bift MOVING COIL BALLISTIC GALVANOMETER

. Principle. When a current is passed through a coil, -suspended

freely in a magnetic field, it exp eriences a.force in a direction given _. Torsion
r - - - ----cI:::r head
by Fleming :s· lefi hand rule.
Construction. It consists of a rectangular coil or thin copper
wire wound on a non-m etallic ·fram e or ivory (Fig. I0. 28). It is Phosphor
bro azc
suspended by means of a phosphor bronze wire between the poles Wll'~
of a powerful horse-shoe magnet. A small circul ar mirror is allached Minor
to the suspension wire. Lower end of the coil is connected to a
~ir-spring. The upper end of the suspension wire and the lower end
?f the spring are connected to terminal s T1 and T2· A cy lindrical son
iron core (C) is placed symmetrically inside the coil between the 3 E
magnetic poles which are also made cylindrical in shape. This iron
core concentrates the magnetic field and helps in producing radial
field.
The B.G. is used to measure electric charge. The charge ~as to
Pass_through the coi] as quickly as possible and before ~he co~l starts
movmg. The coil thus gets an impulse and a throw 1s registered.
254 Electricity and Magnetism
. . . . is used so that
To achieve this result a coil of high moment of inertia ·11ations of
th e · d . .'
per10 of osc1llat10n of the coil. 1s . I
.· fairly
arge. The osc1
the coil are practically undamped. laced in a
~_i
E
1
. Theory. (i)_ Consider a recta_n~ular c?il of N_ tu~
umfonn magnetic field of magnetic mduct10n B (Fig. 9 ). Let/ be
I
~he length of the coil and bits breadth.
· Area of the coil = A == lb. '
When a current; passes through the oil ,
Ftcf.. 1-0.19
torque on tI1e cot·1 = t -- Ni'B:A · . ··· (1 )
l

If the current passes for a short interval dt, the angular impulse
produced in the coil is
t dt = NiBA
dt . ... (2)
If the current passes fort seconds, the total angular impulse given to th e coil is

fO1 dt = NBA flO .dt = NB:A q

I
1 ... (JJ
Here, f~ i dt = q = total charge passing thr~:mgh the galvanometer co!l.
Let f be the moment of inertia of the coil ab~ut the axis of suspens_ion and w its angular velocity.
Then, change in angular momentum of the coil= fro ...(4)
fro = NBAq. ... (5)
(ii) The kinetic energy of the, moving system .!._ I w2 is used in twisting the suspension wire
2
through an angle 8. Let c be the restoring torque per unit twist of the suspension wire. Then, work
done in twisting the suspension wire by an angle·8 = .!_ c 82 .
2
.!_Jro 2 = ..!..c8 2 .
2 2
or Jro_2 = C 92
(iii) The period of oscillation of the coil is

Multiplying Eqs. (6) and (7),

or fo> = cT0
2n
Equating (5) and (8), N/3Aq = cT0
2n

or
2n
q =
NBA
(!_)(-.(; )0 ... (9)

This gives the relation between the charge flowing and th b 11· . hr
e a lStlC t OW 0 ofthe ga lvanorneter-
q oc e. ·
 Magnetostatics (Magnetic Effect of Electric Current) 255
--------------~--___ :_~~~::..:..2--= :::..=---=...:::.. :.~~~

(zS)(N;AJ is caUed the ballistic reductzonfactor (K).

.. q=K0
correction for Damping in Ballistic Galvanometer
We have assumed that the whole of the kinetic energy imparted to the coil is used in twisting the
suspension of the coil. In ~ctual practice, the motion of the coil is damped by air resistance and the
induced current pro~uced m the coil. The first throw of the galvanometer is, therefore, smaller th.an
it would have bee~ m the absence of damping. The correct value of first throw is however obtained
by applying dampmg correction.
82 84 0 0 8 8 8
Let 01' 02, 03, ··· be the successive maximum deflections ,...._.__ __.__.____.__ .....5~ _3 ~ ' ~
from zero position to the right and left (Fig .. 10.30). Then it is
round that
02 03 . d
-01 = -::::-=•··= ... (1 )
. 02 03 84 '
The constant d is called the decrement per half vibration.
Let d = eA so that A= loge d
Here A is called the logarithmic decrement.
For a complete vibration,
~ = ~x~=d 2 =en
03 02 03
Let 0 be the true.first throw.in the absence of damping.
e
0 > 01, The first throw 1 is observed after the coil completes a quarter of vibration. In this case,
·be value of the decrement would be e')J 2 . · · · . ·

