BRIDGING THE GAP

2022
Agricultural Sciences Examination
Quiz

BY E.C. Mabuza

Learners Name: …………………………………………………

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Term 1

ANIMAL NUTRITION (QUESTION 2 PAPER 1)

1. ALIMENTARY CANAL

Activity 1(PIG)

1.1 The diagram below shows alimentary canal of a farm animal

B

1.1.1 Label part A, B, C, D, E, F and G (7)

1.1.2 Identify the type and example of farm animal shown above (2)
1.1.3 Give a reason for your answer in Question 1.1.2 (1)
1.1.4 Give ONE reason the animal above could not feed on roughage (1)
1.2 identify the letter representing the part where the following occur:
(a) Secretion of gastric juice (1)
(b) Absorption of water from undigested feed (1)

(c) Largest gland in the animal’s body (1)

(d) Excretion of waste material (1)
(e) Absorption of amino acid (1)
(f) Assimilation of nutrient (1)

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Activity 2 (PIG)

1.1 The following processes occur in the alimentary canal of farm animal

Absorption ingestion digestion assimilation

egestion

1.1.1 Re-arrange the processes above in a logical manner as it occur in the digestive system of
farm animal (5)
1.1.2 Distinguish between CHEMICAL and MACHANICAL digestion (2)
1.1.3 Distinguish between INGESTION and EGESTION (2)
1.1.4 Which structure in the alimentary canal increases surface area for absorption of nutrients (1)
1.2 The diagram below shows alimentary canal of a farm animal

1.2.1 Give the name of the alkaline fluid produced by part E (1)
1.2.2 Give TWO functions of the fluid in 1.1.1 (2)
1.2.3 Give TWO enzymes found in part H (2)
1.2.4 Explain TWO structural adaptation of part G for absorption (2)
1.2.5 Give the name of the ring muscle that:
(a) Control food entering part H (1)
(b) Control food leaving part H (1)
1.2.6 Give the ph medium in part H (1)
1.2.7 Give the chemical substance that created the pH mentioned in Question 1.2.6 (1)
Activity 3 (PIG)

1.1 The diagram blow shows organs responsible for the secretion of digestive juices

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1.1.1 Suggest the example of the farm animal which is associated with the organs of secretion
above (1)
1.1.2 Justify the answer given in QUESTION 1.1.1 above (1)
1.1.3 Identify the digestive juices secreted by A, B and C (3)
1.1.4 State ONE common characteristic that binds the digestive juices in the liver and pancreas (1)

1.2 The diagram below show alimentary canal of farm animal

1.2.1 Classify the farm animal shown in the diagram above (1)
1.2.2 Give a reason visible in the diagram for the answer in QUESTION 1.1.1 above (1)
1.2.3 Identify the letter from the diagram above that represents the part where the following occur:

(a) It open to move the pulp (1)

(b) Brunner’s gland secretes liquid that protect the effect of acids (1)
(c) Fermentation of undigested food by micro-organism (1)
(d) Chunning of bolus and gastric juice into chime (1)
(e) Food is mostly absorbed (1)

Activity4 (FOWL)
1.1 The diagram below shows the alimentary canal of a farm animal

1.1.1 Label part A, B, C, D, E, I, and G (7)

1.1.2 Identify the example of farm animal which has the alimentary canal shown above (1) 2.1.3
1.1.3 Give TWO reasons visible in the diagram to justify your answer in QUESTION 1.1.2 (2)

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1.1.4 Identify the letter representing the part where the following occur:
(a) Secretion of gastric juice (1)
(b) Secretion of succus entericus (1)
(c) Grinding of food (1)
(d) Enzymatic digestion (1)
1.1.5 Name TWO adaptation features of part D which helps it to perform its function (2)
1.1.6 Indicate the type of feed that is most suitable for digestive system of the animal above (1)
1.1.7 Give one difference between the oesophagus of a fowl and pig (2)

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Activity 5(FOWL)
1.1 The diagram below shows alimentary canal of a farm animal

1.1.1 Identify part A, B, C, D, E and F (6)

1.1.2 Give TWO structural adaptation of part C (2)
1.1.3 Estimate the pH content of part B (1)
1.2 The diagram below represents the alimentary canal of a farm animal

1.2.1 Label part A, B, C, D and E (1)

1.2.2 Give the importance of part F in digestion of feed (1)
1.2.3 Define the concept CHEMICAL DIGESTION (2)
1.2.4 Give the name of the alkaline fluid found in part B (1)
1.2.5 Give TWO functions of the fluid mentioned in QUESTION 1.2.4 (2)
1.2.6 Give the letter of the part where the following occur:
(a) Absorption of water from undigested food (1)
(b) Enzymatic digestion takes place (1)
(c) Absorption of amino acids (1)

Activity 6(FOWL)

1.1 The diagram below shows alimentary canal of a farm animal

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1.1.1 Name the animal represented in the diagram above (1)

1.1.2 Write down the letter (A-E) of the part of the alimentary canal where the following occur:
(a) Physical digestion (1)
(b) Egestion chemical digestion (1)
1.1.3 State the role of part B in digestion of food (2)
1.1.4 Write down the letter of the part that corresponds to the stomach of a pig (1)

Activity 7 (RUMINANT)

1.1 The diagram below shows alimentary canal of two farm animal

1.1.1 Indicate a letter that represent parts where the following occur:
(a) Improperly chewed food land after swallowing in ANIMAL 1 (1)
(b) Food is stored after swallowing in ANIMAL 2 (1)
(c) Renin and pepsin are secreted in both ANIMAL 1 and ANIMAL 2 (1)
1.1.2 Compare the adaptation of part B in ANIMAL 1 and 2 in part D in ANIMAL 2 with regard to
digestion of food (one adaptation of each part) (2)

1.2 The diagram below show alimentary canal of two farm animals

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A E

D
C

B
Farm animal 1 Farm animal 2
1.2.1 Which farm animal above (FARM ANIMAL 1 or FARM ANIMAL 2) is a non-ruminant? (1)
1.2.2 Give ONE reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.2.1. (1)
1.2.3 Indicate the type of feed which constitutes the greatest percentage of the ration for FARM ANIMAL 1. (1)
1.2.4 Give ONE reason for the answer to QUESTION 2.1.3 (1)
1.2.5 Write down the letter (A–E) of the part that enables FARM ANIMAL 1 to digest the type of feed in
QUESTION 1.2.3. (1)
1.2.6 Explain how EACH of D and E in FARM ANIMAL 2 assist in the digestion of grain feed. (2)

Activity 8

1.1 The oesophagus is a tube-like structure that leads from the back of the throat to the stomach
and provides the pathway for food movement. Analyse the following structure and answer the
questions

1.1.1 What process is depicted by the illustration above? (1)

1.1.2 Briefly explain the process you mentioned in QUESTION 3.2.1 (2)
1.1.3 The process shown above can be reversed by the body of an animal. Supply the term for the reverse
process (1)
1.2 study the schematic representation below which illustrates the digestion of nutrients in the
stomach and small intestine

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1.2.1 Name the enzyme represented by A and E (2)

1.2.2 Identify B, C and F (3)
1.2.3 Name the part of the small intestine where the digestion illustrated above occur (1)
1.2.4 Explain the importance of fat emulsification by bile during digestion (2)
Activity 9
1.1 The diagram below shows alimentary canal of farm animal

1.1.1 Label part A, B, C and D (4)

1.1.2 Give TWO examples of micro-organism found in part A (2)
1.1.3 Give TWO functions of micro-organism found in part A (2)
1.1.4 Name the digestion that occur in part A and part D (2)
1.1.5 State TWO requirement of the organism found in part A (2)
1.1.6 Name the cellulose–digesting enzyme secreted by micro-organism (1)
1.1.7 Give the main type of feed utilised by animal above (1)
1.1.8 Give a reason for your answer (1)

Absorption processes
Activity 10

1.1The diagram below shows the absorption of nutrients from the small intestine to the blood
circulatory system

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1.1.1 Identify the types of nutrient absorption in A and B (2)

1.1.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.1.1 (2)
1.1.3 Identify structure C (1)
1.1.4 In which part of the alimentary canal is the process above taking place (1)
1.1.5 Explain THRE structural adaptation of the part mentioned in QUESTION 1.1.4
1.1.6 Name the nutrient that is absorbed through each of the following pars of a villi:
(a) Blood capillaries (1)
(b) Lacteal (1)
1.2 The diagram below shows the process occurring in the alimentary canal after digestion.

1.2.1 Identify the process illustrated above. (1)

1.2.2 Name the part of the alimentary canal where the process illustrated
above occurs, (1)
1.2.3 Identify the type of nutrient transport shown by arrows A and B. (2)
1.2.4 Provide a reason for your answer in QUESTION 1.2.3. (2)

1.3 The structure below shows a part of the alimentary canal in farm animals.

1.3.1 Name the part of the alimentary canal where the structure illustrated above is found. (1)
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1.3.2 Label part A and B (2)

1.3.3 Indicate the nutrients absorbed in parts labelled A and B. (2)
1.3.4 Mention the process that follows after absorption of nutrients stated in QUESTION 1.3.2 (1)
1.3.5 Name TWO adaptation feature of the structure above that helps it to perform its function. (1)

Activity 11
1.1 The table below compares the content of feed components of two feed Samples,
A and B.
FEED COMPONENT A B
PROTEIN RELATIVELY HIGH RELATIVELY LOW
CARBOHYDRATES RELATIUVELY LOW RELATIVELY HIGH
FATS -RELATIVELY LOW RELATIVELY HIGH
SODIUM RELATIVELY LOW RELATIVELY HIGH
POTASSIUM RELATIVELY LOW RELATIVELY HIGH

1.1.1 Which of the above feeds would you recommend for young growing animals? Give a reason to
support your answer. (2)
1.1.2 Identify the feed component in the above table that would be supplemented by salt in a lick. (1)
1.1.3 Identify the feed component (A or B) where the following occur:
(a) Most suitable for growth and give a reason (2)
(b) Most suitable for fattening and give a reason (2)
(c) Most source of energy and give a reason (2)
1.2 The table below represents the nutritional information of selected feeds.
FEED CRUDE CRUDE FIBRE (%) METABOLISED
PROTEIN(%) ENERGY (MJ/KG)
Lurcene hay 30,1 40,1 7,4
Maize meal 8,9 2,0 12,0
Silage 7,8 4,2 4,1

1.2.1 Select a feed that is most suitable for each of the following situations:
(a) For young growing ruminants (1)
(b) For fattening of farm animals (1)
(c) Main source of energy (1)
(d) Repairing worn out tissue (1)
(e) Formation of hormones (1)

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1.3 The flow chart below shows components of feed needed by farm animals for effective
functioning.

FEED

A Dry matter

Inorganic Organic

Phosphorus Iron Zinc Vit. K Vit. B 1

1.3.1 State TWO roles of component A in digestion of farm animals. (2)

1.3.2 Identify the component in the flow chart above that will result in the following deficiency symptom:
(a) Slow healing of wounds in farm animals (1)

(b) Excessive bleeding in chickens (1)

(c) Chewing of dry bones by farm animals (1)

Activity 12

1.1 Study the passage below and answer questions

Vitamin A is produced by ruminant animals such as cattle, sheep and goats from a pigment
found in green grass and stored in the liver. When no green grass is available during the dry
period, the animals will use the vitamin A stored in the liver. It is thus advisable to supplement
it during winter in a summer-rainfall area.

1.1.1 Indicate a season of the year when vitamin A is mainly supplemented and support your answer by
referring to the data given in the passage above (2)
1.1.2 Give TWO vitamin A deficiencies (2)
1.1.3 Name TWO methods used to supplement vitamin A. (2)
1.1.4 Give other THREE fat soluble vitamin (3)
1.1.5 Differentiate between FATS and OIL (4)
1.1.6 Give the deficiency disease caused by the following:
(a) Vitamin D (1)

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(b) Calcium (1)

(c) Zinc (1)
(d) Phosphorus (1)
(e) Iron (1)
(f) Iodine (1)
(g) Vitamin E (1)
(h) Vitamin K (1)
(k) Copper (1)
1.2 Answer the following question on water as an integral part of feed component
1.2.1 State THREE functions of water in animal (3)
1.2.2 State THREE factors that play an important role in determining the quantity of water that these
animals in the feeding facility take in. (3)
1.2.3 Explain the relationship between temperature, feed intake and water usage (3)

Activity 13

1.1 A sow with a litter of piglets that needs balanced nutrition to grow were housed in a furrowing
pen that has cement floor.
1.1.1 Recommend an important trace or micro-element for the piglets that may be deficient in the pen that
has a cement floor. (1)
1.1.2 Name the metabolic disease that is associated with deficient levels of the element mentioned in
QUESTION 1.1.1.
1.1.3 State the cheapest and easiest method of supplementing the element mentioned in QUESTION
1.1.1. (1)
1.1.4 Name TWO functions of the element mentioned in QUESTION 1.1.1 in the animal body. (2)
1.2 Study the passage below and answer question
A veterinary doctor visited the local farmer specializing in farming with pigs.
The farmer kept the pigs in a pen with a concrete floor. The doctor made some examination and
also took blood samples from one of the sows. The results indicated the following:
A: Low oxygen blood carrying capacity
B :Bad sores on the skin

1.2.1 Identify the mineral deficient in observation A and B. (2)

1.2.2 Name the metabolic disease caused by the mineral deficient in A and B. (2)
1.2.3 Suggest a possible cause of the condition in A. (1)
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1.2.4 Indicate an indigenous way to treat the condition in A. (1)

1.3 Below are different feeds used to feed farm animals.

Oil cake meal, green lucerne, sun dried hay, maize meal, urea

Indicate the feed from the box above that is applicable to each of the following statements:

(a) A source of protein for newly born lambs (1)

(b) Recommended for fattening animals (1)

(c) A feed rich in vitamin D (1)

(d) A roughage that is a source of vitamin A (1)

Activity 14
1.1 Minerals play an important role in the health, growth and reproduction of farm animals and
their deficiencies will have a negative effect on production
Indicate the mineral deficient when an animal displays each of the following symptoms:
1.1.1 Chewing dry bones (1)
1.1.2 Pale mucous membrane (1)
1.1.3 Enlarged thyroid gland (1)

1.2 Urea and biuret are non-protein nitrogen substances which are given to ruminants only. Urea
should be given with caution to ruminants. (SEPT 2016)
1.2.1 Give a reason why urea is more poisonous than biuret. (1)
1.2.2 Indicate the precautionary measures a farmer can take to avoid urea poisoning in a lick. (1)
1.2.3 Name TWO ways in which the farmer can supplement urea to animals correctly. (2)

1.3 The table below shows the mineral deficiency symptoms, methods of supplementing and the types of animal
affected.
1.3.1 Fill in the missing information A, B, C and D in the table.

MINERAL DEFICIENCY METHOD OF ANIMAL INFECTED

SYMPTOM SUPPLEMENTATION
Intramammary injection with Dairy cows
A calcium borogluconate

B C Pigs in cement pigsty

Wasting disease D Cattle

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Activity 15
1.1 An animal consumes 24 kg of hay with a moisture content of 12%. It excretes 7, 3 Kg of dry
manure.
1.1.1 Calculate the coefficient of digestibility of this hay (5)
1.1.2 Give the implication of the value calculated in 1.1.1 (2)
1.1.3 State THREE way in which digestibility of this hay can be increased (3)
1.1.4 State THREE factors determining digestibility (3)
1.1.5 The digestibility of certain feed is low. Suggest THREE ways in which a farmer can increase
digestibility of feed (3)
1.2 A total of 2,5 kg of green Lucerne with a moisture content of 60% was given to an animal. The
animal excreted 0,255 kg of dry matter in the faeces.( Feb/march 2018)
1.2.1 Determine the co-efficient of digestibility of the green Lucerne (5)
1.2.2 Give the percentage of feed excreted from digestibility trial above (1)
1.2.3 Give the stage in which the hay above was cut (1)
1.2.4 Give a reason for your answer (1)
1.2.5 Give THREE factors determining digestibility of the above (3)

Activity 16
1.1 Explain the concept biological value. (2)
1.2 Indicate the relationship between the biological value and the quality of a feed. (2)
1.3 Name the example feed with the HIGHEST biological value (1)
1.4 Determine the suitability of the feed identified in QUESTION 1.3 for animal production (2)
1.5 Differentiate between essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid (2)

Activity 17

1.1 The diagram below is a schematic representation of energy flow in farm animals

1.1.1 Refer to the schematic representation above and identify A, B and C (3)
1.1.2 Identify the type of energy that serves as a potential energy value of feed (1)

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1.1.3 Give TWO examples of gases through which energy is lost (2)
1.1.4 Write down the formula to work out the following
(a) Digestible energy (1)

(b) Metabolic energy (1)

1.1.5 Give TWO reasons why net energy is important to live stock (2)

1.2 The table below shows the gross energy value and the energy losses after 1 kg and 5 kg of a feed
were consumed by a farm animal.

