 3600 s )(1.2) = 40.13 kW
Q& A 40.13
(a) m&= = = 0.03747 kg s
h1 − h4 1437.2 − 366.1
(b) Q& R = m & (h2 − h3 ) = (0.03747)(1735 − 366.1) = 51.29 kW
(c) W& = m & (h2 − h1 ) = (0.03747)(1735 − 1437.2 ) = 11.16 kW

4. A 15-ton refrigeration system is used to make ice. The water is available at 20 C. Refrigerant 12 is
used with saturated temperature limits of –25 C and 54 C. Determine (a) the COP, (b) the refrigerant
flow rate, (c) the temperature at discharge of the compressor, (d) the volume flow rate, and (e) the
maximum kg of ice manufactured per day.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 -25 340.4 131.3
2 65 382.0
3 54 253.1
4 -25 253.1

5
 CHAPTER 2

h1 − h4 340 − 253.1
(a) COP = = = 2.09
h2 − h1 382 − 340.4

&=
Q& A
=
(15)(3.516) = 0.6069 kg s
(b) m
h1 − h4 340 − 253.1
(c) t 2 = 65 C = discharge temperature
(d) V& = m& v1 = (0.6069)(131.3) = 79.7 L s
(e) Q& = m
A i w
& [(4.187)(20 − 0) + 335] = (15)(3.516)
& (c ∆t + L ) = m
i
m& i = 0.1259 kg s
kg of ice per day = (0.1259)(3600)(24 ) = 10,878 kg

5. An R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an evaporating pressure of 386 kPa and a
condensing pressure of 1009 kPa. Show the effects of decreasing the vaporizing pressure to 270 kPa
on the following: For a unit mass, (a) refrigerating effect, (b) COP, and (c) work. For a refrigerating
capacity of 1 kW, (d) power, (e) mass flow rate, (f) heat rejected, and (g) volume flow rate.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 386 354.4 44.713
2 1009 370.0
3 1009 240.6
4 386 240.6

6
 CHAPTER 2

(a) Refrigerating Effect

QA = h1 − h4 = 354.4 − 240.6 = 113.8 kJ kg

h − h4 354.4 − 240.6
(b) COP = 1 = = 7.295
h2 − h1 370 − 354.4
(c) Work = W = h2 − h1 = 370 − 354.4 = 15.6 kJ kg
Q& 1 kW
(d) W& = A = = 0.14 kW
COP 7.295
Q& 1 kW
(e) m&= A = = 8.8 × 10 −3 kg s = 0.0088 kg s
Q A 113.8 kJ kg
&
(f) QR = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (0.0088)(370 − 240.6 ) = 1.14 kW
& v1 = (0.0088)(44.713) = 0.39 L s
(g) V& = m

Decreasing vaporizing pressure to 270 kPa.

Important Properties

State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 270 349.8 62.89
2 1009 373
3 1009 240.6
4 270 240.6

7
 CHAPTER 2

(a) Refrigerating Effect

QA = h1 − h4 = 349.8 − 240.6 = 109.2 kJ kg (decreased)

h1 − h4 349.8 − 240.6
(b) COP = = = 4.707 (decreased)
h2 − h1 373 − 349.8
(c) Work = W = h2 − h1 = 373 − 349.8 = 23.2 kJ kg (increased)
Q& 1 kW
(d) W& = A = = 0.22 kW (increased)
COP 4.707
Q& 1 kW
(e) m &= A = = 9.2 × 10 −3 kg s = 0.0092 kg s (increased)
Q A 10 9.8 kJ kg
(f) Q& = m
R
& (h − h ) = (0.0092)(373 − 240.6) = 1.22 kW (increased)
2 3
& v1 = (0.0092)(62.89 ) = 0.58 L s (increased)
(g) V& = m

6. An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 76-mm bore by 102-mm stroke, 800 rpm, single-acting
compressor for use with refrigerant 12. Proposed operating conditions for the compressor are 38 C
condensing temperature and 5 C evaporating temperature. It is estimated that the refrigerant will
enter the expansion valve as a saturated liquid that the vapor will leave the evaporator at a
temperature of 7 C, and will enter the compressor at a temperature of 13 C. Assume a compressor
volumetric efficiency of 70%. Assume frictionless flow. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in kW for
a system equipped with this compressor.

Solution:

8
 CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t ,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 7 355
1’ 13 0.050
2
3 38 236.5
4 5 236.5

π π
V&D = D 2 LN × (no. of cyl.) = (0.076)2 (0.102 )(800)(4) = 1.481 m 3 min
4 4
V1′ = η vVD = (0.70 )(1.481) = 1.037 m 3 min = 1037 L min
& &
V& 1.037
m& = 1′ = = 20.740 kg min
v1′ 0.050
20.740
m&= = 0.3457 kg s
60

& (h1 − h4 ) = (0.3457 )(355 − 236.5) = 40.96 kW

Refrigerating capacity = Q& A = m

7. A Refrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of 54 kW at an evaporator pressure of 270 kPa

and a condenser pressure of 1009 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 10 degrees before entering the
expansion valve and vapor is superheated 14 degrees before entering the compressor. A twin-
cylinder compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used at a speed of 27 r/s. The
volumetric efficiency is 84 percent. Determine (a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
an 11-degree increase in temperature, (b) the bore and stroke, and (c) the compressor power.

Solution:

Important Properties
State points p , kPa t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg
1 270 10 358.5 0.070
2 1009 383.5
3 1009 32 230.5
4 270 -4 230.5

9
 CHAPTER 2

Q& A = 54 kW
Q& A 54
m&= = = 0.422 kg s
h1 − h4 358.5 − 230.5

& (h2 − h3 ) = m
(a) Q& R = m & w c w (∆t )
m& w = quantity of cooling water
cw = 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K
∆t = 11 F

(0.422)(383.5 − 230.5) = m& w (4.187 )(11)

& w = 1.40 kg s
m

(b) For D× L

π
V&D = D 2LN × (no. of cyl.)
4
&
V1′ = m& v1 = (0.422)(0.070) = 0.0295 m 3 s
V& 0.0295
V&D = 1′ = = 0.0351 m 3 s
ηv 0.84
L = 1.25D
π
V&D = D 2 (1.25D )(27 )(2 ) = 0.0351
4
D = 0.087 m = 8.7 cm
L = 1.25(8.7 ) = 10.9 cm

& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.422)(383.5 − 358.5) = 10.6 kW

(c) W& = m

8. A refrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of 82 kW at an evaporator pressure of 354 kPa

and a condenser pressure of 1460 kPa. The liquid refrigerant is subcooled by 4 degrees before
entering the expansion valve and the vapor is superheated by 5 degrees before entering the
compressor. The compressor operates at 28 r/s. The stroke-to-bore ratio of the twin-cylinder
compressor is 82%. Determine (a) mass flow rate of refrigerant, (b) mass flow rate of cooling water
in the condenser for a 7-degree change in temperature, and (c) the bore and stroke.