~ = e")..12 ~ (1 + A)
01 ' 2

or 0= 01 [1+~] ... (2)

We can calculate A by observing the first throw e1 and the eleventh throw e11 .

~ ~ ~ -~-~- 04. 05. 06. 07. 0g. 010~9. -elOA.

0 1I - 0 2 03 0 4 05 06 07 . 0g . 09 810 01 I
1 01 2.3026 l 01
or A= ~loge - = 10 og10 - . ...(3)
10 011 011

q -
_(I_J(-c )e (1
2n NBA
1 + '2A)
Dead-beat and Ballistic galvanometers . •
· Galvanometers are classified as (i) dead-beat or aperiodic and (ii) ballistic galvanometers. •
. A moving coil galvanometer in w~ich the c,~il is wou~,d on a tll~tal!ic conducting fram~ is
~own as a ·dead-beat galvanometer. It' 1s called dead-b~at because 1t gives a steady deflection
Without producing any oscillation, when a steady current 1s passed through the coil.
Conditions for a moving coil galvanometer to be dead beat:
(i) Moment of inertia of the system shou/~ be small.
(ii) Coil should be mounted on a conduct mg frame.
(iii) Suspension.fibre should be compqra.tively th icker.
 - - - - -- - - • - .I

Theo,y of hystel'8Sls
- EN ER GY LO SS DUE TO HYSTERESIS
According to Ewi ng's theo ry of mole cula r magnetis
~ag neti sed cond ition cons ists of an indefinitely large
m, ~ magnetic material even in the
number of molecular magnets endowed
ied, the molecular magnets align themselves
~Ith definite pola rity. Whe n a mag netiz ing field is appl
m the direction of the field .
field in turning the molecular magnets
. During this proc ess, wor k is done by the magnetizing
to magnetize a specimen is not completely
against the mutu al attra ctive forces. This ener gy required
the magnetization does not become zero.
recovered whe n the mag neti zing field is turned off, since
the m(?lecular magnets remain aligned
!he specimen retai ns som e mag netiz ation because som e of
s. To tear them out completely, a coercive force in the
In the new form ation due to the grou p force
of energy in taking a ferromagnetic material
reverse direction has to be appl ied. Thus , there is a Joss
is called hysteresis loss and appears in the
through a cycl e of mag netiz ation . This loss of energy ·
fonn of heat.
nets per unit' vol~1me. Le~ m ?e the
Consider a mag netic mate rial havi ng n mole cula r !na~
h its axis makes with the direct10n of
rnagnetic mom ent of each mag net and 0 the angl e whic
. .
rnagnetizing fi~ld H · 81n
be resolved into a compone~t m cos th
The mag netic mom ent m of the mole cula r mag net can
0 alone contnbut~s to e
th e direction of iI and m sin e perp endi cula r to H. The com pone nt m cos
t on the magnetisation of the specimen.
lllagnetising field and the com pone nt m sin 0 has no effec
 404
- --~~~~ - - -- - - ---,--_--
Electricity and Magne_tism

If M be th e intensity of magnetisation, then

... (I)
M = rm cos e
Differenting Eq. (1 ), dM = d('f.m cos e) = _ r, 111 sin 0 d H ... (2)

When M increases to M + dM, e decreases to e - d 0.

