Option (d): Find minimum spanning tree from graph G.

This is an optimization problem because it seeks the spanning

tree with the minimum total edge weight, which connects all
vertices without any cycles. The other options are not optimization
problems but rather queries about the properties or elements of
the graph. If you need further clarification or have more questions,
feel free to ask!
Option (d): No message will be displayed.
The condition (20 && 0) in the while loop will always evaluate
to false because the logical AND operator (&&) requires both
operands to be true (non-zero). Since 0 is considered false,
the loop will not execute, and no message will be displayed.
If you have any more questions or need further explanation,
feel free to ask!
Option (d): Code optimization.
Code optimization is considered the final phase
in the compiling process. It involves improving
the code to make it run more efficiently and
effectively.
Option (b): Dead code elimination.
This technique is appropriate for the given
code because the variable z is assigned a
value but never used, making it unnecessary.
Eliminating such dead code can optimize the
program’s performance.
The image shows a multiple-choice question related to a concept in programming or
computer science. The question is partially obscured, but it mentions a set of
attributes that can be seen by a program and have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program. The options given are:

a. Flow control
b. Arrangement
c. Organization
d. Architecture
Without the full context of the question, it’s challenging to provide the correct answer.
However, if the question is referring to the overall structure and design of a program
that affects its execution, then the most likely answer would be:

Option (d): Architecture.

Architecture in computer science typically refers to the conceptual structure and
logical organization of a computer or computer-based system, which indeed has a
direct impact on the execution of a program. If you can provide the full question or
more context, I would be able to confirm the answer with greater certainty.
The correct answer to the multiple-choice question regarding
the method used to obtain the meaning of encrypted
information without access to the secret key is:

Option (b): Crypto-analysis.

Crypto-analysis is the study of analyzing information
systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the
systems. It is used to breach cryptographic security systems
and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages,
without having access to the secret key.
Based on the Java code provided in the image, the correct output
should be -204. However, this option is not listed among the
multiple-choice answers. It seems there might be an error in the
question or the options provided. Here’s the breakdown of the
code execution:

Initial values: n = 6, p = 15, q = 34

After n *= -q;, n becomes -204 (since 6 * -34 = -204)
The operation q += p; changes the value of q but does not affect n
Finally, System.out.println(n); prints out the value of n, which
is -204
None of the given options (A) 0, (B) 3, © 27, (D) -27 match the
correct output. If this is a question from an exercise or test, it
would be advisable to bring this discrepancy to the attention of
the instructor or the source of the question
Based on the information provided in the image, the correct answer to
the question about network architecture characteristics is option b,
Scalability. This is because scalability refers to the ability of a network
to expand and accommodate more users and applications without
negatively impacting the service provided to existing users.

Please note that the question text was partially obscured, so if there is
additional context that was not visible in the image, it could potentially
alter the answer. However, with the given information, scalability is
the characteristic that best fits the description in the question.
Based on the Java code provided in the image, the correct answer is
option c, -18. Here’s the breakdown of the code execution:

An integer array list is created with 4 elements.

A variable sum is initialized to 0.
A for loop runs 4 times (since list.length is 4), each time setting list[i]
to -3 and adding it to sum.
Therefore, sum becomes -3 - 3 - 3 - 3, which equals -12.
However, there seems to be a discrepancy because the correct
calculation of sum should be -12, but the options provided do not
include this value. The closest option to the correct answer is c, -18,
but it is still not the accurate result based on the code. If this is an
exercise or test question, it would be advisable to discuss this issue
with the instructor or the source of the question. Please double-check
the code and the options provided to ensure accuracy. If there is
additional context or a different interpretation of the code, it could
potentially change the answer.
The correct answer to the Java string creation question is
Option A: String m = new String("Exit Exam");. The other
options are incorrect because:

Option B uses single quotes for multiple characters, which is

not allowed in Java.
Option C lacks double quotes around Technology, making it
a variable rather than a string literal.
Option D uses single quotes for a string, which should use
double quotes in Java.
Remember, in Java, strings are created with double quotes,
like this: String variable Name = "StringValue";. Single quotes
are used for single characters, like char c = 'a';.
The correct answer to the question is Option D: Parallel
interface. A parallel interface allows multiple bits to be
transferred simultaneously over several channels or wires,
which matches the description given in the question. This
type of interface is commonly used in situations where high
data transfer rates are required, such as in the connection
between a computer and a printer. Remember, a serial
interface, in contrast, transfers data bit by bit over a single
wire or channel.
The correct answer to the question on deadlock prevention
mechanisms that don’t require a timestamp is Option B:
No-wait. This mechanism does not involve the use of
timestamps to prevent deadlocks, unlike other methods such
as wait-die and wound-wait, which do use timestamps to
order the transactions and avoid deadlock situations.
Remember, in deadlock prevention, the goal is to ensure
that at least one of the necessary conditions for a deadlock
cannot occur.
int[] list = new int[]{1,2,3,4};
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) { An integer array list is initialized with the values {1,2,3,4}.
sum += list[i]; A variable sum is initialized to 0.
} A for loop iterates over each element in the array, adding
System.out.print(sum); each element’s value to sum.
After the loop, sum contains the total sum of the array’s
elements.

The output will be the sum of the array’s elements: 10.

However, the options provided in the image do not

include ‘10’. It seems there might be an error with the
question or the options given. The correct answer based
on the code should be ‘10’, which is not listed among the
options a, b, c, or d. Please double-check the question or
the provided options for any discrepancies.
a question about algorithms used to extract a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) from an input graph. Here’s an explanation of each choice and the correct answer:
Option A: Dijkstra’s Algorithm
Used for finding the shortest path between nodes in a graph.
Not suitable for extracting MST.
Option B: Merge-Sort Algorithm
A sorting algorithm.
Not related to MST extraction.
Option C: Prim’s Algorithm
Specifically designed to find the MST in a weighted undirected graph.
Correct choice for extracting MST.
Option D: Huffman Encoding Algorithm
Used for data compression.
Not related to MST extraction.
The correct answer is Option C: Prim’s Algorithm, as it is the only algorithm among the options that is used to extract a Minimum Spanning Tree from a graph.
The other options are used for different purposes and do not apply to the context of MST.
Option A: Regression Testing
Ensures that new code changes do not break existing functionality.
Correct answer for the given scenario.
Option B: Dynamic Testing
Involves executing the software and validating the output against expected
results.
Not specifically for checking the impact of new changes on existing features.
Option C: Beta Testing
Allows end-users to evaluate the software in a real-world environment.
More about gathering user feedback than checking for errors due to modifications.

Option D: Static Testing

Involves reviewing the code, requirements, or documentation without executing
the program.
Does not directly test the impact of code changes on the software’s operation.
Therefore, the most appropriate type of testing to ensure that modifications have
not introduced new errors is regression testing.
Option A: Processing documents is not the primary function of a DBMS.
Option B: While a DBMS can store image data, processing images is not its main role.
Option C: Correct - A DBMS is indeed responsible for creating and maintaining databases.
Option D: Managing a computer’s activity is not a function of a DBMS.
What is the output of the following fragment C++ code?

for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i = i + 2)

{
if(i % 3 == 1)
continue;
else
break;
}
Option A: A sender can send email using SMTP - True, SMTP is used for
sending emails.
Option B: Both are network layer protocols - False, they are application layer
protocols.
Option C: Both are application layer protocols - True, this is their correct
classification.
Option D: A sender can receive emails using POP3 - True, POP3 is used for
receiving emails.
Option A: ( f(n) = o ) (little-o)
Describes an upper bound that is not tight.
Not suitable for worst-case analysis.
Option B: ( f(n) = \omega ) (little omega)
Describes a lower bound that is not tight.
Also not suitable for worst-case analysis.
Option C: ( f(n) = \Theta ) (theta)
Describes a tight bound, meaning the function grows at the
same rate as the bound.
Represents average-case complexity.
Option D: ( f(n) = \Omega ) (Big Omega)
Describes a tight lower bound.
Correct for worst-case analysis.
Question: Which one of the following environments is the hardest for an agent to operate in?

A) Sequential non-deterministic, dynamic B) Fully observable, sequential, deterministic C)

Deterministic, fully observable, static D) Partially observable, static, continuous

Correct Answer: The hardest environment for an agent to operate in would typically be D) Partially
observable, static, continuous, as it presents the most challenges in terms of observability and
predictability. However, the specific answer may vary depending on the context and the capabilities
of the agent in question.
Correct Answer: b. It is a lost update problem.