10
 CHAPTER 2

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 354 -5 405 0.0667
2 1460 438
3 1460 34 241.8
4 354 -10 241.8

Q& A = 82 kW
Q& A 82
(a) m&= = = 0.5025 kg s
h1 − h4 405 − 241.8
(b) Q& = m
R
& (h − h ) = m
2 3
& c (∆t )
w w
& w = quantity of cooling water
m
cw = 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K
∆t = 7 F

(0.5025)(438 − 241.8) = m& w (4.187 )(7 )

& w = 3.36 kg s
m

(c) For D× L
V&
V&D = 1′ , η v = 0.82
ηv
& v1 = (0.5025)(0.0667 ) = 0.0335 m 3 s
V&1′ = m
V& 0.0335
V&D = 1′ = = 0.0408 m3 s
ηv 0.82

L = 1.20D
π
V&D = D 2LN × (no. of cyl.)
4

11
 CHAPTER 2

π
V&D = D 2 (1.20D )(28)(2) = 0.0408
4
D = 0.092 m = 9.2 cm
L = 1.20(9.2) = 11.0 cm

9. A refrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with a condenser temperature of 42 C and an

evaporating temperature of 0 C. (a) If the liquid line from the condenser is soldered to the suction
line from the evaporator to form a simple heat exchanger and if as a result of this saturated vapor
leaving the evaporator is superheated 10 degrees, how many degrees will the saturated liquid
leaving the condenser be subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c) the compressor
work.

Solution:

12
 CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 10 412.5 0.050
2 443
3 42 252.4
4
5 0
6 0 405.4

(a) For heat exchanger

h1 − h2 = h3 − h4
412 − 405.4 = 252.4 − h4
h4 = 245.8 kJ kg
then t 4 = 37 C

subcooled = t 3 − t 4 = 42 − 37 = 5 C

(b) For volume flow rate:

Consider Q& A = 1 ton = 3.516 kW
Q& A
m&= , h5 = h4
h6 − h5

13
 CHAPTER 2

3.516
&=
m = 0.022 kg s per ton of refrigeration
405.4 − 245.8

& v1 = (0.022)(0.050) = 0.0011 m 3 s TR = 1.10 L s TR

V&1′ = m

& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.022)(443 − 412.5) = 0.67 kW TR

(c) W& = m

14
 CHAPTER 3

1. A Freon 12 refrigeration system, with a 10-TR capacity and a coefficient of performance of 3.23,
operates with a condenser pressure of 984.5 kPa and an evaporator pressure of 150.8 kPa. The
temperature entering and leaving the compressor are –10 C and 80 C, respectively. The temperature
entering the expansion valve is 34 C. The compressor is water jacketed and operated with unknown
pressure drops through the valves. Compute (a) the mass flow rate per minute, (b) the indicated
work, and (c) the heat removed by the jacket water.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t ,C h , kJ/kg

1 150.8 -10 348.5
2 984.5 80 396.5
3 984.5 34 232.5
4 150.8 -20 232.5

1
 CHAPTER 3

(a) Mass flow rate

m&=
QA
=
(10)(3.516) = 0.3031 kg s
h1 − h4 348.5 − 232.5
m = (0.3031)(60) = 18.20 kg min
&

(b) W& = A =
Q (10)(3.516) = 10.89 kW
COP 3.23
(c) Q loss = W& − m & ∆h
∆h = h2 − h1 = 396.5 − 348.5 = 48 Btu lb
m& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.3031)(396.5 − 348.5) = 14.55 kW
since W& < ∆H , there is an error in this problem. (80 C).

2. A test of a 10-TR ammonia vapor compression refrigeration system gave the following results:
Condenser pressure 1600 kPa
Evaporator pressure 191 kPa
Temperature leaving evaporator coils -10 C
Temperature entering compressor 0C
Temperature leaving compressor 100 C
Temperature entering condenser 80 C
Temperature leaving condenser 35 C
Coefficient of performance 3.1

(A) Find heat lost or gained, (a) between evaporator coils and compressor, (b) between
compressor and condenser, and (c) to condenser water.
(B) Find, (a) temperature in the evaporator coils in saturated state, and (b) quantity of the vapor
in the evaporator coils following expansion through valve.
(C) Find, (a) the work, and (b) the heat absorbed by jacket water.

Solution:

2
 CHAPTER 3

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t,C h , kJ/kg

1 191 0 1481
2 1600 100 1661
3 1600 80 1602
4 1600 35 366.1
5 191 -20 366.1
6 191 -10 1460

&=
m
QA
=
(10)(3.516) = 0.032 kg s
h1 − h4 1460 − 366.1
& = (0.032)(60) = 1.92 kg min
m

(A) (a) Q1 (b/w evaporator coils and compressor)

& (h1 − h6 ) = (1.92)(1481 − 1460) = 40.32 kJ min
Q1 = m
(b) Q2 (b/w compressor and condenser)
Q2 = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (1.92)(1661 − 1602) = 113.3 kJ min
(c) QR (to condenser water)
QR = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (1.92 )(1602 − 366.1) = 2377 kJ min

(B) (a) t 5 = temperature in the evaporator coils = −20 C

(b) x = quantity of vapor in the evaporator coils.
h5 − h f
x=
h fg
at 20 C, h f = 108.6 kJ kg
h fg = 1328.6 kJ kg
366.1 − 108.6
x= (100%) = 19.38%
1328.6
Q& (10)(3.516)
(C) (a) W& = A = = 11.34 kW
COP 3. 1
(b) Q& j = W& − m& (h2 − h1 ) = 11.34 − 0.032(1661 − 1481) = 5.58 kW
Q& j = (5.58)(60) = 334.8 kJ min

3. A refrigerant 12 refrigerating system operates with a condensing temperature of 38 C and an

evaporating temperature of –12 C. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor
at –2 C. The compressor is a 4-cylinder, V-arrangement single-acting type, direct driven by an
electric motor at 875 rpm. The clearance is 5 percent, the capacity is 40 tons, bore-to-stroke ratio is
1.25 and the compression is polytropic with n = 1.275 . Determine (a) the bore and stroke, (b) the
piston speed, and (c) the indicated hp of the compressor.

Solution:

3
 CHAPTER 3

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t ,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 203.90 -2 352.5 0.088
2 914.23
3 914.23 38 236.5
4 203.90 -12 236.5

Solving for m ,
&=
QA (40)(3.516)
m = = 1.2124 kg s
h1 − h4 352.5 − 236.5
1 1
 p n  914.23  1.25
η v = 1 + c − c 2  = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05  = 0.7113
 p1   203.90 

(a) For bore and stroke, D = 1.25L

( )
& ν 1 = (1.2124)(0.088) = 0.1067 m 3 s (60 s min) = 6.4 m 3 min
V&1′ = m
ην V&D = V&1′
(0.7113) π (1.25L )2 (L )(875)(4) = 6.4
4
L = 0.1280 m
L = 12.80 cm
D = 1.25L = 16.0 cm

4
 CHAPTER 3

(b Piston Speed, Vp
Vp = 2Ln = 2(0.128)(875) = 224 m min
 n −1
  0.275

np V
(c) IP = 1 1  p2  n − 1 = (1.275)(203.90)(6.4)  914.23  1.275 − 1
 p    
n −1 0.275  203.90  
 1    
IP = 2312 kJ min

2312
IHP = = 51.6 hp
(60)(0.746)

4. A food freezing requires 20 tons of refrigeration at an evaporator temperature of –30 C and a

condenser temperature of 35 C. The refrigerant Freon 22 is subcooled 4 C before entering the
expansion valve and the vapor is superheated 5 C before leaving the evaporator. The clearance is
4%, the suction and discharge valve pressure drops are 35 kPa and 50 kPa, respectively.
Compression is polytropic with n = 1.08 . The mechanical efficiency is 75%. An 11.5 x 11.5 – cm, six
cylinder single acting compressor running at 1000 rpm is used. Determine (a) clearance volumetric
efficiency, (b) piston displacement, (c) total volumetric efficiency, (d) theoretical hp, (e) actual hp, (f)
heat rejected to condenser cooling water, and (h) quantity of cooling water in the condenser if the
temperature rise is 6 C.