The work don e by the field' in decreasing~ by d0 is given by
.. .(3)
dW = C d0
Here, C = torque for unit deflection = µ 0 mH sin 0
dW = µ,o mH sine x (-d0) == - µomH sine d0 ... (4)

The work ·done by the applied field is

= :r dW = µ 0 H x (-Lm sin 0 d0)
= µ 0 H x dM . (fr?m Eq. 2).
Thus work done by the magnetizing field per unit volume of the material for completmg a cycle
lS

W = g> µ 0 H dM = g> H µ 0 dM ... (5)

Now, B = µ 0 (H + M). For ferromagnetics, M> > H. So B = µoAf

i.e., dB = µ 0 dM ... (6)
From Eqs. (5) and (6),
W= g>H dB ... (7)
The area of the B ~ H loop or µ 0 times the ·area of the M - H loop gives the energy spent per
cycle. . . · · .
When His in Am- 1 and Bis in Wb ;,- 2, the energy is in joules per cycle per m 3 of the material.
Prove that the area of the B-H curve is equal to the hysteresis B
loss ·per unit voJume of the specimen in one cycle.
g
Consider the B-H curve (Fig. 14.32). At a point near Q on the
curve, H is represented by PQ and dB is represented by PR. b
Therefore H dB is represented by the area of the strip PQSR.
Hence the increase in energy per unit volume of the maierial in
s
Q
carrying it from the state f to the ·state a will b_e the sum of.all such
areas i.e. , the area OfagO. When the material is taken from the state a
__iCji~:_H
f
to the state b, then Hand Bare reduced and an energy equal to the area
agba per unit volume of the material is restored back.
Hence the net energy dissipated per unit volume in taking the
material from the state f to the state b (through a) is equal to the e
horizontally shaded area OjabO. If the whole cycle is considered, d~~m1 h
the net energy dissipated per unit volume of the material during a
complete cycle of magnetisation is equal to the areafabcde.f i.e., the
area of the B-H loop. ·
Energy dissipated per cycle of magnetisation

f H dB (joule/meter 2
) = area of the B-H loop.
Area of the hystersis loop:
LetABCDEFA represent the M-H curve of the material (Fig. 14.33).
Consider two very near points p and q on the curve.
_____________ ____ _ _ _ _____:M
.:_:a~g:ne~t~
ic~P.:_r'oJ.p~e~rt~ie:_s~of~M
_:.:.at~e~
ri:al:s _ _:4:0:_:::5
At p, the value of the magnetisi~g field His repre~ented by sp. The increase in the value of M
~~ .
The amount of work done on the specimen to }
·mcrease t he mtens1ty
· · of magnetisation by dM = µ 0 fH dM

This is ~qual to µ 0 times the area of the small rectangular strip pqrs. Similarly, the whole cycle
can be imagined to be made up of small rectangular strips and the total amount of work done the on
specimen when H -increases or by the specimen when H decreases to zero can be calculate_d .
(i) The work done on the specimen when the value of H increases from zero to K (Fig. I 4.34)
R
= µ0 JH dM = µ 0 (area EFARBOE)
E
(ii) Work done by the specimen when H decreases to zero
B
= µ 0 JH dM =·µ 0 (Area AREA)
R

(iii) Work done on the specimen when H increases from zero to L in the opposite direction
s
. = µ0 JH dM = µ 0 (Area BCDSEOB)
B

(iv) Work done by the specimen when H decreases to .zero

E
= µ 0 JH dM = µ 0 (Area DSED)
s·
A

L C F

-
H
K

fff-~-
D

. er unit volume per cycl_e

the specimen p
Total wor k d one on . ARBA + Area BCDSEOB - Area DSED]
- EFARBOE - Area -
= µ 0 [Area _
EFA) = µ times the area ot the M - H loop.
= µ 0(Area ABCD o I of
· .en per unit volume when taken through a complete eye e
Hence the work done on th e sphecimea of the hysteresis loop ABCDEFA. ·
'
magnetisation is equal to µo times t ear .
ft] EXPERIMENT TO DRAW 8-H CURVE (BALLISTIC METHOD)
. of the given ferromagnetic material is taken in the form of a
Circuit Description. A specimen
ring (Rowland ring). The experimental arrangement is shown in Fig. 14.30. · ·

