CONCEPTS OF HEALTH, WELLNESS, 1.

​ Physical: The ability to carry out

AND WELL-BEING daily tasks, maintain fitness,
-​ Health, wellness, and well-being avoid substance abuse, and
have many definitions and practice positive lifestyle habits.
2.​ Social: The ability to interact
interpretations. The nurse should
successfully with people and the
be familiar with the most environment.
common aspects of these 3.​ Emotional: The ability to manage
stress and express emotions
concepts and consider how they
appropriately.
may be individualized for specific 4.​ Intellectual: The ability to learn
clients. and use information effectively.
Health 5.​ Spiritual: A belief in a higher
-​ There is no consensus power or purpose that unites
human beings.
(agreement) about any definition
6.​ Occupational: The ability to
of health. There is knowledge of balance work and leisure time.
how to attain a certain level of 7.​ Environmental: The ability to
promote health measures that
health, but health itself cannot
improve the standard of living
be measured. Traditionally, and quality of life in the
health has been defined in terms community.
of the presence or absence of
MODELS OF HEALTH
disease. Nightingale defined
1.​ Clinical Model
health as a state of being well -​ This model defines health as the
and using every power the absence of disease or injury.
individual possesses to the fullest People are viewed as physiologic
systems, and illness is the
extent.
presence of disease.
World Health Organization (WHO) 2.​ Role Performance Model
-​ Health is a state of complete -​ Health is determined by a
physical, mental, and social person’s ability to fulfill societal
well-being, and not merely the roles. Even if a person is clinically
absence of disease or infirmity. ill, they are considered healthy if
American Nurses Association (ANA) they can fulfill their roles.
-​ Health is a dynamic state of 3.​ Adaptive Model
being in which the -​ Health is seen as a creative
developmental and behavioral process. Disease occurs when a
potential of an individual is person fails to adapt. The focus is
realized to the fullest extent on stability, and treatment aims
possible. to restore adaptation.
Common Definitions of Health 4.​ Eudemonistic Model
-​ Being free from symptoms of -​ Health is defined as the
disease and pain as much as realization of a person’s full
possible. potential. Illness is anything that
-​ Being able to be active and do prevents self-actualization.
what they want or must. 5.​ Agent-Host-Environment
-​ Being in good spirits most of the Model
time. -​ Health is maintained when the
balance between the agent,
DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS host, and environment is
 preserved. Disease occurs when ●​ WHO (1948) defined health is a
this balance is disrupted. state of complete physical,
6.​ Health-Illness Continuum mental, and social well-being
Health and illness are on a spectrum, and not just merely the absence
and a person moves back and forth on of disease or infirmity.
this continuum daily.
INDIVIDUAL HEALTH — a person's total
LEVELS OF PREVENTION CARE character which encompasses
I.​ Primary Prevention behaviors such as, emotional state,
-​ Aims to prevent disease or injury attitudes, values, motives, abilities,
before it occurs. Examples: habits and appearances.
immunization, health education.
II.​ Secondary Prevention ILLNESS — is a broad term that defines
-​ Aims to reduce the impact of a the poor state of mind, body, and, to a
disease that has already certain extent, spirit. It is the general
occurred. Examples: regular feeling of being sick or unwell (outside
screening tests. the person's belief of good health).
III.​ Tertiary Prevention
-​ Aims to soften the impact of Potential Issues
ongoing illness. Examples: 1. Illness
rehabilitation programs. ●​ is a broad term that defines the
poor state of mind, body, and, to
IMPACT OF ILLNESS a certain extent, spirit. It is the
1.​ On the Client general feeling of being sick or
-​ Behavioral and emotional unwell (outside the person's
changes belief of good health)
-​ Loss of autonomy ●​ It is a state wherein the person's
-​ Self-concept and body image physical, emotional, and social
changes well-being is thought to be
-​ Lifestyle changes diminishing.