ENERGY VALUES ( JOULES/1KG) VALUES (JOULES/ 5KG

Gross energy 18,5 92,5
Energy lost in manure 8,5 24,5
Energy lost in urine 1,2 6
Energy lost in heat 1,8 9
Energy lost in methane 2,5 12,5

1.2.1 Indicate the energy lost in manure if the farm animal consumed 5 kg of feed. (1
1.2.2 Identify the gas with the highest energy loss in the table above (1)
1.2.3 Calculate the amount of energy that will be available for growth and production in 1 kg of feed.
(3)
1.2.4 Calculate the amount digestible energy in 5kg (3)
1.2.5 Differentiate between digestible energy and metabolic energy (2)
Activity 18
1.1 The schematic representation below shows the feed energy flow.

1.1.1 Indicate the letter representing the following types of energy:

(a) Energy available for maintenance and production. (1)
(b) Energy that remains after microbial digestion by ruminant animal. (1)

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1.1.2 Calculate the amount of energy in A that the animal would get from the feed. (2)
1.1.3 Provide THREE reason for calculating energy value of feed (2)

Activity 19

1.1 The table below shows the nutritional composition of two feeds.

NUTRIENT FEED A FEED B

COMPOSITION
Total Digestive Nutrient 80% 55
(TDN)
Digestible Protein (DP) 18% 5%
Nutritive Ratio (NR) 1:3,4 .....
Crude Fibre (CF) 9% 17%

1.1.1 Identify the feed (A or B) that is suitable for young growing farm animal (1)
1.1.2 Give a reason for your answer in 7.1.1 (1)
1.1.3 Calculate the nutritive ratio for FEED B (4)
1.1.4 Feed B cannot be recommended as main feed for non-ruminants. Justify the statement by using the
data above (2)
1.1.5 Briefly explain the relationship between the crude fibre content and total digestible nutrient of feed
(2)
1.2 The table below indicates rations and their respective nutritive ratio (NR) values.
RATION NUTRITIVE RATIO (NR)
A 1:10
B 1:4

1.2 1 Indicate the ration (A and B) which will be most suitable for:
(a) Fattening old ewe (1)
(b) Ewe in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy (1)
(c) Young growing animal (1)
1.2.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.1.1 (a) (1)
1.2.3 Identify the ration above that contain the highest level of the following feeds:
(a) Maize meal (1)
(b) Fish meal (1)
1.2.4 Describe the implication of the nutritive ratio in ration B. (2)
1.3 The following are nutritive ratio of different feeds:
FEED A- 1:4
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FEEDB-1:10
FEEDC -1:8
1.3.1 Recommend the feed (A, B or C) that a farmer can use in EACH of the following situations:
(a) Animals that are fattened (1)
(b) Lactating animals (1)
(c) Animals that are maintained (1)
(d) Reproduction (1)
(e) Main source of energy (1)
1.3.2 Indicate the part of the ratio in Feed C that represents non-nitrogen digestible nutrients. (1)
1.3.3 Feed A is recommended for feeding a one-month-old calf. Justify this statement. (2)

Activity 20
1.1 The table below show nutritional information of different feeds

1.1.1 Identify TWO feeds listed above that are the best examples of protein-rich concentrates. (2)
1.1.2 Explain the reason for monogastric animals not being able to utilise and digest normal pasture grass
(2)
1.1.3 Indicate a feed from the table above that has the lowest crude-fibre content. Give a reason for the
very low crude-fibre content by referring to the type of feed. (2)
1.1.4 Decide what could be a possible reason for the high metabolic energy in sorghum grain. (2)
1.1.5 Suggest a feed that will be the most suitable for production. Give a reason for your answer. (2)

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1.2 The following feeds are available to livestock farmers:

Yellow maize meal; bone meal; Lucerne; silage; fish meal; silage. Peanut-oil-cake meal
Choose the most suitable feed from the list above that match the following description
1.2.1 A concentrate to be used as source of energy (1)
1.2.2 A protein-rich concentrate that can be fed to pregnant farm animals (1)
1.2.3 A protein rich hay that is fed to growing calves (1)
1.2.4 An example of succulent roughage (1)
1.2.5 Protein rich concentrate from plant origin (1)
1.2.6 Tabulate the differences between ROUGHGE and CONCENTRATES based on the following
(a) Crude fibre content
(b) Cost
(c) TDN percentage
Activity 21
1.1 The information below shows the composition of the ration for farm animals:
Maize meal = 12%
Sunflower oilcake meal = 18%
Lucerne hay = 60%
Oats hay = 10%
From the information above, identify the feed that is an example of EACH of the following:
(a) Carbohydrate-rich roughage (1)
(b) Protein-rich concentrate (1)
(c) Why is the ration in QUESTION 1.1 NOT recommended as the only source of food for lambs
less than two weeks old? (2)
1.2 Below is a schematic representation of feed types used in the feeding of farm animals.

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1.2.1 Classify feed types A and B. (2)

1.2.2 Identify the subdivision of feed type C. (1)
1.2.3 Give TWO examples of the subdivision of feed type D. (2)
1.2.4 Feed type B is mainly fed to ruminant animals. Give TWO reasons to justify this statement. (2)
Activity 24

1.1 The graph below shows the feed components and their quantities that are included in a ration prepared for
animals:

The composition of a
8 ration
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
00
Maize meal Urea Lucerne hay Oats hay Di CaP Molasses

Feed
components

1.1.1 Indicate TWO types of roughages and give an example for each from the graph above. (4)
1.1.2 Provide the feed component that is an energy rich concentrate. (1)
1.1.3 Suggest whether the ration above can be fed to pigs. (1)
1.1.4 Give a reason for the suggestion in QUESTION 1.1.3. (2)

Activity 25
1.1 Suggest a method of mineral supplementation suitable for each of the following situation:
(a) Allow animal to eat mineral according to their needs (1)
(b) Dairy cows with milk fever (1)
(c) Mineral added to concentrated feed (1)
(d) Smearing mineral on a licking stone (1)

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1.2 The diagram below represents a form of mineral supplementation in cattle.

1.2.1 Identify the mineral supplementation method

represented in the picture above (1)
1.2.2 Name TWO minerals that would be supplemented using the method in 1.2.1 (2)
1.2.3 Suggest the possible partial substitute for protein that could be used in the ration of ruminants (1)
1.2.4 Give other THREE method of supplementing ration except for the one mentioned in 1.2.1

Activity 26
1.1 Briefly explain how the following growth regulators would increase the production output of a
farm animal:
(a) Hormones (1)
(b) Antibiotics (1)
(c) Tranquilizer (1)
(d) Thyroid regulator (1)

Activity 27

1.1 Differentiate between production ration and maintenance ration (4)

1.2 Fodder-flow planning provides for own feed production, available feeds and the nutrient requirements
of animals in a production system.
1.3 Define the concept fodder flow (2)
1.4 Explain the following aspects when planning a fodder flow:
(a) Economic viability (2)
(b) Sustainability (2)

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1.5 Give THREE factors to consider when planning a fodder flow programme (3)
1.2. The table below is a fodder flow programme for a period of one year

1.2.1 Calculate the difference between the feed requirements and the available feed for September and
January. (2)
1.2.2 Calculate the total dry matter (DM) available for B. (2)
1.2.3 Deduce, from the table, the month when the veld supplied 15 tons of fodder. (1)

Activity 27
1.1 The graph below illustrates the production of Lucerne over a period of one year

1.1.1 Calculate the total quantity of Lucerne (kg/DM) required per year if 600 kg of Lucerne is required
per month. (2)
1.1.2 Determine from the graph if there will be enough feed for the animals over a period of one year.
Give a reason for your answer (2)
1.1.3 Deduce from the graph the month with highest level of production (1)
1.1.4 Indicate TWO alternatives feeds to fulfil the requirements of the animals without selling some of
them, in case the farmer doesn’t produce enough Lucerne (2)
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1.2 Farm animals have certain fodder requirements at various stages of growth and production.
The table below represent feed requirements and resources over a twelve-month period

1.2.1 Calculate the total feed required by the animals for a year. Show ALL calculations. (3)
1.2.2 Calculate, in kilogram (kg), the amount of available feed in the camps in the dry Season (2)
1.2.3 Refer to the values in QUESTION 1.1.2 and identify the feed flow problem that the farmer will
encounter in dry season (2)
1.2.4 Give a sustainable action the farmer needs to take to reduce the impact (1)
Pearson square
Activity 28

1.1

A farmer has maize and raw peanut oilcake available for a balanced ration for his dairy cows.
They need 16% protein in their ration for milk production.
Maize has a protein content of 8% and peanut oilcake meal has a protein content of 36%

1.1.1 Use a Pearson square to calculate the ration of maize to peanut oilcake meal needed in the feed
mixture. (4)
1.1.2 Calculate the percentage of maize and peanut oilcake needed to balance the ration (5)
1.2
Product Crude protein Price per ton
Maize meal 11 3210
Soya bean 14 4576

A ration with a crude protein content of 13% is required in a production enterprise. The Pearson square
method was used to balance this ration, as illustrated below:

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1.2.1 Calculate the percentage of:

(a) Maize meal in the ration above (2)

(b) Soybean meal in the ration above (2)
1.2.2 Calculate the cost of soya bean if 285kg of ration is mixed (3)

1.3

A balanced ration of maize meal with 14% DP and sunflower oilcake meal with 45% DP
was prepared for a dairy herd. The feeds were mixed at a ratio of 12: 19. The animals'
digestible protein requirement is 26%.

1.3.1 Determine the amount of EACH feed needed to prepare 600 kg of the ration if maize meal is 61, 29%
and sunflower oilcake meal is 38, 71%. (4)
1.3.2 Indicate the feed that will constitute 19 parts. (2)
1.3.3 The table below shows information regarding animal feeds
PRODUCT CRUDE PROTEIN (%)
Oat 9
Sunflower-oil-cake 38
meal
Final ration 14

(a) Use a Pearson square method to calculate the ratio of the feeds mentioned above (4)
(b) Calculate the percentage of oatmeal and sunflower oil cake meal respectively (6)

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QUESTION 3.

Activity 29
1.1
Farmer A runs a highly intensive dairy unit with 400 cows and 2 milking parlor with 6 milking
machines each. The cows produce 10 000 ℓ of milk per day that are sent to a big processing factory
in the city. The cows also produce 1 440 tons of manure per year.
Farmer B owns 4 cows that produce 20 ℓ of milk per day combined. The farmer has a family of 15
members and 7 dogs. The 4 cows graze alongside the road during the day. The manure collected in
the kraal where the cows sleep at night is used to fertilize the garden.
1.1.1 Identify, in the scenario above, the farming system practiced by:
(a) Farmer A (1)
(b) Farmer B (1)
1.1.2 Justify the answer to QUESTION 1.1.1. (2)
1.1.3 Which farmer contributes most to environmental decline/ deterioration? (1)
1.1.4 Support the answer to QUESTION 3.2.3 by stating TWO environmental effects. (2)
1.2 The illustrations below indicate two animal production systems

1.2.1 Identify the animal production systems represented by A and B in the above illustrations
1.2.2 Compare the following aspects of the animal production systems illustrated above:
(a) Capital investment (2)
(b) Area of land occupied (2)
(c) Labour (2)
(d) Environment (2)
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Activity 30
1.1 The scenario below shows two farmer perfoming farming activities

1.1.1 Give the main reason why FARMER A's broilers did not grow at the expected growth rate.
1.1.2 Indicate how the farmer can correct the problem identified in QUESTION 1.1.1 above.
1.1.3 Identify the production system that is practiced by FARMER B.
1.2 The graph below show lowest critical temperature and heat production on different animals

1.2.1 Based on the graph above, identify TWO farm animals that need to be kept under an intensive
production system. (2)
1.2.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.2.1. (1)
1.2.3 Identify a farm animal that would be most economical to keep without sheltering facilities. (1)
1.2.4 Based on the graph above, give TWO reasons for the answer to QUESTION 1.2.3. (2)
1.2.5 Indicate the impact of a decrease in temperature to below 25 °C on the feed intake of piglets. (1)

Activity 32

1.1
Shelter is important for animal production because it reduces the effect of extreme
environmental conditions. It prevents the body temperature from dropping below the
lowest critical temperature.
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1.1 The table below shows the lowest critical temperatures of different farm animals.
FARM ANIMAL LOWER CRITICSL TEMPERATURE
Dairy cow 5
Piglet 30
Sow 10
Day-old-chick 20
Layers 10
Baconer 15

1.1.1 Use the data in the table above and draw a bar graph to indicate the lowest critical temperature
of the different farm animals. (6)
1.1.2 Which farm animal in the table above will NOT utilize the feed efficiently if the
environmental temperature is at 24 °C? (1)
1.1.3 Dairy cows can produce milk even when environmental temperatures are at 6 °C. Substantiate
this statement. (2)
1.1.4 Give TWO ways of protecting animals against extreme climatic conditions (2)

1.2 Two farmers, FARMER A and FARMER B, have each started an intensive production
venture with young lambs. The lambs are housed in different housing layouts as indicated in the
table below.
FARMER A FARMER B
Houses are long and narrow Houses are wide
Oriented from east to west Faces north
Built on slight slope Built on level ground
Cement floor Soil on the floor
Dry bedding Become muddy when wet

1.2.1 Give a reason why FARMER A used the following housing layouts for his lambs:
(a) Building on a slight slope (1)
(b) Dry bedding (1)
(c) Cement floor (1)
(d) Long narrow houses orientated from east to west (1)
1.2.2 Explain the impact of the following conditions on FARMER B's production:
(a) Housing facing north (2)
(b) Muddy floor (2)
(c) Build on level ground (2)

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Activity 33
1.1 The diagram below represents farm animals and the ways in which they lose heat.

Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C

(a) Identify THREE ways in which heat (energy) is lost in animals A, B and C. (3)
(b) Indicate TWO ways in which heat (energy) is lost, other than those shown in the diagram above.
(2)
(c) Name TWO signs of heat stress in farm animals. (2)

1.2 Animals lose body heat through various processes. Below is a list of processes through which
animals lose heat.

Heat radiation; Conduction; Excretion; Convection

Link each of the statements below with the processes above.

1.2.1 Loss of heat when an animal body is in contact with a cold surface. (1)
1.2.2 Upward movement of warm air and downward movement of cold air. (1)
1.2.3 Loss of heat from a warm body to a colder surrounding atmosphere. (1)
1.2.4 Loss of heat from a warm body to a colder surrounding atmosphere. (1)
1.2.5 Loss of body heat in urine and faeces. (1)
1.3 Give the term describing the following:
(a) Chicken kept for production of eggs (1)
(b) Chicken kept for meat production (1)
(c) A restricted area where large animals are kept for milk production (1)
(d) A restricted area where chicken are for meat production (1)
(e) System in which animals are allowed to roam around during the day and kept in shelter at night (1)

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Activity 34
1.1 pictures below show different shelters for farm animals

1.1.1 From the diagrams marked 1 to 3, select the shelters which are the most suitable for the following
systems of production:
(a) Extensive farming
(b) Indigenous system of farming
1.1.2 Name TWO characteristics that are normally associated with the system of production marked 2.
1.1.3 Compare, in table format, the production systems marked 2 and 3 with regard to the following
aspects:
a) Environmental control
b) Drought risk
c) Production output
d) Area of land
e) labour

1.2 The illustration below indicates the design and map of a farrowing pen in a pig production
unit:

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1.2.1 Indicate TWO items that would contribute to the running cost of the farrowing pen above.
1.2.2 Indicate the necessity of the following in the farrowing pen:
(a) Holes on the floor area
(b) The nipple drinker closer to the creep area
1.2.3 Justify the use of heat lamps in all areas of this farrowing pen.

1.3 Different houses are provided for animals

Match the above techniques with each of the following descriptions:

1.3.1 (a) Backyard system
(b) Free range system
(c) Deep litter house
1.3.2 Indicate TWO letters of structures that are examples of intensive production systems.
Activity 35

1.1 Picture below show housing for farm animal

A
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1.1.1 Name TWO requirements of the roofing material in order to regulate temperature in the above housing
structure. (2)
1.1.2 Besides roofing material, suggest TWO other ways in which temperature can be regulated in this
broiler production enterprise. (2)
3.1.3 Name the best orientation of the broiler house in South Africa and give a reason for the answer. (2)
3.1.4 Give TWO reasons for the use of part A in the above housing structure. (2)

Activity 36
1.1

1.1.1 Identify TWO behavioral patterns of cattle that are not properly handled.
1.1.2 Name TWO economic benefits of good cattle management
1.1.3 List THREE factors determining behavior of animals. (3)
1.1.4 Give FOUR signs of cattle under distress (3)

1.2 Diagram below shows a cattle handling technique

1.2.1 Name the areas indicated by C and D.

1.2.2 Where should the handler of an animal stand to be safe? Give ONE reason for the answer.
1.2.3 List THREE guidelines that are important when handling cattle.

