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Hunter College

Introduction to the History of Art

Syllabus

ARTH 111.01
Spring Semester 2025
Mondays 1:30-3:20pm
HW 615

INSTRUCTOR AND COORDINATOR

Dr. Tara Zanardi
Email: tzanardi@hunter.cuny.edu
Office: 1500D (Hunter College, North building, 15th Floor)
Office Hours: Available by Appointment Only

COURSE DESCRIPTION AND OVERVIEW

This course introduces students to the discipline of art history as we
explore, somewhat chronologically, major developments in various artistic
traditions and regions. Although the survey will preference Western art
history in order to maintain a sense of cohesion and structure, emphasis will
be given to how cultures across the world have exchanged ideas to create
new forms of art and how objects themselves circulated globally. We will
examine myriad types of objects, from paintings and sculpture to ceramics.
We will also look at architectural examples, both exteriors and interiors.
The course will offer an introduction to different works of art as
representative of specific cultural, social, and political practices, traditions,
and ideologies. We shall cover works of art from North Africa, Asia, Europe,
and the Americas to provide broad coverage and variety to the students’
experiences of disparate artistic customs and different artistic media. The
survey will investigate art that engages with religion, politics, gender, sex,
globalism, imperialism, the body, ethnicity, and more. Students will expand
their understanding of the history, artistic customs, and politics of various
countries and regions throughout the world from antiquity through the mid-
twentieth century.

COURSE PARAMETERS
Art History 111 lays the foundation and is a prerequisite for all other art
history courses offered by the Art & Art History Department. In addition, it
can be used in partial fulfillment of the Core Requirements (Stage 2D) and
fulfills the “Pluralism and Diversity” Requirement – Group D. It can also be
used in partial fulfillment of the “individual and society” section of the
Hunter/CUNY Common Core.
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EVALUATION CRITERIA AND ASSIGNMENT DATES

Quiz: 10% (Will take place in section, week of February 10)
Exam 1: 25% (Will take place in section, week of March 3)
Exam 2: 25% (Will take place in section, week of May 5)
Final Paper: 25% (Due to discussion section instructor, Monday, May 12)
Participation: 15%

**First Draft of the Paper Due in section (see discussion section syllabus)

**Second Draft of Paper Due in section (see discussion section syllabus)

COURSE ORGANIZATION
The course includes two components: lecture and discussion section. Each
week students will have new material introduced in the lecture. These
lectures will be organized to follow the syllabus and the corresponding
image lists. This material will serve as the basis for the quiz and exams.

Lectures happen on Mondays (except for one Tuesday, see syllabus).

***It is ESSENTIAL you attend lecture. If you do not come, you will not get
the necessary material and information to pass the course.

DISUSSION SECTIONS
Discussion sections are led by a Teaching Assistant (TA) and are scheduled
on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays (depending on the section you
signed up for). These sections will take place each week for 50 minutes.

****Students are expected to attend discussion sections and are responsible

for reviewing the image list, attending the lectures, and keeping up with the
reading. Only then will students be active participants in discussion section.
Since participation is part of your final grade, it is essential you attend
section and regularly contribute.

These sections provide a small-group context for discussing a number of art

works selected from the weekly image lists, and for asking questions about
and commenting upon the material covered in the reading and in the
lectures. The Teaching Assistants will also give instructions for student
assignments, including the quiz, papers, and examinations, and will read
and grade them.

CLASS MATERIALS
There is NO textbook assigned for the course. All readings can be accessed
digitally via the links below. Students should complete the readings
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BEFORE lecture and familiarize themselves with the required objects on the
image list before lecture and discussion section.

The course Brightspace will include all relevant information: uploaded items
include the syllabus, and, on a weekly basis, the powerpoint presentations
and the corresponding image lists.

CLASS PARTICIPATION AND ATTENDANCE

Active and informed participation in the discussion section is required. You
must do the assigned reading before each weekly lecture and discussion
section. Full attendance for the lectures and discussion sections is
mandatory for the successful completion of the course. Attendance will be
taken.