2.​ On the Family ●​ Felt by the patient. It is highly
-​ Depends on the family member subjective.
who is ill 2. Disease — Malfunctioning of the
-​ Seriousness and length of the body system.
illness 3. Malnutrition
-​ Cultural and social customs a.​ Macronutrients
3.​ Family Changes b.​ Micronutrients
-​ Role changes 4. Bodily injury
-​ Task reassignments 5. Lifestyle Choices(Diet, Exercise and
-​ Increased demands on time Sleep)
-​ Financial problems 6. Genetic Disorder
-​ Loneliness 7. Mental Health

CONCEPT OF MAN, HEALTH & ILLNESS MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

MAN — is an individual human. Old:
●​ A man belonging to a particular
category (as by birth, residence,
membership, or occupation).
●​ Health - Defined as the merely
the absence or presence of
disease or infirmity.
 -​ Lifestyle choices
○​ Patterns of eating and
exercise, use of tobacco,
abuse of drugs and
alcohol.
-​ Spiritual and religious beliefs
E. Spiritual Dimension
-​ Spiritual and religious beliefs are
New: important components of the
way the person behaves in
health and illness.

II.​ EXTERNAL FACTORS

Environmental Dimension
-​ The environment has many
influences on health and illness.
Housing, sanitation, climate and
pollution of air, food and water
are aspects of environmental
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH dimension.
BELIEFS HEALTH STATUS & PRACTICE
I.​ INTERNAL FACTORS Examples:
A. Biological Dimension / Physical a.​ Increased incidence of
dimension asthma and respiratory
-​ Developmental stage, e.g. age problems in large cities
-​ Hereditary, genetics, race and with smog.
gender
B. Psychological Dimension -​ Family Practices
Mind - body Interaction -​ Socioeconomic status
Self - concept -​ Cultural background
Emotional factors -​ Social support networks
C. Emotional Dimension
-​ How the mind and body interact LEVELS OF CARE
to affect body function and to Primary Care
respond to body conditions ase -​ Prevention, diagnostic,
influences health. Long term therapeutic services, health
stress affects the body systems education, minor surgery
and anxiety affects health habits; -​ Primary care is an approach to
conversely, calm acceptance and providing health care
relaxation can actually change Secondary Care
body responses to illness. -​ Short term
D. Cognitive / Intellectual Dimension -​ Sporadic consultation with
-​ Encompasses cognitive abilities, specialist for advance
educational background and interventions not available in
past experiences. primary care
-​ These influence a client's Tertiary Care
responses to teaching about -​ For condition that are relatively
health and reactions to health uncommon
care during illness. -​ Institution- based, highly -
-​ They also play a major role in specialized (e.g. open heart
health behaviors. surgery)
 HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN -​ Refers to social welfare service
THE PHILIPPINES concerned with social protection,
Definitions: or protection against socially
1.​ HEALTH CARE SYSTEM - an recognized conditions, including
organized plan of health services poverty, old age, disability,
(Miller-Keane, unemployment and others.