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1.3 Animals behave differently when they are subjected to stress. The picture below shows a bull
under stress.

1.3.1. Identify THREE visible signs showing that the bull is in distress
1.3.2. Indicate the effect of the behavior of the bull above to handlers and other animals.
1.3.3. Name the equipment the handler can use to move the animal in the picture above when it is in
a crush.
1.3.4. Suggest THREE guidelines for handling large farm animals to prevent the behavior in the
picture above.
1.4 Below are different ways in which animals behave:
A. Wallow in the mud to cool down.
B. Pawing the ground when aggressive.
C. Pecking on all objects on the ground as possible food.
D. Stay closer together while grazing or being herded.
1.4.1 Name the type of an animal that shows the behavior in A, B, C and D. (4)
1.4.2 Indicate THREE signs displayed by the animal in QUESTION 1.4. (A) when it is under stress

Activity 37
1.1 Suggest THREE reasons for handling farm animals
1.2 Name THREE equipment used when handling farm animas
1.3 The diagrams below show various structures used to control the movements of animals.
Choose a diagram, from those marked A – F,that matches a description. Write down only the
letter (A – F) next to the question number (3.1.1. – 3.1.5).

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1.3.1 A sophisticated method to capture wild animals

1.3.2 A method which allows animals to graze in a circular area
1.3.3 A structure for use next to a busy road to keep animals away from the road
1.3.4 A temporary structure to control the daily grazing of dairy cattle
1.3.5 A structure without poles or wire that was used in indigenous practices to control the
movement of animals
1.4 Losses arising from injury, bruising and death amongst cattle in transit between the
farm and the abattoir are substantial. This must be avoided for legal, anti-animal cruelty
and financial reasons. It is therefore imperative that cattle be handled sympathetically
as much as possible to minimize these losses.
The diagrams below represent modes of transporting animals, marked A and B.

1.4.1 With reference to DIAGRAM B, give FIVE basic aspects to be considered when
transporting beef cattle to the abattoir. (5)
1.4.2 Name TWO tools that must be used when animals are moved along the road, as illustrated
in DIAGRAM A. (2)
1.4.3 Name TWO design features of the truck (2)

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Activity 38
1.1 Sheep have strong flocking behavior that makes them easy to handle. However, sheep will
prove difficult to handle if you force them to act in ways that are not natural to them. The
picture below shows a handler working with sheep in a chute.

1.1.1 Identify THREE possible reasons for handling sheep in the facility in the picture on the
previous page.
1.1.2 State TWO basic design features of the sheep handling facility in the picture on page 10.
1.1.3 Farm animals with young suckling offspring show maternal instinct and are highly
protective of their young. Explain how these animals should be handled in an enclosure or
handling pen
1.1.4 The risk of sheep being stolen is greater than that of cattle. Support this statement by
referring to the handling of sheep.
1.2 The diagrams below illustrate the handling of large animals (2013)

1.2.1 Identify the handling equipment used in DIAGRAMS A and B.

1.2.2 State the purpose of handling the animal as illustrated in DIAGRAM A.
1.2.3 Name the part of the head that is used to grip the animal as illustrated in DIAGRAM B.

1.3 The facility below is used in an animal production enterprise.

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1.3.1 Identify A and B in the facility above. (2)

1.3.2 What are the facilities A and B used for? (2)
1.3.3 State TWO design features of facility A and B that will make it suitable for its use (4)
1.3.4 Suggest TWO forms of harm to animals when the facility above is used. (2)
Activity 39

1.1 There are basic guidelines stipulated when transporting animals from farm to farm.
Indicate the guideline stipulated when transporting animals under the following:
1.1.1 To alert motorists about animals on the road
1.1.2 To avoid suspicion by police that the animals transported are stolen
1.1.3 To ensure easy loading and offloading of animals in a truck

1.2 The photographs below show animal handling facilities in an intensive production system.

1.2.1 Identify handling facility A and handling facility C.

1.2.2 Give the main purpose of structure B that is attached to handling facility C
1.2.3 Name TWO design features of handling facility C for the proper handling of farm animals.
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1.2.4 Give TWO other equipment used in animal handling accept the one mentioned in 1.1.1 (2)
1.2.5 Give THREE effects of incorrect handling of farm animals (3)
1.2.6 Give TWO requirements of handling farm animals (2)
Activity 40

1.1 The pictures below indicate management practices applied to piglets.

1.1.1 Identify management practices A and B in the pictures above.

1.1.2 Give a reason for management practice A and B.
1.1.3 Refer to A and name the mineral that is usually given to piglets.

1.2 The pictures below show the different facilities used in an intensive production system.

1.2.1 Identify the facility labelled 2 and 3.

1.2.2 Indicate the purpose for which structures labelled A and B in facility 1 are used.
1.2.3 Indicate the animal to which the flowing basic guidelines apply when handling them:
(a) Carry by both legs
(b) Catch above the joint of the hind leg
(c) Make use of a plywood board when it is moved
1.2.3 List THREE types of abnormal behavior commonly displayed by pigs when under stress.

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Activity 41

1.1 The pictures below show tools/equipment/apparatus that are used when handling farm
animals.

1.1.1 Identify the tool/equipment/apparatus that is suitable in each of the following operations:
(a) Restraining the animal during dehorning.
(b) Cannot be used to castrate lambs.
(c) Used to hold large animals.
(d) Bloodless apparatus used when docking/castrating animals
1.2 The photograph below shows an apparatus used to perform certain livestock
management practices.

1.2.1 Identify the apparatus above.

1.2.2 Name TWO management practices for this apparatus in sheep.
1.2.3 Give ONE reason why EACH management practice in QUESTION 1.11.2 is important
1.3 The photograph below shows an apparatus used in the production process of sheep as a
management practice

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1.3.1. Identify the apparatus in the photograph above.

1.3.2. Name the function of this apparatus in sheep production.
1.3.3. Give TWO reasons why sheep farmers prefer this apparatus to other apparatuses.
1.3.4. At what age should this process be performed on lambs under intensive production conditions?
Give a reason to substantiate the answer.
1.3.5. Name ONE other apparatus that can be used for the same purpose as the one identified in
QUESTION 1.3.1.
1.4 The pieces of equipment below are utilised for different handling techniques of farm animals.
A B

C D

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1.4.1 Match equipment (A–E) above with the handling techniques ((a)–(e)) below, e.g. (a) F:

(a) Crutching the wool in the wet areas around the tail (1)

(b) Branding of cattle (1)

(c) Castration of older calves (1)

(d) Oral administration of worm remedies (1)

(e) Intravenous administration of medicines (1)

1.4.2 Give TWO reasons for handling cattle, other than the ones indicated in QUESTION 1.4.1 (2)

1.5 The pictures below show facilities/equipment used in an animal producton system.

PICTURE A PICTURE B

PICTURE C PICTURE D

1.5.1 Identify the facility/equipment in PICTURE B and PICTURE D. (2)

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1.5.2 State the purpose of using the facility labelled A in PICTURE C. (1)

1.5.3 Indicate TWO design features of the facility labelled B in PICTURE C. (2)

1.5.4 A permit is one of the requirements needed when moving animals using the facility in PICTURE A.
Indicate the information that must be included in the permit. (2)

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

QUESTION 4 PAPER 1

Activity 42

1.1 The diagram below shows reproduction of a farm animal

1.1.1 Identify parts A, B, C, D, E, F,G,H and I (9)

1.1.2 State the function of:
(a) Part H (1)
(b) Part G (1)
(c) Part E (1)
1.1.3 Name and state the function of the hormone secreted in part H (2)
1.1.4 Briefly describe why part I is suspended from the animal body. (2)
1.1.5 Indicate the letter and the name where each of the following occurs:
(a) Production of the male sex hormone (2)
(b) Concentration of spermatozoa (2)
(c) Plays a role during ejaculation through powerful muscular contraction (2)
(d) Regulation of temperature for normal sperm production (2)
(e)Transportation of both urine and semen (2)
(f) Secretes a sticky liquid that provides energy for the sperms (2)
(g) Transports sperm cell to the urethra through peristalsis movement (2)
(h) Produces testosterone (2)
(i). Secretion of milky alkaline mucus that gives semen its smell (2)

1.2 The diagram below illustrates the sperm cell and reproductive system of a bull.

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1.2.1 Identify the parts labelled 2 and 4 in DIAGRAM B above. (2)

1.2.2 Supply THREE functions of the part labelled 5. (3)
1.2.3 Mention the name of the hormone secreted by the part labelled 1. (1)
1.2.4 Name the biological process that occurs in the part labelled 1, by which diploid germ cells
undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid male gametes. (1)
1.2.5 Identify parts A and C from DIAGRAM A above. (2)
1.2.6 Give ONE function for each of the parts identified in QUESTION 1.2.5. (2)

Activity 43

1.1 The diagrams below represent the reproductive organs of a bull, the processes of sperm
formation and the development in the sex cells.

1.1.1 Name parts A, B, C and H. (4)

1.1.2 Name and describe TWO congenital defect in part H (4)
1.1.3 Differentiate between infertility and sterility (2)
1.1.4 Identify process K. (1)
1.1.5 State ONE function each of parts D and L. (2)
1.1.6 Describe how congenital defects can influence the process in DIAGRAM 2. (2)
1.1.7 Give a reason why part H in DIAGRAM 1 is situated outside the abdominal cavity of a male
animal. (2)

1.2 The diagram below represents a sperm cell.

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1.2.1 Identify part A. (1)

1.2.2 Give a function of the parts labelled:
(a) A (1)
(b) B (1)
(c) D (1)
1.2.3 Distinguish between a sperm cell and semen. (2)
1.2.4 Name the female reproductive cell. (1)
1.3 The diagram below represents the process of sperm formation.

1.3.1 Name and describe the process represented above (2)

1.3.2 Refer to the diagram and identify the type of cell division that occurs when cell A divides to the
cells at B. Motivate your answer. (3)
1.3.3 State the stages of the process named in QUESTION 1.1.1 represented by C and D
respectively.
1.3.4 Name the part of the male reproduction system where the process above takes place

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Activity 44

1.1 The diagram below illustrates the reproductive system of a cow.

1.1.1 Identify the parts of the reproductive system labelled A, C, E and F. (3)
1.1.2 Write down the letter (A–J) of the part in the diagram above that is associated with
EACH of the following:
(a) Serves as a birth canal (1)
(b) Site of fertilisation (1)
(c) Organ not directly involved in reproduction (1)
(d) Deposition of semen during natural mating (1)
(e) Prevention of microbial infection of the uterus during pregnancy (1)
1.1.3 Explain how the caruncles represented by B contribute to the implantation of the
embryo (2)
1.1.4 Identify the part of the fallopian tube that is responsible for catching the released ovum
and name TWO adaptations for this purpose.
1.2 Answer the following questions based on the internal reproductive organs of a cow below.

1.2.1 Identify part A, B, C, D and J (2) 1.2.2 State two

hormones produced by part G (2)
1.2.2 State TWO functions of:
(a) Oestrogen (2)
(b) Progesterone (2)
(c) Ovary (2)
1.2.3 Distinguish between the following:
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(a) Genetic defects and Congenital defects (2)

(b) Anoestrus and Nymphomania (2)
(c) Repeat breeders syndrome and hermaphrodism (2)
1.3 The schematic representation below illustrates the process taking place in
female animals.

1.3.1 Identify the process illustrated above. (1)

1.3.2 Name the processes indicated by letters A and E. (2)
1.3.3 The stages of development illustrated above have haploid and diploid cells. Indicate the letter
and the name representing the stage that is haploid.

Activity 45
1.1 The diagrams below illustrate the reproductive systems of cattle.
DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B

1.1.1 Identify the diagram (A or B) above that represents the reproductive system of a cow. (1)
1.1.2 Give ONE visible reason in the diagram for the answer to QUESTION 1.1.1. (1)

1.1.3 Name parts C and G. (2)

1.1.4 Give a function of EACH of the following:
(a) Part B
(b) The fluid secreted by part F (1)
1.1.5 Identify the letter representing the part where gametes are formed in DIAGRAM B. (1)
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1.2 The diagrams below, A and B, represent the reproductive system of a cow.

A B

1.2.1 Fill in the blank spaces in the table below by matching the part (number) in diagram A
with the part (letter) in diagram B which corresponds to the description indicated.
DESCRIPTION NUMBER IN LETTER IN
DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B
1 Production of oestrogen
2 Fertilization takes place
3 Vagina
4 Secretion of progesterone

(8)
1.2.2 Predict ONE major consequence that will be brought about as a result of the complete blockage
of the part labelled D in diagram B. (2)

1.2.3 What would be the economic implications for a farmer if 30 % of the cows amongst the
herd suffer from the condition described in QUESTION 1.2.2? (2)
Activity 46
1.1 The diagrams below show the organs in the reproductive system of a bull and a cow.

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DIAGRAM 1 DIAGRAM 2

1.1.1 Identify the letter representing the part where the following occurs in Diagram 1 and Diagram 2:
(a) Gametes are formed in Diagram 1 and Diagram 2
(b). Acts as a temperature control mechanism in Diagram 1
(c). Secretion of progesterone in Diagram 2
(d). Production of testosterone in Diagram 1
1.1.2 Name the congenital defect common in both organs in the diagrams above that may lead to sterility. (1)
1.1.3 Indicate TWO hormones responsible for the process labelled F. (2)
Activity 47
1.1 The table below show level of two hormones involved in oestrus cycle

,
1

1.1.1 Present the information in the table above in the form of a line graph from day 6 to 28 (1)
1.1.2 Identify the day when the cow was on oestrus. (1)
1.1.3 Give a reason for the answer in QUESTION 1.1.2. (1)
1.1.4 Suggest with a reason the stage of oestrus in the cow on day 28. (2)

1.2 Farmers or breeders can increase the herd rapidly by bringing a group of cows into oestrus at
the same time so that they calve simultaneously.
1.2.1 Give the term referring to the process stated above (1)
1.2.2 Different techniques are used to do the process stated in QUESTION 1.2.1. Name any TWO of
these techniques. (2)
1.2.3 State TWO disadvantages of the process in QUESTION 1.2.1 for the breeder (2)

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1.3 The schematic representation below indicates the sequence of hormone levels resulting in
changes that occur during the oestrus cycle as well as some structures involved.

1.3.1 Define the term oestrus cycle. (1)

1.3.2 Identify hormone A and hormone B. (2)
1.3.3 Identify and briefly describe process C in the schematic representation above. (2)
1.3.4 State FOUR visible signs that the cow will display when hormone A is at its peak.
1.3.5 State THREE other alternative methods a farmer can use to detect a cow on oestrus.
1.3.6 What is the main function of the following hormones in the schematic representation
above:
(a) FSH (1)
(b) LH (1)

Activity 48

1.1 The pie chart below represents the oestrus cycle in cows.

1.1.1 Indicate the duration (in days) of the oestrus cycle in non-pregnant cows. (1)
1.1.2 Which percentage in the pie chart corresponds with the stage at which the cow will allow
mating with a bull? (1)
1.1.3 Name the stage and hormone responsible for the condition in QUESTION 1.1.2. (2)

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1.4.4 Indicate the hormone responsible for each of the following percentages as represented in the
pie chart: (a) 4% (1)
(b) 12% (1)
(c) 15% (1)
(d) 69% (1)

1.2 The chart below illustrates the stages of the oestrus cycle of a cow.

1.2.1 Write down the letter (A–D) of the stage where the following takes place:
(a) Increased vaginal and cervical mucus production (1)
(b) Rapid growth of follicles (1)
(c) Corpus luteum regresses if no fertilisation occurred (1)
1.2.2 The levels of two hormones change during stage C. Name the hormone that:
(a) Starts to decrease from a higher to a lower level (1)
(b) Reaches its highest level (1)
1.2.4 Give the role of the hormone in QUESTION 1.2.4 (b). (1)
1.2.5 Name the stage of the oestrus cycle represented by B. (1)

1.3 The picture below shows dairy cows on oestrus

key
A- ANIMAL MOUNTING
B- ANIMAL BEING MOUNTED
1.3.1. Define the concept oestrus in dairy cows. (2)
1.3.2. State TWO visible signs of oestrus in dairy cows, except the one in the picture above. (2)
1.3.3. Name the cow (A or B) that is definitely in oestrus. (1)
1.3.4. Name the:
(a) Hormone responsible for the signs of oestrus (1)
(b) Duration of the oestrus cycle (in days) (1)
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Activity 49
1.1 Mating is a natural process that occurs in stages. Below is a list of some of the stages involved.

Semen is released into the vagina.

A bull gains intromission into the vagina.
A bull shows interest in a cow.
A bull stands on his rear legs and rests on the rear end of the cow.

