give me full of SQL cheat sheet ( everything cover give in list wise )

### Key Points

- This SQL cheat sheet covers all major SQL commands, organized by categories for easy reference.

- It includes querying data, managing tables, constraints, modifying data, views, indexes, and triggers.

- The list is comprehensive, with syntax examples for key commands, suitable for beginners and
advanced users.

### Introduction to SQL

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a standard language for managing and manipulating relational
databases. This cheat sheet provides a complete list of SQL commands, organized into categories for
clarity, making it a valuable resource for anyone working with databases.

### Comprehensive SQL Command List

Below is a detailed list of SQL commands, grouped by functionality, with syntax examples for key
commands to help you get started.

#### Querying Data (Single Table)

- **SELECT**: Retrieve data from a table. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;`

- **SELECT DISTINCT**: Retrieve unique rows. Example: `SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2 FROM
table_name;`

- **WHERE**: Filter rows based on conditions. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM
table_name WHERE condition;`

- **ORDER BY**: Sort results. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER BY
column1;`

- **LIMIT OFFSET**: Limit and offset rows. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 LIMIT n OFFSET m;`

- **GROUP BY**: Group rows for aggregation. Example: `SELECT column1, aggregate_fn(column2)
FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;`

- **HAVING**: Filter groups. Example: `SELECT column1, aggregate_fn(column2) FROM table_name

GROUP BY column1 HAVING condition;`

#### Querying Multiple Tables

- **INNER JOIN**: Join tables with matching rows. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;`
- **LEFT JOIN**: Include all left table rows. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 LEFT
JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;`

- **RIGHT JOIN**: Include all right table rows. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;`

- **FULL OUTER JOIN**: Include all rows from both tables. Example: `SELECT column1, column2
FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;`

- **CROSS JOIN**: Cartesian product of tables. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2;`

- **Self-Join**: Join a table to itself. Example: `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 AS t1 JOIN
table1 AS t2 ON t1.column = t2.column;`

#### Set Operations

- **UNION [ALL]**: Combine result sets. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table1 UNION [ALL]
SELECT column1 FROM table2;`

- **INTERSECT [ALL]**: Find common rows. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table1 INTERSECT
[ALL] SELECT column1 FROM table2;`

- **MINUS**: Find rows in first set but not second. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table1 MINUS
SELECT column1 FROM table2;`

#### Logical Operators

- **LIKE [NOT]**: Pattern matching. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE column1
LIKE '%pattern%';`

- **IN [NOT]**: Check value in list. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE column1 IN
(value1, value2);`

- **BETWEEN [NOT]**: Select range. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE column1
BETWEEN value1 AND value2;`

- **IS [NOT] NULL**: Check for NULL. Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE column1
IS NULL;`

#### Managing Tables

- **CREATE TABLE**: Create a new table. Example: `CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype,
column2 datatype);`

- **DROP TABLE**: Delete a table. Example: `DROP TABLE table_name;`

- **ALTER TABLE**: Modify table structure. Examples: `ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN
new_column datatype;` or `ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;`
- **RENAME TABLE/COLUMN**: Rename table or column. Examples: `ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;` or `ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN old_name TO
new_name;`

- **TRUNCATE TABLE**: Remove all rows. Example: `TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;`

#### SQL Constraints

- **PRIMARY KEY**: Unique identifier. Example: `CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype
PRIMARY KEY, column2 datatype);`

- **FOREIGN KEY**: Reference another table. Example: `CREATE TABLE table_name (column1
datatype, column2 datatype, FOREIGN KEY (column2) REFERENCES other_table(column1));`

- **UNIQUE**: Ensure unique values. Example: `CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype
UNIQUE);`

- **CHECK**: Validate conditions. Example: `CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype CHECK
(condition));`

- **NOT NULL**: Prevent NULL values. Example: `CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype NOT
NULL);`

#### Modifying Data

- **INSERT**: Add rows. Examples: Single row: `INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2)
VALUES (value1, value2);` Multiple rows: `INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES
(value1, value2), (value3, value4);` From SELECT: `INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2)
SELECT column1, column2 FROM other_table;`

- **UPDATE**: Modify rows. Example: `UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE
condition;`

- **DELETE**: Remove rows. Example: `DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;`

#### Managing Views

- **CREATE VIEW**: Create virtual table. Example: `CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1,
column2 FROM table_name;`

- **CREATE VIEW WITH CHECK OPTION**: Ensure updates comply. Example: `CREATE VIEW
view_name AS SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WITH CHECK OPTION;`

- **CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW**: Handle hierarchical data. Example: `CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW
view_name AS SELECT ... UNION ALL SELECT ... FROM view_name;`

- **CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW**: Session-specific view. Example: `CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW

view_name AS SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;`

- **DROP VIEW**: Delete view. Example: `DROP VIEW view_name;`

#### Managing Indexes

- **CREATE INDEX**: Create index. Example: `CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name

(column1);`

- **CREATE UNIQUE INDEX**: Create unique index. Example: `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1);`

- **DROP INDEX**: Delete index. Example: `DROP INDEX index_name;`

#### Managing Triggers

- **CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER**: Automate actions. Example: `CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name

AFTER INSERT ON table_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ... END;`

- **DROP TRIGGER**: Delete trigger. Example: `DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;`

---

### Survey Note: Comprehensive Analysis of SQL Cheat Sheet

This section provides a detailed exploration of the SQL cheat sheet, expanding on the direct answer
with additional context and insights, ensuring a thorough understanding for users at all levels. The
analysis is based on a review of multiple reputable sources, including SQLTutorial.org, LearnSQL.com,
DataCamp, GeeksforGeeks, and Intellipaat, to compile a comprehensive and authoritative list.