Solution:

p1 = p6 − 35 kPa
p 2 = p3 + 50 kPa

5
 CHAPTER 3

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 128.5 396.0 0.175
2 1404.8
3 1354.8
4 1354.8 31 237.9
5 163.5 -30 237.9
6 163.5 -25 396.0

&=
m
QA
=
(20)(3.516) = 0.4448 kg s
h1 − h4 396 − 237.9
& ν 1 = (0.4448)(0.175)(60) = 4.67 m 3 min
V&1′ = m
 n −1
  0.08

np V
W= 1 1  p2 

n
 (1.08)(128.5)(4.67 )  1404.8  1.08 
 p − 1 =   −1
n −1 0.08  128.5  
 1    
 1 min 
W = (1570 kJ min)  = 26.2 kW

 60 s 
1
v 2  p1  n
= 
v1  p 2 
1
v2  128.5  1.08
= 
0.175  1404.8 
v 2 = 0.019 m 3 kg
at p2 = 1404.8 kPa , v 2 = 0.019 m 3 kg
h2 = 440 kJ kg
h3 = h2
1 1
 p n  1404.8  1.08
(a) η v = 1 + c − c 2  = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04  = 0.6742 = 67.42%
 p1   128.7 
V& 4.67
(b) V&D = 1 = = 6.93 m 3 min
η v 0.6742
V&
(c) ηvT = 1
V&DT
π
V&DT = (0.115)2 (0.115)(1000)(6 ) = 7.17 m 3 min
4
4.67
η vT = (100% ) = 0.6513(100%) = 65.13%
7.17

6
 CHAPTER 3

(d) TP = W& = 26.2 kW

26.2
THP = = 35.12 hp
0.746
THP 35.12
(e) actual hp = = = 46.83 hp
ηm 0.75
(f) Q& j (heat rejected during compression)
Q& j = W& − m& (h2 − h1 ) = 26.2 − 0.4448(440 − 396) = 6.63 kW
Q& j = (6.63)(60) = 398 kJ min
(g) Q& R = m& (h3 − h4 ) = 0.4448(440 − 237.9) = 89.9 kW
Q& = (89.9 )(60) = 5394 kJ min
R

(h) Q& R = m
& w c w ∆t
5394 = m & w (4.187)(6)
m& w = 214.7 kg min

7
 CHAPTER 4

1. In an ammonia refrigeration system, the capacity is 210 kW at a temperature of –20 C. The vapor
from the evaporator is pumped by one compressor to the condensing pressure of 1431 kPa. Later,
the system was revised to a two-stage compression operating on the cycle shown below with
intercooling but no removal of flash at 555 kPa.
(a) Calculate the power required by the single compressor in the original system.
(b) Calculate the total power required by the two compressors in the revised system.

1
 CHAPTER 4

Solution:
(a)

h1 = 1437.2 kJ kg , h3 = h4 = 375.8 kJ kg
h2 = 1740 kJ kg

Q& A 210
&=
m = = 0.1978 kg s
h1 − h4 1437.2 − 375.8

& (h1 − h2 ) = 0.1978(1740 − 1437.2) = 59.89 kW

W& = m

(b)

Enthalpies in kJ/kg
h1 = 1437.2 kJ kg , h5 = h6 = h7 = 375.8 kJ kg
h2 = 1580 kJ kg

2
 CHAPTER 4

h3 = 1468.8 kJ kg
h4 = 1600 kJ kg

Q& A 210
& a=
m = = 0.1978 kg s
h1 − h7 1437.2 − 375.8

Intercooler Balance:
& =m
m &a +m &b
& b h6 + m
m & a h2 = m
& h3
& b (375.8) + 0.1978(1580) = (0.1978 + m
m & b )(1468.8)
& b = 0.020 kg s
m

& =m
m & a +m
& b = 0.1978 + 0.020 = 0.2178 kg s

& (h4 − h3 ) = 0.1978(1580 − 1437.2 ) + 0.2178(1600 − 1468.8) = 56.82 kW

& a (h2 − h1 ) + m
W& = m

2. An ammonia refrigeration system has a capacity of 210 kW at an evaporating temperature of –20 C

when the condensing pressure is 1431 kPa.
(a) Compute the power requirement for a system with a single compression.
(b) Compute the total power required by the two compressors in the system shown below where
there is no intercooling but there is flash-gas removal.

3
 CHAPTER 4

Solution:

(a) same as (a) of (1).

W& = 59.89 kW

(b)

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t ,C h , kJ/kg

1 191 -20 1437.2
2 1431 1741
3 555 7 1468.8
4 1431 1601
5 1431 37 375.9
6 555 375.9
7 555 7 232.5
8 191 -20 232.5

Q& A 210
& a=
m = = 0.1743 kg s
h1 − h7 1437.2 − 232.5

Mass balance, m & =m &a +m &b

Heat balance, m & h6 = m & b h3 + m
& a h7
(m& a + m& b )h6 = m& b h3 + m& a h7

4
 CHAPTER 4

(0.1743 + m& b )(375.9) = m& b (1468.8) + 0.1743(232.5)

& b = 0.0229 kg s
m

& =m
m &a +m
& b = 0.1743 + 0.0229 = 0.1972 kg s

For works,
& a (h2 − h1 ) = 0.1743(1741 − 1437.2) = 52.95 kW
W& 1 = m
& b (h4 − h3 ) = 0.0229(1601 − 1468.8) = 3.03 kW
W& 2 = m
&
WT = 52.95 + 3.03 = 55.98 kW

5
 CHAPTER 5

1. A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia as the working substance. The evaporator is at –35
C and the high-pressure condenser is at 1514.2 kPa. The cascade condenser is a direct contact type. The
refrigeration load is 90 tons. Determine (a) the mass flow rate in the lower pressure loop, (b) the mass flow
rate in the high-pressure loop, (c) the power required, (d) the COP, and (e) the quantity of the fluid entering
the evaporator.
Solution:

1
 CHAPTER 5

For cascade condenser pressure

p5 = p6 p1
p6 = 1514.2 kPa
p1 = psat at − 35 C = 93.5 kPa
p5 = (1514.2)(93.5) = 376.3 kPa
Important properties
State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg
1 93.5 1415.2
2 376.3 1610
3 376.3 183.6
4 93.5 183.6
5 376.3 1457.8
6 1514.2 1670
7 1514.2 385.7
8 93.5 385.7
(a) m& a = mass flow rate in the lower pressure loop.
Q& A (90)(3.516) = 0.257 kg s
&a =
m =
h1 − h4 1415.2 − 183.6
(b) m& b = mass flow rate in the high pressure loop.