QUIZ
The quiz will take place in discussion section. Instructors will give you
specific information about its format. It will be helpful to begin reviewing
the image lists with their objects and terms each week in preparation for
the quiz (and exams) and it is essential that you keep up with the weekly
lectures, reading, and section discussions.

EXAMINATIONS
There are two exams over the course of the spring term. One will cover the
first half of the material and the other will cover the second half of the
material (see course schedule for the specific information). These exams
will be given during section. Your instructor will provide information on the
exam format.
**Exam reviews will be held on the Monday preceding the exam.

PAPER
The paper assignment will include close looking and discussion of a single
object. You will consider the object (e.g., painting, print, drawing, sculpture,
decorative object) in terms of its formal qualities and in relation to a specific
theme. The specifics of the assignment will be provided to you by your TA.

Communication Studio:

The Communication Studio is a mentorship program in which Graduate

Students in the Department of Art & Art History at Hunter College offer
mentoring assistance to undergraduate students and their art history
papers. The mentors can help with editorial concerns and any issues related
to the structure of the paper, the formal analysis of objects, establishing a
thesis statement, how to build an argument, and more. They offer weekly
virtual office hours for you to visit. The schedule can be accessed below:

https://huntercollegeart.org/the-communication-studio/
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**Students are encouraged to attend the Communication Studio at least

ONCE for assistance with their paper for the course. Proof of attendance
will be sent from the mentor to your section instructor. Extra Credit will
be assigned to the final grade of your paper for attending.

COURSE SCHEDULE

Monday, January 27
Egypt and Greece
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Egypt in the Old Kingdom (ca. 2649-2130 B.C.)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/oking/hd_oking.htm
“Kings and Queens of Egypt”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kqae/hd_kqae.htm
“The Art of Classical Greece”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tacg/hd_tacg.htm
“Architecture in Ancient Greece”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grarc/hd_grarc.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Ancient Egyptian Art”
https://smarthistory.org/ancient-egyptian-art/
“The Parthenon, Athens”
https://smarthistory.org/the-parthenon-athens/
“Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer)”
https://smarthistory.org/polykleitos-doryphoros-spear-bearer/

Monday, February 3
Rome and Byzantium
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Augustan Rule (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/augs/hd_augs.htm
“The Roman Empire (27 B.C.-393 A.D.)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roem/hd_roem.htm
“Roman Painting”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropt/hd_ropt.htm
“Byzantium (ca. 330-1453)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm
“Icons and Iconoclasm in Byzantium”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icon/hd_icon.htm
“The Byzantine State under Justinian I (Justinian the Great)”
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https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/just/hd_just.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Introduction to Ancient Roman Art”
https://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-ancient-roman-art/
“Pompeii: An Introduction”
https://smarthistory.org/pompeii-an-introduction/
“Roman Wall Painting Styles”
https://smarthistory.org/roman-wall-painting-styles/
“Justinian Mosaic, San Vitale”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-
colonial-americas/medieval-europe-islamic-world/a/justinian-mosaic-san-
vitale

Monday, February 10
***Quiz 1 (in section)
Medieval Europe
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/relc/hd_relc.htm
“Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pilg/hd_pilg.htm
“Romanesque Art”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rmsq/hd_rmsq.htm
“Gothic Art”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Pilgrimage Routes and the Cult of the Relic”
https://smarthistory.org/pilgrimage-routes-and-the-cult-of-the-relic/
“The Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris”
https://smarthistory.org/notre-dame-fire/

Monday, February 17
***College Closed
**No lecture

Tuesday, February 18
***Classes Follow Monday Schedule

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) China

Readings:
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

“Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ming/hd_ming.htm
“East and West: Chinese Export Porcelain”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ewpor/hd_ewpor.htm
“Landscape Painting in Chinese Art”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Chinese Porcelain: Production and Export”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/yuan-
dynasty/a/chinese-porcelain-production-and-export
“Chinese Porcelain: Decoration”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/yuan-
dynasty/a/chinese-porcelain-decoration
“The Forbidden City”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/ming-
dynasty/a/forbidden-city