1.1.1 Rearrange the stages of mating above in their chronological order. (4)
1.1.2 State the stage NOT indicated above. (1)
1.1.3 Name the hormone that regulates the mating behaviour in bulls. (1)

1.2 The illustration below shows a reproductive process of male and female animals in its
chronological order.

1.2.1 Identify the reproductive process illustrated in the schematic representation above. (1)
1.2.2 Supply the names given to stages A, B and C in the correct order. (3)
1.2.3 Give TWO factors that regulates mating behaviour of farm animals
1.3

Artificial Insemination (AI) makes it possible for farmers to impregnate most female
animals on the farm. To get the expected results the farmer needs to observe the oestrus
cycles of female animals in order to detect heat and readiness for insemination.

1.3.1. Define artificial insemination. (2)State

1.3.2 THREE main requirements for successful artificial insemination of farm animals. (2)
1.3.3 Give TWO methods of collecting semen (2)
1.3.4 Suggest the timing for insemination (1)
1.3.5 State the part of female reproductive system where semen is deposited during AI (1)
Artificial insemination is one of the important processes performed in female animals to
increase the herd economically and rapidly.
Below are the steps that are involved before and during artificial insemination to ensure
successful conception
Semen dilution
Placing semen into the reproductive tract of a cow
Semen examination
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Heat detection
Semen harvesting
1.3.6 Re-arrange the steps above in chronological order to ensure successful artificial insemination
(5)
1.4
A farmer had four bulls and 100 dairy cows on a farm. Mysteriously, all the bulls were stolen.
The farmer had no money to replace the bulls and therefore started looking for other options.
The farmer was advised by an agricultural extension officer to consider using artificial
insemination (AI).
1.4.1 State THREE advantages of AI (3)
1.4.2 State TWO prerequisites for the successful administration of artificial insemination. (2)
1.4.3 List THREE dilatants commonly used to dilute semen. (3)
1.4.4 Suggest ONE method a farmer may adopt in order for the cows to produce offspring without
administering AI. (1)
Activity 50
1.1 The picture below shows a reproductive process performed in a cow.

1.1.1 Identify the process performed in the animal above. (1)

1.1.2 Name TWO requirements for the success of the process in QUESTION 4.4.1 that are
visible in the picture. (2)
1.1.3 Indicate TWO economic benefits of the process for the farmer. (2)
1.1.4 Name TWO characteristics of high-quality semen. (2)
1.1.5 Write down the best time of the day for inseminating a cow that shows the first signs of
oestrus in the evening. (1)

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1.1.6 State ONE negative effect if an inexperienced person performs the technique in
QUESTION 1.1.1 (1)
1.1.7 Equipment used during artificial insemination is described below. Give the name of EACH:
(a) A rectal probe with a number of linear-banded electrodes that are connected to a variable
current and voltage source (1)
(b) A storage container for semen at -196 °C for several years (1)
(c) Polyvinyl equipment that contains and stores semen (1)
(d) A technique used to deposit semen into the uterus of a cow (1)
1.2 The colour and quality of semen will determine the success of artificially inseminating
livestock.
1.2.1 Give a reason why semen could have the following colour:
(a) Red (1)
(b) Grey (1)
(c) Brown (1)
1.2.2 State TWO ways in which semen quality may be negatively affected (2)
1.2.3 Give THREE characteristics of good quality semen
1.3 The following picture shows equipment used in the animal reproduction industry to
perform various management operations on the farm.

1.3.1 Identify the letter of the equipment that can be used for each of the functions below:
(a) Assists the farmer in identifying a cow on heat (1)
(b) To recover the embryo from the uterus of the donor (1)
(c) To collect semen from the bull (1)
1.3.2 Name TWO basic requirements for semen collection. (2)

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Activity 51
1.1 The equipment/ apparatus used during artificial insemination is shown below

1.1.1 Give the name of the apparatus in PICTURE A and PICTURE B (2)
1.1.2 State the function of the apparatus in PICTURE A and the equipment in PICTURE B during
A (2)
1.1.3 Name the reproductive part where the apparatus in PICTURE A is placed during AI (1)

1.1.4 Give the THREE characteristics of semen that can be seen under a micro-scope (3)

1.1.5 Give the THREE characteristics of semen that can be seen with naked eyes (3)

1.2 The diagrams below show different apparatus that are used in the process of artificial insemination (AI).

A B C

water rubber liner

outer casing glass tube

(3 )

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1.1.1. Identify apparatus A,B and C

1.1.2 State the main function of apparatus A, B and C. (3)
1.1.3 Name TWO basic requirements for the collection of semen from bulls. (2)

Activity 53
1.1 The statements below indicate the main stages of a reproductive technique used in cows:
A. Flush the embryo from the donor cow
B. Artificial insemination of the donor cow
C. Super ovulation of the donor cow
D. Place the embryo in the recipient cow
E. Synchronisation of both the donor and recipient cows

1.1.1 Name the reproductive technique above (1)

1.1.2 Re-arrange the letters (A–E) that represent the stages, in sequence, of the reproductive
technique above. (5)

1.1.3 State TWO benefits of this reproductive technique to farmers. (2)

1.2 The diagram below shows a breeding technique.

(a) Identify the breeding technique shown in the diagram in QUESTION 1.1 (1)

(b) Suggest the name given to the cow above. (1)

(c) Supply TWO disadvantage of the process in QUESTON 1.1. (2)

(c) Supply TWO aims of the process in (a) (2)

1.3 Cows with the proven heritable traits are used to produce embryos which are placed on less productive
cows. Below are the steps involved during this process:

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A Foley catheter is used to recover the embryo

Semen is placed into the reproductive tract of a cow

Isolation and classification of the embryo

Transfer of the embryo to the uterus of a cow

Treatment of the cow with the gonadotropin hormone

1.3.1 Re-arrange the above steps to ensure that the process is carried out with success. (5)

1.3.2 Name TWO types of cows involved in the process. (2)

1.3.3 State TWO disadvantages of the process. (2)

Term 2
Activity 54

1.1

Breeders are using new methods to increase the number of offspring and to improve the genetics of
the progeny. Choosing the appropriate time to calve is also vital. The following are different techniques
used to achieve the goals above:
• Artificial insemination
• Embryo transplantation
• Cloning

1.1.1 Choose a technique in the scenario above that matches EACH of the procedures that follow:

(a) The nucleus containing DNA is removed from the egg cell and the egg cell is enucleated (1)

(b) A viable embryo is recovered from the donor using a Foley catheter. (1)

(c) Viable semen is harvested through electro-ejaculation (1)

(d) Use somatic cells to produce a genetically identical organism. (1)

1.1.2 State the correct stage of the oestrus cycle to inseminate cows successfully. (1)

1.1.3 Why is the relationship between ovulation and the timing of insemination important? (2)

1.2 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occur
in nature. In biotechnology, cloning refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments.
There are different types of cloning processes.

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1.2.1 Identify the type of cloning process illustrated above (1)

1.2.2 Suggest a reason for the removal of the nucleus of the egg cell (2)
1.2.3 Describe the process taking place at point D. (2)
1.2.4 At the end of the process illustrated above, the embryo develops normally into a lamb. Indicate
the sheep between A, B and C which will be genetically identical to the cloned lamb. (1)
1.3 The diagram below illustrates the reproductive process that occurs in farm animals.

1.3.1 Identify the process illustrated above. (1)

1.3.2 Indicate the letter representing the sheep that will be genetically identical to the sheep labelled
D. (1)

1.3.3 Write the letter of the sheep that will serve as a surrogate (1)

1.3.4 Give the name of the process labelled C. (1)

1.3.5 Distinguish between reproductive and therapeutic cloning (2)

1.3.6 Name TWO aims of the process illustrated above. (2)

FERTILIZATION
Activity 55
1.1 Analyse the following illustrations and pictures and answer the questions that follow.

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1.1.1 Name the types of multiple births (A, B and C) illustrated in the pictures above. (3)
1.1.2 Give a reason for your answer in QUESTION 1.5.1 (3)
1.1.3 Identify the part labelled 1 on the twin set B above. (1)
1.1.4 Suggest the name of the process indicated in 2 on twin set A above. (1)
1.1.5 Name the process that takes place in twins B to produce this type of twins. (1)

1.1.6 Give ONE reason why the twins in Twin set A will probably NOT be of the same gender.

1.1.7 Name THREE factors that are responsible for the occurrence of multiple births.

1.1.8 Indicate TWO characteristics of the twins illustrated in Twin set B with regard to:

(a) Gender (1)

(b) Physical appearance (1)

1.1.9 Indicate an enzyme released by the sperm cell to facilitate its penetration of egg cell. (1)

1.1.10 Name the consequences of the twin in Twin set C in reproduction (1)

Activity 56

1.1 Name the condition described by EACH of the following statements:

(a) The foetus dies and all the fluids are reabsorbed with the hard and dry parts remaining in the
uterus. (1)

(b) The foetus dies and the soft tissue decays and everything remains in the uterus. (1)

(c) Pregnancy is terminated before the normal time of parturition and the dead foetus is expelled.

(d) The placenta remains in the uterus after parturition for seven days. (1)

(e) Condition in which there is an excessive collection of fluids in the tissue or between the foetal
membrane (1)

(f) Condition in which there is an excessive collection of fluids in the cranium or the skull.

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1.2 The flow chart below represents stages of gestation

1.2.1 Identify the process in 1. (1)

1.2.2 Define the concept Gestation (2)
1.2.3 Give the stage of pregnancy labelled A. (1)
1.2.4 Indicate the development that occurs in stage C. (1)
1.2.5 Name TWO systems that develop from the endoderm at stage B. (2)

1.2.6 A cow may not carry the foetus up to birth. Give TWO reasons for this. (2)

1.3 The schematic representation below represents a reproductive process

1.3.1 Identify A and B (2)

1.3.2 Name the part of the canal of a female animal where the following occur

(a) Foetus (1)

(b) Zygote (1)

(c) Corpus luteum (1)

1.3.3 Pregnancy can be terminated at stage B before the normal end of gestation period

(a) Give the term used to describe the termination of pregnancy in farm animals (1)

(b) State THREE cause of the problem in 1.3.3 (a) (3)

Activity 57
1.1 Diagram below shows development of a foetus

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1.1.1 Name the stage of pregnancy in the diagram above. (1)

1.1.2 Write down the letter of the membrane responsible for EACH of the following:

(a) Attaches the foetus to the uterus (1)

(b) Collects the urine of the unborn calf (1)

(c) Protects the unborn calf from injuries (1)

1.1.2 Identify part A, B, C and E (4)

1.1.3 State the following about structure D:

(a) THREE function (3)

(b) ONE constituent (1)

(c) Place where it is found (1)

Activity 58
1.1 Calves that are incorrectly positioned before and during the time of parturition will cause
difficult calving.

1.1.1 Refer to the pictures of foetal positions (A–C) above and identify the parturition stage. (1)

1.1.2 Give the correct scientific name for the calving difficulty that might be caused by foetal
positions A, B and C. (1)
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1.1.3 Give THREE causes of the condition in Question 1.1.2 (3)

1.1.3 Suggest TWO actions that a farmer can take to save both the calf and the cow during calving
difficulty

1.2

Sometimes animals experience difficult birth. Difficult births require more labour and attention.
It may result in placenta retention and the death of both the cow and the calf. It is a heritable
characteristic which occurs more frequently in heifers and bull calves. It can be corrected by
means of proper management.

1.2.1 Provide the scientific term for difficult births (1)

1.2.1 Give TWO reasons for difficult births in heifers (2)

1.2.2 The parturition process has three distinct stages. List them according to their sequence (3)

1.2.3 Give THREE signs of parturition in cows (3)

1.2.4 Parturition is a complicated process and can be problematic especially if presentation of the
calf is not correct.

(a) Foetus lies on its abdomen with forefeet stretching towards the pelvis and the head is resting on
it (1)

(b) Rear part of the foetus lies towards the cervix resulting in the hind legs appearing first (1)

1.2.5 Indicate the presentation that will need the assistance of a veterinarian (1)

1.2.6 Name TWO problems other than presentation that may cause difficult births. (2)

1.2.5 Name the indigenous lubricant used by breeders to assist cows with the delivery of calves. (1)

1.3 Pictures A and B below represent some stages of parturition in cattle

1.3.1 Name the stages of parturition in picture A and picture B. (2)

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1.3.2 Name the stage of parturition following picture A and picture B (1)

1.3.3 Give the term describing failure of after birth to be expelled out (1)

1.4.4 Suggest THREE factors causing the condition mentioned in Question 1.3.3 (3)

1.4.5 Identify, in picture A or B, the incorrect positioning of the calf. Give a reason for the answer.

1.4.6 Which picture (A or B) corresponds to the following activities?

(a) Oxytocin is released to initiate contractions. (1)

(b) Contractions occur every two minutes (1)

(c) The umbilical cord breaks and the calf start breathing. (1)

1.4.7 There are noticeable behavioural changes in the cow during stage B. Name THREE of these
changes. (3)

Activity 59
1.1 The illustration below indicates the process involved in a dairy cow.

1.1.1 Identify and describe the process illustrated above. (3)

1.1.2 Indicate THREE stimuli visible in the illustration. (3)

1.1.3 Mention the hormone labelled A. (1)

1.1.4 Give the function of the hormone mentioned in 1.1.3 (1)

1.2

Milk ejection is initiated by the stimulation of the central nervous system, which is brought about
by the milking action of the milker. The udder must be healthy and needs to be observed at all
times to ensure optimal milk production.

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1.2.1 Give TWO stimuli initiated by the milker during the milking process. (2)

1.2.2 Name the hormone responsible for milk ejection (1)

1.2.3 What hormone inhibits milk ejection? (1)

1.2.4 State the bacterial disease that affects the udder. (1)

1.2.5 State TWO factors determining milk production (2)

1.2.6 Explain the reason for drying-out of milk in cows (2)

1.3 The graph below illustrates a dairy cow's average milk production, as well as the fat and crude
fibre content of the milk over a period of 10 months

1.3.1 Indicate the month when an average of 35 litres of milk was produced. (1)

1.3.2 Identify the quantity of milk produced during the peak month of lactation. (1)

1.3.3 Give THREE possible reasons for the drop in milk production in MONTH 8. (1)

1.3.4 Describe the relationship between the crude fibre and the fat content of milk from MONTH 6
to MONTH 10, as illustrated in the graph above. (2)

Activity 60
1.1 The graph below illustrates the milk production of a dairy cow over a period of time.

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1.1.1. Identify the curve illustrated above. (1)

1.1.2 Use the graph above and indicate the time (in weeks) when the following occurred:

(a) Drying-up of the cow (1)

(b) Calving

(c) Largest feed intake (1)

(d) Peak of milk production (1)

(e) Time of conception if the cow needs to calf again 8 weeks after she has dried (1)

1.2 The graph below shows milk production, dry matter intake and body weight over a period of
42 weeks.

1.2.1 Indicate the time in weeks when the following occurred:

(a) Peak milk production (1)

(b) Drying up of a cow. (1)

1.2.2 Give the name of the milk produced week 1 in the graph above (1)

1.2.3 The milk produced during week 1 plays an important role in the calf. Justify this statement
with TWO reasons. (2)

1.2.4 Explain the relationship between milk production, body weight and dry matter intake from the
graph. (1)

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Activity 61
1.1 Testing animals for disease is one the important task taken by livestock farmers to ensure
protection of their live stock
1.1.1 Name the instrument used when taking:
(a) Body temperature (1)
(b) Pulse rate (1)
1.1.2 Name the part of the body where the instrument mentioned in 1.1.1(a) is inserted (1)
1.1.3 Suggest TWO precautionary measures taken when taking body temperature (2)
1.1.4 Differentiate between respiratory rates and pulse rate (2)
1.1.5 Give THREE signs displayed by an animal with poor health (3)
1.1.6 Suggest other TWO method of testing animal health except the one mentioned in 1.1.1 (a)
and (b) (2)
1.1.7 Suggest THREE methods of administering medicine (3)
1.1.8 Differentiate between topical application and injection
1.2 study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

(a) Name TWO methods that the farmer can use to test animals’ health.
(b) Suggest THREE precautions that must be taken into account before treating animals to ensure
the sustainable use of medication.
Activity 62
1.1
H1N1 is a respiratory disease of fowls caused by the Type A influenza virus. This disease
is very resistant and can remain infectious for many months. Swine fever is also a highly
contagious, notifiable viral disease. The organism causing the disease can remain viable
for several weeks in unprocessed pig meat. Both diseases are zoonotic.

1.1.1 Name the pathogen responsible for both H1N1 and swine fever. (1)
1.1.2 Identify a common characteristic of H1N1 and swine fever. (1)
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1.1.3 Give TWO roles of the state in controlling the spreading of these diseases. (2)
1.1.4 State TWO economic implications of these diseases. (2)
1.1.5 Define the following:
(a) Zoonotic disease (2)
(b) Notifiable disease (2)
(c) Infectious disease (2)
(d) Epidemic
1.2
Rift Valley fever is a disease that severely affected most farmers in the Free
State due to high rainfall between January and February in 2010. The pathogen is transmitted
by mosquitoes amongst the herds of livestock.
According to Andre Ferreira, the chairperson of the Free State Red Meat
Producers Organization (RPO), its outbreak befits to be classified as an epidemic disease.
Thirty eight farms were confirmed infected and affected, nearly 100 000 animals in the same
province were potentially infected whilst 23 000 animals were confirmed as affected. Farmers
were warned to limit the movement of animals and dip them regularly with super
methrinebased substances against mosquitoes. Human beings can be infected through the
handling of meat, blood and organs of infected animals, as well as by drinking milk of the
infected animals.