& b (h5 − h8 ) = m
m & a (h2 − h3 )
& b (1457.8 − 385) = 0.257(1610 − 183.6)
m

2
 CHAPTER 5

m& a = 0.342 kg s
& a (h2 − h1 ) + mb (h6 − h5 )
(c) W& T = W& 1 + W& 2 = m
W& T = 0.257(1610 − 1415.2) + 0.342(1670 − 1457.8) = 122.6 kW
Q& A (90)(3.516)
(d) COP = = = 2.58
W& T 122.6
(e) at 4, p = 93.5 kPa , h = 183.6 kJ kg
t = −35 C
h f = 41.2 kJ kg , h fg = 1374.0 kJ kg
h − hf 183.6 − 41.2
x= = (100% ) = 10.36%
h fg 1374.0
2. A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia as the refrigerant. The mass flow rate in the high-
pressure loop is 0.10 kg/s. The condenser saturated temperature is 38 C and the evaporator temperature is
– 40 C. The cascade condenser is a direct contact type. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in tons, (b) the
power required, and (c) the COP.
Solution:
At 38 C, p = 1472.4 kPa
At – 40 C, p = 72.0 kPa
Therefore, cascade condenser pressure = (1472.4)(72.0) = 325.6 kPa
t sat = −7.25 C

3
 CHAPTER 5

Important properties
State points t,C h , kJ/kg
1 -40 1407.3
2 1621
3 -7.25 166.6
4 -40 166.6
5 -7.25 1453.5
6 1680
7 38 380.7
8 -7.25 380.7
m& b = 0.10 kg s
For m &a ,
m& a (h2 − h3 ) = m& b (h5 − h8 )
m& a (1621 − 166.6 ) = 0.10(1453.5 − 380.7 )
m& a = 0.074 kg s
(a) Q& A = refrigerating effect
Q& A = m& a (h1 − h4 ) = 0.074(1407.3 − 166.6 ) = 91.81 kW
91.81
In tons, Q& A = = 26.11 tons
3.516
(b) W& = m & a (h2 − h1 ) + m & b (h6 − h5 ) = 0.074(1621 − 1407.3) + 0.10(1680 − 1453.5) = 38.5 kW
Q& 91.81
(c) COP = A = = 2.38
W & 38.5

4
 CHAPTER 6

1. An open air refrigeration system carries a load of 35 kW with a suction pressure of 103 kPa and a
discharge pressure of 690 kPa. The temperature leaving the refrigerator is 5 C and that leaving the
cooler is 30 C. The compression is polytropic with n = 1.33 and the expansion is also polytropic but
with n = 1.35 . Determine the power required and the COP .

Solution:

T1 = 5 + 273 = 278 K
T3 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
n2 −1 0.35
p  n2
 103  1.35
T4 = T3  s  = (303)  = 185 K
 p4   690 

1
 CHAPTER 6

Q& A = m
& c p (T1 − T4 )
35 = m& (1.0 )(278 − 185)
m& = 0.376 kg s

 n1 −1
  n2 −1

nm
W& = 1
& RT1  pd 

n1
− 1 + 2
n m& RT3  p s 

n2
− 1
n1 − 1  p n2 − 1  p
 s   d 
   
  0.33
  0.35

& (1.33)(0.376 )(0.287 )(278)  690  1.33  (1.35)(0.376)(0.287 )(303)  103  1.35 
W= −1 +   −1  
0.33  103   0.35  690  
   
W& = 23.82 kW

Q& A 35
COP = = = 1.47
&
W 23.82

2. An air refrigeration system is required to produce 52.5 kW of refrigeration with a cooler pressure of
1448 kPa and a refrigerator pressure of 207 kPa. Leaving air temperatures are 29 C for cooler and 5
C for refrigerator. Expansion is isentropic and compression is polytropic with n = 1.34 . Determine
the COP .

Solution:

T1 = 5 + 273 = 278 K
T3 = 29 + 273 = 302 K
ps = 207 kPa
pd = 1448 kPa
n2 −1 0.4
p  n2
 207  1.4
T4 = T3  s  = (302)  = 173 K
 p4   1448 

2
 CHAPTER 6

Q& A = m
& c p (T1 − T4 )
52.5 = m& (1.0)(278 − 173)
m& = 0.50 kg s
 n1 −1
  n 2 −1

1 
   3 
 
− 1
n &
m RT p n1 n &
m RT p n2
&
W= 1
  d
−1 + 2
  s
n1 − 1  ps   n2 − 1  pd  
   
(1.34)(0.50)(0.287 )(278)  1448  1.34   
0.34 0.4

 (1 .4 )(0 . 50 )(0 . 287 )(302 )   207 

 − 1
1.4
W& =   −1 + 
0.34  207   0.4  1448  
   
W& = 35.66 kW
Q& 52.5
COP = A = = 1.47
&
W 35.66

3
 CHAPTER 7

1. There are removed 3.06 m3/s of vapor from the water evaporator of a vacuum refrigeration system;
the warm water enters the evaporator at 18 C and chilled water leaves at 10 C; make-up water
enters at 29 C. Determine the refrigerating capacity.

Solution:
Solving for Z

At 3, t 3 = 10 C ,
v 3 = v g = 106.43 m 3 kg
h3 = hg = 2515.91 kJ kg

V&3 3.06
Z= = = 0.0288 kg s
v 3 106.43

at 4, t 4 = 29 C
h4 = h f = 121.48 kJ kg

Energy balance of the system, neglect pumpwork,

Q& A = Z (h3 − h4 ) = 0.0288(2515.9 − 121.48) = 68.96 kW

2. In a steam jet refrigeration system, the evaporator is maintained at 6 C. The chilled water leaves at
the same temperature and warms to 11 C as it absorbs the load. Make-up water is available at 25 C.
For a capacity of 50 tons, determine (a) the quantity of chilled water required, and (b) the volume of
vapor removed.

Solution:

1
 CHAPTER 7

&.
(a) Solving for quantity of chilled water = m

For chilled water,

h1 = h f at 6 C = 25.19 kJ kg
For warm water,
h2 = h f at 11 C = 46.21 kJ kg

Q& A = m
& (h 2 −h1 )
(50)(3.516) = m& (46.21 − 25.19)

& = 8.363 kg s
m

(b) Solving for the volume of vapor removed = V&3

For the vapor,

h3 = hg at 6 C = 2512.4 kJ kg
v 3 = v g at 6 C = 139 m 3 kg

For make-up water

h4 = h f at 25 C = 104.9 kJ kg

For Z , neglecting pump work.

Z (h 3 −h4 ) = Q& A
Z (2512.4 − 104.9) = (50)(3.516 )
Z = 0.073 kg s

V&3 = Zv 3 = (0.073)(139) = 10.15 m 3 s

2
 CHAPTER 8

1. Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic meters per kilogram of dry air at the
following conditions t = 32 C , W = 0.016 kg kg , pt = 100 kPa .

Solution:
0.622p s
W=
pt − ps
0.622ps
0.016 =
100 − ps
ps = 2.508 kPa
pa = pt − ps = 100 − 2.508 = 97.492 kPa
RT
va= a =
(0.287 )(32 + 273) = 0.899 m 3 kg
pa 97.492

2. Moist air at a dry bulb temperature of 25 C has a relative humidity of 50% when the barometric
pressure is 101.4 kPa. Determine (a) the partial pressures of water vapor and dry air, (b) the dew
point temperature, (c) the specific humidity, (d) the specific volume, and (e) the enthalpy.