Monday, February 24
Ottoman Art and Architecture
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“The Greater Ottoman Empire, 1600-1800”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grot/hd_grot.htm
“The Age of Süleyman ‘the Magnificent’ (r. 1520-1566)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/suly/hd_suly.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Hagia Sophia as a Mosque”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-
colonial-americas/medieval-europe-islamic-world/v/hagia-sophia-mosque
“Mimar Sinan, Rüstem Pasha Mosque, Istanbul”
https://smarthistory.org/mimar-sinan-rustem-pasha-mosque-istanbul/
“Arts of the Islamic World: the Later Period”
https://smarthistory.org/arts-of-the-islamic-world-the-later-period/

Monday, March 3
Exam Review at 1:30—3:20pm (on zoom)
Exam 1 Covers Material (Ancient Egypt—Ottoman Art)

***Exam 1: Takes place in discussion section (Wednesday—Friday)

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Monday, March 10
The Renaissance in Europe
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Europe and the Age of Exploration”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/expl/hd_expl.htm
“The Rediscovery of Classical Antiquity”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clan/hd_clan.htm
“Anatomy in the Renaissance”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/anat/hd_anat.htm
“Architecture in Renaissance Italy”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/itar/hd_itar.htm
“Titian (ca. 1485/90?-1576)
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tita/hd_tita.htm
“Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/durr/hd_durr.htm

Monday, March 17
Baroque Art in Europe and the Americas
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Baroque Rome”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/baro/hd_baro.htm
“Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bern/hd_bern.htm
“Furnishings During the Reign of Louis XIV (1654-1715)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lofu/hd_lofu.htm
“Velázquez (1599-1660)”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vela/hd_vela.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Château de Versailles”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-
colonial-americas/reformation-counter-reformation/a/chteau-de-versailles
“Virgin of Guadalupe”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-
colonial-americas/colonial-americas/a/virgin-of-guadalupe

Monday, March 24
Eighteenth-Century Art in Europe and the Americas
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“German and Austrian Porcelain in the Eighteenth Century”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/porg/hd_porg.htm
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“Venice in the Eighteenth Century”

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/venc/hd_venc.htm
“The Grand Tour”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grtr/hd_grtr.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“A Beginner’s Guide to the Age of Enlightenment”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/monarchy-
enlightenment/rococo/a/a-beginners-guide-to-the-age-of-enlightenment
“A Beginner’s Guide to Rococo Art”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/monarchy-
enlightenment/rococo/a/a-beginners-guide-to-rococo-art
“Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/monarchy-
enlightenment/britain-18c/britain-ageof-revolution/a/hogarth-a-rakes-
progress
“Casta Painting in the Spanish Americas”
https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/francisco-clapera-set-sixteen-
casta-paintings-c-1775/

Monday, March 31
**No Classes Scheduled

Monday, April 7
Nineteenth-Century Art (Neoclassicism—Impressionism)
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Neoclassicism”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/hd_neoc_1.htm
“Romanticism”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roma/hd_roma.htm
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Impressionism: Art and Modernity”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/imml/hd_imml.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“A Beginner’s Guide to Romanticism”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
romanticism/romanticism-intro/a/a-beginners-guide-to-romanticism
“Constable and the English Landscape”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
romanticism/england-constable-turner/a/constable-and-the-english-
landscape
“A Beginner’s Guide to Realism”
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https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
avant-garde-france/realism/a/a-beginners-guide-to-realism
“Courbet, The Stonebreakers”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
avant-garde-france/realism/a/courbet-the-stonebreakers
“A Beginner’s Guide to Impressionism”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
avant-garde-france/impressionism/a/a-beginners-guide-to-impressionism
“What does ‘Impressionism’ Mean?”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
avant-garde-france/impressionism/a/what-does-impressionism-mean
“Haussmann the Demolisher and the Creation of Modern Paris”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/becoming-modern/
avant-garde-france/second-empire/a/haussmann-the-demolisher-and-the-
creation-of-modern-paris

Monday, April 14
**No class: Spring Recess

Monday, April 21
**No lecture: catch up on Paper Project in discussion section

Monday, April 28
The Modern World: ca. 1900 to the World Wars: Europe, Mexico, and the
United States
Readings:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
“Post-Impressionism”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd_poim.htm
“Surrealism”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr.htm
“Modern Storytellers: Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Faith Ringgold”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/most/hd_most.htm

