Chapter 1

Ma’am Ina
COMIC STRIP
STORY
What is Language?
• Language is primarily a human and non-instinctive method of
communicating ideas, emotions and desires through a system
of voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir).
• Language goes beyond just describing real situation, for it
primarily aims to form the components of culture (Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis)
• Language, in its wildest sense, means the total of such
signs of our thoughts and feelings as are capabale of
external perception and as xould be produced and
repeated all will (AH. Gardiner)
• Language may be defined as the expression of
thought utilizing speech-sounds (Henry Sweet).
What is Language?
• A system of communication by sound i.e, through the organs
of speech and hearing, among human beings of a certain group
or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary
conventional meanings (Mario A Pei & Frank Gaynor)
• comes from the Latin term “lingua” or the French “langue”
which means tongue.
FIVE
MACROSKILLS
Speaking
Listening

Reading

Writing Viewing
LISTENING

Listening is a pre-requisite to understanding. It is

the skill of grasping band decoding information
during the exchange of messages. Listening is the
beginning of understanding and a valuable key to
effective communication. It is the task of getting
the meaning of what is being heard (Underwood,
2009).
10 Steps to Effective Listening
1.Look at the speaker in the face and eyes.
2.Focus and give attention but relax.
3.Be open-minded
4.Listen and picture what the speaker is saying.
5.Don’t speak while the speaker is talking.
6.When the speaker pauses, you may ask clarifying
questions.
7.Ask relevant questions.
8.Put yourself in the speaker’s place..
9.Give feedback.
10.Focus as well to nonverbal cues.
Receiving Stage

Hearing Hearing is the physiological

process of registering sound
waves as they hit the eardrum.
Attending Attending is the process of
accurately identifying and
interpreting particular sounds we
hear as words.
Understanding Stage
This is the stage during which the listener
determines the context and meanings of the
words that are heard through a process called
decoding.
Remembering Stage
In the listening process, the remembering stage
occurs as the listener categorizes and retains
the information he or she has gathered from the
speaker for future access.
Evaluating Stage
The stage where the listener assesses the
information they received, both qualitatively
and quantitatively. Evaluating allows the listener
to form an opinion of what they heard and, if
necessary, to begin developing a response.
Responding Stage
The responding stage is the stage of the listening
process in which the listener provides verbal
and/or nonverbal reactions based on short- or
long-term memory.
Speaking
Speaking is the ability that makes us superior to
other species. It is a complex cognitive and
linguistic skill that involves words and sounds.
Speaking
It also involves:
• Meaning: connotation, denotation, grammar
• Sociality, Relationship, Affect: formal, slang,
gender, dialect
• Performance: articulation, projection,
pronunciation
• Sound Elements: how volume, pitch, pace,
and nature of sound
complement/contradict/replace words
 Functions of Speaking

Interaction Transaction Performance

referred as focus on message happens when an

conversation done that needs to be audience accepts the
conveyed and message spoken;
spontaneously by
expects a putting emphasis on
two or more the accuracy, the
response/act to be
person with the sequencing of ideas,
done one the
intention of social message has been the form and the
relationship. received. organization.
Reading
Reading is a multifaceted process involving
word recognition, comprehension, fluency and
motivation. Learn how readers integrate these
facets to make meaning from print (Leipzig,
2001).
Types of Reading
Oral reading is the act of reading printed or written
material aloud, and is often used by teachers to track and
monitor student’s overall reading ability including
reading accuracy, fluency, pronunciation,
comprehension and understanding of punctuations.
Types of Reading
Silent reading is reading without voicing words, which
makes the activity than the oral reading.

It is more efficient in building connections between

words and gives us silence we need to concentrate and
process information.
Silent Reading
Intensive reading is used in shorter text in order to
extract specific information, which practice very close
accurate reading for detail.

Examples:
• bookkeeping report
• insurance claim
• contract
Silent Reading | Intensive
Linguistic Reading is used in guiding children to practice
reading and to perceive the phoneme-grapheme (sound-
sight) relationship. Teaching letters and its sounds is the
first step.
Silent Reading | Intensive
Content Reading is reading to learn, encompassing all
the skills and abilities required to read complex,
informational text found typically in Social Studies,
Science and Mathematics.
Silent Reading
Extensive Reading is used to obtain general
understanding of a subject, and can be laid for the
purpose of entertainment.

Examples:
• Marketing Strategy book
• Wattpad
• Magazines
Silent Reading | Extensive
Skimming is used to gather the most important or the
gist of information. This is done by running your eyes
over the text
Silent Reading | Extensive
Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information.
In this approach, there is no need to understand every
word in a text.
Silent Reading | Extensive
Global reading is a concept developed in the US which is
intended for children whose Mother Tongue is English. a
reading approach where a reader focuses on
understanding the overall meaning or main ideas of a text
rather than analyzing specific details or individual words.
Writing
• Writing is a process, not a result. It is the process of
using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation
and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a
readable form.

• A system for interpersonal communication using

visible signs or graphic symbols on a flat surface such
as paper, cloth or even stone slabs.
PLANNING
You will encounter many types of writing as you continue
your education and pursue your career. It is impossible to
teach you all of the types of writing but you can learn to
ask questions about your writing, analyze the writing
situation by considering 1) purpose, 2) audience, 3) and
context, and learn how to find answers to your questions.
This is where preparation can keep you from having to
redo an assignment or being embarrassed at work for
submitting a poorly written document.
RESEARCHING
To get started you need to ask a research question.
Research is finding out the answers to what you don't
know. The answer to your research question is your thesis
statement.
ORGANIZING
After you have finished your research and before you
draft or design your project you need to organize your
research and other ideas. Typically at this stage you
outline your paper.
DRAFTING & DESIGNING
Drafting and designing a document means to create both
the content and the layout that you desire for your
document. Don't worry about making it perfect at this
point - you will revise your document.
REVISING
Recognize what most people think is "bad" writing really is
just "unfinished" writing. In other words it hasn't been
revised (or revised enough times) to create a polished,
professional document.
PROOFREADING
Always read through your document to look for errors.
Look for typos and grammar mistakes, but also ensure
your document is consistent stylistically. These little
errors make your document look sloppy.
VIEWING
Viewing skills allow students to pause and reflect and
think about the images they are seeing and analyze or
evaluate further these visuals for better use. It includes
giving meaning to the images or visuals and even with
computer programsand websites which have printed and
spoken words.

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VIEWING
Ideas may be presented:

• pictures
• graphics
• posters
• drawings
• videos
• web pages
• multimedia

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TYPES OF VIEWING
Visual Literacy
• skill to decipher the meaning from visuals (Georgis,
1999)
• ability to create visuals to convey effectively the ideas
in mind (Valmont, 2003; Heinish, 1999)

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TYPES OF VIEWING
Critical Viewing
• skill to understand and evaluate information from
visuals
• ability to analyze the composition of the picture

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Thank You
So Much
@InaManluyao