1.2.1 Name the type of micro-organism that causes Rift Valley fever. (1)
1.2.2 Identify the specific vector that carries this pathogen. (1)
1.2.3 Rift Valley fever can be classified as an epidemic disease. Justify your answer by giving
TWO reasons that support this statement. (2)
1.2.4 State TWO measures that farmers can apply to prevent the further outbreak of this disease.
Activity 63
1.1 study the passage below and answer the questions that follows
The South African government plays an important role in the regulation of farming
practices. It ensures quarantine services and control measures regarding the import and
export of animals. They also conduct research and provide veterinary services.

1.1.1 Indicate THREE types of animal health research done at the Veterinary Institute. (3)
1.1.2 What is the purpose of a quarantine station? (2)
1.1.3 Besides the roles mentioned in the above extract, name TWO other roles performed by the
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state to protect the South African animal industry. (2)

1.2 The table below represents the vaccination plan that a farmer uses to prevent acute animal
diseases on a farm.

1.2.1 Complete the table above. Write only the answer next to the letter (A–G) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
1.2.4 Name the vector for red water.

1.3 Study the passage below and the questions that follows

1.3.1 Indicate THREE types of animal health research done at the Veterinary Institute.
1.3.2 What is the purpose of a quarantine station?
1.3.3 Besides the roles mentioned in the above extract, name TWO other roles performed by
the state to protect the South African animal industry.
Activity 64
1.1 Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follows

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1.1.1 Complete the table above by writing down the missing information for A, B, C and D.
1.1.2 Identify a disease in the table that affects only dairy cows.
1.1.3 Suggest a management practice that may be used to prevent red water.
1.1.4 Name the farm animal that is most susceptible to mastitis
1.2 The table below shows diseases that affect farm animals and the role of the state in
controlling the spread of diseases.

1.21 Refer to the table above and identify A, B, C, D and E.

1.2.2 Refer to the table above and identify the role of the state in controlling the spread of diseases.
1.2.3 Suggest TWO duties of stock owners to prevent the spread of deadly diseases, such as the
one in A.
1.3

1.3.1 Give a scientific term used in animal health to describe EACH of the following conditions:
(a) Diseases that can be transmitted from animal to animal
(b) Disease-carrying organism

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1.3.2 Name ONE bacterial disease that can be transmitted from one animal to the other.
1.3.3 State ONE role of the farmer to control the occurrence of the diseases in QUESTION1.9.2.
1.3.4 Suggest TWO ways in which farm workers can be exposed to animal diseases.
1.3.5 Indicate TWO roles of the state in controlling the spread of infectious diseases.
Activity 65
1.1 Complete the table below by writing the missing information next to the letters (A–E) in
the ANSWER BOOK. (Do NOT copy the table.)

1.2 The table below shows information regarding the types of diseases in farm animals.

1.2.1 Refer to the table above and identify A, B, C, D, E and F. Do NOT copy the table
1.3 The table below shows diseases caused by micro-organisms in farm animals.

1.3.1 Identify (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) above.

1.3.1 State TWO roles of the government in controlling diseases in farm animals.
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1.4 The table below shows symptoms of different diseases in farm animals.

Animal 1 Animal 2 Animal 3

Bloody discharge Fleece surface and Aggression
from the mouth and contain scabs and coupled with
rectum crust excessive
salivation

1.4.1 Identify the diseases affecting animal 1, animal 2 and animal 3. (3)
1.4.2 Identify the animal suffering from a deadly bacterial disease. (1)
1.4.3 Name a pathogen that causes the disease in animal 2. (1)
1.4.4 State ONE precautionary measure a farmer can take to prevent the spread of the disease in
animal 3. (1)
1.4.5 Name TWO roles of the state in controlling the spread of the disease in animal 1. (2)
Activity 66
1.1 Study the passage below and answer the question below

1.1.1 State the pathogen that causes foot-and mouth disease (FMD).
1.1.2 This disease (FMD) can infect large number of animals. Support this statement by referring to
the case study above.
1.2 study the diagram and answer the questions that follows

South Korean animal rights activists, wearing livestock masks, mounted a protest because
of foot-and-mouth disease and bird flu in Seoul, South Korea.
Since November 2010 Korea has killed more than 1, 93 million livestock when the first
outbreak of the disease was reported several months ago.
1.1.1 Indicate why foot-and-mouth disease is such a threatening disease. (1)
1.1.2 Describe TWO control measures to prevent the spread of this disease. (1)
1.1.3 Indicate THREE main types of livestock affected by foot-and-mouth disease. (3) 1.1.4
Describe THREE symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease (3)
Activity 67

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1.1.1. Categorise the parasites in the illustrations above (1)

1.1.2. Give the names of the parasites labelled A, B and C. (3)
1.1.3. Indicate the parasite from the illustrations that needs two hosts to complete its lifecycle (1)
1.1.4. Indicate the parasite in the illustration that has an indirect life cycle (1)
1.1.5. State the environmental condition that influences the infestation of farm animals by these
parasites (1)
1.1.6. Indicate TWO biological measures to control these parasites (2)
1.2 The illustration below shows a life cycle of a parasite

1.2.1 Identify the type of parasite in the above schematic representation. (1)
1.2.2 State TWO negative impacts that the parasite in the schematic representation has on animal
production. (2)
1.2.3 Explain the way in which the animal in the schematic representation is infected by this
parasite. (1)
1.2.4 Name the intermediate host in the schematic representation above. (1)
1.2.5 Suggest THREE measures how pasture management can be used to control this type of
parasite (3)
1.3 The illustration below shows the lifecycle of a parasite affecting farm animals.

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1.3.1 Classify the parasite illustrated above.

1.3.2 Give the name of the parasite classified in QUESTION 1.3.1.
1.3.3 The parasite illustrated above need an intermediate host to complete its life cycle. Name
the intermediate host in label A.
1.3.4 Indicate how the animal gets infested by the parasite in QUESTION 1.5.2.
1.3.5 Indicate the metabolic disease caused by the parasite on animal.
1.3.6 Suggest TWO management practices that the farmer can put in place to control the parasite
infestation on pasture.
Activity 68
1.1 The diagram below shows a life cycle of a parasite

1.1.1 Give the name and indicate the type of parasite represented above. (2)
1.1.2 Classify the parasite according to its life cycle as indicated in the diagram above (1)
1.1.3 Write down the letter (A–F) that represents each of the following stages in the life cycle
of the parasite in the diagram above:
(a) The larvae that hatches from the eggs (1)
(b) The nymph that will feed on the second host (1)
(c) The tick that will feed on the third host (1)
(d) The first host (1)

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1.2 Below is a list of parasites that affect livestock

Choose the parasite from the list to which each of the statements below applies:
(i) Causes irritation of the sinuses and sneezing
(j) It needs a snail within a day to stay alive
(k) Transmits heart water in sheep
(l) Proglottids appear in the faeces of the infected animal
(m) Crouching can minimise the infestation

PLANT POISONING
Activity 69

1.1 Salt is one of the essential mineral nutrients needed by farm animals, but intake in large quantities can
be fatal to livestock.
1.1.1 Name TWO symptoms of salt poisoning. (2)
1.1.2 State TWO ways of treating farm animals with salt poisoning. (2)
1.2
Plant poisoning is a serious problem that affect animals. Farmers need to be
aware of the plants that may be poisonous to livestock and take measures to
prevent such poisoning.

1.2.1 Explain the reason for each of the following measures when an animal have
ingested poison:
1.2.2 Farmers in rural areas give animals strong tea (1)
1.2.3 Dosing animals with sugar or glucose (1)
1.2.4 Providing large doses of purgative (1)
1.3
Poisoning is common in farm animals that are deprived of fresh, clean water while being exposed to diets
high in sodium chloride.

1.3.1 Name the type of poisoning referred to in the statement above. (1)
1.3.2 Identify the mineral source of the poisoning from the statement above. (1)
1.3.3 Name ONE treatment measure if animals get this form of poisoning. (1)
1.3.4 State a preventative measure for this form of poisoning. (1)

Activity 70

1.1 study the passage below and answer the questions that follows
Lantana camara and Dichepetalum cymosum or poison leaf ('gifblaar') are two of the most common and
important hepatotoxic plants for farm animals.
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1.1.1 State a common name/phrase used to describe plants in the scenario above. (1)
1.1.2 Name the farm animal which is mainly affected by poison leaf ('gifblaar'). (1)
1.1.3 Give TWO examples of other plants in this category. (2)
1.1.4 Give examples of TWO types of sheep who are most susceptible to these types of plants. (2)
1.1.5 Name the white granular inorganic substance fed to ruminants as a protein substitute, which has the
same effect as the plants mentioned above if it is fed in excess. (1)
1.2
Salts can be toxic to farm animals. Precautions should be taken to minimise the risk of salt poisoning.
1.2.1 Give TWO symptoms of salt poisoning in farm animals. (2)
1.2.2 State TWO ways in which a farmer can treat an animal with salt poisoning.

Activity 71

GENETIC CROSSES
1.1The schematic representation below represents the crossing between a purebred white-faced
bull and a pure-bred black-faced cow.

1.1.1 Identify the dominant trait or characteristic in this crossing. Give a reason to support your answer. (2)
1.1.2 Explain the possible percentage of black-faced offspring if the same bull above in P1 is used with its
own daughters from the F1-generation. (2)
1.1.3 Compare the chromosome number of the somatic (normal) body cells with that of the gametes in the
illustration above. (2)

1.2 The breeding of a black (BB) male farm animal and a white (WW) female farm animal gave rise
to heterozygous grey offspring in the F1-generation. The same offspring of the F1-generation were
allowed to breed through inbreeding and their offspring of the F2-generation had a phenotypic ratio
of 1: 2: 1.

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1.2.1 Complete the diagram by filling in the missing genotype in the blocks labelled (a), (b), (c), (e), (g)
and (h). Redraw the diagram in the ANSWER BOOK. (6) 1.2.2
Suggest the type of dominance that is described above. (1)
1.2.3 Motivate your answer to QUESTION 4.1.2 by giving TWO reasons (2)
1.2.5 Identify the organ in the body where the process of meiosis occurs. (1)

1.3 Bb represents a black-furred farm animal and bb represents a farm animal with white fur. The
Punnet square below represents the genotypes of the offspring. Black is the dominant trait.

1.3.1 Identify the phenotype(s) visible in the offspring. (2)

1.3.2 Identify the gender of the heterozygous parent. (1)
1.3.3 Calculate the percentage of the offspring that is heterozygous black. (2)
Activity
Activity 72
105 Basic genetics (pattern of inheritance& crossing)
1.1 A game animal breeder crossed a pure-breed rhino with short, black hair with another pure-breed rhino
with long, white hair.

KEY B = black L = short

b = white l = long
1.1.1 Indicate the type of crossing above (1)
1.1.2 Give reason for your answer in Question 1.1.1 (2)
1.1.3 Draw a Punnet square to show the results of the F1 cross using the key in QUESTION 1.2 (4)
1.1.4 Indicate the phenotypes of the offspring in the F1 generation with the gametes bbll and BBLL.(2)
1.4.6 Indicate the genotype of the pure-breed rhino with short, black hair (1)

1.2 A homozygous red bull (r) is mated with a homozygous black cow (R).
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1.2.1 Use the information above to show the genotype of the offspring that resulted from this crossing.
1.2.2 Calculate the percentage of black offspring. (3)
1.2.3 Indicate the number of offspring with a homozygous gene pair. (1)
1.2.4 Suppose the probability of having a red calf was 0%. Indicate the genotype of the bull calf.(1)

PATTERN OF INHERITANC

Activity 75
1.1 Different patterns of inheritance that lead to different phenotypes are indicated in the table
below. Match the patterns of inheritance to QUESTIONS 1.1.1-1.1.5

Prepotency
Incomplete dominance
Epistasis
Atavism

1.1.1 The expression of one gene is controlled by another gene (1)

1.1.2 An inheritance which produces a heterozygote with a phenotype that is intermediate. (1)
1.1.3 The reappearance of ancestral characteristics after being absent for few generation (1)
1.1.4 Ability of one parent to transmit a complete set of characteristics to its progeny (1)
1.2
The pattern of inheritance can lead to differences in the phenotype. If white flowers (W) are
crossed with red flowers (R), the offspring in the F1 generation will all be pink.

1.2.1 Use the Punnet square method to show the offspring of the F2 generation from the F1 parents
above. (4)
1.2.2 Indicate the type of dominance in the offspring of the F1 generation that are all pink. (1)
1.2.3 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 4.5.2. (2)
1.2.4 Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation. (1)
Activity 108 (pattern of inheritance)
1.3
The genotype aabbcc gives a milk yield of 3 000 litres. Imagine that each dominant gene
adds a further 200 litres to the yield:

1.3.1 Indicate the type of dominance above (1)

1.3.2 Calculate the milk yield for the genotype aaBbcC, without using a calculator (4)
1.3.3 Indicate the genotype that will give 3800 litres of milk (1)

1.4

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The statements below show different patterns of inheritance:

(a) An animal with a phenotype that is between the phenotype of both parents
(b) Both black and red colours are visible on the coat of an animal
(c) The animal has a brown coat like the parent

1.4.1 Match statements (a), (b) and (c) with the types of dominance. (3)
1.4.2 State TWO patterns of inheritance, other than those identified in QUESTION 1.4.1(a) to (c).
1.5
The height of a tomato plant is controlled by two pairs of genes. The base height of a recessive plant
(aabb) is 30 cm. Each additive allele contributes 10 cm to the base height.

1.5.1 Define the concept polygenic inheritance. (2)

1.5.2 Determine the height of an AABB tomato plant. (2)
1.5.3 Name the THREE different genotypes of a 50 cm tomato plant. (3)
1.6

Assume that egg laying in Leghorn laying hens is controlled by three pairs of genes. The net
production of a laying hen with the genotype bbggkk is 60 eggs per week. Each additive allele
contributes five eggs to the net production.
1.6.1 Determine the net production of a laying hen with the genotype BbGgkk. (3)
1.6.2 Name the genotype that will result in 90 eggs. (1)
1.6.3 Indicate the type of inheritance that controls egg laying in Leghorn laying hens. (1)

VARIATION

Activity 76

1.1 Variation forms the basis of selection for breeding. A farmer specialising in poultry,
selected chickens with different head combs and body sizes caused by either internal or
external factors.
1.1.1 Identify TWO types of variation in the statement above and give ONE example for each(4)
1.1.2 Differentiate between the two types of variation in QUESTION 1.1.1. (4)
1.1.3 Indicate the characteristic of the chickens in the scenario above that is:
(a) Influenced solely by genes (1)
(b) Affected by the environment (1)
Activ
1.2 Variation can be caused by genetic factors within the organism such as mutation. Relate the
following statements with causes of variation in animals:
(a) The homologous chromosomes break at one or two places along their string and re-unite into
two homologous parts
(b) The parents’ genes only shuffle and incorporate an already existing genetic variation but do
not create a new one
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1.3
Variation is a phenomenon that causes the offspring to be slightly different
from their parents
1.3.1 Indicate the TWO internal causes of variation. (2)
1.3.2 Explain TWO important roles of genetic variation in a breeding programme. (2)

Activity 77
1.1 The diagram below depicts the causes of variation in plants.
FIELD A FIELD B

The crops in Field A and Field B both come from the same seed with the same genes for height and were
planted at the same time in different areas.

1.1.1 Suggest THREE external factors that might have greatly contributed to the difference in the heights
of the plants in the two fields. (3)
1.1.2 Identify ONE dependent variable that the scientists were trying to investigate on these fields.
1.1.3 Give type of variation shown in the diagram above (1)
1.1.4 Give a reason for your answer in Question 1.1.3 (2)
1.2
Variation refers to the differences in characteristics between members of the same species. The
differences may be caused by both external and internal factors.

Name the environmental factor that has led to EACH of the following variations

1.2.1 Animals at higher altitudes have darker pigmentation than those at lower altitudes. (1)
1.2.2 Animals are shorter than other animals with the same gene for tallness due to a nutrient deficiency
1.2.3 Goats kept on steeper slopes have longer and stronger legs than goats kept on flatter slopes. (1)
1.2.4 Herefords kept in colder regions have thicker hair than those found in warmer regions. (1)

1.3
Genotypically identical maize seeds were planted in different areas of the province. The seeds were
planted at the same time. The table below shows the height of the maize plants after three months.

