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Central Limit Theorem Grade 11 Group 4

The Central Limit Theorem states that with a sufficiently large sample size, the distribution of sample means will be approximately normal, regardless of the population's distribution. It establishes the relationship between sample mean and population mean, and introduces the concept of standard error, which measures the variation of sample means. The document includes examples and problems to illustrate the application of the theorem in statistical inference.

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55 views7 pages

Central Limit Theorem Grade 11 Group 4

The Central Limit Theorem states that with a sufficiently large sample size, the distribution of sample means will be approximately normal, regardless of the population's distribution. It establishes the relationship between sample mean and population mean, and introduces the concept of standard error, which measures the variation of sample means. The document includes examples and problems to illustrate the application of the theorem in statistical inference.

Uploaded by

angelavargascompay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• To establish the Normality of the Sampling Distribution;
• To determine the Standard Error of the Sample Mean;
• To understand the effect of Sample Size on the Sampling Distribution;
• To establish the relationship between the Sample Mean and the Population Mean;
• To provide a basis for Statistical Inference.

Key concept of Central Limit Theorem:


• Normality of the Sampling Distribution
It is a large enough sample size will result in a roughly normal distribution of sample means,
even if the original population distribution is not normal.
• Standard Error of the Sample Mean
The standard error of the mean (SE) gauges the amount of variation in sample means
relative to the true population mean, providing a numerical measure of the dispersion
within the sampling distribution.
• Sample Size on the Sampling Distribution
Small sample sizes lead to greater variability and reduced accuracy in the sampling
distribution.
• Sample Mean and the Population Mean
The sample mean is the average of a select group of data points from a population, whereas
the population mean represents the average of every single data point within the entire
population.
• Basis for Statistical Inference
Statistical inference is a method used to make educated guesses about a population's
properties, such as average height or product preferences, when it's not feasible to collect
data from every individual within the population.
Central Limit Theorem
The central limit theorem states that if you take sufficiently large samples from a
population, the samples’ means will be normally distributed, even if the population isn’t
normally distributed.

What is the central limit theorem?


The central limit theorem relies on the concept of a sampling distribution, which is
the probability distribution of a statistic for a large number of samples taken from a
population.
Imagining an experiment may help you to understand sampling distributions:
 Suppose that you draw a random sample from a population and calculate
a statistic for the sample, such as the mean.
 Now you draw another random sample of the same size, and again calculate
the mean.
 You repeat this process many times, and end up with a large number of means, one
for each sample.
The distribution of the sample means is an example of a sampling distribution.
The central limit theorem says that the sampling distribution of the mean will always
be normally distributed, as long as the sample size is large enough. Regardless of whether
the population has a normal, Poisson, binomial, or any other distribution, the sampling
distribution of the mean will be normal.
A normal distribution is a symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution, with increasingly fewer
observations the further from the center of the distribution.

Central limit theorem formula


Fortunately, you don’t need to actually repeatedly sample a population to know the shape of
the sampling distribution. The parameters of the sampling distribution of the mean are
determined by the parameters of the population:
 The mean of the sampling distribution is the mean of the population.

 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is the standard deviation of the
population divided by the square root of the sample size.
We can describe the sampling distribution of the mean using this notation:

Where:
 X̄ is the sampling distribution of the sample means
 ~ means “follows the distribution”
 N is the normal distribution
 µ is the mean of the population
 σ is the standard deviation of the population
 n is the sample size

Central limit theorem formula


Fortunately, you don’t need to actually repeatedly sample a population to know the shape of
the sampling distribution. The parameters of the sampling distribution of the mean are
determined by the parameters of the population:
 The mean of the sampling distribution is the mean of the population.

 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is the standard deviation of the
population divided by the square root of the sample size.

We can describe the sampling distribution of the mean using this notation:

Where:
 X̄ is the sampling distribution of the sample means
 ~ means “follows the distribution”
 N is the normal distribution
 µ is the mean of the population
 σ is the standard deviation of the population
 n is the sample size
Problem and Solution
Example 1.
Question: The record of weights of the male population follows the normal distribution. Its
mean and standard deviations are 70 kg and 15 kg respectively. If a researcher considers the
records of 50 males, then what would be the mean and standard deviation of the chosen
sample?

Example 2.
Question: A set of samples have been collected from a larger sample and the sample mean
values are 12.8, 10.9, 11.4, 14.2, 12.5, 13.6, 15, 9, 12.6. Find the population mean.
Solution: The given sample mean values are 12.8, 10.9, 11.4, 14.2, 12.5, 13.6, 15, 9, 12.6.
The population mean values are an average of the above sample mean values

μ=12.8+10.9+11.4+14.2+12.5+13.6+15+9+12.6
9
=112
9 =12.4

Answer: Hence the population mean is 12.4

Example 3.
Question: A large freight elevator can transport a maximum of 9800 pounds. Suppose a load
of cargo containing 49 boxes must be transported via the elevator. Experience has shown
that the weight of boxes of this type of cargo follows a distribution with mean µ = 205
pounds and standard deviation σ = 15 pounds. Based on this information, what is the
probability that all 49 boxes can be safely loaded onto the freight elevator and transported?
Solution:

Example 4.
Question: From past experience, it is known that the number of tickets purchased by a
student standing in line at the ticket window for the football match of UCLA against USC
follows a distribution that has mean µ = 2.4 and standard deviation σ = 2.0. Suppose that
few hours before the start of one of these matches there are 100 eager students standing in
line to purchase tickets. If only 250 tickets remain, what is the probability that all 100
students will be able to purchase the tickets they desire?
Solution:

Example 5.
Question: Suppose that you have a sample of 100 values from a population with mean µ =
500 and with standard deviation σ = 80.
a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be in the interval (490, 510)?
b. Give an interval that covers the middle 95% of the distribution of the sample mean.
Solution:

QUIZ
1. A population of exam scores has a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 15. A random
sample of 49 students is selected. What is the probability that the sample mean score is
between 68 and 72?

2. A company produces light bulbs with a mean lifespan of 1000 hours and a standard
deviation of 50 hours. A random sample of 64 light bulbs is selected. What is the probability
that the sample mean lifespan is between 990 and 1010 hours?
QUIZ (answer key)
1. A population of exam scores has a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 15. A random
sample of 49 students is selected. What is the probability that the sample mean score is
between 68 and 72?
Solution: Using the Central Limit Theorem:
Mean (μx̄ ) = 70
Standard Deviation (σx̄ ) = 15 / √49 = 15 / 7 = 2.14
P(68 ≤ x̄ ≤ 72) = P(-0.94 ≤ z ≤ 0.94) ≈ 0.6527

2. A company produces light bulbs with a mean lifespan of 1000 hours and a standard
deviation of 50 hours. A random sample of 64 light bulbs is selected. What is the probability
that the sample mean lifespan is between 990 and 1010 hours?
Solution: Using the Central Limit Theorem:
Mean (μx̄ ) = 1000
Standard Deviation (σx̄ ) = 50 / √64 = 50 / 8 = 6.25
P(990 ≤ x̄ ≤ 1010) = P(-1.6 ≤ z ≤ 1.6) ≈ 0.8904

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