This issue occurs when two transactions that access the same
database items have their operations interleaved in a way that
makes the value of some database item incorrect, leading to a lost
update
A) Lock manager

The lock manager is responsible for controlling locks within a

database management system to manage access to data in a
concurrent environment.
A) +

This represents one or more concatenations of elements in the set , which

includes all strings of any length that can be formed from the alphabet set
C) Competitor

This option best fits the description of attackers who are motivated by
financial gain and are involved in corporate espionage activities
against rival companies.
c) Computability theory. This branch of study focuses on determining
whether a problem can be solved at all, without considering the
resources required to solve it.

Set theory deals with collections of elements (sets).

Complexity theory analyzes algorithm efficiency.
Automata theory studies abstract computational models.
b) Firewall. A firewall is responsible for separating some machines from the
rest to protect them from possible attacks by monitoring and controlling
incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security
rules.
 d) Off-line Turing machine. An off-line Turing machine is a theoretical model of computation that has two
tapes: one tape is read-only and the other is read-write. This allows the machine to read input without altering
it, while still being able to perform computations and store results on the second tape.
Question: “Which one of the following is a measure taken to ensure information and
information systems availability, integrity, authentication, and confidentiality?”

a) Interception b) Information security

c) Wiretapping d) Information assurance

The correct answer is: b) Information security.

a) 5

This is because the Math.floor() function rounds down

to the nearest whole number, so Math.floor(5.9) will
result in 5.
c) Error exit

This is because the process was terminated due to a reference to

non-existing memory, which is an error condition, not a normal or
intentional termination. Hence, the best explanation for the process
termination is an error exit.
a) Performance measure

This evaluates the degrees of success of an agent

in artificial intelligence by measuring how well it
performs its tasks and achieves its goals.
b) f(n) = (theta)

Theta notation accurately represents the average case

complexity of an algorithm, where the upper and lower
bounds are the same up to constant factors.
Question: “Which one of the following is a step in problem solving that
fixes the actions and states that the agent has to consider provided a
goal?”

Options: a) Execute b) Goal formulation c) Search d) Problem formulation

The correct answer is: b) Goal formulation.

Goal formulation is the step where the agent determines the specific
goals to be achieved, which guides the subsequent actions and states to
consider in the problem-solving process.
d) Network printer

It serves a different function compared to the other devices listed,

which are involved in directing traffic in a network. Network printers
are designed to accept print jobs from multiple users on a network.
c) System throughput

This term describes the number of processes completed per hour,

which is used to assess the performance of a machine.
b) C++

C++ is not an example of a scripting language; it is a compiled language, unlike PHP,

Python, and Perl, which are commonly used as scripting languages.
c) Data link layer

Bridges, switches, and Network Interface Cards (NICs) operate

at this layer to handle physical addressing and frame
management.
The correct answer to the question regarding the environment in
which a self-driving car with sensors and cameras is acting,
given that not all aspects of the environment can be detected, is:

a) Partially observable

This is because the car’s sensors cannot detect every aspect of

the environment, making it only partially observable.
c) Program counter

The program counter register holds the address of the next pair of
instructions to be fetched from memory in a computer system.
a) Dynamic data structure

A linked list is a dynamic data structure because it can grow and

shrink in size during the execution of a program. It allows for
efficient insertion and deletion of elements without reallocating or
reorganizing the entire structure
c) <caption> ........ </caption>

This is an HTML tag used to define a table caption and is not used as a delimiter in PHP
code. The other options are actual delimiters used in PHP.
programming languages like PHP, delimiters are used to indicate the start and end of code
blocks or variables. Common delimiters include commas, semicolons, and parentheses.
They play a crucial role in structuring and organizing data within a program
a) Hash table allocates one separate memory slot for each key in the universe U

This statement is false because a hash table does not allocate a separate memory slot for each
key; instead, it uses a hash function to map a large universe of keys to a smaller range of index
values, which correspond to memory slots.
c) Huffman encoding algorithm

This algorithm is used for data compression, which helps reduce the size of large files by
encoding data using fewer bits
b) protected

This access modifier allows subclasses to access data fields or methods defined in
the superclass, but does not allow non-subclasses to access these data fields and
methods.
c) In Packet switching an end-to-end connection has to be established

This statement is not correct because packet switching does not require an end-to-end
dedicated connection; instead, packets are sent individually and can take different paths
through the network.
c) Stack

DFT uses a stack data structure to keep track of the vertices as it traverses through the
graph.
b) Deferred update