Area Heigh
A Tall
B Dwarf

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C Medium

1.3.1 Indicate the genetic phenomenon illustrated in the table above. (1)
1.3.2 Define the genetic phenomenon in QUESTION 1.3.1. (2)
1.3.3 Name THREE environmental factors that may have contributed to the difference in height of the maize
plants. (3)
1.3.4 If two different cultivars of maize are crossed the offspring normally shows a very large and drastic
improvement in yield. Give a scientific term for this improvement. (1)
1.3.5 Name the type of breeding system given in the statement in QUESTION 1.3.4. (1)
MUTATION

Activity 78
1.1 Chromosomal re-arrangements affect the expression of genes and cause changes in the phenotype.
The diagrams below show the new patterns of chromosomal structure.

A B C

1.1.1 Define the concept mutation (2)

1.1.2 Identify the mutation types A, B and C shown above. (2)
1.1.3 Briefly explain the significance of mutation in plant and animal breeding. (2)

1.2 Mutagens change the genetic material of an organism causing errors in the genes of organisms.
How will the following mutagenic agents affect the DNA structure of the gene?
(a) Gamma and X-rays (1)
(b) Metals such as nickel and chromium (1)
(c) Alkaloids (1)
(d) Viruses (1)
1.3 Give the term that describe an organism affected by mutation (1)

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SELECTION
Activity 79
1.1
Traditionally people used a selection and breeding method whereby the best bulls for growth,
health and fertility were shared between family and friends. They also cared for their animals by
utilising the best available pastures and keeping them away from wet and muddy areas.
1.1.1. Define the concept selection. (1)
1.1.2. Determine the method of selection mentioned in the passage above. (1)
1.1.3. Identify THREE animal production characteristics in the passage that were used for selection
by these people. (3)
1.1.4 Indicate how the following aspects were used by the people in the passage above to improve the
phenotype of the animals:
(a) Genetic variation (1)
(b) Environmental variation (1)
1.1.5 Distinguish between biometric and heritability (4
Activity 114 Selection
1.2 The graph below represents a normal distribution curve used in the selection of animals for a
breeding programme by taking only their phenotypic characteristics into account.

1.2.1 Deduce, from the graph, the most suitable group of animals (A, B or C) to be used in a breeding
programme for the next generation. (1)
1.2.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.2.1. (1)
1.2.3 Identify the method of selection used in this breeding programme. (1)
1.2.4 Differentiate between selection and variation. (4)
1.3 Name the selection method used in each of the following situations in animal breeding:

1.3.1 Selection based on the quality of relatives in the same generation (1)
1.3.2 Selection based on the quality of offspring (1)
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1.3.3 Selection based on quality of ancestor (1)

1.4. The table below shows the estimated breeding value (EBV) for specified characteristics in
Bonsmara cattle and boer goats.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC HERITABILITY
Bonsmara Birth weight 38
Post-weaning weight 30
Meat tenderness 65
Lean meat 38
Boer goat Birth weight 35
Post-weaning weight 60
Lean meat 35
Fleece weight 12

1.4.1 Identify ONE characteristic of EACH animal (Bonsmara cattle and boer goats) that farmers would
select for breeding. (2)
1.4.2 Give a reason for the choice of characteristics in QUESTION 1.4.1. (2)
1.4.3 Give TWO reasons why boer goat farmers will probably not select birth weight, fleece weight
and lean meat. (2)
1.5 The table below indicates values of heredity in sheep.

BIRTH WEIGHT POST-WEANING FLEECE

WEIGHT GAIN WEIGHT
Heritability 60% 33% 50%

A lamb's birth weight is 3 kg and the average birth weight for the flock is 1,8 kg.

1.5.1 Determine the estimated breeding value (EBV) for birth weight. (3)
1.5.2 What is the implication of the value in QUESTION 4.3.1? (2)
1.5.3 What is the heritability of the fleece weight of a lamb? (1)
1.5.4 Give TWO reasons why the post-weaning weight gain in the table above cannot be
recommended for breeding purposes. (2)

Activity 80115 Selection

1.1 A farmer can use heritability and estimated breeding value to predict the progress of a breeding
programme. The higher the heritability of a characteristic, the greater the chances of improving
performance through selection and breeding. The average slaughter weight of the flock is 47,5 kg.
The parent weighs 52,5 kg. The table below shows the heritability characteristics of sheep.

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HERITABILITY BIRTH POST MEAT SLAUGHTER

CHARACTERISTIC WEIGHT WEANING TENDERNESS WEIGHT
GAIN
HERITABILITY % 49 50 60 85

1.1.1 Use the heritability value to calculate the slaughter weight (genetic gain). Show ALL
calculations, including the formula. (4)
1.1.2. Explain the implication of the value in QUESTION 1.1.1. (2)
1.1.3. Which heritability characteristic you will not recommend for in breeding programme? (1)
1.1.4. Give a reason for your answer in Question 1.1.3 (2)

1.2
A breeder wants to increase the weaning weight of some animals. The average weaning weight of the
animals on the farm is 22,5. The breeder selects a male animal with a weaning weight of 24,6 and a female
with a weaning weight of 23,7. The heritability of weaning weight in the animals is 50%.

1.2.1 Calculate the EBVs of the parents. (4)

1.2.2 Calculate the expected genetic gain of the off-spring. (2)
1.3 The crossings A, B and C below represent different breeding systems applied in cattle farming.
A B C
Commercial mixed-breed Susex bull Afrikaner bull
cow X X
X Susex cow (bull’s daughter) Shorthorn cow
Holsten stud breed

1.3.1. Identify the breeding systems represented by A, B and C.

1.3.2 Indicate the breeding system (A, B or C) that promotes heterosis.
1.3.3 State TWO disadvantages of the breeding system represented by crossing B.
1.3.4 Suggest the best method a farmer can use to change the enterprise from a commercial meat production
with Brahman to a Bonsmara stud within a period of 20 years.
Activity 117
1.3.1. Indicate the breeding system applicable to EACH of the situations below:
(a) Results in a large increase in the performance of the offspring (1)
(b) Leads to a gradual decrease in the performance of the offspring from generation to generation
(c) New breed is gradually brought into a new environment with fewer adaptation problems (1)
(d) Gives rise to sterile progeny (1)
(e) Repeated mating of an inferior cow with a superior bull generation after generation (1)
1.3.2 Give TWO advantages of breeding system in Question 1.1 (b) (2)
1.3.3 Give the term that describe the following:
(a) A gradual decrease in performance of offspring generation after generation (1)
(b) A large increase in performance of the offspring (1)

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1.5 A farmer went to an agricultural show and bought two breeds of cattle. The photos of the cattle are
shown in the picture below. The cow is a Scottish breed and the bull is a Sudan Abigcer. He intends
breeding the cattle on his farm.

1.4.1 From the scenario, deduce the type of breeding that will take place on the farm. (1)
1.4.2 Give ONE reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.1. (2)
1.4.3 State THREE possible characteristics the farmer could expect from the offspring. (3)
1.4.4 Give ONE genetic terminology for the offspring. (1)

1.5 The flow chart below is a schematic representation of line breeding.

S 2 6

1 5

X 13

D 3 10

1.5.1 Identify TWO common ancestors of individuals S and D in theschematic representation above. (2)
1.5.2 Explain TWO ways in which livestock farmers could benefit from upgrading by using a pure-bred breed
in their commercial crossbred herd. (2)

Activity 81
1.1 Nowadays farming demands the use of different methods and technologies for animal breeding.

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1.1.1 Identify the breeding method indicated by EACH of the following scenarios:
(a) Commercial Holstein cow x stud Holstein bull using artificial insemination (1)
(b) Sussex bull x Sussex cow (the bull's daughter) (1)
(c) Afrikaner bull x Shorthorn cows (1)
1.1.2 Choose the breeding method in QUESTION 1.1.1 that will be the best option to change the enterprise
from a commercial dairy herd to a dairy stud. (1)
1.1.3 Name the breeding method in QUESTION 1.1.1 that will ensure heterosis or hybrid vigour
1.1.4 State TWO disadvantages of crossbreeding. (2)
1.1.5 Differentiate between inbreeding and line breeding (4)
1.1.6 Differentiate between inbreeding depression and hybrid vigour
1.1.7 Give TWO advantages of inbreeding (2)
1.1.8 Give TWO disadvantages of upgrading (2)
1.1.9 Give TWO advantages of cross breeding (2)

1.2 The pictures below show two cattle breeds.

A B

A farmer has a herd of animals shown in picture B which have not been producing
very well. The farmer is advised by a local extension officer to buy bull A and use e
it to service his cows to improve production.

1.2.1 Identify the breeding method suggested by the extension worker to the farmer. (1)
1.2.2 Motivate the answer to QUESTION 4.2.1 above. (2)
1.2.3 Suggest TWO advantages of this breeding method to communal farmers. (2)
1.2.4 List any TWO other breeding methods that farmers can use to (2) improve productivity.
1.2.5 For each breeding method given in QUESTION 1.2.4 above, mention ONE disadvantage.(2

1.3 The pictures below show two groups of animals. Picture A is made up of TWO different breeds of cattle.
Picture B consist of a donkey and a horse Answer QUESTION 1.3.1 to 1.3.4 based on information in the
pictures labelled A and B.

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A B

1.3.1 Indicate the type of breeding in picture B. (1)

1.3.2 Identify TWO disadvantages of the type of breeding in picture B. (2)
1.3.3 Mention the type of breeding that could be taking place in picture A. (1)
1.3.4 Give ONE term for the improved trait that could result from the breeding in QUESTION 1.3.3.

1.4 The flow chart below is a schematic representation of different breeding systems .

1.4.1 Refer to the flow chart above and identify the breeding systems represented by
EACH of the following:
(a) A x B (1)
(b) E x F (1)
(c) V x W (1)
1.4.2 Name TWO characteristics of progeny E. (2)
1.4.3 State TWO disadvantages of the breeding system producing progeny T. (2)

Activity 82

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1.1 The table below gives information on an unknown breed of cows that were mated with
pure-bred Bonsmara bulls. The female offspring of the cows were always bred with
a pure-bred Bonsmara bull, as shown in the results below.

COW BULL PERCENTAGE (%)

PURE-BRED
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OFFSPRING

1st crossing Unknown 100% 50% (F1)

nd
2 crossing 50% 100% 75%
rd
3 crossing 75% 100% –
4th crossing 87,5% 100% 93,75%
5th crossing 93,75% 100% 96,87%
6th crossing 96,87% 100% 98,44%
7th crossing 98,44% 100% 99,22%
th
8 crossing 99,22% 100% 99,61%

1.1.1 Identify this type of breeding system. (1)

1.1.2 State TWO disadvantages of this type of breeding system. (2)
1.1.3 Determine the number of crosses needed before the first pure-bred Bonsmara calves can be registered.
1.1.4 Calculate the percentage of pure-bred characteristics in the offspring in the third crossing. (4)

GENETIC ENGENNERING

Activity 83

1.1
Genetically modified or altered crops known as GMOs are used for the United Nations' food
programme in Africa and Asia. The crops that are most commonly used are maize, rice and
potatoes.
1.1.1 Define the term genetic modification.

1.1.2 State THREE advantages of genetically modified crops.

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1.1.3 Describe TWO potential risks of genetically modified crops.

1.1.4 Explain the reason for genetically modifying maize, rice and potatoes.

1.1.5 Name TWO techniques used in the genetic modification of plants.

1.2

A Grade 12 learner in a laboratory placed cells of a recipient plant in a solution containing desired
genes. The learner briefly passed an electric current through the solution to open up pores which
allows the desired genes to enter the cells where they may be incorporated into the DNA of the
plant.

1.2.1 Deduce, from the description above, the process demonstrated by the learner’s activity in
QUESTION 1.2
1.2.1 Indicate the technique used in QUESTION 1.2.
1.2.2 State THREE aims of the process represented in QUESTION 1.2 in plant breeding.
1.2.3 Give THREE potential risk of using the process in Question 1.2
1.2.5 Differentiate between electroporation and lipofection
1.3 The illustration below shows a technique used by farmers to genetically modify tomatoes.

1.3.1 Identify the technique above.

1.3.2 State TWO advantages of the technique in QUESTION 1.3.1 for the farmer.
1.3.3 Suggest TWO economic implications that plants produced from the technique 1.3.1 and other
related techniques have for the farmer.
1.3.4 Suggest TWO potential health risk of using the technique in 1.3.1
1.4 The diagram below shows two techniques used in plant improvement.

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A
Agrobacterium
Plasmid
Plant cell Microprojectile B
gun
Gold particle

Transformed plant cell

Plant regeneration Plant a cclimatisation

1.4.1 Identify techniques A and B shown in the diagram above. (2)

1.4.2 Give THREE advantages of modern plant improvement methods like the one shown above to plant
breeders. (3)
1.4.3 Outline THREE social concerns regarding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
1.4.4 Give TWO implications of the use of GMO technology to improve
plants in South Africa. (2)
1.5

A recent development in the improvement of maize is the genetic modification that makes it
resistant to the maize stalk borer. A soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), naturally produces
a toxin (poison) that kills the maize stalk borer. Genetic engineering techniques are used to
transfer the Bt toxin gene from the bacterium to the DNA of maize plants.

1.5.1 Identify TWO potential benefits of this genetically modified (GM) crop.
1.5.2 State TWO negative effects of GM crops on the environment.
1.5.3 Explain the technique of using the bacterium in the scenario above to modify maize plants
genetically.
1.6
A recent development in the improvement of plants and animals through genetic
modification resulted in more resistance to pests and diseases. Certain techniques,
such as the ones listed below, are used to change the genes in the DNA of plants
and animals:
(a) Electric current is used to insert the desired gene.
(b) Use a small syringe and a needle to transfer the desired gene into the nucleus.
(c) The vector transfers the desired gene.

1.6.1Identify techniques (a), (b) and (c). (3)

1.6.2 State THREE potential benefits of genetically modified crops. (3)
1.6.3 Name TWO negative effects of genetically modified crops on the environment (2)

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Term 3
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FACTOR

QUESTION 3 PAPER 2

LAND
Activity 84
1.1

One of the economic characteristics of land is that, land is subject to the law of diminishing returns.

1.1.1 Briefly explain the implication of the underlined statement in production. (2)
1.1.2 List TWO other economic characteristics of land apart from the underlined statement in
QUESTION 1.1.1. (2)
1.1.3 Describe THREE techniques/methods to increase the productivity of land. (3)
1.1.4 Indicate THREE economic functions of land (3)
1.1.5 Define the concept collateral (2)
1.2 An increase in the human population in recent times has led to the use of good agricultural
soil for non-agricultural purposes as indicated in the diagram below.

Reserved for
human
settlement

1.2.1 Identify the economic characteristic of land indicated in the diagram above. Give a reason for
your answer. (2)
1.2.2 Suggest TWO ways in which the economic characteristic above impacts on the productivity of
the land. (2)
1.2.3 State TWO ways in which the productivity of land can be improved. (2)

1.3 The picture below represents a production factor.

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1.3.1 Identify the production factor in the picture above. (1)

1.3.2 List FOUR economic characteristics of the production factor named in QUESTION 1.3.1 (2).
1.3.3 Give THREE functions associated with the production factor named in QUESTION 1.3.1 (3)

Activity 85

1.1 Land as a production factor has economic characteristics that need to be considered to ensure
productivity.

Identify the economic characteristic of land associated with each of the following:
(a) A housing scheme built on land previously used for maize production (1)
(b) Increased application of green manure which is not proportional to the yield (1)
(c) A farmer still produces cotton on land that was used for the same purpose by his great
grandfather
(d) A farmer experienced a drop in yield due to monoculture and after changing to conservation
farming, the yield increased (1)

1.2 study the extract below and answer the following questions

A group of unemployed young people in a rural community were granted 50 ha of land by a local
chief to use to generate an income for themselves. They grew maize, which they could sell. In the
first two years they had a yield of 5 tons per ha which increased gradually to 6 and 7 tons per ha
over the next 2 years due to the use of fertiliser. In the fifth year, however, the yield declined despite
the increased application of fertilisers.

1.2.1 Identify TWO economic characteristics of the land in the case study. (2)
1.2.2 Explain the characteristic in QUESTION 1.5.1 that is associated with fertilisers and yield. (2)
1.2.3 State TWO functions of land in the case study. (2)
1.2.4 Indicate TWO ways in which the group of young people could increase the production potential
of the land. (2)
1.3 For production of any product to take place, the following factors should be in place. Land is
a permanent economic factor in agricultural sciences, however the availability of land for
agricultural purposes is limited.

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Land Labour Capital Management

A B C D

1.3.1 Indicate the production factor that could be used as collateral from 1.2 above. (1)
1.3.2 Justify your answer to QUESTION 1.6.1 with TWO reasons. (2)
1.3.3 Explain the underlined economic characteristic of land in the scenario in 1.2. (2)
1.3.4 Name TWO other economic characteristics of land apart from the underlined one in 1.2 to the
entrepreneur (2)
1.4
The world’s population is growing at an exponential / alarming rate. This is resulting in increased
demand for land. Farmers now, more than ever, need to ensure that their yield per hectare is very
high, as land available for agriculture is becoming minimal due to the combined effect of
urbanisation and climate change.

