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2.1 Steel - Material Study

The document provides an overview of steel as a building material, detailing its properties, historical significance, and applications in construction. It highlights the advantages of steel, such as strength, durability, and low maintenance, while also addressing its disadvantages, including susceptibility to corrosion and low fire resistance. Additionally, it discusses the evolution of steel structures, including skyscrapers and bridges, and the various types of steel structures used in modern construction.

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12 views25 pages

2.1 Steel - Material Study

The document provides an overview of steel as a building material, detailing its properties, historical significance, and applications in construction. It highlights the advantages of steel, such as strength, durability, and low maintenance, while also addressing its disadvantages, including susceptibility to corrosion and low fire resistance. Additionally, it discusses the evolution of steel structures, including skyscrapers and bridges, and the various types of steel structures used in modern construction.

Uploaded by

sam.s2508sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONSTRUCTION &

DETAILING OF STEEL
AND ITS
APPLICATION IN
BUILDINGS.
| STEEL AS MATERIAL|

FERROUS METAL
AND
NON FERROUS METAL
A Metal containing iron as a primary material
• Iron

FERROUS METAL • Cast Iron


• Steel
• Stainless steel
• Wrought Iron
A Metal containing little or no iron
• Bronze

NON FERROUS METAL • Brass


• Aluminium
• Copper
• Lead
Steel is an alloy – consisting mostly of IRON,
STEEL with a carbon content between 0.2% - 2.14%
by weight, depending on grade.
It is DURABLE, FLEXIBLE and Strong – this
lends itself to varied uses - One of
the main uses is in Construction
•No one really knows exactly when and where
steel was first produced however some of the
first steel that we know of comes from East
Africa dating all the way back to 1400 BC , in
the 4th century steel weapons we produced in
the Iberian peninsula.

HISTORY OF STEEL • Under the Han Dynasty in china in 202 BC


to 220 AD steel was created by melting
together Cast Iron with Wrought Iron to make
a Carbon – Intermediate - Steel.
They first gained popularity in the early 20th
century.
Their use became more widespread during
World War II and significantly expanded after
the war when steel became more available
1400 BC

202 BC to 220 AD

1745
HISTORY OF STEEL
WHAT HAPPENED
How does it gained popularity in the early 20th century.

WHY?????
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
The Eiffel tower was constructed

in1887-89 of wrought iron. This

exuberant use of a precursor to

steel demonstrated the ability of

architects and engineers to

reach for new heights.

08
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Steel is primarily known for its high
strength and functionality.
Steel frames buildings provide an advantage of being light
weight, easy to work with, less expensive to ship and store
over any other building material.
It is also less technique sensitive hence provides less strain
WHY STEEL ?
on the worker to deal with it.
Steel does not bend until excellent amount of weight is
placed on it which makes it supremely suitable
for constructing massive buildings, to keep their walls
straight and corners square. The beams employed to create
the structure maintain their position over long period of
time.
09
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Decorative patterns were created in reference to earlier
architecture. The unadorned material alone was not yet
acceptable as an aesthetic expression.

10
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Long span steel trusses were ideal for the space and non-
combustibility required for railroad stations in England.

The reference to earlier forms of architecture is seen clearly


in the cast iron columns.

BIRTH OF RAILWAY STATIONS

11
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AS BUILDING MATERIAL
The ability to build very high buildings changed the scale of
cities.

Often there was a race to build the highest

the Empire State building (1929-31)

RISE OF SKYSCRAPERS
The Brooklyn Bridge (1869-83) makes
use of the great strength of steel in
tension. The main cables span1,595
feet (486 m) between the masonry
piers. From the cables a web of lighter
cables suspend the roadway. The
lightness of the steel in tension
contrasts with the heavy masonry in
compressive stress.

EVOLUTION OF BRIDGES
The list of advantages of using steel for construction is elaborate:
• Increased stability of steel frame construction
• High quality and aesthetic
• Low maintenance
• Fire resistant
• Environment friendly
• Can be reused over and over
ADVANTAGES
• Construction is strong, durable and stable
• Steel constructions can promote greatest quality designs and yet
maintain the strength
• Sustainable to temperature changes
• Steel frame is rigid and dimensionally stable
• Construction is quicker when steel is used
• Cheaper
• Energy efficient and harmless
• Steel is not the perfect building material because of some drawbacks
with steel construction.
• Steel corrodes in very humid areas, coastal regions and moist
DIS ADVANTAGES areas of building like bathrooms.Builders have to use coatings of anti-
corrosive agents to protect the structure.
• Steel is a good conductor of heat and cold, hence it is not ideal where
insulation is required. Additional insulation is required to make a steel
building energy efficient.
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
DUCTILITY VS BRITTLE ?

Ductility is the ability of a material to withstand tensile force


when it is applied upon it as it undergoes plastic deformation
whereas Brittleness is the opposite of ductility as it refers to the
ability of materials to break into pieces upon application of
tensile force without any elongation or plastic deformation

TENSION VS COMPRESSION VS SHEER


• LIGHTNESS
(COMPARED TO
• FORM WORK CONCRETE )
UNNEEDED

• HIGH STRENGTH
AND STIFFNESS PER
• EASE OF
WEIGHT.
FABRICATION AND
MASS PRODUCTION

• FAST AND EASY


ERECTION AND
• TERMITE PROOF
INSTALLATION
AND ROT PROOF

16
• HIGH DEFORMATION DUE
TO SMALL SIZE OF
MEMBERS

• SUSCEPTIBLITY TO
• NOT ECONOMICAL
CORROSION
EVERYWHERE

• BUCKLING DUE TO SMALL


• LOW FIRE RESISTANCE (
SIZES OF MEMBERS
COMPARE TO CONCRETE )
The main advantage of steel
over R.C.C construction is
that in the former case , the
fabricated members are
delivered to the site ready
for assembly Super quick to built at site

Ease in expansion Ease in repair

Can be made to any kind of


shape Ready made structural
section

A wide range of Joining


methods
• A Structure which is made from organised combination of structural
steel members designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity
• Steel structures involve a sub-structure or members in a building made
WHAT ARE STEEL from structural steel
STRUCTURES ?
WHAT ARE STEEL
STRUCTURES ?
• Structural member is physically distinguishable part of structure with
independent structural funtions
• E.g Member elements ,cable ,beams , section etc..,
ELEMENTS IN A
STEEL STRUCTURE
• LONG SPAN STRUCTURES
• MUTLI STOREY & HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
• TOWERS AND MASS STRUCTURES
WHEN AND WHERE • PORTAL FRAMES
WE USE STEEL • BRIDGES
STRUCTURES
• INFRASTRUCTURES
• DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES
• GENERALIZED STRUCTURES : MECHANICAL

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