Smart Art History Khan Academy

“Expressionism, an introduction”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-1010/early-
abstraction/expressionism1/a/expressionism-an-introduction
“A Beginner’s Guide to Fauvism”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-1010/early-
abstraction/fauvism-matisse/a/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism
“Cubism”
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cube/hd_cube.htm
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“Italian Futurism: An Introduction”

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-1010/cubism-
early-abstraction/art-great-war/a/italian-futurism-an-introduction
“Introduction to Dada”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-1010/wwi-dada/
dada1/a/introduction-to-dada
“Mexican Muralism: Los Tres Grandes: David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego
Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco”
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-1010/art-between-
wars/latin-american-modernism1/a/mexican-muralism-los-tres-grandes-
david-alfaro-siqueiros-diego-rivera-and-jos-clemente-orozco
“Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series”
https://smarthistory.org/jacob-lawrence-the-migration-series/

Monday, May 5
***last class: Exam Review at 1:30—3:20pm (on zoom)
Exam 2 Covers Material (Renaissance—Modern Art)

***Exam 2: Takes place during Section

Monday, May 12
***No lecture
***Final Paper Due to discussion section instructor

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students will learn to:

1. Gather, interpret, and assess information by reading assignments

keyed to the theme of each week’s lecture
2. Evaluate and study works of art and architecture through visual
analysis
3. Produce well-reasoned written or oral arguments using evidence to
support conclusions in their discussion sections, in their paper
assigment, and on examinations.
4. Identify and apply the fundamental concepts and methods of art
history, in order to understand different artistic styles and media
characteristic of various artistic traditions, time periods, and
geographic regions.
5. Explore the multiple ways in which art has both responded to and
helped to shape political, religious, moral and ethical discourse in
different societies at different times.
6. Examine how an individual’s place in society affects experiences,
values, or choices by focusing on how individual artists operate within
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the context of the society they belong to, their role in promoting,
questioning or challenging prevailing beliefs and customs, and the
responses art has provoked in its viewers and consumers: on the ways
in which popular consciousness and social, political and religious
discourse have evolved and changed in response to individual artists
and the art they produce.
7. Identify and engage with local, national, or global trends or
ideologies, and analyze their impact on individual or collective
decision-making by group discussions of artists whose work has
helped to direct popular discourse and even shape public policy and
responses to pressing world issues.

Hunter College Policy on Academic Integrity

Hunter College regards acts of academic dishonesty (e.g., plagiarism,

cheating on examinations, obtaining unfair advantage, and falsification of
records and official documents) as serious offenses against the values of
intellectual honesty. The College is committed to enforcing the CUNY Policy
on Academic Integrity and will pursue cases of academic dishonesty
according to the Hunter College Academic Integrity Procedures.
https://hunter.cuny.edu/center-for-online-learning/online-learning-
resources/academic-integrity-policy/

Definitions and Examples of Academic Dishonesty:

1.1 Cheating is the unauthorized use or attempted use of material,
information, notes, study aids, devices, artificial intelligence (AI) systems, or
communication during an academic exercise. Example of cheating include:

 Copying from another person or from a generative AI

system or allowing others to copy work submitted for
credit or a grade. This includes uploading work or
submitting class assignments or exams to third party
platforms and websites beyond those assigned for
the class, such as commercial homework
aggregators, without the proper authorization of a
professor. Any use of generative AI tools must be in
line with the usage policy for specific assignments as
defined in the course of the syllabus and/or
communicated by the course instructor.
 Using artificial intelligence tools to generate content
for assignments or exams, including but not limited
to language models or code generators, without
written authorization from the instructor.
 Unauthorized collaboration on assignments or
examinations.
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 Taking an examination or completing an assignment for

another person or asking or allowing someone else to take
an examination or complete an assignment for you,
including exams taken on a home computer.
 Submitting content generated by another person or
an AI tool or any other source as solely your own
work as your own, including, but not limited to,
material obtained in whole or in part from
commercial study or homework help websites, or
content generated or altered by AI or digital
paraphrasing tools without proper citation.
 Fabricating and/or falsifying data (in whole or in part).
 Giving assistance to acts of academic
misconduct/dishonesty.
 Altering a response on a previously graded exam or
assignment and then attempting to return it for more
credit or a higher grade without permission from the
instructor.
 Submitting substantial portions of a paper or assignment
to more than one course for credit without permission
from each instructor.
 Unauthorized use during an examination of notes,
prepared answers, or any electronic devices such as cell
phones, computers, smart watches, or other technologies
to copy, retrieve, generate or send information.