114 Turns

, " - 11 3
,.-,d-~'-b.-h.-"-.. Tums/Meter ·
11
1 Tums/Meter
s·2

~ lj~K
R1 K' B ~

FfG.)1,:301
· . A primary coil P is wound closely over the specimen ring. This winding is connected in series
1
Wifu a battery B, an ammeter A, a rheostat R 1, and a resistance R' through a reversing key Kand a
~o-~ay key K • A tap key K' connected across R' facilitates either its inclusion or removal from the
1
~~~tt._Th~ seco~dary winding s1, o_ver t~e specimen, consists ?f_a few turns of closely wound wire.
. Windmg S , is connected in senes with a rheostat R, a balhsttc galvanometer and the secondary
wlllding S of~ standard solenoid through a key K2 . Kg is the damping key across the ballistic
2
g~lvanometer. p is the rimary winding of the standard solenoid. The two way key K 1 connects
enher p 2 p . . .
1 or P to the battery circmt. . · ·
2
402
· El ec trzczty
· · and Magnetism

Theory.
Number of turns of the winding P, == n, turns per metre
Total number of turns of the winding S == n2turns
1
Number of turns of the winding p 2 == n 3 turn s per metre
Total number of turns of the winding S == n4 turns
2
Area of cross-section of the specimen == A sq. metres
Area of cross-section of the standard solenoid = a sq. metres
W11en the key K is closed to the left, a current i passes through the magnetising coil P 1• The
• . 1 .
nng 1s magnetised.
The intensity of the magnetising field = H = n I i . . . . . · · ·( 1)
The magnetisation of the specimen develops a magnetic flux den sity B ms1de th e rmg. Then, the
n
total flux linked with the secondary = <I> = 2BA. . .. . .
This is the change of flux in the secondary. It sets up an induced emf m the secondary crrcmt.
If R is the total resistance of the secondary circuit, then the charge passing through the ballistic
galvanometer
q = n2BAIR .
If e is the first throw of the ballistic galvanometer coil, then
q = n2BAIR = K0 (1 + 'A/2) ...(2)
where K is the ballistic constant and')... the logarithmic decrement of the ballistic galvanometer.
To eliminate K and '). .
A known current i' is passed through the primary of the standard solenoid by closing the key
K I to the right.
Magnetic flux linked with the secondary <I>'= µ 0 n3 i' an 4 Wb

This change in the magnetic flux sends a charge q' = µon 3 n4 i' a through the galvanometer.
R
If 0 is the first throw in the galvanometer coil, then

q , = --------
µon3 n4 i'· -=Ke
a ,(
1 +- A) .. .(3)
R 2
Dividing Eq . (2) by Eq. (3), we have
n2 BA 0
µ 0 n3 n4 i' a 0'
~Lo n n4 i' a 0 ,,
or B = - -3 - - - Wb/m- ..., (4)
An2 0'
. E~. (4) g~ves the magnetic induction B induced in the specimen corresponding to the magnetic
mtens1ty H, given by Eq. (] ) .
. Proced~re. The key K 1 is fi rst closed to the left and the resistances R and R' are decreased
I
until on closmg the commutator K, the g;ilvanometer gives a full-scale deflection from the zero. The
current required to do this is noted and is used as maximum current in the main experiment.
The residual magnetism in the specimen is reduced to zero as fo llows: The galvanometer circuit
is first broken and the resistances R and R' are reduced to the minimum. The current passing through
I
the primary of the ring solenoid is then reversed many times by means of the commutator Kand R
and R' are gradually increased until the current which is reversed is very small.
 Magnetic Properties of Materials
403
~anometer is again put in the circuit by closing 8
K eThe key K' is closed and resistance R 1 is given a value t
keY 2· nding to the maximum current. The commutator K is r-r-r-==-~a
~~ .
co d to the right and the first throw 0 1, of the galvanometer 1s
cloS~ The current ip is also noted from the ammeter. The values
note ~d H are calculated by using Eqs. ( 4) and ( l) respectively.
_ H
of 81 orresp~nding point on the B-H curve is a (Fig. l 4.31 ).
The cThe galvanometer ctrcmt· · 1s· agam