1987) -​ Social security may refer to:
2.​ HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 1.​ Social insurance, where
SYSTEM (Williams-Tungpalan, people receive benefits or
1981) — the network of health services in recognition of
facilities and personnel which contributions to an
carries out the task of rendering insurance scheme. These
health care to the people. services typically include
3.​ PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE provision for retirement
SYSTEM — is a complex set of pensions, disability
organizations interacting to insurance, survivor
provide an array of health benefits and
services (Dizon, 1977). unemployment insurance
4.​ HEALTH SYSTEM (TINIO, 2008) — 2.​ Income maintenance
A health system comprises all mainly the distribution of
organizations, institutions and cash in the event of
resources devoted to producing interruption of
actions whose primary intent is employment, including
to improve health. retirement, disability and
unemployment
The four essential functions of a health ●​ services provided by
system have been defined as: service administrations
provision resource generation financing responsible for social
stewardship security. In different
countries may include
TYPES OF HCDS MODEL medical care, aspects of
1. PRIVATE ENTERPRISE HEALTH CARE social work and even
MODEL industrial relations
-​ Purely private enterprise health 3. PUBLICLY FUNDED HEALTH CARE
care systems are comparatively MODEL
rare. -​ Where the residents of the
-​ Where they exist, it is usually for country are insured by the state
a comparatively well-off -​ Health care that is financed
subpopulation in a poorer entirely or in majority part by
country with a poorer standard citizens' tax payments instead of
of health care (for Instance, through private payments made
private clinics for a small, wealthy to insurance companies or
expatriate population in an directly to health care providers
otherwise poor country.) 4. SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE (TINIO,
-​ But there are countries with a 2008)
majority-private health care -​ where the whole population or
system with residual public most of the population is a
service member of a sickness insurance
2. SOCIAL SECURITY HEALTH MODEL company
-​ Where workers and their families -​ (SHI) is a method for financing
are insured by the state health care costs through a
social insurance program based
 on the collection of funds 2. SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH
contributed by individuals, CARE FACILITIES
employers, and sometimes -​ Are the smaller,
government subsidies. non-departmentalized hospitals
including Senter emergency and
Factors contributing to the limited regional hospitals.
capacity of the country's health care -​ Services offered to patients with
system to deliver better health symptomatic stages of disease,
outcomes which require moderately
1.​ Poor health care financing specialized knowledge and
2.​ The inappropriate health service technical resources for adequate
delivery system where there is treatment.
excessive reliance on use of 3. TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE
high-end hospital services rather FACILITIES
than primary care, including an -​ Are the highly technological and
ineffective mechanism for sophisticated services offered by
providing public health medical centers and large
programs hospitals. These are the
3.​ The brain drain of health specialized national hospitals.
professionals -​ Services rendered at this level are
for clients afflicted with diseases
which seriously threaten their
LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES health and which require highly
(WILLIAMS- TUNGPALAN, 1831) technical and specialized
1. PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE knowledge, facilities and
FACILITIES personnel to treat effectively
-​ rural health units (Williams- Tungpalan, 1981)
-​ sub-centers
-​ chest clinics THE HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM
-​ malaria eradication units -​ Measures a person's level of
-​ Schistosomiasis control units health.
operated by the DOH -​ Views health as a constantly
-​ Puericulture centers operated by changing state with high-level
League of Puericulture Centers; wellness and death on opposite
-​ Tuberculosis clinics and hospitals sides of a continuum.
of the Philippine Tuberculosis -​ Illustrates the dynamic
Society; (ever-changing) state of health
-​ private clinics,
-​ clinics operated by the Philippine
Medical Association;
-​ clinics operated by large
industrial firms for their
employees;
-​ Clinics and community hospitals
and health centers operated by
the Philippine Medicare Care
Commission CONCEPT OF NURSING AS A
-​ Other health facilities operated PROFESSION, SCIENCE AND ART
by voluntary religious and civic -​ Nursing is a profession within the
groups (Williams-Tungpalan, health care sector focused on the
1981) care of individuals, families, and
communities so they may attain,
 maintain, or recover optimal not all patients have the same
health and quality of life. needs.
-​ Nurses provide care both -​ When describing the art of
interdependently, for example, nursing, a colleague stated, "Like
with physicians, and a work of art, each encounter
independently as nursing with a patient is unique."
professionals.
SCIENCE OF NURSING
NURSING AS A PROFESSION -​ The science of nursing is the
Nurses: application of theory to practice.
-​ Base their practice on evidence The educational foundation of
-​ Are lifelong learners baccalaureate nursing (BSN)
-​ Are patient advocates education includes liberal arts
-​ Serve individuals, families, and and sciences.
communities in diverse roles -​ Through liberal arts, nurses learn
-​ Direct care providers in hospitals to analyze, problem-solve, think
and clinics critically, and communicate.