1.4.1 Identify the TWO economic characteristics of land in the scenario above. (2)
1.4.2 Suggest THREE ways farmers can increase the yield per hectare. (3)
1.4.3 Name TWO functions of land as a production factor. (2)

Activity 86

1.1
Different measures may be applied by a farmer to increase the production output and productivity
of the farm per hectare.

1.1.1 Indicate the measure to improve land productivity, as indicated by EACH of the following
statements:
(a) Combining grain crops and leguminous crops (1)
(b) Using a larger field rather than individual smaller plots to cultivate (1)
(c) Burying water pipes to reduce damage and leaks (1)
(d) Determining the type and amount of fertiliser to use for a crop (1)

LABOUR

Activity 87

1.1 Farmers employ different types of labourers for specific tasks to be performed on farms but often
lose them to other sectors.
1.1.1 Name TWO types of labourers that are employed on farms based on the period of employment.
1.1.2 Indicate TWO main reasons for the loss of farm labour to other sectors
1.1.3 State TWO ways in which farmers retain their labourers

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1.2 Indicate the labour legislation that addresses each of the following issues:
(a) Training workers to improve their efficiency
(b) Ensuring that the working environment is safe
(c) Labourers can claim compensation if they get injured at work
1.6 A farmer employed a farm worker who specialises with application of pesticides.

1.3.1. Mention the labour legislation which forces farmers to ensure that the workers have safety
equipment.
1.3.2 Give the piece of legislation the farm worker above could use if the farm worker contracts a disease
due to failure by the farmer to provide safety clothing.
1.3.2. Which piece of legislation encourages farmers to assist in the training of the farm workers?
1.4.1. In addition to safety, farmers also need to ensure that their workers are motivated. Recommend
1.4.2. THREE ways farmers can use to motivate their workers, so as to improve productivity.

Activity 88

1.1 Farm labour is a crucial factor of production.

1.1.1. Name the type of temporary farm worker that is employed for non-repetitive tasks.
1.1.2. State TWO characteristics of a permanent farm worker.
1.2
Farms are found mostly in areas outside towns far from recreation, health and educational
facilities.
Normally farm workers earn lower wages.
The following happens on farms:

• Alcohol abuse after working in harsh conditions for long hours

• Low levels of education for both parents and children
• Low social values resulting in high HIV/Aids infections

1.2.1 Identify TWO challenges that will affect labour productivity in the above scenario
1.2.2 State TWO responsibilities of the farmer to address the challenges identified in QUESTION 1.2.1
1.2.3 Refer to the scenario above and give TWO reasons why farms lose workers to other industries.
1.3
Labour can be described as the sum total of human, physical and mental effort used to create
goods and services. The labour market is a pool or group of people, skilled, semi-skilled and
unskilled labourers who offer their labour to the highest bidder.
1.3.1 Tabulate the following labourers into skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labourers:
• Unqualified mechanic
• Veterinarian
• Apple picker
1.3.4 Identify the labourer in QUESTION 1.3.1 who could be the highest in demand by a livestock
farmer.
1.3.5 Give ONE reason to justify your answer in QUESTION 1.3.2.
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1.3.6 Recommend TWO methods that could improve the economic conditions of the apple picker.
1.3.7 State the labour legislation that could assist an unqualified mechanic to become qualified on a
commercial farm.
Activity 89

1.1 Identify the legislation that regulates EACH of the following:

(a) Working conditions of farm workers
(b) Training of workers
(c) Handling of dangerous chemicals and equipment
1.2
A farmer employed four permanent labourers for the day-to-day tasks. During harvesting, ten
additional labourers were employed for a period of a month.
1.2.1 What type of temporary labourers were employed for a period of a month?
1.2.2 Distinguish between the type of labourers named in QUESTION 1.2.1 and a permanent labourer on
the basis of the period of employment.
1.2.3 State THREE challenges associated with labour as a production factor.
1.2.4 Calculate the wage of a labourer working for one public holiday if he/she earns R150 per day.
1.3 The table below shows conditions of employment in a farming business for two employees
(A and B).

CONDITION OF EMPLOYEE A EMPLOYEE B

EMPLOYMENT
DAILY RATE R120 R120
HOURS OF WORK PER 8 12
DAY
PAYMENT OF FOUR R960 R800
SUNDAYS/HOLIDAY
LEAVE CREDIT PER 3 30 DAYS 10 AYS
YEAR CYCLE
1.3.1 Identify the employee whose conditions of service are unfair.
1.3.2 Give TWO reasons for the answer to QUESTION 1.9.1 by referring to the information in the table
above.
1.3.3 Give TWO examples of labour legislation that the employee in QUESTION 1.9.1 could use to
challenge the employer.
1.4 Name the method to increase labour productivity, which is represented by EACH of the following
descriptions:
1.4.1 dairy cattle kraal hay stable Milking polour Refrigerated storeroom
1.4.2 Sending tractor drivers for a basic course in mechanical engineering
1.4.3 Providing workers with free transport between work and home
1.4.4 Using a harvester to harvest a 100 ha field

CAPITAL

Activity 90

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1.1
Two farmers applied for loans from a local bank so that they can start beef production enterprises.
They received R200 000 each. Farmer A used
R150 000 to purchase breeding heifers and a bull, with the remainder being reserved for
purchasing feeds and remedies. Farmer B invested R160 000 in a bakkie and used the remainder
to purchase breeding stock, feeds and remedies.
1.1.1 Identify which of the two farmers overcapitalised his enterprise. (1)
1.1.2 Briefly support the answer in QUESTION 1.1.1. (2)
1.1.3 Identify ONE example of movable capital and ONE example of floating capital in the passage
above (2)
1.1.4 Predict TWO challenges the farmers above might face due to the source of capital they used.(2)

1.2 Record-keeping in a farming situation is just as important as planning.

Examples include physical and financial records that reflect the farm assets and finances. Examples of
farm assets are listed below.
tractor; borehole fitted with a wind mill; fertiliser bags; pesticides;
farm shed; bakkie (farm van); diesel; bags of maize seed

1.2.1Tabulate the farm assets listed above under the following headings:

(a) Fixed assets (1)

(b) Movable assets (1)
1.2.2 Define the concept capital (2)
1.2.3 When large capital investments are made in a farming operation, the capital would normally be
borrowed from external sources. Suggest THREE examples of such sources. (3)

1.3

A family in a rural area of the country decided to pursue farming. The father worked for a
construction company for 20 years and received a pension package of R189 000,00 which he
invested in land to start the farming enterprise. The family had too little capital and they
approached the Vukuzenzele Trust for a grant. They were given a total of R80 000,00.
The family used this grant to purchase an irrigation system for R7 000,00 and a tractor for R58
000,00. R15 000,00 was used for pesticides, seeds and fertilisers.
1.3.1 Tabulate THREE forms of capital used by the family and give an example of each from the case
study above. (3)
1.3.2 Name TWO sources of capital that were used by the family in the case study above. (2)
1.3.3 Calculate the total value of the assets for this farming enterprise. (2)
1.3.4 Define the net value of a farming enterprise (2)
Activity 91
1.1 study the diagram below and answer the following questions
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A farmer obtained a loan of R2 million from a bank. This loan was used to build a dam and install
an irrigation system for a 50ha maize field. The farmer also purchased three bakkies, each worth
R165 000, and 50 beef cattle using his inheritance from his parents.

1.1.1 Redraw the table below in the ANSWER BOOK. Use the passage above as reference and write
down the answers to (a) to (f).
Type of capital Source of capital Example of capital
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

1.1.2 At a later stage the farmer experienced problems with capital. Study each of the statements
below and indicate what type of capital problem the farmer experienced as a result of his
actions (in the passage):
(a) Buying three bakkies instead of only one bakkie which could perform all the tasks required
(b) Getting a loan from a bank instead of using his inheritance
(c) Investing lots of money in production inputs which yielded no profits and even lead to losses
as a result of natural disasters like droughts
1.2
A potential farmer intended to start a business and borrowed R25 000 from the bank. This farmer
did not start immediately after obtaining the loan. By the time the business was established the
total debt increased to five times the original amount. The profit was on average R12 000 per year,
except for the first year when the profit was only 18% of the initial principal debt.

1.2.1 Determine the total debt of the entrepreneur after the enterprise was finally established.
Show ALL calculations. (2)
1.2.2 Calculate the profit for the first year of operation. (2)
1.2.3 Calculate the profit (as a percentage) for the third year. (3)
1.2.4 State TWO other ways of obtaining capital, except for borrowing. (2)
1.3 An emerging farmer drew an estimated income and expenditure plan of his/her farm
enterprise. The estimated plan included the following information:
Sale of sheep R27 500,00
Wages of farm workers R13 400,00
Payment of overdraft R 3 700,00
Interest from savings R 1 800,00
1.3 1 Draw an income and expenditure plan using the information in QUESTION 1.1 above. (4)

1.3.2 Calculate the farmer’s expected profit or loss in QUESTION 1.6 above. (3)
1.3.3 Should the farmer with the above business? Give a reason for your answer (2)
1.3.4 Define the underlined description in QUESTION 1.6 above. (2)
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1.3.5 Give any THREE reason of keeping financial records in farming business (3)
1.3.6 Which item contributed the most on the business expense. (2)
1.3.7 Give TWO ways in which the farmer can address the impact in Question 1.1.6 (2)
Activity 92

1.1 The information below shows the assets and liabilities on a farm.
Value of farm: R3 500 000
Tractor loan: R365 000
Value of vehicles: R275 000
Overdraft: R150 000
Bond: R4 200 000
Cash: R50 000
Value of buildings: R650 000
Assets Rand Liability Rand

Net worth
1.1.1 Re-draw the table above and complete it with the information provided. Calculate the net worth
of the farm. (7)
1.1.2 Indicate whether this farming business is viable. Give a reason to support your answer (2)
1.1.3 Define the concept net worth (2)

1.2

An emerging broiler and egg farmer wants to draw up a cash flow budget for a month, opening
from a zero balance. Workers' wages cost R4 000 per week. Chicken feed costs R7 000 per week,
electricity is R2 500 per week and some other costs amount to R1 500 per week. The farmer's
income consists of the following:
• Eggs sold for cash to local shops is R10 000 per week.
• Once a month broilers are sold to a slaughter house for R50 000.
1.2.1 Draw up a mini cash flow budget for ONE week. (4)
1.2.2 Determine the net cash income for ONE month. (3)
1.2.3 Explain whether the net income of this business can be guaranteed on the basis of its cash flow(2)
1.2.4 Name the problem of capital associated with each of the following statements:
(a) A farmer bought three tractors and two luxurious bakkies, which are underutilised. (1)
(b) Drastic changes in the climate resulted in a drop in the expected yield. (1)
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(c) Short-term credit is used to pay labourers. (1)

(d) A farmer sold a tractor bought five years ago at a lower price. (1)
1.6.1 Differentiate between enterprise budget and whole farm budget (2)
1.6.2 Give THREE reason for keeping financial records (3)
1.3 The table below shows the income and expenditure in a farm's financial document from January
to April.

January February March April

Income
Operating income (sales) 0 0 13 000 30 000

Capital sales 0 2 000 0 1 000

(machinery)
Non-farm income 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000
(shares/dividends)
Expenditure
Operating expenditure 2 800 6 000 6 000 6 000
(wages)
Capital expenditure 0 0 17 000 0
(livestock and
machinery)
Non-farm expenses 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000
Cash flow summary
Opening balance 10 000 7 200 3 200 (a)
Total income 2 000 4 000 15 000 (b)
Total expenses 4 800 8 000 25 000 5 500
Profit/Loss -2 800 -4 000 -10 000 (c)
Closing balance 7 200 3 200 -6 800 (d)

1.3.1. Identify the type of budget summary shown in the table above. (1)
1.3.2 Determine the April budget summary by calculating the following:

(a) Opening balance (1)

(b) Total income (1)

(c) Profit/Loss (1)

(d) Closing balance (1)

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MANAGEMENT

Activity 92
1.1
A young livestock farmer kept several stocks on a field, without taking proper care of them. Most
of the livestock contracted diseases and died. Other animals that survived were either stolen, or
they got lost. The farmer heard that the demand for vegetables was lucrative and decided to go
into intensive vegetable production. The farmer approached you as an agricultural sciences
learner for advice on how to develop strategies that could help him/her to be successful.

1.1.1 Suggest THREE strategic management components the farmer should adopt for the new
vegetable production. (3)
1.1.3 State TWO risk management practices to prevent any future loss (2)
1.1.4 Indicate THREE external forces that affect the management of a business (3)
1.2 Farm management requires both day-to-day planning as well as long-term strategic planning to ensure
that the business achieves its goals, as illustrated in the flow chart below.

Management
principle

A B C

1.2.1 Define the term management

1.2.2 Give the THREE main management principles represented by A, B and C.
1.2.3 List THREE aims of strategic management.
1.2.4 Indicate the person responsible for the overall management of a farming enterprise.
1.3
A farm manager may experience an oversupply of produce to the market if there is a similar supply of
produce by other farmers. This may lead to a drop in the price of the produce and a subsequent loss of
profit.

1.3.1 Identify the external force that may lead to the situation in the scenario above. (1)
1.3.2 State the type of risk that may be encountered by the manager in the scenario above. (1)
1.3.3 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.3.2 by referring to the information in the scenario
above. (2)
1.3.4 State TWO management strategies that this manager could apply to lower the risk in QUESTION
1.3.2. (2)
1.3.5 Suggest TWO main components of management that could make the farm manager in the
scenario successful. (2)
1.3.6 Identify the effective management principle represented by EACH of the following statements:
(a) Deciding on the size of the farming operation and the output it will give (1)
(b) Monitoring all aspects of production (1)
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(c) Measuring the output of the farming operation (1)

Activity 93

1.1
What sets farm management apart from other business management is the kind and number of
daily duties involved, as well as the many management layers involved in farming. Even among
farms, the process will vary depending on the type of farming business involved and the overall
size of the business. Specific skills are therefore needed for different farming operations.

1.1.1 Identify TWO reasons from the scenario to justify why managing poultry farm is different from
managing a shop. (2)
1.1.2 Mention the specific management skills required in the following:
(a) Being able to keep the farm profitable and successful (2)
(b) Being able to deal with labour problems (3)
(c) Being able to deal with unforeseen issues or problems (4)
1.1.3 Outline TWO production risks that a farm manager may experience in crop production. (2)
1.2 Name the external force represented by EACH of the statements below:
1.2.1 The increase of VAT on commodities (1)
1.2.2 The outbreak of listeriosis that led to food contamination (1)
1.2.3 New emerging markets for the same product (1)
1.2.4 Today's youth believe in fast foods, whilst parents are part of the staple diet group (1)
1.2.5 Give the sources of risk linked to QUESTION 1.5.1 and QUESTION 1.5.2 (2)

1.3

Farming businesses in some parts of South Africa have been experiencing a drought since 2017,
while flash flooding has been occurring in other parts since 2018. As a result of the poor weather
conditions, the quality of production is negatively affected and it has resulted in a loss of profits.

1.3.1 Identify THREE types of risk in the farming industry. (3)

1.3.2 Name ONE skill a manager needs to be able to identify the risks in QUESTION 1.3.1 (1)
1.3.3 Name TWO strategies that farmers can employ to reduce the risk impact stated in the scenario above.
1.3.4 List THREE main principles for the successful management of a farming enterprise. (3)
1.3.5 State Two documents that are linked to planning as a managerial principle (2)
1.3.6 List THREE strategic management components employed in a farm business (3)

PAPER 2
QUESTION 2 AGRICULTURAL MARKETING

MARKETING FUNCTIONS

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Activity 94
1.1 Study the passage below and answer the questions that follows

After harvesting, most products are taken to a facility where they are cleaned, graded, packed
into boxes, stored and then transported to the market.
1.1.1 Identify the functions of agricultural marketing above with regard to each of the following:
(a) Products are taken from the farm to the market. (1)
(b) Products are kept on the farm before they are transported to the market. (1)
1.1.2 Give an economic term used to describe each of the following statements:
(a) Products are packed into boxes. ?(1)
(b) Products are kept in a cool place to give them a long shelf life. (1)
(c) A product is altered from its raw form. (1)
1.1.3 State TWO advantages of processing agricultural products. (2)

1.3

You attended a seminar where one group of the participants were debating the difference between
selling and marketing of processed goods. Another group was discussing eco-labelling and how it
influences consumer behaviour. You were invited to draw TWO clear distinctions between
marketing and selling.

1.3.1 Tabulate the difference between marketing and selling. Provide TWO descriptions EACH for
marketing and selling. (4)
1.3.2 State TWO main functions of agricultural marketing. (2)
1.3.3 List TWO reasons why meat is processed. (2)
Activity 95
1.1 The picture below shows the packaging of tomatoes on a commercial farm. (Sept 2017)

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1.1.1 State TWO reasons why the tomatoes are protected in boxes.
1.1.2 Mention TWO important packaging information that could attract tomato buyers.
1.1.3 Give ONE reason why materials used for packaging must not contain chemicals.