Solution:

At 25 C, pd = 3.169 kPa , hg = 2547.2 kJ kg ,

φ = 50%

(a) ps = φ pd = (0.50 )(3.169) = 1.5845 kPa

pa = pt − ps = 101.4 − 1.5845 = 99.82 kPa

(b) t dp = t sat at pd = 1.5845 = 13.7 C

0.622 ps 0.622(1.5845)
(c) W = = = 0.00987 kg kg
pt − p s 99.82

RTa (0.287 )(25 + 273)

(d) v a = = = 0.857 m 3 kg
pa 99.82

(e) h = c p t + Whg = (1.0 )(25) + (0.00987 )(2547.2 ) = 50.14 kJ kg

3. Air at a temperature of 33 C has a relative humidity of 50%. Determine (a) the wet bulb
temperature, (b) the dew point temperature, (c) the humidity ratio, (d) the enthalpy, and (e) the
specific volume.

1
 CHAPTER 8

Solution:

From psychrometric chart, at 33 C, RH = 50%

(a) t wb = 24.5 C
(b) t dp = 21.2 C
(c) W = 0.0158 kg kg
(h) h = 73.8 kJ kg ,
(e) v = 0.889 m 3 kg

4. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.50 m3/s of air from 19 C dry bulb and 15 C
wet bulb to 36 C? What is the final dew point temperature?

Solution:

From psychrometric chart,

At 19 C DB and 15 C WB
h1 = 41.9 kJ kg
v1 = 0.84 m 3 kg
V 0.50
m= 1 = = 0.595 kg s
v1 0.84

at 36 C, W2 = W1 = 0.0090 kg kg
h2 = 59.4 kJ kg
Q = m(h1 − h2 ) = 0.595(59.4 − 41.9 ) = 10.4 kW

2
 CHAPTER 8

t dp = t sat = 12.5 C

5. How much heat must be removed to cool 30 cu m per minute of air from 34 C dry bulb and 18 C dew
point to a wet bulb temperature of 19 C? What is the final relative humidity?

Solution:
From psychrometric chart,
At 34 C DB and 18 C Dew Point
h1 = 67.3 kJ kg
v1 = 0.888 m 3 kg
V& 30
m&= 1= = 0.563 kg s
v1 (0.888)(60)

at 19 C, W2 = W1 = 0.0129 kg kg

h2 = 54.0 kJ kg
RH2 = 82%

Q = m(h1 − h2 ) = 0.564(67.3 − 54) = 7.5 kW

RH2 = 82%

6. How much heat and moisture must be added to 5 m3/minute of air at 21 C dry bulb and 30%
relative humidity to raise it to 37 C and 40% relative humidity?

Solution:

3
 CHAPTER 8

From psychrometric chart,

At 21 C , 30 % RH
h1 = 32.8 kJ kg
W1 = 0.0046 kg kg
v1 = 0.84 m 3 kg
V& 15
m&= 1= = 0.298 kg s
v1 (0.84)(60 )

at 37 C, 40 % RH
h2 = 77.8 kJ kg
W2 = 0.0158 kg kg

heat added,
Q=m & (h2 − h1 ) = 0.298(77.8 − 32.8) = 13.41 kW

& (W2 − W1 ) = 0.298(0.0158 − 0.0046) = 0.00334 kg s

moisture added = m

7. How much heat must be removed to cool 50 m3/min of air at 29 C dry bulb and 21 C wet bulb
temperatures to 16 C dry bulb and 14 C wet bulb temperatures? How much moisture was removed?

Solution:

4
 CHAPTER 8

From psychrometric chart,

At 29 C DB and 21 C WB
h1 = 60.6 kJ kg
W1 = 0.0123 kg kg
v1 = 0.873 m 3 kg

At 16 C DB and 14 C WB
W2 = 0.0091 kg kg
h2 = 39.2 kJ kg

V&1 50
&=
m = = 0.955 kg s
v1 (0.873)(60)

& (h1 − h2 ) = 0.955(60.6 − 39.2 ) = 20.44 kW

heat removed = m
moisture removed = m & (W1 − W2 ) = 0.955(0.0123 − 0.0091) = 0.00306 kg s

8. Air at 32 C and 20 percent relative humidity is cooled and humidified by means of an air washer until
the relative humidity becomes 90%. How much moisture was added per kg of dry air. What was the
air washer efficiency and the dew point temperature of the leaving air?

Solution:

5
 CHAPTER 8

From psychrometric chart,

At 1, 32 C and 20% RH
W1 = 0.0059 kg kg
At 2, 90% RH
W2 = 0.0116 kg kg

moisture added = W2 − W1 = 0.0116 − 0.0059 = 0.0057 kg kg

t db1 − t db2
air washer efficiency =
t db1 − t wb
twb 2 = 17.0 C , t db2 = 18.0 C
32 − 18
air washer efficiency = (100% ) = 93.3%
32 − 17

Dew point of leaving air = t dp2 = 16.4 C

9. A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an air conditioning system that
operates at 101 kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor air is 2 kg/s, and its condition is 35 C dry bulb
temperature and 25 C wet bulb temperature. The flow rate of return air is 3 kg/s, and its condition is
24 C and 50 percent relative humidity. Determine (a) the enthalpy of the mixture, (b) the humidity
ratio of the mixture, and (c) the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.

Solution:

6
 CHAPTER 8

From psychrometric chart,

At 35 C DB, 25 C WB
ho = 75.9 kJ kg
Wo = 0.0159 kg kg
at 24 C, 50% RH
hr = 47.8 kJ kg
Wr = 0.0093 kg kg

mo ho + mr hr (2 )(75.9 ) + (3)(47.8)
(a) hm = = = 59.0 kJ kg
mm 5
m W + mrWr (2 )(0.0159) + (3)(0.0093)
(b) Wm = o o = = 0.0119 kg kg
mm 5
mo hdbo + mr hdbr (2)(35) + (3)(24)
(c) t dbm = = = 28.4 C
mdbm 5

10. An auditorium is to be maintained at 25 C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity. The
supply air enters the auditorium at 17 C. The sensible and latent heat loads are 150 kW and 61 kW,
respectively. Determine the wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, and volume flow rate of the
supply air.

Solution:

7
 CHAPTER 8

QS = 150 kW , QL = 61 kW

At 25 C, 50% RH
h2 = 50.3 kJ kg
W2 = 0.0099 kg kg

QS = m (
& c p t db − t db
2 1
)
150 = m& (1.0062)(25 − 17 )
m& = 18.63 kg s

QS + QL 150 + 61
h1 = h2 − = 50.3 − = 39.0 kJ kg
m& 18.63

QL = 2500m & (W2 − W1 )

61 = 2500(18.63)(0.0099 − W1 )

W1 = 0.0086 kg kg

From psychrometric chart,

At h1 = 39.0 kJ kg , W1 = 0.0086 kg kg

Then,
Wet bulb at 1, t wb1 = 13.9 C
Relative humidity, RH1 = 71.5%

8
 CHAPTER 8

v1 = 0.8334 m3 kg

V&1 = m
& v1 = (18.63)(0.8334) = 15.53 m 3 s

11. In a certain space to be air conditioned the sensible and latent heat loads are 20.60 kW and 6.78
kW, respectively. Outside air is at 33 C dry bulb and 24 C wet bulb temperatures. The space is to be
maintained at 25 C with a relative humidity not exceeding 50%. All outside air is supplied with
reheater. The conditioned air enters at 18 C. Determine (a) the refrigeration load required, (b) the
capacity of the supply fan, and (c) the heat supplied in the reheater.