1.2 Plagiarism is the act of presenting ideas, research or writing that is

not your own as your own. Examples of plagiarism include:

1. Copying another person’s or an AI tool’s actual words or

images without the use of quotation marks and citations
attributing the words to their source.
2. Presenting another person’s ideas or theories in your own
words without acknowledging the source.
3. Failing to acknowledge collaborators on homework and
laboratory assignments.
4. Internet plagiarism, including submitting downloaded
term papers or parts of term papers, paraphrasing or
copying information from the internet without citing the
source, or “cutting & pasting” from various sources
without proper attribution.
5. Unauthorized use of AI-generated content; or use of AI-
generated content, whether in whole or in part, even when
paraphrased, without citing the AI as the source.
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1.3 Obtaining Unfair Advantage is any action taken by a student that

gives that student an unfair advantage in his/her academic work over
another student, or an action taken by a student through which a student
attempts to gain an unfair advantage in his or her academic work over
another student. Examples of obtaining unfair advantage include:

 Stealing, reproducing, circulating or otherwise

gaining advance access to examination materials.
 Depriving other students of access to library
materials by stealing, destroying, defacing, or
concealing them.
 Retaining, using or circulating examination
materials which clearly indicate that they should be
returned at the end of the exam.
 Intentionally obstructing or interfering with another
student’s work.

1.4 Falsification of Records and Official Documents

Examples of falsification include:

 Forging signatures of authorization.

 Falsifying information on an official academic record.
 Falsifying information on an official document such as a
grade report, letter of permission, drop/add form, ID card,
or other college document.
 Falsifying medical documentation that has a bearing on
campus access or the excuse of absences or missed
examinations and assignments.

ADA Policy

In compliance with the American Disability Act of 1990 (ADA) and with
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Hunter College is committed
to ensuring educational parity and accommodations for all students with
documented disabilities and/or medical conditions. It is recommended that
all students with documented disabilities (Emotional, Medical, Physical,
and/or Learning) consult the Office of AccessABILITY, located in Room
E1214B, to secure necessary academic accommodations. For further
information and assistance, please go directly to Stephanie Pietropaolo in
E1235 or call (212) 650-3580. If you have a documentable disability or
condition that makes it impossible to complete an assignment as written,
please contact me immediately so an alternative can be arranged.

Hunter College Policy on Sexual Misconduct

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In compliance with the CUNY Policy on Sexual Misconduct, Hunter College

reaffirms the prohibition of any sexual misconduct, which includes sexual
violence, sexual harassment, and gender-based harassment retaliation
against students, employees, or visitors, as well as certain intimate
relationships. Students who have experienced any form of sexual violence
on or off campus (including CUNY-sponsored trips and events) are entitled
to the rights outlined in the Bill of Rights for Hunter College.
a. Sexual Violence: Students are strongly encouraged to immediately
report the incident by calling 911, contacting NYPD Special Victims
Division Hotline (646-610-7272) or their local police precinct, or
contacting the College's Public Safety Office (212-772-4444).
b. All Other Forms of Sexual Misconduct: Students are also encouraged
to contact the College's Title IX Campus Coordinator, Dean John Rose
(jtrose@hunter.cuny.edu or 212-650-3262) or Colleen Barry
(colleen.barry@hunter.cuny.edu or 212-772-4534) and seek
complimentary services through the Counseling and Wellness
Services Office, Hunter East 1123.
CUNY Policy on Sexual Misconduct
Link: http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/la/Policy-on-Sexual-
Misconduct-12-1-14-with-links.pdf