This describes the process where all modified data items in the cache are written either
after a transaction ends its execution or after a pre-determined number of transactions
have concluded their execution.
b) Both are object-oriented languages

Both Java and JavaScript support object-oriented programming paradigms, allowing for the creation and
manipulation of objects within the code. However, it’s important to note that they are distinct languages with different
syntax, features, and use cases. Java is a statically typed, compiled language often used for building server-side
applications, while JavaScript is dynamically typed and primarily used for scripting web pages on the client side
a) There is no limit to the number of function parameters that a function may contain

In JavaScript, functions can be defined with any number of parameters, and additional
arguments can be accessed using the arguments object within the function. Options b,
c, and d are incorrect because function names cannot contain spaces, they are
case-sensitive, and they cannot begin with digits
d) Data and applications are defined separately

Program data independence means that the data is independent of the applications that access it, allowing the
data to be changed without affecting the applications. This separation of data and applications is a key principle
in the design of modern database systems
b) Split cache

A split cache refers to a cache organization where there are separate caches for
instructions and data, which can be considered as internal and external caches in a
two-level cache system
c) Evolution

Evolution refers to the phase where software is modified to reflect

changing customer and market requirements. This is a key aspect
of maintaining and updating software over time1
b) We can access elements of arrays without using index number

This statement is false because in C++, accessing elements of an

array requires using an index number. Arrays are a collection of
similar data objects, and each element is accessed by its index
within the array. The size of an array should be constant at the time
of declaration, and square brackets are used to declare an array.
The answer to the question in the image is option c: " = U {}"*. This is
because the Kleene star operation on a set includes all possible
strings, including the empty string , that can be formed from the set.
Therefore, it contains all elements of the original set plus the empty
string. Remember, * represents the set of all strings (including the
empty string) that can be made using the alphabet any number of
times, including zero.
The answer to the question in the image is option a: “It is a group of processes.”
Threads are not groups of processes; they are smaller units of a process that can be
managed and scheduled for execution by the operating system. Each thread within a
process shares the process resources but operates independently. Remember,
threads are designed to allow multiple operations within a single process to be
performed simultaneously.
The correct answer to the question in the image is option d: “ping.” The ping command is used to
test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and measures the round-trip time
for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. It’s a common tool used in
network administration to check if a computer is connected to the network.
The correct answer to select from the image is option b: “Project planning is a one-time
task in software development life cycle.” This statement is false because project planning
is an iterative process that may be revisited and revised throughout the software
development life cycle as needed. It involves ongoing risk analysis, cost estimation, and
schedule preparation to adapt to changes and ensure the project’s success.
The correct answer to the question in the image is option c) Assembly
language is machine-independent. This statement is false because
assembly languages are specific to processor types and are not
independent of the machines they run on; they need to be translated into
machine code that the processor can execute.
option c: “Single fixed hash function is better than universal hashing in terms of collision reduction.” This
statement is false because universal hashing is designed to minimize the probability of collisions by using a
randomly selected hash function from a family of hash functions for each key, which is more effective in
reducing collisions compared to using a single fixed hash function.
The correct answer to the question in the image is option d: Local Area Network (LAN). This term best
describes the University’s network, which consists of private local area and wide area networks for
access by its academic staff, students, and administrative workers. LANs are networks that cover a
small geographic area, typically a single building or campus, making it the appropriate choice for the
university setting described in the question.
he correct answer to the question regarding the time
complexity order of the Quick sort algorithm is option
c: O(n log n). Quick sort is a divide-and-conquer
algorithm that, on average, makes O(n log n)
comparisons to sort n items. In the worst case, it
makes O(n^2) comparisons, though this behavior is
rare.
Based on the C++ code snippet you provided, the
correct output would be:
Output: 2 4
Variable ‘a’: Remains 5 because (x>y?a:(a, x))
evaluates to (a, x) which results in x being
printed, not affecting a.
Variable ‘b’: Decreases by 1 to 7 due to the
post-decrement operator b--.
Variable ‘c’: There is no variable c declared in the
code, so any reference to c would cause a
compilation error.
Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among
the provided multiple-choice options. The output
is simply 2 4, and the values of a and b after the
code execution are 5 and 7, respectively. There is
no c variable in the given code
Correct Answer:

D. Dirty read - This term describes the exact scenario mentioned in the question, where a
transaction reads data that has not yet been committed and may still be rolled back.