-​ Researchers -​ Through science, nurses bring
-​ Administrators forward knowledge of anatomy &
-​ Educators physiology, chemistry,
-​ Nurses are essential members of microbiology, psychology, and
the healthcare team, sociology.
collaborating with professionals
from a variety of disciplines to CONCEPTS OF NURSING
ensure the provision of quality
healthcare. METAPARADIGM OF NURSING
-​ Professional nursing requires 1.​ Person - Most important because
innate qualities such as caring knowing the client will make
and compassion as well as a your nursing care individualized,
broad educational foundation, holistic, ethical, and humane.
thus the art and science of 2.​ Health
nursing. 3.​ Environment
4.​ Nursing
THE ART OF NURSING
Nursing: CONCEPTS
-​ A calling 1.​ Florence Nightingale
-​ Caring -​ Act of utilizing the environment
-​ Compassion of the patient to assist him in his
-​ Nonjudgmental recovery.
-​ Culturally sensitive 2.​ Sister Callista Roy
-​ Nurses care for the whole -​ Theoretical system of knowledge
person - physically, mentally, that prescribes a process of
emotionally, and spiritually. analysis and action related to the
-​ While caring for an individual, care of the ill person.
the nurse also cares for the 3.​ Martha Rogers
family. -​ Nursing is a humanistic science
-​ Nurses provide care with dedicated to the compassionate
respect and dignity for patients concern with maintaining and
and their families. promoting health and
-​ Nursing requires creative preventing illness and caring for
approaches to providing care; and rehabilitating the sick and
disabled.
-​ Levels of prevention: i. Medium priority needs -
Primary - Health promotion and (Health threatening needs)
disease prevention Elimination, Nutrition, Comfort,
Secondary - Treatment, curative ii. Low Priority needs - (Person's
Tertiary - Rehabilitation developmental needs)
4.​ Dorothea Orem 7.​ Hildegard Peplau
-​ (Self-care and Self-care deficit -​ Psychodynamic Theory of
theory) Nursing
-​ Helping or assisting service to -​ Interpersonal Process
persons who are wholly or partly -​ Phases of Nurse-patient
dependent, when they, their relationship:
parents and guardians, or other i. Orientation (client seeks)
adults responsible for their care ii. Identification (independence,
are no longer able to give or dependence)
supervise their care. iii. Exploitation (accept service of
-​ i.e. completely assisted, partially nurse)
assisted, and self-assisted. iv. Resolution
5.​ ANA (American Nurses 8.​ Virgina Henderson
Association) -​ 14 fundamental needs of a
-​ Nursing is the protection, person
promotion, and optimization of 9.​ Faye Abdellah
health and abilities, prevention of -​ Typology of 21 Nursing problems
illness and injury, alleviation of -​ Patient-centered approach
suffering through the diagnosis -​ The client's needs are the
and advocacy in the care of basis of the nursing
individuals, families, problems
communities, and populations 10.​Lydia Hall
(2003). -​ 3 C's:
6.​ Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of 1.​ Core (therapeutic use of
needs self) - Patient
Transcendence 2.​ Care (nursing function) -
Self-actualization Nurse
Self-esteem 3.​ Cure (medical) - Doctor
Love and belongingness 11.​ Jean Watson
Safety and Security -​ Human Caring Theory
Physiologic (Priority) -​ Caring is an innate characteristic
of every nurse.