Solution:

From pyschrometric chart.

At 1, t db1 = 33 C , t wb1 = 24 C
h1 = 71.9 kJ kg

At 4, t db4 = 25 C , RH 4 = 50%
h4 = 50.3 kJ kg
W4 = 0.0099 kg kg

9
 CHAPTER 8

At 3, t db3 = 18 C

QS = m (
& c p t db − t db
4 3
)
20.60 = m& (1.0062)(25 − 18)
m& = 2.925 kg s

QS + QL = m& (h4 − h3 )
20.60 + 6.78 = 2.925(50.3 − h3 )
h3 = 40.9 kJ kg

at tdb3 = 18 C , h3 = 40.9 kJ kg
W3 = 0.0090 kg kg
v 3 = 0.837 m 3 kg

At 2, with W2 = W3 = 0.0090 kg kg
h2 = 35.1 kJ kg

& (h1 − h2 ) = 2.925(71.9 − 35.1) = 107.6 kW

(a) Refrigeration load required = m
& v 3 = (2.925)(0.837 ) = 2.45 m 3 s
(b) Capacity m
(c) Heat supplied in the reheater = m & (h3 − h2 ) = 2.925(40.9 − 35.1) = 16.97 kW

12. An air conditioned auditorium with a capacity of 1000 persons is to be maintained at 24 C dry bulb
temperature and 55% relative humidity. The sensible and latent heat loads are 115 kW and 42 kW,
respectively. The conditioned air enters the auditorium at 17 C. For proper ventilation, 40% of the
supply air is fresh air and the rest is recirculated air. Outside air is at 34 C and 50% relative humidity.
Determine (a) the volume flow rate of recirculated air, (b) the apparatus dew point, and (c) the
refrigeration load.

Solution:

10
 CHAPTER 8

& o = 0.40m
m &
& r = 0.60m
m &

At 4, t db4 = 24 C , φ3 = 55%
h4 = 50.2 kJ kg
W4 = 0.0102 kg kg
v 4 = 0.856 m 3 kg

At 1, t db1 = 34 C , φ1 = 50%
h1 = 77.2 kJ kg

11
 CHAPTER 8

At 5, t db5 = 0.40(34 ) + 0.60(24) = 28 C

h5 = 0.40(77.2) + 0.60(50.2 ) = 61 kJ kg

QS = m (
& c p t db − t db
4 3
)
115 = m& (1.0062)(24 − 17 )
m& = 16.33 kg s

QL = 2500m& (W4 − W3 )
42 = 2500(16.33)(0.0102 − W3 )
W3 = 0.0092 kg kg

At 2, t db2 = 12.8 C , W2 = W3 = 0.0092 kg kg

h2 = 36.1 kJ kg

(a) Volume flow rate of recirculated air = V&r = m

& r v 4 = (0.60 )(16.33)(0.856) = 8.39 m 3 s
(b) Apparatus dew point = t db2 = 12.6 C
& (h5 − h2 ) = 16.33(61 − 36.1) = 406.6 kW
(c) Refrigeration Load = = m

13. A store to be maintained at 25 C and 50% relative humidity has a sensible heat load of 18.90 kW and
a latent heat load of 6.30 kW. Outside air is at 32 C dry bulb and 23 C wet bulb temperatures. The
conditioned air enters at 17 C. If 30% of the supply air is fresh air and the bypass system is used,
determine (a) the refrigeration required, and (b) the volume of the bypass air at supply condition.

Solution:

t db4 = 25 C , φ = 50%

12
 CHAPTER 8

QS = 18.90 kW
QL = 6.30 kW
t db3 = 17 C
t db1 = 32 C
t wb1 = 23 C
mo = 0.30m
mr + mb = 0.70m

From psychrometric chart

At 4, t db4 = 25 C , φ = 50%
h4 = 50.3 kJ kg
W4 = 0.0099 kg kg
v 4 = 0.858 m 3 kg

QS = m (
& c p t db − t db
4 3
)
18.90 = m& (1.0062)(25 − 17 )
m& = 2.348 kg s

QS + QL = m& (h4 − h3 )
18.90 + 6.30 = 2.348(50.3 − h3 )
h3 = 39.6 kJ kg

At 3, t db3 = 17 C , h3 = 39.6 kJ kg
v 3 = 0.834 m 3 kg

13
 CHAPTER 8

at 1, t db1 = 32 C , t wb1 = 23 C
h1 = 68.0 kJ kg

To solve for t db2 :

mb m
Let b = , c= c
m m

(1) b + c =1
tdb 3 = b(tdb 4 ) + c (tdb 2 )
(2) 17 = 25b + c(t db 2 )
t wb3 = b(t wb 4 ) + c (t wb 2 )
t wb3 = 14 C , t wb4 = 17.8 C
t wb2 = t db2
(3) 14 = 17.8b + c (t db 2 )

(3) – (2) 17 − 14 = (25 − 17.8)b

b = 0.417
c = 1 − b = 1 − 0.417 = 0.583

Substitute in (2)
17 = 25b + c(t db 2 )
t wb2 = t db2 = 11.3 C
h1 = 32.4 kJ kg

& = 0.583(2.348) = 1.367 kg s

& c = cm
∴ m
& b = bm
m & = 0.417(2.348) = 0.979 kg s

& o = 0.30m
m & = 0.30(2.348) = 0.704 kg s
&r +m
m & b = 0.70m& = 0.70(2.348)
& r + 0.979 = 0.70(2.348)
m
& r = 0.665 kg s
m

∴ at 5,

& o h1 0.665(50.3) + 0.704(68.0 )

& r h4 + m
m
h5 = = = 59.4 kJ kg
m &r +m&o 0.665 + 0.704

(a) Refrigeration load = m & c (h5 − h2 ) = 1.367(59.3 − 32.4) = 36.8 kW

(b) Volume of the bypass air at supply condition
=m & bv 3 = 0.979(0.834) = 0.816 m 3 s

14
CHAPTER 8

15
 COOLING TOWERS

1. A mechanical-draft cooling tower receives 115 m3 per second of atmospheric air at 103 kPa, 32 C dry
bulb temperature, 55% RH and discharges the air saturated at 36 C. If the tower receives 200 kg/s of
water at 40 C, what will be the exit temperature of the cooled water?

Solution:

m& 3 = 200 kg s
t 3 = 40 C

t db2 = 36 C saturated

V1 = 115 m 3 s
t db1 = 32 C
φ1 = 55%

at 1, for t db1 = 32 C
pd = 4.799 kPa
hg1 = 2559.9 kJ kg

1
 COOLING TOWERS

ps = φ1 pd = 0.55(4.799 ) = 2.639 kPa

0.622 p s 0.622(2.639)
W1 = = = 0.0164 kg kg
pt − ps 103 − 2.639

h1 = c pt db1 + W1hg = (1.0062)(32) + (0.0164)(2559.9) = 74.2 kJ kg

v1 =
RT
=
(0.287 )(32 + 273) = 0.8722 m 3 kg
pt − p s 103 − 2.639
V& 115
&a = 1 =
m = 131.85 kg s
v1 0.8722

at 2, tdb2 = 36 C , saturated
ps = pd = 5.979 kPa
hg 2 = 2567.1 kJ kg

0.622p s 0.622(5.979)
W2 = = = 0.0383 kg kg
pt − p s 103 − 5.979

h2 = c p t db2 + W2 hg = (1.0062)(36 ) + (0.0383)(2567.1) = 134.5 kJ kg

At 3, t 3 = 40 C
h3 = h f at 40 C = 167.57 kJ kg

To solve for m &4:

By Mass Balance:
m&3 +m& a + W1 m
&a =m & 4 +m & a + W2 m
&a
m&4 =m & 3 + (W1 − W2 )m& a = 200 + (0.0164 − 0.0383)(131.85) = 197.1 kg s

To solve for h4 :
m& a h1 + m
& 3 h3 = m
& 4 h4 + m
& a h2
(131.85)(74.2) + (200)(167.57 ) = (197.1)(h4 ) + (131.85)(134.5)
h4 = 129.70 kJ kg
∴ t 4 = 31.9 C - exit water temperature.