1.2 A farmer sells peaches in different sizes to suit the preferences of consumers. The table below
shows how peaches are placed in boxes after harvesting.
Size and appearance class Size in the box (mm) Number of peaches
of peaches per boxes
Big, ripe, smooth, no 1 600 x 800 18
bruises
Medium, some not 2 600 x 800 24
ripe, with few bruises
Small, ripe mostly 3 600 x 800 30
bruised

1.2.1 Name the marketing function referred to in the table above. (1)
1.2.2 State TWO factors used in the grading of the peaches. (2)
1.2.3 Identify the factor that could hamper the marketing of the peaches in the table above.(1)
1.2.4 Briefly describe THREE advantages of processing peaches. (3)
PRICE DETERMINANTION

Activity 96
1.1 The table below represents the quantities of fruit sold at different prices

PRICE (R) QUANTITY OF FRUITS

(Pocket per week)
20 3500
25 3000
30 2500
35 2000
40 1500
45 1000
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1.1.1 Use the data in the table above to draw a line graph comparing the quantities and the prices of the
pockets of fruit. (6)
1.1.2 Deduce the relationship between the price and the quantity of fruit demanded. (2)
1.1.3 State THREE factors determining the quantity of fruits demanded (3)

1.2 The graph below illustrates the cotton export price trends which were directly affected by
demand and supply over a period of six months.

1.2.1 Indicate the month when there was the least demand for cotton in the export market. (1)
1.2.2 Determine the approximate quantity of cotton exported in March. (1)
1.2.3 Describe the possible implication on export if the supply of cotton in May was to be higher than
the demand. (2)
1.2.4 State FOUR factors that will determine the supply of cotton in the world markets. (1)

1.3 The graph below shows demand and supply curves meeting at point D. Analyse the graph and
answer the following questions

1.3.1 Identify the most appropriate letters (A, B, C, D or E) from the graph above that represents each
of the following:

(a) The quantity of goods offered for sale at a particular time and moment
(b) The situation where supply and demand are equal
(c) It occurs when production is below the equilibrium point
(d) The amount consumers are willing to buy at a given price
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(e) Represents a situation when production is above the equilibrium point

Activity 97

1.1 The graph below shows equilibrium price for a particular product

E
B

1.1.1 Identify curves A and B. (2)

1.1.2 Name THREE factors that affect curve A. (3)
1.1.3 Define the term represented by E. (2)
1.1.4 Explain the relationship between the price and the quantity demanded. (2)

1.2 The graphs below show the change in the demand for products in relation to the change in price.

1.2.1 Identify the graph (A or B) that represents EACH of the following:

(a) Price inelasticity of demand (1)
(b) Price elasticity of demand (1)
1.2.2 Give a reason for your answers to QUESTION 1.5.1(a) and (b) respectively (2)
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1.2.3 State THREE other factors that may cause elasticity of demand. (3)
1.2.4 Distinguish between price elasticity of demand and price inelasticity of demand (2)

1.3 The following graph represents a hypothetical supply-demand curve for an agricultural
commodity:

1.3.1 Write the symbol, indicated as A or B, in the graph above for the following:
(a) The hypothetical demand curve (1)
(b) The hypothetical supply curve (1)
1.3.2 Discuss the stage at which the market would experience a shortage of products by referring to the
graph above. (2)
1.3.3 Identify the price that suggests market equilibrium in the graph above. (1)
1.3.4 State a possible way for farmers to prevent an oversupply of an agricultural product. (1)
Activity 98
1.1 The graph below shows the changes in the price as the equilibrium of supply changes.

1.1.1 Indicate the equilibrium price when the quantity supplied was 400. (1)
1.1.2 Distinguish between demand and supply (4)
1.1.3 In summer the supply of fruit increases because most fruit are seasonal. Motivate the statement
by referring to the data supplied above. (2)

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1.1.4 Discuss how processing can stabilise the income of a farmer (2)

1.1.5 State the law of supply and demand respectively (2)

1.2 The graphs (A, B, C and D) below represents shifts in demand and supply. Analyse the graphs
and then answer the questions that follow:

1.2.1 Relate each of the following scenarios listed below to the graphs above:

(a) During summer peaches come into season as a result there is a greater supply, and fruit farmers
will shift their prices down to the new equilibrium price. (1)
(b) Health concerns cause more consumers to avoid eating red meat and shift to chicken. The demand
for red meat over a long period will change as represented by one of the graphs above (1)

(c) At Christmas time there is a greater demand for fresh cream due to increased demand for ice cream
resulting in markets setting a new higher price. (1)
1.3 The graph below shows one of the price-determining factors.

P1

Q1 Q2
QUANTITY

1.3.1 Identify the price-determining factor represented by the curve above. (1)

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1.3.2 Briefly explain how each of the following factors below will make the curve to shift in the
direction shown by the arrow:

(a) Technology (2)

(b) Environmental conditions (2)

1.3.3 Give TWO factors, in addition to those given in QUESTION 1.3.2, that would influence the
shape of the curve above. (2)

MARKETING
DEVELOPMENT

Activity 99
1.1 The statements below shows various strategies of developing a market

(a) Producer needs to be aware of what the consumer wants

(b) Producer determines how much the consumer will pay
(c) Producer should know where the consumer wants to buy
(d) Producer needs to communicate information about the produce
1.1.1. Identify the strategies of developing a market represented by A to D. (4)
1.1.2. State TWO factors that the producer should consider when planning the strategy
represented by A. (2)
1.1.3 Name TWO ways in which the producer can implement the strategy represented by D
successfully. (2)
1.1.4 Indicate TWO aspects a producer has to consider when deciding on the strategy represented
by B. (2)
1.2 Two important elements of marketing any product are: setting a good price and promoting the
product. Promoting a product means telling people about it and convincing them to buy it.
1.2.1 Mention TWO methods and give an example of each method people use to promote products.
1.2.2 Predict THREE factors an emerging farmer should consider in setting the price of products.
1.2.3 Distinguish between niche marketing and mass marketing
1.2.4 State ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of mass marketing

1.3

When marketing to consumers, it is important to know the different types of buyers and their
characteristics. A buyer can be an innovator, adopter or a traditionalist. Consumers have
different reasons why they purchase goods.
Sellers should try to promote what they sell and adopt different approaches to marketing in
order to make maximum profit on sales.

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1.3.1 Predict TWO characteristics of a buyer who is a traditionalist.

1.3.2 Identify TWO ways sellers could make a profit from the scenario.
1.3.3 State TWO ways sellers could promote sales.
1.3.4 State the marketing approach that;
(a) promotes same product in different ways to different group of people
(b) Focuses on selling to a small segment of a market
(c) Allows you to select few segments and develop a marketing strategy that fit well.
1.3.5 define the following concepts:
(a) Green marketing
(b) Green product
(c) Eco-labeling
1.4 The statements below describe various approaches which can be used by farmers to market their
produce.
A. The business of promoting and selling a product or service to a specialised segment of a market.
B. A market strategy in which a farmer decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal to
the whole market with one offer or one strategy.
C. A marketing strategy where a company tries to gain customers from more than one type of
market for the same product and uses.

1.4.1 Identify the marketing approaches A–C. (3)

1.4.2 Identify a marketing approach in which prices are likely to be high. (1)
1.4.3 Give TWO reasons to support your answer. (2)
1.4.4 Suggest TWO methods of promoting products that are suitable for marketing approach B. (2)
1.5
Sustainable marketing is a fast-growing marketing approach. It entails
adapting activities on every level of operation to be ecologically friendly and
safe, as well as socially acceptable and healthy.

1.5.1 Indicate how farmers can implement sustainable marketing in the

following farming activities:
(a) Production process (1)
(b) Packaging (1)
1.5.2 Provide TWO disadvantages of the sustainable marketing approach. (2)
MARKETING SYSTEM

Activity 100
1.1 The picture below illustrates a type of marketing commonly used in the agricultural sector.

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1.1.1 Identify the type of marketing illustrated in the picture above. (1)
1.1.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.1.1. (1)
1.1.3 Name the channel of marketing illustrated in the picture above. (1)
State TWO advantages of the marketing system in QUESTION 1.1.1 for the consumer (1)

1.2 Five marketing channels related to a free market system are indicated in the table below.
Match the marketing channels to the processes involved from QUESTION 1.1.1 to 1.1.5.

Internet marketing
Fresh produce markets
Stock sales
Contract market
Farm gate marketing

1.2.1 Goats, sheep and cattle are sold on auction to the highest bidder. (1)
1.2.2 Goods are advertised and sold electronically mostly by using computers. (1)
1.2.3 An agreement or arrangement by the farmer to sell direct to wholesaler. (1)
1.2.4 A farmer sells cabbage direct from the farm. (1)
1.2.5 Mangoes and apples are graded, weighed and the whole lot is purchased and delivered
immediately to markets. (1)

1.3 A B

1.3.1. Identify the marketing outlets in A and B above (2)

1.3.2 Write down the letter (A or B) of the marketing outlet to which each of the following statements
refer:
(a) Products are sold at a lower price and buyers do not compete for a price (1)
(b) Small-scale farmers have easy access to it (1)
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(c) Price can be higher than expected as buyers compete for the price (1)
(d) Marketing costs are reduced as no commission is paid (1)
1.3.3 Name the marketing system illustrated in picture A and picture B. (1)

1.4 A group of emerging farmers growing vegetables have limited access to funding. They decide to
share the cost of production and marketing of their produce until everyone is economically viable.
1.4.1 Indicate the marketing system that is used by these farmers. (1)
1.4.2 Name THREE advantages of the marketing system in QUESTION 1.4.1. (3)
1.4.3 State TWO principles that could guide this group of emerging farmers. (2)
1.5

B Brokers/Agents

Distributers
Retail outlets Consumers
Wholesalers

A
FARM

1.5.1 Name the process shown by the flow diagram above. (1)
1.5.2 Identify the marketing channels shown by the arrows A and B. (2)
1.5.3 Give ONE advantage of marketing channel A to the consumer. (1)
1.5.4 Suggest methods which can be used to deal with each of the challenges below that could hamper the process
mentioned in QUESTION 1.5.1:

(a) Distance to markets (1)

(b) Perishability of produce (1)
1.5.5 Describe how each of the following factors affects the process above:
(a) Low volume in relation to size (1)
(b) Seasonality of production (2)

Activity 101

1.1 Two groups of learners used different strategies to promote and market their produce from the
school garden.

GROUP A GROUP B
Sold vegetable to a local super market at Sold vegetables door to door at their
fixed price own price
Each individual in the group was
responsible for selling their own produce

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Vegetable from each individual in this

group were combined into a stock pile
for marketing

1.1.1. Identify the marketing system used by GROUP 2. (1)

1.1.2. Refer to the table above and justify with TWO reasons why the marketing system identified in
QUESTION 1.1.1 was chosen. (1)
1.1.3. Indicate the group that used the following marketing strategies:
(a) Selling on a contract (1)
(b) Direct sales (1)
1.1.4 GROUP 1 utilised a pool system for marketing. Give a reason to support this statement by referring
to the table on the previous page. (1)
1.2
South African farmers used to market their maize through a government regulated single channel
marketing system, but nowadays there is no intervention and the maize price is determined entirely
in the market place according to the laws of supply and demand. All participants, both buyers and
sellers, are therefore affected by price movements and many unknowns which is the nature of the
free market.
1.2.1 Identify the TWO marketing systems discussed in the passage above (2)
1.2.2 Deduce ONE disadvantage of a free market from the passage above (1)
1.2.3 Supply TWO advantages of a free marketing system. (1)

1.3 The table below shows the marketing approaches of two farmers.
FARMER A FARMER B
Limited capital Large capital outlay
Has a unique product Has a variety of conventional
Is targeting a small section of the products Is targeting all prospective
market buyers in the market

1.3.1. Recommend the appropriate marketing approach for FARMERS A and B above. (2)
1.3.2 Suggest TWO methods to be used by FARMER B to advertise the products described in the table
above. (2)
1.3.3 List TWO advantages of the approach recommended for FARMER A. (2)

1.4 The graph below shows the price trend in a market system.

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1.4.1 Identify the product (A or B) with prices that are more likely to apply to a free-market system.
Give a reason for your answer. (2)
1.4.2 Name TWO possible outlets where agricultural products are sold in such a free-market system (2)
1.4.3 Give THREE disadvantages of free-marketing system (3)
1.5 The illustration below represents the distribution of milk from a dairy farm to the consumer.

Farmer

Processors adding value Processors/distributors

Retailers

Consumers

1.5.1 State THREE major marketing costs that could increase the price of the product to the consumer. (3)
1.5.2 Mention TWO major factors that can hamper the marketing of the milk by the distributer. (2)
1.5.3 Recommend TWO ways to improve and streamline the agric-business chain.
AGRI-BUSINESS CHAIN
Activity 102
1.1.1 Define the concept marketing chain
1.1.2 Give THREE factors hampering agribusiness chain
1.1.3 Give THREE ways to streamline and improve agribusiness chain
1.1.4 Give THREE costs that are involved in agribusiness chain
1.2 sept 2021
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A B

1.2.1 Provide a caption for the diagram above. (1)

1.2.2 Divide the diagram above into two sections by providing the labels A and B. (2)
1.2.3 Identify THREE marketing functions in the diagram above. (3)
1.2.4 Suggest TWO ways of making the process above more efficient. (2)

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Activity 103
1.1 The table below shows the characteristics of two individuals.

INDIVIDUAL 1 INDIVIDUAL 2

• Work for someone Work for him or herself

• Trade his or her Always looking for new
time for salary business venture
• Controlled by fear Sells a concept
• Uses CV to seek Has a business plan
employment
Has an appetite for a risk

1.1.1. Identify the individual (A or B), in the table above, who represents an entrepreneur
1.1.2. Identify TWO personal characteristics, in the table above, of an entrepreneur.
1.1.3 Identify the document that will enable the entrepreneur to secure funding
1.1.4 State TWO problems the entrepreneur usually encounters when drawing up the document in
QUESTION 1.1.3.

1.2
An entrepreneur is a person who identifies an opportunity for a business, does research on
what will be needed and combines good ideas with the forces of production to produce and
make profit.

1.2.1 In the scenario above, identify THREE phases of the entrepreneurial process.
1.2.2 Name THREE personal characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.

1.3 Feb/march 2015

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A farmer realised that there were many unemployed youth in the surrounding
communities as well as a good supply of peaches and an adequate infrastructure to
support a processing plant. The farmer organised the youth and got a R300 000 grant to
establish a jam-processing factory. When they started, they produced 100 bottles of jam
daily and now they produce 1 500 bottles per day. They have secured contracts with local
wholesalers.
1.3.1 Deduce TWO entrepreneurial skills displayed by the farmer.
1.3.2 Justify the answer to QUESTION 1.3.1 by referring to the data in the scenario.
1.3.3 State TWO possible advantages of securing contracts with local wholesalers.
1.3.4 Indicate the source of each of the following as identified by the farmer in the scenario above:
(a) Raw materials
(b) Labour
(c) Building
1.3.5 Give the statement in the scenario that indicates that the enterprise was a success.
Activity 104

1.1 The diagram below gives the descriptions of the different main phases of the
entrepreneurial process. Nov 2019

Prepare an
( A) operational Actions to
plan ( B ) serve the
market (C)

1.1.1Identify the phases of the entrepreneurial processes represented by A, B and C. Write down
the letter (A to C) and the correct answer.
1.2 A business plan is a plan of action that an entrepreneur should have for a business.
1.2.1 Give TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan.
1.2.3 List THREE items that should be included in the format of a good business plan.
1.2.4 State TWO problems that may be encountered when drawing up a business plan.
1.2.5 Give ONE solution for the problem in Question1.2.3

SWOT ANALYSIS
Activity 105
Feb/March 2016
1.1

The community members intended to start a business venture using their communal fields
totalling 400 ha, but lacked capital and skills. The area also has poor weather conditions. Their
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motivation to start the business was a flourishing project in a nearby village. They are planning
to farm with beef cattle to sell to locals for their traditional ceremonies and sheep to sell to a
local supermarket. They also intend to grow vegetables to supply the local school. They plan to
utilize the services of the agricultural extension officer for advice.
1.1.1 Use a SWOT analysis and identify:

(a) TWO strengths

(b) ONE weakness
(c) ONE opportunity
(d) TWO threats
1.1.2 Recommend THREE actions to correct the threats identified in QUESTION 1.1.1(d).
1.2 An organisation has the following attributes.
A. A neighbouring farmer producing similar produce has gone bankrupt.
B. The farm has a highly qualified and experienced farm manager.
C. The farm has negative net worth.
Deduce whether each of the attributes A–C given above represents a strength, weakness, opportunity or
threat to the business. (3)

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