Safety — Being free from harm -​ 10 Carative factors
or danger 12.​
i. Physical safety (free from
physical harm) and THEORIES OF NURSING
ii. Psychological safety 1.​ Ida Jean Orlando-Pelletier
(explaining the procedure to -​ Dynamic Nurse-Patient
the patient) Relationship Model
-​ Nursing Process Theory —
Physiologic — If all the needs Nursing as a process involved in
are within the physiologic level interacting with an ill individual
High Priority needs - (life to meet an immediate need.
threatening needs) Airway, -​ Four Practices Basic to Nursing :
Breathing, Circulation Observation, reporting,
recording, and actions
2.​ Madeleine Leininger
-​ Transcultural Theory of Nursing -​ 3 types of stressors:
3.​ Myra Levine intra-personal, extra personal,
-​ 4 Principles of Conservation interpersonal
1.​ Conservation of energy -​ Primary, secondary,
2.​ Conservation of structural tertiary levels of
integrity of the body prevention
3.​ Conservation of personal -​ The goal of nursing is to
integrity assist individual families
4.​ Conservation of social and groups in attaining
integrity and maintaining a
4.​ Sister Callista Roy maximal level of total
-​ Adaptation Model wellness by purposeful
-​ Individuals cope through interventions.
biophysical social adaptation 10.​Parse
-​ 4 mode of adaptation : Role -​ Theory of Human Becoming
function, interdependence, -​ emphasizes how individual
physiological, self-concept chose and bear responsibility for
5.​ Dorothea Orem patterns of personal health
-​ Self-care and Self-care Deficit 11.​ Patricia Benner
Theory Universal self-care Novice - Expert Theory
requirement (nutrition, Stage 1: Novice
oxygenation), developmental Stage 2: Advance beginner
self-care requirement Stage 3: Competent (2-3
(developmental tasks), health years)
care deviation self-care Stage 4: Proficient (3-5
requirement years)
-​ 3 Nursing systems: wholly Stage 5: Expert
compensatory, partially -​ Skills acquisition
compensatory,
supportive-educative 12.​ Joyce Travelbee
compensatory -​ Human to Human Relationship
6.​ Dorothy Johnson 13.​ Ernestein Weidenbach
-​ Behavioral Systems Theory -​ Clinical Nursing: A Helping Art
-​ Man is composed of subsystems 14.​Nola Pender
and these systems exist in -​ Health Promotion Model
dynamic stability.
7.​ Martha Rogers FILIPINO NURSING THEORISTS
-​ Science of Unitary Human Being 1.​ Carmencita Abaquin
-​ Unitary man is an energy field in ●​ Chairman of Board of Nursing
constant interaction with the ●​ PREPARE ME intervention
environment. ○​ P - presence which in
8.​ Imogene King ○​ RE - reminisce therapy
-​ Goal Attainment Theory ○​ P - prayer
-​ Interacting systems framework ○​ Re - relaxation
-​ Nurses purposefully interact with ○​ ME - medication
the patient and mutually set the 2.​ Sr. Caroline Agravante
goal, explore, and agree to ●​ The CASAGRA Transformative
means to achieve the goals Leadership model
9.​ Betty Neuman ●​ 5 C's for Transformational
-​ Total Person Model leadership: creative, caring,
critical, contemplative, collegial
3.​ Carmelita Divinagracia
 ●​ COMPOSURE Behavior for
wellness
●​ COMpetence
●​ Presence of Prayer, Open
mindedness, Stimulation,
Understanding, Respect,
Relaxation, Empathy
4.​ Mila Delia Lanes
●​ Conceptual model on Core
Competency Development
5.​ Ma. Irma Bustamante
-​ The effects of the Nursing
Self-Esteem
-​ Enhancement (NurSe) Program
to the Self-Esteem of Filipino
Abused Women

St. Letty Kuan — Retirement and Role

Discontinuity
St. Elizabeth of Hungary — Patroness
of nurses
St. Catherine of Siena — The 1st lady
with the lamp
Clara Barton — Founder of American
Red Cross
Fabiola — Wealthy Matron who
donated her wealth to build a hospital
the Christian world
Theodor Fliedner — Founder of the
first organized school of nursing
Rose Nicolet — Helped establish the
first school of nursing in the Philippines
Lilian Wald — Founder of Public Health
Nursing