2. In a cooling tower water enters at 52 C and leaves at 27 C. Air at 29 C and 47% RH also enters the
cooling tower and leaves at 46 C fully saturated with moisture. It is desired to determine (a) the
volume and mass of air necessary to cool 1 kg of water, and (b) the quantity of water that can be
cooled with 142 cu m per minute of atmospheric air.

2
 COOLING TOWERS

Solution:

t 3 = 52 C
t db2 = 46 C sat
t db1 = 29 C
φ1 = 47%
t 4 = 27 C

From psychrometric chart

At 1, t db1 = 29 C , φ1 = 47%
h1 = 59 kJ kg
W1 = 0.0116 kg kg
v1 = 0.873 m 3 kg

at 2, t db2 = 46 C , saturated
ps = pd = 10.144 kPa
hg 2 = 2585.0 kJ kg

3
 COOLING TOWERS

0.622p s 0.622(10.144)
W2 = = = 0.0692 kg kg
pt − p s 101.325 − 10.144

h2 = c p t db2 + W2 hg = (1.0062)(46 ) + (0.0692)(2585) = 225.2 kJ kg

At 3, t 3 = 52 C
h3 = h f at 52 C = 217.69 kJ kg

At 4, t 4 = 27 C
h4 = h f at 27 C = 113.25 kJ kg

(a) Volume of air necessary to cool 1 kg of water = V1 = ma v1

To solve for ma when m3 = 1 kg

By energy balance:
Eq. (1) ma h1 + m3 h3 = ma h2 + m 4 h4
By mass balance
m3 − m4 = ma (W2 − W1 )
Eq. (2) m 4 = m3 − ma (W2 − W1 )
Substitute in (1)

Eq. (3) ma h1 + m3 h3 = ma h2 + [m3 − ma (W2 − W1 )]h4

(ma )(59) + (1)(217.69) = (ma )(225.2 ) + [1 − (ma )(0.0692 − 0.0116)](113.25)
ma = 0.654 kg

Volume of air = V1 = ma v1 = (0.654)(0.873) = 0.5709 m 3

Mass of air required = ma = 0.654 kg

(b) Let m& 3 = quantity of water.

V& 142
m&a = 1 = = 162.66 kg min
v1 0.873

Use Eq. (3), change ma → m & a , m3 → m &3

m& a h1 + m
& 3 h3 = m& a h2 + [m
& 3 −m& a (W2 − W1 )]h4
(162.66)(59 ) + (m& 3 )(217.69) = (162.66 )(225.2) + [m& 3 − (162.66 )(0.0692 − 0.0116)](113.25)
9597 + 217.69m & 3 = 36,631 + 113.25m & 3 − 1061.1
m& 3 = 248.7 kg min

∴ Quantity of water = m& 3 = 248.7 kg min

4
 COOLING TOWERS

3. A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60 C. Air enters the tower at 32 C dry bulb and 27 C
wet bulb temperatures and leaves at 50 C and 90% relative humidity. The cooling efficiency is
60.6%. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of air entering, and (b) the quantity of make-up water
required.

Solution:

m& 3 = 6 kg s , t 3 = 60 C
t db2 = 50 C
φ 2 = 90%
t db1 = 32 C
t wb1 = 27 C

Cooling tower efficiency = 60.6%

To solve for t 4 :
t −t
Efficiency = 3 4
t 3 − t wb1
60 − t 4
0.606 =
60 − 27

5
 COOLING TOWERS

t 3 = 40 C

at 1, t db1 = 32 C , t wb1 = 27 C
h1 = 85 kJ kg
W1 = 0.0208 kg kg

at 2, t db2 = 50 C , φ 2 = 90%
pd = 12.349 kPa
ps = φ 2 pd = (0.90 )(12.349) = 11.114 kPa
hg 2 = 2592.1 kJ kg
0.622p s 0.622(11.114)
W2 = = = 0.0766 kg kg
pt − p s 101.325 − 11.114

h2 = c p t db2 + W2 hg = (1.0062)(50) + (0.0766)(2592.1) = 248.9 kJ kg

At 3, t 3 = 60 C
h3 = h f at 60 C = 251.13 kJ kg

At 4, t 4 = 40 C
h4 = h f at 40 C = 167.57 kJ kg
By mass balance
m3 − m4 = ma (W2 − W1 )
m 4 = m3 − ma (W2 − W1 )

By energy valance
m& a h1 + m& 3h3 = m& a h2 + m& 4h4
m& a h1 + m & a h2 + [m
& 3 h3 = m & 3 −m& a (W2 − W1 )]h4
(m& a )(85) + (6)(251.13) = (m& a )(248.9) + [6 − (m& a )(0.0766 − 0.0208)](167.57 )
85m & a + 1506.8 = 248.9m & a + 1005.4 − 9.35m &a
m& a = 3.244 kg s

& a = 3.244 kg s
(a) Mass flow rate of air = m
(b) Make Up Water = ma (W2 − W1 ) = (3.244)(0.0766 − 0.0208) = 0.1810 kg s

6
 DRYERS AND DRYING

1. Tobacco in a warehouse, held at 30 C and 40% relative humidity, is placed in a room at 32 C and 70%
relative humidity preparatory to being worked on. For each 50 kg of tobacco moved from the
warehouse, what is the bone-dry weight? What is the actual weight of this quantity of tobacco after
staying in the working room?

Solution:
m1 = 50 kg
For tobacco at 40% RH
Regain1 = 13.30%

at 70% RH
Regain 2 = 25.00%

m1 − Bdw
(a) Bdw =
Regain1
0.1330Bdw = 50 − Bdw
Bdw = 44.13 kg

(b) m 2 = actual weight

m2 = (Regain2 )(Bdw ) + Bdw = (0.25)(44.13) + 44.13 = 55.16 kg

2. Air enters an adiabatic drier at 6 m/s through a 2-m diameter duct at 29 C dry bulb and 22 C wet
bulb temperatures. It is heated to 80 C before reaching the material to be dried and leaves the drier
at 44 C and 80% RH. The material enters the drier with a moisture content of 24%, and leaves with a
moisture content of 8%. Determine (a) the mass of water removed per kg of dry air, (b) the volume
flow of air entering the reheater, (c) the kg of water evaporated per second, (d) the mass flow rate
of material leaving the drier, and (e) the heat requirement of drier per kg of water evaporated.