#### Background and Methodology

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a domain-specific language used for managing and querying
relational databases. Given the user's request for a "full SQL cheat sheet (everything cover give in list
wise)," the goal was to create a complete, organized list of SQL commands, categorized by
functionality, with syntax examples for clarity. The process involved analyzing various online
resources, each offering different perspectives on SQL commands, to ensure coverage of all essential
aspects, from basic querying to advanced database management.

The selection of SQLTutorial.org as the primary source was based on its comprehensive
categorization, including less commonly covered topics like views, indexes, and triggers, which are
crucial for a full cheat sheet. Other sources, such as LearnSQL.com and DataCamp, provided
additional examples and practical applications, while GeeksforGeeks and Intellipaat offered detailed
command lists, ensuring no aspect was overlooked.
#### Detailed Categorization and Command List

The SQL cheat sheet is organized into 10 categories, each addressing a specific aspect of database
management. Below is a detailed breakdown, including the rationale for inclusion and examples
where relevant.

##### 1. Querying Data (Single Table)

This category includes commands for retrieving and manipulating data from a single table, essential
for basic data analysis. Commands like SELECT, WHERE, and GROUP BY are fundamental for filtering
and aggregating data. For instance, `SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;`
allows users to filter rows, while `GROUP BY column1` groups data for aggregation, such as counting
or averaging.

- Commands: SELECT, SELECT DISTINCT, WHERE, ORDER BY, LIMIT OFFSET, GROUP BY, HAVING

- Example: `SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;`

##### 2. Querying Multiple Tables

Join operations are critical for combining data from multiple tables, enabling complex queries. INNER
JOIN, LEFT JOIN, and others facilitate relational database operations, with self-joins useful for
hierarchical data. For example, `SELECT e.name, d.department FROM employees e INNER JOIN
departments d ON e.dept_id = d.id;` links employee and department tables.

- Commands: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, CROSS JOIN, Self-Join

- Example: `SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;`

##### 3. Set Operations

Set operations like UNION and INTERSECT allow combining or comparing result sets, useful for data
consolidation. UNION ALL, for instance, combines all rows without removing duplicates, while MINUS
finds differences, as in `SELECT city FROM table1 MINUS SELECT city FROM table2;`.

- Commands: UNION [ALL], INTERSECT [ALL], MINUS

- Example: `SELECT column1 FROM table1 UNION SELECT column1 FROM table2;`

##### 4. Logical Operators

Logical operators enhance query flexibility, enabling pattern matching (LIKE), range selection
(BETWEEN), and NULL checks. For example, `SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN
50000 AND 60000;` filters salaries within a range, while `IS NULL` identifies missing data.
- Commands: LIKE [NOT], IN [NOT], BETWEEN [NOT], IS [NOT] NULL

- Example: `SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department IS NOT NULL;`

##### 5. Managing Tables

Table management includes creating, modifying, and deleting tables, fundamental for database
structure. CREATE TABLE defines schema, while ALTER TABLE adds columns, as in `ALTER TABLE
employees ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(100);`. TRUNCATE TABLE removes all data, unlike DROP
TABLE, which deletes the table entirely.

- Commands: CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE (ADD/DROP COLUMN, CONSTRAINT),
RENAME TABLE/COLUMN, TRUNCATE TABLE

- Example: `CREATE TABLE employees (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50));`

##### 6. SQL Constraints

Constraints ensure data integrity, with PRIMARY KEY ensuring uniqueness and FOREIGN KEY
maintaining referential integrity. For example, `CREATE TABLE orders (order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id INT, FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(id));` links orders to customers.

- Commands: PRIMARY KEY (composite), FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, NOT NULL

- Example: `CREATE TABLE employees (id INT PRIMARY KEY, email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE);`

##### 7. Modifying Data

Data modification involves inserting, updating, and deleting records. INSERT can add single or
multiple rows, as in `INSERT INTO employees (id, name) VALUES (1, 'John'), (2, 'Jane');`, while UPDATE
changes existing data, and DELETE removes rows based on conditions.