. b ro k en and th e specimen
.
. ain demagnetized by reversing rapidly the commutator
; :: descri?ed befor~ .. Th~ ballistic galvanometer ~s. again put
. the circmt. Now R 1s given a small value and K 1s opened.
~he magnetising force is thereby decreased to H 2 , producing a
ballistic throw 0 2 in the galvanometer. This throw corresponds to
a decrease in induction, B 1 - B 2 . .
The value of magnetising field H 2 is calcul~ted by noting ammeter reading. The corresponding
point on the graph is denoted by the point b. This process is repeated by grad~ally increasing R 1
until current and hence Hbecomes ze~o. The graph corresponding to these readings is ac. After each
measurement, the specimen is returned to the state a by the reversal of maximum current. Hence
point a works as the reference point.
The key K' is now closed and commutator is reversed several times and finally left to the right.
R' is given a large value and galvanometer is again put in the circuit. The commutator K is then
thrown over to the left and at the same time K' is opened, so that the current is reversed and at the
same time made of small value. This giyes a point on the part cd of the curve. The starting point is
again a and change in magnetic induction is measured every time. The process is repeated in many
steps until finally R' is zero when the point e on the curve is reached.
The part efga can be drawn by symmetry, or by repeating the experiment using e as the reference
point and leaving the commutator now on the left.
· The two-way key K 1 is closed to the right. A known current i' is passed through P 2 . The
corresponding throw 0' in the B.G., is noted. This auxiliary experiment is used to calculate B from
~ -~ ). .
- CHOKE COIL .
A choke coil is an inductan ce coil which is used to control the current in an ac circuit.
Construction. A choke consists of a coil of several turns of insulated thick copper wire of low
resistance but large inductanc e, wound over a laminated core (Fig. 13.26). The core is layered and is
made up of thin sheets of stalloy to reduce hysteresis losses. The laminations are coated with shellac
to insulate and bound together firmly so as to minimise loss of energy due to eddy currents.
Principle. ·
The average power dissipate d in the choke coil is given by
1
P = - E0 JO cos<!>·
2
If the resistance of the choke coil is R and the inductance of the choke coil is L, then the power
factor cos <I> is given by
R
cos <l> = -=== == (Fig. 13.27)
J(R2 + ro2L2 )

,,,,. - Flux \
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

iFIG~ tJ.261
~e•ti~ia~a,
1:i=""~t~ ~

. . : . d
. . ·t large on account of its la(ge number of turns an
th ~he inductance L of the choke coil is qut ~ R is very small. Hence cos cj> is nearly zero.
e hic~1...
611 Penneabi lity h"1le its resistance
of iron core, w -
352 Electricity and Magnetism
Therefore, the power absorbed by the coil is extremely small. Thus the choke coil reduces the
strengfh 0.f t_he current without appreciable wastage of energy. T~e o~I~ ~aS te of ener~y is due to·
the hysteresis loss in the iron core. The loss due to eddy currents is mm1m1sed by makmg the core
laminated.
. _Preference of choke coil over 811 ohmic resistance for diminishing the current. The current
1~ an_ A.C. circuit can also be diminished by using an ordinary ohmic resistance (rheostat) in the
ci~cmt. But _such a method of controlling A.C. is not economical as ~~ch of the electrical energy
(IR~) supplied by the source is wasted as heat. Hence the choke coil 1s to be preferred over the
olumc resistance.
The energy used in establishing the magnetic field in the choke coil is restored when the magnetic
field collapses. Hence to regulate ac, it is more economical to use a choke than a resistance.
Choking coils are very inuch used in electronic circuits, mercury lamps and sodium vapour
lamps.