Solution:

1
 DRYERS AND DRYING

at 1, t db1 = 29 C , t wb1 = 22 C
h1 = 64.2 kJ kg
W1 = 0.0138 kg kg
v1 = 0.874 m 3 kg

at 2, t db 2 = 80 C , W2 = W1 = 0.0138 kg kg
hg 2 = 2643.7 kJ kg

h2 = c p t db2 +W2 hg 2 = (1.0062)(80) + (0.0138)(2643.7 ) = 116.98 kJ kg

at 3, t db3 = 44 C , φ3 = 80% RH

pd3 = 9.151 kPa

ps 3 = φ3 pd 3 = (0.80 )(9.151) = 7.321 kPa

0.622p s3 0.622(7.321)
W3 = = = 0.0484 kg kg
pt − p s3 101.325 − 7.321

(a) Mass of water removed per kg dry air = W3 − W2 = 0.0484 − 0.0138 = 0.0346 kg kg

π
(b) Volume flow rate of air entering the reheater = V&1 = (2 )2 (6) = 18.85 m 3 s
4

V&1
& a (W3 − W2 ) =
(c) Mass of water evaporated = m (W3 − W2 ) = 18.85 (0.0346 ) = 0.746 kg s
v1 0.875

&5
(d) Mass flow rate of material leaving the dryer = m
m& 5 (1 − 0.08) = m
& 4 (1 − 0.24)
m& 4 = 1.21m &5

but m & 4 −m
&5 =m & a (W3 − W2 )
1.21m & 5 −m
& 5 = 0.746
m& 5 = 3.552 kg s

(e) Heat requirement per kg of water evaporated.

m& (h − h ) h − h1 116.98 − 64.2
= a 2 1 = 2 = = 1525 kJ kg water
& a (W3 − W2 ) W3 − W2
m 0.0346

2
 DRYERS AND DRYING

3. A drier is to be designed to reduce the water content of a certain material from 55% to 10%. Air at
29 C dry bulb temperature and with a humidity ratio of 0.005 kg/kg is heated to 50 C in a reheater
before entering the drier. The air leaves the drier at 38 C with 70% relative humidity. On the basis of
1000 kg of product per hour, calculate (a) the volume flow rate of air entering the reheater, and (b)
the heat supplied in the reheater.

Solution:

At 1, tdb1 = 29 C , W1 = 0.005 kg kg
h1 = 42 kJ kg
v1 = 0.862 m 3 kg

at 2, t db2 = 50 C , W2 = W1 = 0.005 kg kg
h2 = 63.5 kJ kg

at 3, t db3 = 38 C , φ3 = 70% RH
W3 = 0.0298 kg kg

& 5 (1 − 0.10) = m
m & 4 (1 − 0.55)
& 5 = 1000 kg hr
m

1000(1 − 0.10)
&4 =
m = 2000 kg hr
1 − 0.55

&4 −m
m &5 2000 − 1000  1 hr 
&a =
m = = (40,323 kg hr )  = 11.2 kg s

W3 − W2 0.0298 − 0.005  3600 s 

3
 DRYERS AND DRYING

(a) Volume flow rate of air entering the reheater = V&1 = m & a v1 = (11.2)(0.862) = 9.65 m 3 s
(b) Heat supplied in the reheater = = m& a (h2 − h1 ) = 11.2(63.5 − 42) = 240.8 kW

4. A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/hr of palay with final moisture content in the feed is 15% at
atmospheric condition with 32 C dry bulb and 21 C wet bulb. The dryer is maintained at 45 C while
the relative humidity of the hot humid air from the dryer is 80%. If the steam pressure supplied to
the heater is 2 MPa, determine the following:
(a) Palay supplied to the dryer in kg/h.
(b) Temperature of the hot humid air from the dryer in C.
(c) Air supplied to dryer in cu m/h.
(d) Heat supplied by the heater in kW.
(e) Steam supplied to heater in kg/h.

Solution:

at 1, t db1 = 32 C , t wb1 = 21 C
h1 = 60.6 kJ kg
W1 = 0.0112 kg kg

at 2, t db2 = 45 C , W2 = W1 = 0.0112 kg kg
h2 = 74.9 kJ kg
v 2 = 0.917 m 3 kg

at 3, t db3 = 45 C , φ 2 = 80% RH
p d 3 = 9 .593 kPa
p s3 = φ3 pd3 = (0.80)(9.593) = 7.674 kPa

4
 DRYERS AND DRYING

0.622p s3 0.622(7.674)
W3 = = = 0.0510 kg kg
pt − p s3 101.325 − 7.674
hg 3 = 2583.2 kJ kg
h3 = c p t db3 + W3 hg 3 = (1.0062 )(45) + (0.0510)(2583.2) = 177 kJ kg

(a) Palay supplied to the dryer in kg/hr

& (1 − 0.10) 1000(1 − 0.10)
m
=m &4 = 5 = = 1058.8 kg hr
1 − 0.15 1 − 0.15

(b) Temperature of the humid air from the dryer = t db3 = t dryer = 45 C .

(c) Air supplied to dryer = V&2 = m

& av 2

& 4 −m
m &5 1058.8 − 1000
&a =
m = = 1477.4 kg hr
W3 − W2 0.0510 − 0.0112
V&2 = m
& a v 2 = (1477.4 )(0.917 ) = 1354.8 m 3 h

(d) Heat supplied to heater in kW

& a (h2 − h1 ) = 
1477.4 
=m (74.9 − 60.6 ) = 5.87 kW
 3600 

& s h fg = 5.87 kW
(e) m
& s (1890.7 ) = (5.87 )(3600)
m
& s = 11.18 kg hr
m

5
 CHAPTER 11

1. Ten thousand kilograms of dressed poultry are blast frozen on hand trucks each day (24 h) in a
freezing tunnel. The poultry is precooled to 7 C before entering the freezer where it is frozen and its
temperature lowered to –20 C for storage. The hand trucks carrying the poultry total 700 kg per day
and have a specific heat of 0.47 kJ/kg.C. The specific heat of poultry above and below freezing are
3.18 kJ/kg.C and 1.55 kJ/kg.C, respectively, the latent heat is 246 kJ/kg and the freezing temperature
is –2.75 C. Determine the product load.

Solution:
700
& T = 700 kg per day =
Hand Trucks: m = 8.102 × 10 −3 kg s
(24)(3600 )
c = 0.47 kJ kg.C
Q&1 =m ( )
& T c∆t = 8.102 × 10 −3 (0.47 )[7 − (− 20)] = 0.10 kW
For Poultry:
Q& 2 = m& c b (t e − t f ) + m & c a (t f − t s )
&L+m
c b = c a = 3.18 kJ kg.C
10,000
m&= = 0.1157 kg s
(24)(3600)
te = 7 C
t f = −2.75 C
t s = −20 C
L = 246 kJ kg
Q& 2 = 0.1157[3.18(7 + 2.75) + 246 + 3.18(− 2.75 + 20 )] = 38.4 kW
Q& T = Q&1 + Q& 2 = 38.5 kW

2. Twenty three hundred liters of partially frozen ice cream at –4 C enter a hardening room each day.
Hardening is completed and the temperature of the ice cream is lowered to –28 C in 10 hrs. The
average density of ice cream is 0.60 kg/L, the average latent heat per kg is 233 kJ. Determine the
product load.

Solution:
m& = (2300 L day )(0.60 kg L ) = 1380 kg day
1380
m&= = 0.038 kg s
(10)(3600)
Since there is no specific heat given, use c = 2.0 kJ kg.C .

Q& = 0.038{(2.0 )[(− 4 ) − (− 28)] + 233} = 10.66 kW