- Commands: INSERT (single, multiple, from SELECT), UPDATE, DELETE

- Example: `UPDATE employees SET salary = 60000 WHERE id = 1;`

##### 8. Managing Views

Views are virtual tables based on queries, useful for simplifying complex operations. CREATE VIEW,
for instance, creates a view like `CREATE VIEW high_earners AS SELECT name, salary FROM
employees WHERE salary > 50000;`, with options like WITH CHECK OPTION ensuring updates comply.
- Commands: CREATE VIEW, CREATE VIEW WITH CHECK OPTION, CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW, CREATE
TEMPORARY VIEW, DROP VIEW

- Example: `CREATE VIEW active_users AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE status = 'active';`

##### 9. Managing Indexes

Indexes improve query performance by speeding up data retrieval. CREATE INDEX, as in `CREATE
INDEX idx_employee_name ON employees(name);`, and CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ensure uniqueness,
while DROP INDEX removes indexes when unnecessary.

- Commands: CREATE INDEX, CREATE UNIQUE INDEX, DROP INDEX

- Example: `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_email ON employees(email);`

##### 10. Managing Triggers

Triggers automate actions based on events, like updating related tables after an insert. CREATE
TRIGGER, for example, can log changes: `CREATE TRIGGER log_insert AFTER INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW INSERT INTO logs (action, time) VALUES ('Insert', NOW());`.

- Commands: CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER

- Example: `DROP TRIGGER log_insert;`

#### Comparative Analysis of Sources

The compilation drew from multiple sources, each contributing unique insights:

- **SQLTutorial.org** ([SQL Cheat Sheet - SQLTutorial.org](https://www.sqltutorial.org/sql-cheat-

sheet/)) provided a broad categorization, including views and triggers, making it the most
comprehensive.

- **LearnSQL.com** ([SQL Basics Cheat Sheet - LearnSQL.com](https://learnsql.com/blog/sql-basics-

cheat-sheet/)) offered practical examples, particularly for querying and filtering, enhancing usability.

- **DataCamp** ([SQL Basics Cheat Sheet - DataCamp](https://www.datacamp.com/cheat-sheet/sql-

basics-cheat-sheet)) focused on querying and aggregation, with real-world examples like Airbnb
listings, useful for beginners.

- **GeeksforGeeks** ([SQL Cheat Sheet - GeeksforGeeks](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-cheat-

sheet/)) provided detailed command lists, covering creation and manipulation, with examples for
clarity.
- **Intellipaat** ([SQL Commands Cheat Sheet - Intellipaat](https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/sql-
tutorial/sql-commands-cheat-sheet/)) offered a downloadable PDF, with a focus on command syntax,
complementing the list.

This multi-source approach ensured a thorough, well-rounded cheat sheet, addressing all user needs
for a "full" SQL reference.

#### Unexpected Detail: Advanced Features

An unexpected detail is the inclusion of advanced features like recursive views and triggers, which
are often overlooked in basic cheat sheets. Recursive views, for instance, are crucial for hierarchical
data like organizational charts, while triggers automate complex workflows, enhancing database
automation capabilities.

#### Practical Considerations

The cheat sheet is designed for both beginners and advanced users, with syntax examples to bridge
the gap. For beginners, starting with querying data (SELECT, WHERE) and table management (CREATE
TABLE) is recommended, while advanced users can leverage views, indexes, and triggers for
optimization and automation. Note that some syntax may vary by database system (e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL), but the provided examples are generally applicable.

#### Table Summary

For quick reference, here is a table summarizing the categories and key commands:

| **Category** | **Key Commands** |

|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

| Querying Data (Single Table) | SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING |

| Querying Multiple Tables | INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, CROSS JOIN |

| Set Operations | UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS |

| Logical Operators | LIKE, IN, BETWEEN, IS NULL |

| Managing Tables | CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE |

| SQL Constraints | PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, NOT NULL
|

| Modifying Data | INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE |

| Managing Views | CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW, WITH CHECK OPTION

|
| Managing Indexes | CREATE INDEX, CREATE UNIQUE INDEX, DROP INDEX
|

| Managing Triggers | CREATE TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER |

This table encapsulates the essence of the cheat sheet, providing a quick reference for users.

#### Conclusion

This SQL cheat sheet is a comprehensive resource, covering all aspects from basic querying to
advanced database management. It is designed to be a practical tool for users, with clear
categorization and examples, ensuring accessibility for all levels. For further details, users can explore
the cited sources for additional examples and tutorials.

### Key Citations

- [SQL Cheat Sheet with commonly used SQL statements -

SQLTutorial.org](https://www.sqltutorial.org/sql-cheat-sheet/)

- [SQL Basics Cheat Sheet for beginners and professionals -

LearnSQL.com](https://learnsql.com/blog/sql-basics-cheat-sheet/)

- [SQL Basics Cheat Sheet for querying and aggregating data -

DataCamp](https://www.datacamp.com/cheat-sheet/sql-basics-cheat-sheet)

- [SQL Cheat Sheet covering essential commands and techniques -

GeeksforGeeks](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-cheat-sheet/)

- [SQL Commands Cheat Sheet with downloadable PDF -

Intellipaat](https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/sql-tutorial/sql-commands-cheat-sheet/)